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Agbohessou PS, Mandiki SNM, Mbondo Biyong SR, Cornet V, Nguyen TM, Lambert J, Jauniaux T, Lalèyè PA, Kestemont P. Intestinal histopathology and immune responses following Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge in Nile tilapia fed enriched black soldier fly larval (BSF) meal supplemented with chitinase. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 128:620-633. [PMID: 36038101 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine to what extend the addition of chitinase to black soldier fly larvae (BSF) meals enriched with either PUFA or LC-PUFA could improve the gut health of Nile tilapia and increase its immune status. Two types of BSF meals enriched with either α-linolenic acid (ALA) or ALA + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were produced using BSF larvae cultured on vegetable substrates (VGS) or fish offal substrates (FOS), respectively. Seven diets were formulated: a control FMFO diet and two other control diets VGD0 vs FOD0 containing the meals of each type of BSF meal as total replacement for fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO), as well as four diets supplemented with chitinase. Two doses of commercial chitinase from Aspergillus niger (2 g/kg and 5 g/kg of feed) were supplemented to the other diets VGD0 and FOD0 to formulate VGD2, VGD5, FOD2 and FOD5. After 53 days of feeding, FOD5 diet induced a similar growth performance as the FMFO control diet, while a significant decrease of growth was observed for the other BSF larval-based diets. BSF/FOS meal led to higher SGR of fish than BSF/VGS, as for the FOD5 compared to VGD5. At day 53, lysozyme values showed an increasing trend in fish fed all the BSF-based diets, especially those fed the VGD5. After the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (day 54), the same increasing trend was observed in lysozyme activity, and modulation was observed only in the VGD5 fish. ACH50 activity was reduced by the BSF-based diets except for the FOD5 diet at day 53, and LPS modulation was only observed for the VGS-chitinase-based diets at day 54. Peroxidase activity and total immunoglobulin (Igs) blood level were not affected by substrate, chitinase dose or LPS injection. At day 53, the low or high dose of chitinase increased the expressions of tlr2, il-1β and il-6 genes in the head kidney of fish fed the BSF/VGS diets compared to those fed the VGD0 or FMFO control diets. At day 54 after LPS injection, the high dose of chitinase decreased the expressions of tlr5 gene in the spleen and mhcII-α gene in the head kidney of fish fed FOD5 diets compared to those fed FOD0 diets. BSF/VGS but not BSF/FOS based diets increased fish sub-epithelial mucosa (SM) and lamina propria (LP) thickness and the number of goblet cells (GC) in fish, but dietary chitinase seemed to prevent some of these effects, especially at low dose. Results showed that chitinase supplementation of 5 g/kg of chitinase to a BSF-based diet enriched with LC-PUFA improved growth, prevented histological changes in the proximal intestine and enhanced some innate immune functions of Nile tilapia without any clear booster effect after challenge with E. coli LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamphile S Agbohessou
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium; Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Serge R Mbondo Biyong
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Valérie Cornet
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Thi Mai Nguyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Lambert
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe A Lalèyè
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium.
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Guedegba NL, Imorou Toko I, Ben Ammar I, François L, Oreins N, Palluel O, Mandiki SNM, Jauniaux T, Porcher JM, Scippo ML, Kestemont P. Chronic effects of a binary insecticide Acer 35 EC on Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus through a multi-biomarker approach. Chemosphere 2021; 273:128530. [PMID: 33268085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acer 35 EC is a widely used insecticide (a binary mixture of lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid) in pest control in many West African countries, particularly in the cotton culture in north Benin. The aim of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of Acer 35 EC on Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus juveniles using a multi-biomarker approach under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Acer 35 EC (0, 1 and 10% of LC50- 96 h value). After 28 and 56 days of exposure, several biomarkers were measured in males and females including enzymatic activities related to detoxification and oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and immune responses, sex steroid hormones (testosterone, 17β-estradiol and 11-keto-testosterone) and histological alterations of liver, kidney and gonads. An Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) was then calculated. The results showed a reduction of cholinesterase activity in muscles, and intercellular superoxide anion production in both sexes. Female steroidogenesis and gametogenesis were affected, especially testosterone levels and oocyte growth. More alterations were observed in liver after exposure to Acer 35 EC. In both sexes, IBR values were higher after 56 days than after 28 days of exposure. In conclusion, based on a large set of biomarkers and IBR values, the chronic exposure to low doses of insecticide Acer 35 EC seems to impair different physiological functions in Nile tilapia juveniles on a time-dependent manner, with a stronger impact on females than on males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicresse Léa Guedegba
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life-Earth-Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium; Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), University of Parakou, Faculty of Agronomy, 03 BP 61, Parakou, Benin.
| | - Ibrahim Imorou Toko
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), University of Parakou, Faculty of Agronomy, 03 BP 61, Parakou, Benin.
| | - Imen Ben Ammar
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life-Earth-Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Loïc François
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life-Earth-Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Noëlle Oreins
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life-Earth-Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Palluel
- Institut National de L'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life-Earth-Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of General Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Marc Porcher
- Institut National de L'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, 10 Avenue de Cureghem, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life-Earth-Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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Remili A, Gallego P, Pinzone M, Castro C, Jauniaux T, Garigliany MM, Malarvannan G, Covaci A, Das K. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) breeding off Mozambique and Ecuador show geographic variation of persistent organic pollutants and isotopic niches. Environ Pollut 2020; 267:115575. [PMID: 33254700 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from the Southern Hemisphere carry information on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from their feeding zones in Antarctica to their breeding grounds, making this species a sentinel of contaminants accumulation in the Southern Ocean. This study aimed to evaluate driving factors, namely feeding areas, trophic level, and sex, affecting POP concentrations in the blubber of humpback whales breeding off Mozambique and off Ecuador. Biopsies of free-ranging humpback whales including blubber and skin were collected in 2014 and 2015 from Ecuador (n = 59) and in 2017 from Mozambique (n = 89). In both populations, HCB was the major contaminant followed by DDTs > CHLs > PCBs > HCHs > PBDEs. POP concentrations were significantly higher in males compared to females. HCB, DDTs, HCHs and PBDEs were significantly different between whales from the Mozambique population and the Ecuador population. Sex and feeding habits were important driving factors accounting for POP concentrations in Ecuador whales. The whales from our study had some of the lowest POP concentrations measured for humpback whales in the world. These whales fed predominantly on krill as reflected from the low δ13C and δ15N values measured in the skin. However, the isotopic niches of whales from Mozambique and Ecuador did not overlap indicating that the two populations are feeding in different areas of the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Remili
- Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of ReSearch (FOCUS - Oceanology), University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Pierre Gallego
- Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of ReSearch (FOCUS - Oceanology), University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium; Odyssea asbl., 37 rue du Nord, L-4260, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marianna Pinzone
- Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of ReSearch (FOCUS - Oceanology), University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Cristina Castro
- Pacific Whale Foundation Ecuador, Malecón Julio Izurieta y Abdón Calderón. Palo Santo Travel, Puerto López - Manabí - Ecuador
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B43, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B43, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of ReSearch (FOCUS - Oceanology), University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
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Collard F, Gilbert B, Compère P, Eppe G, Das K, Jauniaux T, Parmentier E. Microplastics in livers of European anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.). Environ Pollut 2017; 229:1000-1005. [PMID: 28768577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are thought to be ingested by a wide range of marine organisms before being excreted. However, several studies in marine organisms from different taxa have shown that MPs and nanoplastics could be translocated in other organs. In this study, we investigated the presence of MPs in the livers of commercial zooplanktivorous fishes collected in the field. The study focuses mainly on the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus but concerns also the European pilchard Sardina pilchardus and the Atlantic herring Clupea harengus. Two complementary methodologies were used to attest the occurrence of MPs in the hepatic tissue and to exclude contamination. 1) MPs were isolated by degradation of the hepatic tissue. 2) Cryosections were made on the livers and observed in polarized light microscopy. Both methods separately revealed that MPs, mainly polyethylene (PE), were translocated into the livers of the three clupeid species. In anchovy, 80 per cent of livers contained relatively large MPs that ranged from 124 μm to 438 μm, showing a high level of contamination. Two translocation pathways are hypothesized: (i) large particles found in the liver resulted from the agglomeration of smaller pieces, and/or (ii) they simply pass through the intestinal barrier. Further studies are however required to understand the exact process.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Collard
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, B6c, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, AFFISH-RC, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; Laboratory of Oceanology - MARE Center, B6c, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Gilbert
- Inorganic Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, B6c, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Compère
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, B6c, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, AFFISH-RC, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Inorganic Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, B6c, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- Laboratory of Oceanology - MARE Center, B6c, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, B43, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Parmentier
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, B6c, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, AFFISH-RC, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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van de Velde N, Devleesschauwer B, Leopold M, Begeman L, IJsseldijk L, Hiemstra S, IJzer J, Brownlow A, Davison N, Haelters J, Jauniaux T, Siebert U, Dorny P, De Craeye S. Toxoplasma gondii in stranded marine mammals from the North Sea and Eastern Atlantic Ocean: Findings and diagnostic difficulties. Vet Parasitol 2016; 230:25-32. [PMID: 27884438 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of the zoonotic protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii in marine mammals remains a poorly understood phenomenon. In this study, samples from 589 marine mammal species and 34 European otters (Lutra lutra), stranded on the coasts of Scotland, Belgium, France, The Netherlands and Germany, were tested for the presence of T. gondii. Brain samples were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of parasite DNA. Blood and muscle fluid samples were tested for specific antibodies using a modified agglutination test (MAT), a commercial multi-species enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Out of 193 animals tested by PCR, only two harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) cerebrum samples, obtained from animals stranded on the Dutch coast, tested positive. The serological results showed a wide variation depending on the test used. Using a cut-off value of 1/40 dilution in MAT, 141 out of 292 animals (41%) were positive. Using IFA, 30 out of 244 tested samples (12%) were positive at a 1/50 dilution. The commercial ELISA yielded 7% positives with a cut-off of the sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio≥50; and 12% when the cut-off was set at S/P ratio≥20. The high number of positives in MAT may be an overestimation due to the high degree of haemolysis of the samples and/or the presence of lipids. The ELISA results could be an underestimation due to the use of a multispecies conjugate. Our results confirm the presence of T. gondii in marine mammals in The Netherlands and show exposure to the parasite in both the North Sea and the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. We also highlight the limitations of the tests used to diagnose T. gondii in stranded marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert van de Velde
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mardik Leopold
- Wageningen IMARES - Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies, Den Helder, The Netherlands
| | - Lineke Begeman
- Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke IJsseldijk
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. Pathobiology, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoukje Hiemstra
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. Pathobiology, The Netherlands
| | - Jooske IJzer
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. Pathobiology, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Brownlow
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, SAC Consulting. Veterinary Services, Drummondhill, Inverness, IV2 4JZ Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas Davison
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, SAC Consulting. Veterinary Services, Drummondhill, Inverness, IV2 4JZ Scotland, UK
| | - Jan Haelters
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Ostend, Belgium
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stéphane De Craeye
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Department of Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
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Agbohessi PT, Imorou Toko I, Ouédraogo A, Jauniaux T, Mandiki SNM, Kestemont P. Assessment of the health status of wild fish inhabiting a cotton basin heavily impacted by pesticides in Benin (West Africa). Sci Total Environ 2015; 506-507:567-84. [PMID: 25433386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To determine the impact of agricultural pesticides used in cotton cultivation on the health status of fish living in a Beninese cotton basin, we compared the reproductive and hepatic systems of fish sampled from rivers located in both contaminated and pristine conditions. Different types of biomarkers, including biometric indices (a condition factor K, a gonadosomatic index GSI, and a hepatosomatic index HSI), plasma levels of sex steroids (11-ketotestosterone 11-KT, testosterone T and estradiol-17β E2) and the histopathology of the gonads and liver, were investigated for two different trophic levels of the following two fish species: the Guinean tilapia Tilapia guineensis and the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. The fish were captured during both the rainy season (when there is heavy use of pesticides on cotton fields) and the dry season from one site, in Pendjari River (reference site), which is located outside the cotton-producing basin, and from three other sites on the Alibori River within the cotton-producing basin. Comparing fish that were sampled from contaminated (high levels of endosulfan, heptachlor and DDT and metabolites) and reference sites, the results clearly indicated that agricultural pesticides significantly decreased K and GSI while they increased HSI, regardless of the season, species and sex of the fish. These pesticides also induced a decrease in the plasma levels of 11-KT and T and increased those of E2. The histopathology of the testes revealed, in both species, a high rate of testicular oocytes, up to 50% in the African catfish, downstream of the Alibori River, which indicated estrogenic effects from the pesticides. The disruption of male spermatogenesis primarily included necrosis, fibrosis and the presence of foam cells in the lobular lumen. The histopathology of the ovaries revealed high levels of pre-ovulatory follicular atresia, impaired oogenesis, a decrease in the oocyte vitellogenic diameter and other lesions, such as fibrosis, vacuolation and melano-macrophagic centers. The histopathology of the liver revealed the presence of necrosis, hypertrophic hepatocytes, foci of vacuolation, glycogen depletion and hemosiderin. An assessment of the general health of the fish indicated that all of the sampled fish from the polluted sites were in poorer health compared with those from the reference site but that the African catfish appeared much more affected than the Guinean tilapia, regardless of the sex and season. In conclusion, the overall results indicated that agricultural pesticides significantly impair the endocrine regulation of fish living in the Beninese cotton basin and that this would most likely be one of the causes of the severe damage observed in the liver and gonads and the reduced health condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudencio T Agbohessi
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium; Research Unit in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (URAEAq), University of Parakou, Benin.
| | - Ibrahim Imorou Toko
- Research Unit in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (URAEAq), University of Parakou, Benin
| | - Alfred Ouédraogo
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Molecular biology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of General Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - S N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Mahfouz C, Henry F, Jauniaux T, Khalaf G, Amara R. Organochlorines in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the southern North Sea between 2010 and 2013. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2014; 16:2774-2781. [PMID: 25354365 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDXs) and 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in the blubber of 20 harbour porpoises stranded on the coasts of the southern North Sea between 2010 and 2013. The results showed that porpoises that died from infectious diseases displayed significantly higher levels of PCBs in their blubber compared to healthy porpoises that died from physical trauma. ∑7CBs and ∑DDXs were higher in juvenile porpoises compared to adult females. Except for three individuals, PBDE concentrations were below the limit of quantification in the blubber samples treated. In general, levels of PCBs and DDXs obtained in the blubber of porpoises from this study were in the same order of magnitude or even lower than those obtained in the blubber of porpoises stranded along the North East Atlantic Ocean and the Black Sea over the period 1987 and 2013. The results of the present study suggest that even if the status of marine pollution has been improved, a continuous long-term contamination by toxic organochlorines over many generations may be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Mahfouz
- CNRS, National Centre for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon.
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Morell M, Lenoir M, Shadwick RE, Jauniaux T, Dabin W, Begeman L, Ferreira M, Maestre I, Degollada E, Hernandez-Milian G, Cazevieille C, Fortuño JM, Vogl W, Puel JL, André M. Ultrastructure of the Odontocete organ of Corti: scanning and transmission electron microscopy. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:431-48. [PMID: 25269663 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The morphological study of the Odontocete organ of Corti, together with possible alterations associated with damage from sound exposure, represents a key conservation approach to assess the effects of acoustic pollution on marine ecosystems. By collaborating with stranding networks from several European countries, 150 ears from 13 species of Odontocetes were collected and analyzed by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Based on our analyses, we first describe and compare Odontocete cochlear structures and then propose a diagnostic method to identify inner ear alterations in stranded individuals. The two species analyzed by TEM (Phocoena phocoena and Stenella coeruleoalba) showed morphological characteristics in the lower basal turn of high-frequency hearing species. Among other striking features, outer hair cell bodies were extremely small and were strongly attached to Deiters cells. Such morphological characteristics, shared with horseshoe bats, suggest that there has been convergent evolution of sound reception mechanisms among echolocating species. Despite possible autolytic artifacts due to technical and experimental constraints, the SEM analysis allowed us to detect the presence of scarring processes resulting from the disappearance of outer hair cells from the epithelium. In addition, in contrast to the rapid decomposition process of the sensory epithelium after death (especially of the inner hair cells), the tectorial membrane appeared to be more resistant to postmortem autolysis effects. Analysis of the stereocilia imprint pattern at the undersurface of the tectorial membrane may provide a way to detect possible ultrastructural alterations of the hair cell stereocilia by mirroring them on the tectorial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morell
- Laboratory of Applied Bio-Acoustics, Technological Center of Vilanova i la Geltrú, Technical University of Catalonia-Barcelona Tech, 08800, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain; Zoology Department, The University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
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Mahfouz C, Henry F, Courcot L, Pezeril S, Bouveroux T, Dabin W, Jauniaux T, Khalaf G, Amara R. Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the southern North Sea: an assessment through metallic contamination. Environ Res 2014; 133:266-273. [PMID: 24981825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the last few years, the southern North Sea has witnessed an increase in the number of stranded marine mammals, particularly the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). This species is subject to several potential threats such as exposure to contaminants, changes in food supply, marine traffic and fishery by-catch. The aims of this study were to investigate potential associations between contaminants and health status and to analyze spatial and temporal trends of metal concentrations in harbour porpoises. Selected trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, V and Zn) were measured in kidneys and livers of 105 harbour porpoises stranded along the southern North Sea (French and Belgian coasts from 2006 to 2013) and 27 stranded along the Bay of Biscay (French coast from 2009 to 2012). Porpoises that died from infectious disease displayed significant higher hepatic concentrations of Cd, Hg, Se and Zn compared to healthy porpoises that died from physical trauma. Adult porpoises displayed significant higher concentrations of Cd, Cr, Hg, Se and V in livers compared to juveniles. No spatial or temporal trends in metal concentrations were detected in our study. The results of the present study suggested that chemical contamination may represent one of many threats encountered by harbour porpoises, but it cannot explain alone the increase in the number of stranded individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Mahfouz
- University of Lille Nord de France, France; Université du Littoral, Laboratoire d׳Océanologie et de Géosciences, 32 Avenue Foch, BP 80, F-62930 Wimereux, France; CNRS, UMR 8187, F-62930 Wimereux, France; CNRS, National Centre for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon.
| | - Françoise Henry
- University of Lille Nord de France, France; Université du Littoral, Laboratoire d׳Océanologie et de Géosciences, 32 Avenue Foch, BP 80, F-62930 Wimereux, France; CNRS, UMR 8187, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Lucie Courcot
- University of Lille Nord de France, France; Université du Littoral, Laboratoire d׳Océanologie et de Géosciences, 32 Avenue Foch, BP 80, F-62930 Wimereux, France; CNRS, UMR 8187, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Sylvain Pezeril
- Observatoire pour la Conservation et l׳Etude des Animaux et Milieux Marins- OCEAMM, F-59123 Zuydcoote, France
| | - Thibaut Bouveroux
- Observatoire pour la Conservation et l׳Etude des Animaux et Milieux Marins- OCEAMM, F-59123 Zuydcoote, France
| | - Willy Dabin
- Centre de Recherche sur les Mammiferes Marin, Institut du Littoral et de l׳Environnement, Port des minimes, Av. du Lazaret, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B43 Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Gaby Khalaf
- CNRS, National Centre for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Rachid Amara
- University of Lille Nord de France, France; Université du Littoral, Laboratoire d׳Océanologie et de Géosciences, 32 Avenue Foch, BP 80, F-62930 Wimereux, France; CNRS, UMR 8187, F-62930 Wimereux, France
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10
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Fontaine MC, Roland K, Calves I, Austerlitz F, Palstra FP, Tolley KA, Ryan S, Ferreira M, Jauniaux T, Llavona A, Öztürk B, Öztürk AA, Ridoux V, Rogan E, Sequeira M, Siebert U, Vikingsson GA, Borrell A, Michaux JR, Aguilar A. Postglacial climate changes and rise of three ecotypes of harbour porpoises,Phocoena phocoena, in western Palearctic waters. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3306-21. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël C. Fontaine
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution; UMR8079; Université Paris-Sud; F-91405 Orsay France
- CNRS; 91405 Orsay France
- AgroParisTech; F-91405 Orsay France
- Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie; UMR 7206 CNRS; MNHN; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; F-75005 Paris France
| | - Kathleen Roland
- INRA; UMR 1064 CBGP; Campus international de Baillarguet CS30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE); Narilis (Namur Research Institute for Lifesciences); University of Namur (FUNDP); Rue de Bruxelles 61 B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Isabelle Calves
- INRA; UMR 1064 CBGP; Campus international de Baillarguet CS30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
- Laboratoire LEMAR (UMR CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer 6539); Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer; Technopôle Brest-Iroise; Rue Dumont d'Urville 29280 Plouzané France
| | - Frederic Austerlitz
- Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie; UMR 7206 CNRS; MNHN; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; F-75005 Paris France
| | - Friso P. Palstra
- Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie; UMR 7206 CNRS; MNHN; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; F-75005 Paris France
| | - Krystal A. Tolley
- Applied Biodiversity Research; South African National Biodiversity Institute; Private Bag X7 Claremont 7735 Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Botany & Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Sean Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Marisa Ferreira
- Departmento de Biologia; Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem & Molecular and Environmental Biology Centre (CBMA); Universidade de Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-047 Braga Portugal
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology; University of Liège; Sart Tilman B43 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Angela Llavona
- C.E.M.MA. Coordinadora para o Estudio dos Mamíferos MAriños; Apartado 15 36380 Nigrán Pontevedra Spain
| | - Bayram Öztürk
- Faculty of Fisheries; Istanbul University; Ordu Cad. No.200 34320 Laleli-Istanbul Turkey
- Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV) PK 10; 34820 Beykoz-Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ayaka A. Öztürk
- Faculty of Fisheries; Istanbul University; Ordu Cad. No.200 34320 Laleli-Istanbul Turkey
- Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV) PK 10; 34820 Beykoz-Istanbul Turkey
| | - Vincent Ridoux
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés; UMR 7266; Université de La Rochelle/CNRS; F-17000 La Rochelle France
- Observatoire PELAGIS - Systèmes d'Observation pour la Conservation des Mammifères et des Oiseaux Marins; UMS 3462 Université de La Rochelle/CNRS; F-17000 La Rochelle France
| | - Emer Rogan
- School of Biological; Earth and Environmental Sciences; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Marina Sequeira
- Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas; Rua de Santa Marta 55 1169-230 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Werftstr. 6 25761 Büsum Germany
| | | | - Asunción Borrell
- Department of Animal Biology and IRBio; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Diagonal 643 08071 Barcelona Spain
| | - Johan R. Michaux
- INRA; UMR 1064 CBGP; Campus international de Baillarguet CS30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - Alex Aguilar
- Department of Animal Biology and IRBio; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Diagonal 643 08071 Barcelona Spain
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11
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van Elk CE, van de Bildt MWG, Jauniaux T, Hiemstra S, van Run PRWA, Foster G, Meerbeek J, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. Is dolphin morbillivirus virulent for white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)? Vet Pathol 2014; 51:1174-82. [PMID: 24399208 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813516643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The virulence of morbilliviruses for toothed whales (odontocetes) appears to differ according to host species. In 4 species of odontocetes, morbilliviruses are highly virulent, causing large-scale epizootics with high mortality. In 8 other species of odontocetes, including white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), morbilliviruses have been found as an incidental infection. In these species, the virulence of morbilliviruses is not clear. Therefore, the admission of 2 white-beaked dolphins with morbillivirus infection into a rehabilitation center provided a unique opportunity to investigate the virulence of morbillivirus in this species. By phylogenetic analysis, the morbilliviruses in both animals were identified as a dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) most closely related to that detected in a white-beaked dolphin in Germany in 2007. Both animals were examined clinically and pathologically. Case No. 1 had a chronic neural DMV infection, characterized by polioencephalitis in the cerebrum and morbillivirus antigen expression limited to neurons and glial cells. Surprisingly, no nervous signs were observed in this animal during the 6 months before death. Case No. 2 had a subacute systemic DMV infection, characterized by interstitial pneumonia, leucopenia, lymphoid depletion, and DMV antigen expression in mononuclear cells and syncytia in the lung and in mononuclear cells in multiple lymphoid organs. Cause of death was not attributed to DMV infection in either animal. DMV was not detected in 2 contemporaneously stranded white-beaked dolphins. Stranding rate did not increase in the region. These results suggest that DMV is not highly virulent for white-beaked dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E van Elk
- Dolfinarium Harderwijk, Strandboulevard Oost 1, Harderwijk, Netherlands
| | | | - T Jauniaux
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Boulevard de Colonster 20, Liège 1, Belgium
| | - S Hiemstra
- Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Universiteit Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - G Foster
- SAC Veterinary Services, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - J Meerbeek
- Stichting SOS-Dolfijn, Strandboulevard Oost 1, Harderwijk, Netherlands
| | | | - T Kuiken
- Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Netherlands
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12
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Peltier H, Baagøe HJ, Camphuysen KCJ, Czeck R, Dabin W, Daniel P, Deaville R, Haelters J, Jauniaux T, Jensen LF, Jepson PD, Keijl GO, Siebert U, Van Canneyt O, Ridoux V. The stranding anomaly as population indicator: the case of harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in North-Western Europe. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62180. [PMID: 23614031 PMCID: PMC3632559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological indicators for monitoring strategies are expected to combine three major characteristics: ecological significance, statistical credibility, and cost-effectiveness. Strategies based on stranding networks rank highly in cost-effectiveness, but their ecological significance and statistical credibility are disputed. Our present goal is to improve the value of stranding data as population indicator as part of monitoring strategies by constructing the spatial and temporal null hypothesis for strandings. The null hypothesis is defined as: small cetacean distribution and mortality are uniform in space and constant in time. We used a drift model to map stranding probabilities and predict stranding patterns of cetacean carcasses under H0 across the North Sea, the Channel and the Bay of Biscay, for the period 1990-2009. As the most common cetacean occurring in this area, we chose the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena for our modelling. The difference between these strandings expected under H0 and observed strandings is defined as the stranding anomaly. It constituted the stranding data series corrected for drift conditions. Seasonal decomposition of stranding anomaly suggested that drift conditions did not explain observed seasonal variations of porpoise strandings. Long-term stranding anomalies increased first in the southern North Sea, the Channel and Bay of Biscay coasts, and finally the eastern North Sea. The hypothesis of changes in porpoise distribution was consistent with local visual surveys, mostly SCANS surveys (1994 and 2005). This new indicator could be applied to cetacean populations across the world and more widely to marine megafauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Peltier
- Laboratoire Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 7266, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France.
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13
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Jauniaux T, Farnir F, Fontaine M, Kiszka J, Sarlet M, Coignoul F. Cytochrome P450 1A1 expression in cetacean skin biopsies from the Indian Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 2011; 62:1317-1319. [PMID: 21565363 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The study describes cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYPA1) expression in the skin of different cetacean species (Megaptera novaeangliae, n=15; Stenella attenuata, n=7 and Stenella longirostris, n=24) from the Mozambique Channel island of Mayotte. Immunohistochemical examination was performed with a monoclonal antibody against scup cytochrome CYPA1. The sex was determined using a molecular approach consisting in the genotyping sex-specific genes. CYPA1 was detected at the junction between epidermis and blubber on dolphins only, mostly in the endothelial cells. Similar observation was obtained in the dermis of one M. novaeangliae. Immunohistochemical slides were scored to evaluate the expression of the CYPA1 and a higher expression was observed in S. longirostris, suggesting a higher exposure to pollutants for this species. The difference of expression between sexes was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Jauniaux
- Dept. of Pathology, Veterinary College, Sart Tilman B43, University of Liege, Belgium.
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14
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Siebert U, Gulland F, Harder T, Jauniaux T, Seibel H, Wohlsein P, Baumgärtner W. Epizootics in harbour seals ( Phoca vitulina): clinical aspects. NAMMCOSP 2010. [DOI: 10.7557/3.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic diseases causing considerable mortality in harbour seal populations have mainly been reported from the waters of the United States and Europe. Such die-offs were largely attributable to viral infections. Several hundred individuals died from respiratory infections caused by Influenza A viruses at the coast of New England, USA, in 1979, 1980 and 1982. More than 53,000 harbour seals were killed in European waters by Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV), a morbillivirus,in two outbreaks in 1988 and 2002. For several other epizootics of smaller scale in the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific coast of the USA and, most recently, in Danish and Swedish waters in 2007 the causes remain unclear, although characteristic respiratory symptoms and interstitial pneumonia suspicious of viral etiology were detected as well as occasionally bacterial infections caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mass mortalities caused by biotoxins, direct human interactions or changes in oceanographic conditions have so far not been described for harbour seals. However, high organochlorine loads detected in European harbour seal populations and suspected to impede immune functions, were considered an aggravating factor in the 1988 morbillivirus epizootic. Establishing supranational stranding networks is a key prerequisite for the detection of future unusual die-offs in marine mammals. Detailed post-mortem investigations of all organ systems are essential for targeted etiological studies towards the causes of mass mortalities in seals.
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15
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Duchatel JP, Jauniaux T, Smyth J, Habsch I, de Bournonville M, Losson B, Todd D. Effect of a Commercial Paratyphus Vaccine on the Development of Pigeon Circovirus Infection in Young Pigeons (Columba livia domestica). J Avian Med Surg 2010; 24:107-14. [DOI: 10.1647/2008-057.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Murphy S, Pierce GJ, Law RJ, Bersuder P, Jepson PD, Learmonth JA, Addink M, Dabin W, Santos MB, Deaville R, Zegers BN, Mets A, Rogan E, Ridoux V, Reid RJ, Smeenk C, Jauniaux T, López A, Alonso Farré JM, González AF, Guerra A, García-Hartmann M, Lockyer C, Boon JP. Assessing the effect of persistent organic pollutants on reproductive activity in common dolphins and harbour porpoises. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2960/j.v42.m658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Fontaine MC, Tolley KA, Michaux JR, Birkun A, Ferreira M, Jauniaux T, Llavona A, Oztürk B, Oztürk AA, Ridoux V, Rogan E, Sequeira M, Bouquegneau JM, Baird SJE. Genetic and historic evidence for climate-driven population fragmentation in a top cetacean predator: the harbour porpoises in European water. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2829-37. [PMID: 20444724 PMCID: PMC2981983 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent climate change has triggered profound reorganization in northeast Atlantic ecosystems, with substantial impact on the distribution of marine assemblages from plankton to fishes. However, assessing the repercussions on apex marine predators remains a challenging issue, especially for pelagic species. In this study, we use Bayesian coalescent modelling of microsatellite variation to track the population demographic history of one of the smallest temperate cetaceans, the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in European waters. Combining genetic inferences with palaeo-oceanographic and historical records provides strong evidence that populations of harbour porpoises have responded markedly to the recent climate-driven reorganization in the eastern North Atlantic food web. This response includes the isolation of porpoises in Iberian waters from those further north only approximately 300 years ago with a predominant northward migration, contemporaneous with the warming trend underway since the ‘Little Ice Age’ period and with the ongoing retreat of cold-water fishes from the Bay of Biscay. The extinction or exodus of harbour porpoises from the Mediterranean Sea (leaving an isolated relict population in the Black Sea) has lacked a coherent explanation. The present results suggest that the fragmentation of harbour distribution range in the Mediterranean Sea was triggered during the warm ‘Mid-Holocene Optimum’ period (approx. 5000 years ago), by the end of the post-glacial nutrient-rich ‘Sapropel’ conditions that prevailed before that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël C Fontaine
- MARE Centre-Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c, , 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Weijs L, Das K, Siebert U, van Elk N, Jauniaux T, Neels H, Blust R, Covaci A. Concentrations of chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their metabolites in serum of harbour seals and harbour porpoises. Environ Int 2009; 35:842-50. [PMID: 19303641 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are top predators in the North Sea and consequently accumulate a variety of pollutants in their tissues. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (HO-PCBs and HO-PBDEs) were measured in serum of wild harbour seals (n=47) and captive harbour porpoises (n=21). Both species exhibit long life spans and do not have extreme situations, such as complete fasting during periods of lactation, in their annual cycles. For PCBs, concentrations in adult males were slightly higher than in juveniles and lowest in juvenile females. For PBDEs, juveniles have higher levels than adult males and females, probably as a consequence of lactational transfer. However, differences between these age-gender groups were not statistical significant, indicating that individual variation was limited within each species, even without knowing the feeding status of the animals. Body condition, particularly emaciation, has a major influence on the levels of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in serum. Profiles of PCBs were CB 153>CB 138>CB 187>CB 180 and CB 153>CB 138>CB 149>CB 187>CB 180 for harbour seals and porpoises respectively. For PBDEs, BDE 47 was the predominant congener followed by BDE 100 and 99 in both species. In harbour seals, concentrations of sum PCBs (median: 39,200 pg/ml) were more than 200 times higher than levels of sum PBDEs (median: 130 pg/ml) and almost 10 times higher than concentrations of sum HO-PCBs (4350 pg/ml). In harbour porpoises, concentrations of sum PCBs (median: 24,300 pg/ml) were about 20 times higher than concentrations of PBDEs (median: 1300 pg/ml). HO-PCBs were detected in only 4 harbour porpoises and this at very low concentrations. Naturally-produced MeO-PBDEs were only found in harbour porpoises at concentrations ranging from 120 to 810 pg/ml. HO-PBDEs were not found in any species. In general, harbour seals accumulate less compounds and have mostly lower concentrations than harbour porpoises possibly as a result of a better developed metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Weijs
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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19
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Pierce GJ, Santos MB, Murphy S, Learmonth JA, Zuur AF, Rogan E, Bustamante P, Caurant F, Lahaye V, Ridoux V, Zegers BN, Mets A, Addink M, Smeenk C, Jauniaux T, Law RJ, Dabin W, López A, Alonso Farré JM, González AF, Guerra A, García-Hartmann M, Reid RJ, Moffat CF, Lockyer C, Boon JP. Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in female common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from western European seas: geographical trends, causal factors and effects on reproduction and mortality. Environ Pollut 2008; 153:401-15. [PMID: 17905497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blubber of female common dolphins and harbour porpoises from the Atlantic coast of Europe were frequently above the threshold at which effects on reproduction could be expected, in 40% and 47% of cases respectively. This rose to 74% for porpoises from the southern North Sea. PCB concentrations were also high in southern North Sea fish. The average pregnancy rate recorded in porpoises (42%) in the study area was lower than in the western Atlantic but that in common dolphins (25%) was similar to that of the western Atlantic population. Porpoises that died from disease or parasitic infection had higher concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) than animals dying from other causes. Few of the common dolphins sampled had died from disease or parasitic infection. POP profiles in common dolphin blubber were related to individual feeding history while those in porpoises were more strongly related to condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Pierce
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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20
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Fontaine MC, Baird SJE, Piry S, Ray N, Tolley KA, Duke S, Birkun A, Ferreira M, Jauniaux T, Llavona Á, Öztürk B, A Öztürk A, Ridoux V, Rogan E, Sequeira M, Siebert U, Vikingsson GA, Bouquegneau JM, Michaux JR. Rise of oceanographic barriers in continuous populations of a cetacean: the genetic structure of harbour porpoises in Old World waters. BMC Biol 2007; 5:30. [PMID: 17651495 PMCID: PMC1971045 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the role of seascape in shaping genetic and demographic population structure is highly challenging for marine pelagic species such as cetaceans for which there is generally little evidence of what could effectively restrict their dispersal. In the present work, we applied a combination of recent individual-based landscape genetic approaches to investigate the population genetic structure of a highly mobile extensive range cetacean, the harbour porpoise in the eastern North Atlantic, with regards to oceanographic characteristics that could constrain its dispersal. RESULTS Analyses of 10 microsatellite loci for 752 individuals revealed that most of the sampled range in the eastern North Atlantic behaves as a 'continuous' population that widely extends over thousands of kilometres with significant isolation by distance (IBD). However, strong barriers to gene flow were detected in the south-eastern part of the range. These barriers coincided with profound changes in environmental characteristics and isolated, on a relatively small scale, porpoises from Iberian waters and on a larger scale porpoises from the Black Sea. CONCLUSION The presence of these barriers to gene flow that coincide with profound changes in oceanographic features, together with the spatial variation in IBD strength, provide for the first time strong evidence that physical processes have a major impact on the demographic and genetic structure of a cetacean. This genetic pattern further suggests habitat-related fragmentation of the porpoise range that is likely to intensify with predicted surface ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël C Fontaine
- MARE – Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, Bat B6c, Liège (Sart Tilman) 4000, Belgium
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Stuart JE Baird
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Piry
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Ray
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Laboratory, Zoological Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Krystal A Tolley
- Marine Mammal Division, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah Duke
- Department of Zoology, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexei Birkun
- Laboratory of Biotechnological Research in Ecology, Medicine and Aquaculture (BREMA), Simferopol, Ukraine
| | - Marisa Ferreira
- Portuguese Wildlife Society Estação de Campo de Quiaios. Apt 16 EC Quiaios. 3081-101 Figueira da Foz, Portugal
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Sart Tilman B43, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ángela Llavona
- Coordinadora para o Estudio dos Mamiferos MAriños, CEMMA, Gondomar, Spain
| | - Bayram Öztürk
- Faculty of Fisheries, Istanbul University, Ordu Cad. 200, Laleli-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayaka A Öztürk
- Faculty of Fisheries, Istanbul University, Ordu Cad. 200, Laleli-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vincent Ridoux
- Centre de Recherche sur les Mammifères Marins, Institut de la Mer et du Littoral, Avenue du Lazaret, Port des Minimes, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Emer Rogan
- Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marina Sequeira
- Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Rua de Santa Marta, 55, 1150-999 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Forschungs- und Technologie Zentrum, Westküste, Universität Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Gísli A Vikingsson
- Marine Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, P.O. Box 1390, 121 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jean-Marie Bouquegneau
- MARE – Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, Bat B6c, Liège (Sart Tilman) 4000, Belgium
| | - Johan R Michaux
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
- Génétique des Microorganismes, Département des Sciences de la Vie, Institut de Botanique B22, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Das K, De Groof A, Jauniaux T, Bouquegneau JM. Zn, Cu, Cd and Hg binding to metallothioneins in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from the southern North Sea. BMC Ecol 2006; 6:2. [PMID: 16464247 PMCID: PMC1434725 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from the southern North Sea are known to display high levels of Zn and Hg in their tissues linked to their nutritional status (emaciation). The question arises regarding a potential role of metallothioneins (MTs) with regard to these high metal levels. In the present study, metallothionein detection and associated Zn, Cd, Cu and Hg concentrations were investigated in the liver and kidney of 14 harbour porpoises collected along the Belgian coast. RESULTS Metallothioneins seemed to play a key role in essential metal homeostasis, as they were shown to bind 50% of the total hepatic Zn and 36% of the total hepatic Cu concentrations. Renal MTs also participated in Cd detoxification, as they were shown to bind 56% of the total renal Cd. Hg was mainly found in the insoluble fraction of both liver and kidney. Concomitant increases in total Zn concentration and Zn bound to MTs were observed in the liver, whereas Zn concentration bound to high molecular weight proteins remained constant. Cu, Zn and Cd were accumulated preferentially in the MT fraction and their content in this fraction increased with the amount in the hepatocytosol. CONCLUSION MTs have a key role in Zn and Cu homeostasis in harbour porpoises. We demonstrated that increasing hepatic Zn concentration led to an increase in Zn linked to MTs, suggesting that these small proteins take over the Zn overload linked to the poor body condition of debilitated harbour porpoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Das
- MARE, Laboratory for Oceanology, B6c, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud De Groof
- MARE, Laboratory for Oceanology, B6c, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B43 Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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22
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Dabin W, Cesarini C, Clemenceau I, Dhermain F, Jauniaux T, Van Canneyt O, Ridoux V. Double-faced monster in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) found in the Mediterranean sea. Vet Rec 2004; 154:306-8. [PMID: 15053140 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.10.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Dabin
- Centre de Recherche sur les Mammifères Marins, Port des Minimes, 17000 La Rochelle, France
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23
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Van de Vijver KI, Hoff PT, Das K, Van Dongen W, Esmans EL, Jauniaux T, Bouquegneau JM, Blust R, de Coen W. Perfluorinated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters: link between exposure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals. Environ Sci Technol 2003; 37:5545-5550. [PMID: 14717162 DOI: 10.1021/es0345975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to report on concentrations of perfluorinated organochemicals (FOCs) in marine mammals stranded along the southern North Sea coast in relation to stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios (delta15N and delta13C). The presence of FOCs in top predators such as marine mammals would indicate a potential biomagnification of these compounds and their widespread occurrence. Liver and kidney tissues of nine marine mammal species have been sampled. Among all the measured FOCs compounds, PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) was predominant in terms of concentration. The highest PFOS concentrations were found in the liver of harbor seal compared to white-beaked dolphin, harbor porpoise, gray seal, sperm whale, white-sided dolphin, striped dolphin, fin whale, and hooded seal. PFOS concentrations differed significantly between sexes and age classes in harbor porpoises. Stable isotope measurements (delta13C and delta15N) were used in this study to describe the behavior of contaminants in food webs. We found a significant (p < 0.05) linear relationship between PFOS concentrations in livers of harbor porpoises and both muscle delta13C and delta15N measurements. Harbor and gray seals and white-beaked dolphin, which displayed the highest trophic position, contained the highest PFOS levels, while offshore feeders such as sperm whales, fin whales, striped dolphin, and white-sided dolphin showed lower PFOS concentrations than inshore species.
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24
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Jauniaux T, Petitjean D, Brenez C, Borrens M, Brosens L, Haelters J, Tavernier T, Coignoul F. Post-mortem findings and causes of death of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded from 1990 to 2000 along the coastlines of Belgium and Northern France. J Comp Pathol 2002; 126:243-53. [PMID: 12056772 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Between the years 1990 and 2000, an attempt was made to determine the causes of death of 55 harbour porpoises stranded along the Belgian and northern French coasts. From 1990 to 1996, only five carcasses were collected as against seven in 1997, eight in 1998, 27 in 1999 and eight in 2000. The sex ratio was normal and most of the animals were juvenile. The most common findings were emaciation, severe parasitosis and pneumonia. A few cases of fishing net entanglement were observed. The main microscopical lesions were acute pneumonia, massive lung oedema, enteritis, hepatitis and gastritis. Encephalitis was observed in six cases. No evidence of morbillivirus infection was detected. Pneumonia was associated with bacteria or parasites, or both. The causes of death and the lesions were similar to those previously reported in other countries bordering the North Sea. The cause of the increased numbers of carcasses in 1999 was unclear but did not include viral epizootics or net entanglement. A temporary increase in the porpoise population in the southern North Sea may have been responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Liège, B43, 4000, Belgium
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25
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Manteca C, Daube G, Jauniaux T, Linden A, Pirson V, Detilleux J, Ginter A, Coppe P, Kaeckenbeeck A, Mainil JG. A role for the Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin in bovine enterotoxaemia? Vet Microbiol 2002; 86:191-202. [PMID: 11900954 PMCID: PMC7117356 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-enterotoxigenic type A Clostridium perfringens are associated with bovine enterotoxaemia, but the alpha toxin is not regarded as responsible for the production of typical lesions of necrotic and haemorrhagic enteritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the putative role of the more recently described beta2 toxin. Seven hundred and fourteen non-enterotoxigenic type A C. perfringens isolated from 133 calves with lesions of enterotoxaemia and high clostridial cell counts (study population) and 386 isolated from a control population of 87 calves were tested by a colony hybridisation assay for the beta2 toxin. Two hundred and eighteen (31%) C. perfringens isolated from 83 calves (62%) of the study population and 113 (29%) C. perfringens isolated from 51 calves (59%) of the control population tested positive with the beta2 probe. Pure and mixed cultures of four C. perfringens (one alpha+beta2+, one alpha+enterotoxin+ and two alpha+) were tested in the ligated loop assay in one calf. Macroscopic haemorrhages of the intestinal wall, necrosis and haemorrhages of the intestinal content, and microscopic lesions of necrosis and polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cell infiltration of the intestinal villi were more pronounced in loops inoculated with the alpha and beta2-toxigenic C. perfringens isolate. These results suggest in vivo synergistic role of the alpha and beta2 toxins in the production of necrotic and haemorrhagic lesions of the small intestine in cases of bovine enterotoxaemia. However, isolation of beta2-toxigenic C. perfringens does not confirm the clinical diagnosis of bovine enterotoxaemia and a clostridial cell counts must still be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Manteca
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases--Bacteriology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Liège, Belgium
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26
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Debacker V, Schiettecatte LS, Jauniaux T, Bouquegneau JM. Influence of age, sex and body condition on zinc, copper, cadmium and metallothioneins in common guillemots (Uria aalge) stranded at the Belgian coast. Mar Environ Res 2001; 52:427-444. [PMID: 11763147 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(01)00096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The common guillemots, Uria aalge, found stranded at the Belgian coast, display high levels of Cu in both liver and kidneys. The condition index of the animals, defined as the ratio of liver to kidneys mass (Wenzel & Adelung, 1996, The suitability of oiled Guillemots (Uria aalge) as monitoring organisms for geographical comparisons of trace element contaminants. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 31, 368-377), influences both the metal concentration and its binding to metallothioneins (MT): the lower the condition index, the more emaciated the animals, and the higher the total Cu concentration and the concentration of Cu bound to MT. In less robust individuals, our results suggest that Cu could displace Zn from MT, rendering the Zn ions available to induce a new MT synthesis. Sex-related effects also emerged as significantly higher hepatic MT as well as Cu- and Zn-MT concentrations were found in emaciated male guillemots compared to females. In both organs, Cd concentrations remained low and typically demonstrated an age-dependent renal accumulation, with no noticeable effect of the condition index. As a whole, these results suggest that, for guillemots found stranded at the Belgian coast. Cu binding to hepatic and renal MT could function as a protective mechanism, rendering the metal ions unavailable to exert any cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Debacker
- Oceanology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium.
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27
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Jauniaux T, Boseret G, Desmecht M, Haelters J, Manteca C, Tavernier J, van Gompel J, Coignoul F. Morbillivirus in common seals stranded on the coasts of Belgium and northern France during summer 1998. Vet Rec 2001; 148:587-91. [PMID: 11386444 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.19.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen common seals (Phoca vitulina) were stranded on the Belgian and northern French coasts during the summer of 1998. Eleven (10 pups and one adult) were sampled for histopathological, immunohistochemical, serological, bacteriological, parasitological and virological investigations. The main gross findings were severe emaciation, acute haemorrhagic enteritis, acute pneumonia, interstitial pulmonary emphysema and oedema, and chronic ulcerative stomatitis. Microscopical lung findings were acute to subacute pneumonia with interstitial oedema and emphysema. Severe lymphocytic depletion was observed in lymph nodes. Severe acute to subacute meningoencephalitis was observed in one animal. Specific staining with two monoclonal antibodies directed against canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper virus was observed in a few lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes of three seals. Anti-CDV neutralising antibodies were detected in sera from six animals. Seven of the seals were positive by reverse transcriptase-PCR for the morbillivirus phosphoprotein gene. The lesions observed were consistent with those in animals infected by a morbillivirus, and demonstrated that distemper has recently recurred in North Sea seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Liège, Belgium
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28
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Debacker V, Rutten A, Jauniaux T, Daemers C, Bouquegneau JM. Combined effects of experimental heavy-metal contamination (Cu, Zn, and CH3Hg) and starvation on quail's body condition: parallelism with a wild common guillemot (Uria aalge) population found stranded at the Belgian coast. Biol Trace Elem Res 2001; 82:87-107. [PMID: 11697781 DOI: 10.1385/bter:82:1-3:087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2000] [Revised: 12/22/2000] [Accepted: 01/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Combined effects of heavy-metal contamination (Cu, Zn, and CH3Hg) and starvation were tested on common quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and used as a model for comparison with a wild common guillemot (Uria aalge) population found stranded at the Belgian coast. Appropriate heavy-metal levels were given to the quails to obtain concentrations similar to those found in the seabirds's tissues. The contaminated animals were then starved for 4 d to simulate the evident malnutrition symptoms observed at the guillemot's level. In such conditions, food intake and total-body weight are shown to decrease in contaminated individuals with simultaneous significant hepatic and renal increase of the heavy-metal concentrations. Like guillemots, higher heavy-metal levels were observed in those contam- inated quails that had also developed a cachectic status characterized by a general atrophy of their pectoral muscle and complete absence of subcutaneous and/or abdominal fat depots. Although likely the result of a general protein catabolism during starvation, it is suggested that these higher metal levels could as well enhance a general muscle wasting process (cachectic status).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Debacker
- Oceanology, University of Liège, Belgium
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29
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Debacker V, Jauniaux T, Coignoul F, Bouquegneau JM. Heavy metals contamination and body condition of wintering guillemots (Uria aalge) at the Belgian coast from 1993 to 1998. Environ Res 2000; 84:310-317. [PMID: 11097805 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2000.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A sample of 166 common guillemots (Uria aalge) recovered from Belgian beaches during five wintering seasons, from 1993-1994 to 1997-1998, were examined. At necropsy, postmortem examination including body mass, fat reserves, presence or not of intestinal contents, eventual status of oiling, and pathological changes (cachexia, acute hemorrhagic gastroenteropathy (GEAH)) was attributed to each individual. Mild to severe cachexia, a pathology characterized by moderate to severe atrophy of the pectoral muscle as well as reduced amounts or absence of subcutaneous and/or abdominal fat, was observed for most specimens (85.8%). Heavy metal analyses (Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb) of the tissues (typically liver, kidney, and pectoral muscle) were performed, and total lipids were determined (liver and pectoral muscle). The guillemots collected at the Belgian coast exhibited higher Cu and Zn concentrations compared to individuals collected in more preserved areas of the North Sea such as the northern colonies. A general decrease of their total body mass as well as liver, kidney, and pectoral muscle mass was associated to increasing cachexia severity. Moreover, significantly increasing heavy metal levels (Cu and Zn) in the tissues as well as depleted muscle lipid contents were observed parallel to increasing cachexia severity. On the contrary the organs' total metal burden barely correlates to this status. These observations tend to indicate a general redistribution of heavy metals within the organs as a result of prolonged starvation and protein catabolism (cachectic status). Such a redistribution could well be an additional stress to birds already experiencing stressfull conditions (starvation, oiling).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Debacker
- Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c Sart Tilman, B-4000, Belgium.
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30
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Jauniaux T, Charlier G, Desmecht M, Haelters J, Jacques T, Losson B, Van Gompel J, Tavernier J, Coignoul F. Pathological findings in two fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) with evidence of morbillivirus infection. J Comp Pathol 2000; 123:198-201. [PMID: 11032676 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2000.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two immature female fin whales stranded on the Belgian and French coastlines, were examined post mortem. The main gross findings were massive parasitic infestation, associated with a large thrombus in one whale, and severe emaciation. Microscopical investigations revealed multinucleated syncytia with large intranuclear inclusion bodies in various tissues, and positive immunolabelling for morbillivirus antigens. Other evidence of morbillivirus infection was provided by the demonstration of specific viral structures in syncytia and in cell cultures, and the detection of neutralizing antibodies to canine distemper virus. To the authors>> knowledge, this is the first firm report of morbillivirus infection in baleen whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, Liege, 4000, Belgium
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Schiettecatte LS, Debacker V, Jauniaux T, Bouquegneau JM. Heavy metals binding to metallothioneins in the common guillemot (Uria aalge) stranded at the Belgian coast: influence of body condition. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)80079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jauniaux T, Charlier G, Desmecht M, Coignoul F. Lesions of morbillivirus infection in a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along the Belgian coast. Vet Rec 1998; 143:423-4. [PMID: 9807793 DOI: 10.1136/vr.143.15.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Liege, Belgium
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Jauniaux T, Brosens L, Meire P, Offringa H, Coignoul F. Pathological investigations on guillemots (Uria aalge) stranded on the Belgian coast during the winter of 1993-94. Vet Rec 1998; 143:387-90. [PMID: 9802196 DOI: 10.1136/vr.143.14.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Pathological investigations were carried out on 67 guillemots (Uria aalge) washed up on the Belgian coast between November 1993 and March 1994. Emaciation and acute haemorrhagic gastroenteropathy were observed in more than 70 per cent of the birds. There was no statistical relationship between the level of oil contamination and the severity of the lesions. Differences in bodyweight were accounted for by age, sex, emaciation, and acute haemorrhagic gastroenteropathy. The birds had a severe weight deficit but the concentrations of pollutants were below acutely toxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Liege, Belgium
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Jauniaux T, Brosens L, Jacquinet E, Lambrigts D, Addink M, Smeenk C, Coignoul F. Postmortem investigations on winter stranded sperm whales from the coasts of Belgium and The Netherlands. J Wildl Dis 1998; 34:99-109. [PMID: 9476231 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-34.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During winter 1994-95, four and three sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) were stranded along the Belgian and the Dutch coasts, respectively. Necropsies and tissue samplings were collected 24 hrs post mortem. Lesions on several whales included round and linear skin scars, ventral skin abrasions, acute skin ulcers, acute ulcerative stomatitides, acute to chronic external otitides, and passive visceral congestion. In addition, these sperm whales appeared to be debilitated with severe weight deficit, had blubber thickness reduction, the absence of abdominal fat, and the intestinal tracts were almost empty. Three categories of lesions and their possible relation with the stranding were evaluated. Cutaneous scars observed on the seven whales appeared to have no relation with the stranding. The poor body condition and acute integument ulcerative lesions were present before the stranding. Ventral skin abrasions and visceral passive congestion were caused by the strandings. Absence of food in the alimentary tracts, evidence of weight loss and blubber thickness reduction were compatible with an extended presence of the sperm whales in the North Sea, where adequate food is not available. This might lead to progressive weakness, predisposing the animals to secondary pathogens such as viral diseases. Finally, the coastal configuration of the southern North Sea makes it a trap for sperm whales which have entered the area during their wanderings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Liege, Belgium
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Brosens L, Jauniaux T, Siebert U, Benke H, Coignoul F. Observations on the helminths of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and common guillemots (Uria aalge) from the Belgian and German coasts. Vet Rec 1996; 139:254-7. [PMID: 8888560 DOI: 10.1136/vr.139.11.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Between February 1990 and July 1991, 18 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and 248 common guillemots (Uria aalge), found dead along the Belgian and German coasts, were examined for their burden of helminths. A total of three species were found in the guillemots (one cestode, one nematode and one pentastomid), and six species in the porpoises (one trematode, one cestode and four nematodes). Among the guillemots the burden of helminths was not statistically different between juvenile and adult birds. The deaths of the birds were apparently not related to the parasite infections. In contrast, the adult porpoises were more heavily parasitised than the juveniles, except for one young porpoise stranded on the Belgian coast. In the porpoises, four species of parasites had a pathological effect and Torynurus convolutus was responsible for the death of one animal from the Belgian coast and three from the German coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brosens
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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