1
|
Bédard M, Maxwell H, Weaver B, Stinchcombe A, Gélinas I, Mazer B, Naglie G, Porter MM, Rapoport MJ, Tuokko H, Vrkljan B, Marshall S. Older Drivers Reduced Engagement in Distracting Behaviors Over a Six-Year Period: Findings From the Candrive Longitudinal Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbad168. [PMID: 37934029 PMCID: PMC10809215 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Baltes and Baltes' "selective optimization with compensation" model is pertinent to driving but evidence about the use of compensation using longitudinal designs is scarce. Therefore, we sought to determine if older drivers reduced their engagement in distracting behaviors while driving, over a 6-year period. METHODS We used data captured over several annual assessments from a cohort of 583 drivers aged 70 and older to determine if their engagement in 12 distracting behaviors (e.g., listening to the radio, talking with passengers) declined over time. We adjusted our multivariable model for several potential confounders of the association between our outcome variable and time. RESULTS Overall, and after adjustment for potential confounders, the participants reduced their engagement in distracting behaviors over the study period (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95-0.97). Baseline age was negatively associated with engagement in distracting behaviors (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.94-0.96). Men engaged in more distracting behaviors than women (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.03-1.27), as did participants living in the largest urban centers compared to participants living in the smallest areas (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.04-1.41). The number of kilometers driven per year (for every 10,000 km) was positively associated with the proportion of distracting behaviors drivers engaged in (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.08-1.19). DISCUSSION Drivers in our cohort reduced their engagement in distracting behaviors over the study period. This suggests that older drivers adjust their driving over time, which aligns with age-related theories and models about compensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bédard
- Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Applied Health Research, St. Joseph’s Care Group, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hillary Maxwell
- Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Applied Health Research, St. Joseph’s Care Group, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce Weaver
- Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arne Stinchcombe
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Gélinas
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Mazer
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gary Naglie
- Department of Medicine and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mark J Rapoport
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly Tuokko
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brenda Vrkljan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Marshall
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Richardson J, Beauchamp M, Bean J, Brach J, Chaves PHM, Guralnik JM, Jette AM, Leveille SG, Hoenig H, Manini T, Marottoli R, Porter MM, Sinclair S, Letts L, Kuspinar A, Vrkljan B, Morgan A, Mirbaha S. Defining and Measuring Preclinical Mobility Limitation: An Expert Consensus Exercise Informed by a Scoping Review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1641-1650. [PMID: 37300461 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early change in function in older adults has been termed preclinical disability (PCD). PCD has been understudied compared to other stages of disability because it is unlikely to receive comparative priority in clinical settings. It has major implications for prevention and population health as it may be the optimal time to intervene to prevent further decline. A standardized approach to research in PCD, including a common definition and measurement approaches, is needed to advance this work. METHODS The process to establish how PCD should be defined and measured was undertaken in 2 stages: (1) a scoping review of the literature, which was used to inform (2) a web-enabled consensus meeting with content experts. RESULTS The scoping review and the consensus meeting support the use of the term preclinical mobility limitation (PCML) and that it should be measured using both patient-reported and performance-based measures. It was agreed that the definition of PCML should include modification of frequency and/or method of task completion, without overt disability, and that requisite mobility tasks include walking (distance and speed), stairs, and transfers. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there are few standardized assessments that can identify PCML. PCML is the term that most clearly describes the stage where people experience a change in routine mobility tasks, without a perception of disability. Further evaluation into the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of outcome measures is needed to advance research on PCML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Richardson
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marla Beauchamp
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bean
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of PM&R, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- New England Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Bedford VAMC, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Brach
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paulo H M Chaves
- Benjamin Leon Center for Geriatric Research and Education, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jack M Guralnik
- Epidemiology & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan M Jette
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suzanne G Leveille
- Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Hoenig
- Duke University School of Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd Manini
- Institute on Aging, Department of Aging & Geriatric Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Marottoli
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Susanne Sinclair
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lori Letts
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayse Kuspinar
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda Vrkljan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Morgan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Mirbaha
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Odeyemi E, Chesser S, King AC, Porter MM. Engaging Nigerian Older Persons in Neighborhood Environment Assessment for Physical Activity Participation: A Citizen Science Project. Innov Aging 2023; 8:igad066. [PMID: 38577518 PMCID: PMC10993715 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Global organizations are advocating that older persons' voices should guide communities in age-friendly design. An important aspect of age friendliness to enable daily function and health is ensuring that physical activity can occur, regardless of age, within local neighborhoods. Research Design and Methods This study used a specific citizen science approach, Our Voice, to engage a sample (N = 13) of older adults (60 or older) in Festac Town, Nigeria. The citizen scientists' roles were to assess and identify how different aspects of the neighborhood environment act as supports or barriers to their physical activity participation. They were individually enabled using a tablet-based mobile application called the Stanford Healthy Neighborhood Discovery Tool to record a total of 156 geocoded photos and 151 commentaries of neighborhood environmental features that facilitate or hinder physical activity in and around their neighborhoods. In a guided process, the following occurred: collaborative discussions of findings with other citizen scientists to determine common targets, setting of priority targets for change, and brainstorming strategies and solutions. Results Facilitators of physical activity included: pedestrian and traffic facilities (e.g., traffic lights, walkways); green areas and parks; multigenerational community features (e.g., programs/facilities); opportunities for social connection (e.g., neighborhood associations, churches); safety of destinations and services; and public toilets. Barriers to physical activity included: hazardous walkways/traffic; noise pollution; refuse, selling of public parks; crime (e.g., kidnapping, criminal hideouts); no safe drinking water; and ageism. The priorities for changes were social connectivity; improved pedestrian and traffic facilities; and green and beautiful environments. Discussion and Implications In this study, both physical and social aspects of the environment were deemed important for older Nigerians to enable physical activity in their local community. This approach has a promise for age-friendly initiatives seeking local changes by meaningfully engaging older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Odeyemi
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Stephanie Chesser
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Abby C King
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stasiulis E, Naglie G, Sanford S, Belchior P, Crizzle A, Gélinas I, Mazer B, Moorhouse P, Myers A, Porter MM, Vrkljan B, Rapoport MJ. Developing the Driving and Dementia Roadmap: a knowledge-to-action process. Int Psychogeriatr 2023:1-14. [PMID: 36710624 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610222001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite three decades of research, gaps remain in meeting the needs of people with dementia and their family/friend carers as they navigate the often-tumultuous process of driving cessation. This paper describes the process of using a knowledge-to-action (KTA) approach to develop an educational web-based resource (i.e. toolkit), called the Driving and Dementia Roadmap (DDR), aimed at addressing some of these gaps. DESIGN Aligned with the KTA framework, knowledge creation and action cycle activities informed the development of the DDR. These activities included systematic reviews; meta-synthesis of qualitative studies; interviews and focus groups with key stakeholders; development of a Driving and Dementia Intervention Framework (DD-IF); and a review and curation of publicly available resources and tools. An Advisory Group comprised of people with dementia and family carers provided ongoing feedback on the DDR's content and design. RESULTS The DDR is a multi-component online toolkit that contains separate portals for current and former drivers with dementia and their family/friend carers. Based on the DD-IF, various topics of driving cessation are presented to accommodate users' diverse stages and needs in their experiences of decision-making and transitioning to non-driving. CONCLUSION Guided by the KTA framework that involved a systematic and iterative process of knowledge creation and translation, the resulting person-centered, individualized and flexible DDR can bring much-needed support to help people with dementia and their families maintain their mobility, community access, and social and emotional wellbeing during and post-driving cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Stasiulis
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, OntarioM6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, OntarioM6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Gary Naglie
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, OntarioM6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, OntarioM6A 2E1, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, OntarioM5G 2A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Sarah Sanford
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, OntarioM6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, OntarioM6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Patricia Belchior
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University and Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QuebecH3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Alexander Crizzle
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Isabelle Gélinas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University and Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QuebecH3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Barbara Mazer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University and Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QuebecH3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Paige Moorhouse
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 2E1, Canada
| | - Anita Myers
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, OntarioN2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, ManitobaR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brenda Vrkljan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, OntarioL8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mark J Rapoport
- Geriatric Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences, Toronto, OntarioM4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Porter MM, Borges B, Dunn NJ, Funk L, Guse L, Kelly C, Mallory-Hill S, Roger K. Renovations of a Long-Term Care Center for Residents with Advanced Dementia—Impact on Residents and Staff. Journal of Aging and Environment 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26892618.2022.2151544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Porter
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Barbara Borges
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nicole J. Dunn
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Laura Funk
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lorna Guse
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- College of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Christine Kelly
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shauna Mallory-Hill
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Faculty of Architecture, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kerstin Roger
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
St Louis RM, Koppel S, Molnar LJ, Di Stefano M, Darzins P, Porter MM, Bédard M, Mullen N, Myers A, Marshall S, Charlton JL. Examining the contribution of psychological resilience on self-reported and naturalistic driving behavior of older adults. J Safety Res 2022; 82:251-260. [PMID: 36031252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the contribution of psychological resilience on self-reported driving comfort, abilities, and restrictions, and on naturalistic driving (ND) behavior of older adults at two time points, five years apart (N = 111; Male: 65.8%, Mean age = 86.1 years). METHOD Participants from the Ozcandrive older driver cohort study completed a demographic questionnaire, functional assessments, psychosocial driving questionnaires, and a resilience scale. Participants' vehicles were equipped with a recording device to monitor driving behavior throughout the study. Over 1.7 million kilometers of ND data were analyzed. RESULTS There was a significant increase in resilience over time, and both self-reported and ND measures revealed reduced driving across five years. Hierarchical regression analyses using age, sex, driving exposure, functional measures, and resilience showed that adding resilience into the models at the final step resulted in statistically significant increases in the amount of variance explained for driving comfort during the day and night, perceived driving abilities, number of trips, trip distance, and proportion of night trips. CONCLUSIONS This research leveraged the longitudinal nature of the Ozcandrive study to provide the first insights into the role of resilience and ND. The observed patterns of reduced driving, captured by both subjective and objective measures, are suggestive of increased levels of self-regulation. As resilience is associated with adaptive coping skills, older adults with higher resilience may be able to more effectively engage in appropriate coping behaviors with regard to driving behavior, safety, and mobility. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Effective methods of increasing resilience in the context of driving is worthy of future research as it will provide valuable information about how older drivers navigate the process of aging as it relates to driving and may assist stakeholders in developing suitable measures to support older driver safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée M St Louis
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sjaan Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Lisa J Molnar
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Peteris Darzins
- Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | - Nadia Mullen
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Anita Myers
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Shawn Marshall
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Judith L Charlton
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chesser SA, Porter MM, Barclay R, King AC, Menec VH, Ripat J, Sibley KM, Sylvestre GM, Webber SC. Corrigendum to: Exploring University Age-Friendliness Using Collaborative Citizen Science. Gerontologist 2021; 61:806. [PMID: 32945336 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Centre on Aging, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ruth Barclay
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Abby C King
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Verena H Menec
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jacquie Ripat
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Sibley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gina M Sylvestre
- Department of Geography, Institute of Urban Studies, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sandra C Webber
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chesser SA, Porter MM, Barclay R, King AC, Menec VH, Ripat J, Sibley KM, Sylvestre GM, Webber SC. Exploring University Age-Friendliness Using Collaborative Citizen Science. Gerontologist 2021; 60:1527-1537. [PMID: 32277697 PMCID: PMC8673440 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Since the launch of Dublin City University’s Age-Friendly University (AFU) Initiative in 2012, relatively little empirical research has been published on its feasibility or implementation by institutions of higher learning. This article describes how collaborative citizen science—a research method where professional researchers and community members work together across multiple stages of the research process (e.g., data collection, analysis, and/or knowledge mobilization) to investigate an issue—was used to identify barriers and supports to university age-friendliness at the University of Manitoba (UofM) in Canada. Research Design and Methods Ten citizen scientists each completed 1 data collection walk around the UofM campus and used a tablet application to document AFU barriers and supports via photographs and accompanying audio commentaries. The citizen scientists and university researchers then worked together in 2 analysis sessions to identify AFU priority areas and brainstorm recommendations for institutional change. These were then presented to a group of interested university stakeholders. Results The citizen scientists collected 157 photos documenting AFU barriers and supports on campus. Accessibility, signage, and transportation were identified as being the most pressing issues for the university to address to improve overall age-friendliness. Discussion and Implications We suggest that academic institutions looking to complete assessments of their age-friendliness, particularly those exploring physical barriers and supports, could benefit from incorporating older citizen scientists into the process of collecting, analyzing, and mobilizing findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Centre on Aging, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ruth Barclay
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Abby C King
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Verena H Menec
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jacquie Ripat
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Sibley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gina M Sylvestre
- Department of Geography, Institute of Urban Studies, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sandra C Webber
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gagnon S, Stinchcombe A, Curtis M, Kateb M, Polgar J, Porter MM, Bédard M. Driving safety improves after individualized training: An RCT involving older drivers in an urban area. Traffic Inj Prev 2019; 20:595-600. [PMID: 31329470 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1630826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to reproduce the results of a previous investigation on the safety benefits of individualized training for older drivers. We modified our method to address validity and generalizability issues. Methods: Older drivers were randomly assigned to one of the 3 arms: (1) education alone, (2) education + on road training, and (3) education + on road + simulator training. Older drivers were recruited from a larger urban community. At the pre- and posttests (separated by 4 to 8 weeks) participants followed driving directions using a Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system. Results: Our findings support the positive influence of individualized on-road training for urban-dwelling older drivers. Overall, driving safety improved among drivers who received on-road training over those who were only exposed to an education session, F(1, 40) = 11.66, P = .001 (26% reduction in total unsafe driving actions [UDAs]). Statistically significant improvements were observed on observation UDAs (e.g., scanning at intersections, etc.), compliance UDAs (e.g., incomplete stop), and procedural UDAs (e.g., position in lane). Conclusion: This study adds to the growing evidence base in support of individualized older driver training to optimize older drivers' safety and promote continued safe driving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gagnon
- a School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - A Stinchcombe
- a School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
- b Faculty of Human Sciences, Saint Paul University (Ottawa) , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - M Curtis
- a School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - M Kateb
- a School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - J Polgar
- c School of Occupational Therapy, Western University , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - M M Porter
- d Centre on Aging, and Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - M Bédard
- e Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada
- f Centre for Applied Health Research, St. Joseph's Care Group , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada
- g Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koppel S, Stephens AN, Bédard M, Charlton JL, Darzins P, Stefano MD, Gagnon S, Gélinas I, Hua P, MacLeay L, Man-Son-Hing M, Mazer B, Myers A, Naglie G, Odell M, Porter MM, Rapoport MJ, Stinchcombe A, Tuokko H, Vrkjlan B, Marshall S. Self-reported violations, errors and lapses for older drivers: Measuring the change in frequency of aberrant driving behaviours across five time-points. Accid Anal Prev 2019; 123:132-139. [PMID: 30481684 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to: 1. to confirm the 21-item, three-factor Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) structure suggested by Koppel et al. (2018) within an independent sample of Canadian older drivers; 2. to examine whether the structure of the DBQ remained stable over a four-year period; 3. to conduct a latent growth analysis to determine whether older drivers' DBQ scores changed across time. Five hundred and sixty Canadian older drivers (males = 61.3%) from the Candrive/Ozcandrive longitudinal study completed the DBQ yearly for four years across five time-points that were approximately 12 months apart. In Year 1, the average age of the older drivers was 76.0 years (SD = 4.5 years; Range = 70-92 years). Findings from the study support the 21-item, three-factor DBQ structure suggested by Koppel and colleagues for an Australian sample of older drivers as being acceptable in an independent sample of Canadian older drivers. In addition, Canadian older drivers' responses to this version of the DBQ were stable across the five time-points. More specifically, there was very little change in older drivers' self-reported violations, and no significant change for self-reported errors or lapses. The findings from the current study add further support for this version of the DBQ as being a suitable tool for examining self-reported aberrant driving behaviours in older drivers. Future research should investigate the relationship between older drivers' self-reported aberrant driving behaviours and their performance on functional measures, their responses to other driving-related abilities and practice scales and/or questionnaires, as well their usual (or naturalistic) driving practices and/or performance on on-road driving tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjaan Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Amanda N Stephens
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - Michel Bédard
- Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Canada
| | - Judith L Charlton
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - Peteris Darzins
- Eastern Health, Australia; Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Australia
| | | | | | - Isabelle Gélinas
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Canada
| | - Phuong Hua
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - Lynn MacLeay
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Barbara Mazer
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Gary Naglie
- Department of Medicine and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences; Research Department, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network; Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Morris Odell
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Australia
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, and Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mark J Rapoport
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Canada
| | | | - Holly Tuokko
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - Brenda Vrkjlan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Shawn Marshall
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Porter MM. An examination of the concordance between self-reported collisions, driver records, and insurance claims in older drivers. J Safety Res 2018; 67:211-215. [PMID: 30553426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous studies of older drivers have found that there are discrepancies between their retrospective self-reports of collisions and the official jurisdictional record. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine how older drivers self-report collisions in comparison to what was recorded in their official driver abstract as well as insurance claims, in a prospective study. Methods Participants (n = 125, age ≥ 70 years) in this study were part of the University of Manitoba site of the Candrive longitudinal study of older drivers. During the operation of the Manitoba site (2009 to 2013), participants were periodically asked to report on any collisions (at-fault or not) in which they were involved, while they were enrolled in the study. In addition, driver records (abstracts and insurance claims) from the provincial licensing agency and public insurer (Manitoba Pubic Insurance; MPI) were provided annually. Results In total there were 101 separate instances of collisions (regardless of at-fault status), whether self-reported, or recorded by MPI. There were 20 at-fault collisions that were recorded on the driver abstract. Eighteen of these collisions were self-reported by participants. In total, our participants were involved in 70 insurance claims (42 at-fault) - 61 of these were self-reported to study staff. In addition, there were 31 collisions that were self-reported to study staff, that were not reported to MPI. Conclusions In this prospective study, older drivers were diligent in reporting collisions in which they were involved. While some collisions were not reported that ultimately became a claim or part of their driver abstract, the biggest discrepancy was in the collisions that were reported to study staff but that were not reported to authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Porter
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Charlton JL, Koppel S, Hua P, St. Louis RM, Di Stefano M, Darzins P, Odell M, Porter MM. CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW AND HIGH DISTANCE DRIVERS: FINDINGS FROM THE OZCANDRIVE/CANDRIVE OLDER DRIVER COHORT STUDY. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J L Charlton
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Hua
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R M St. Louis
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Di Stefano
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Darzins
- Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Odell
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southback, Victoria, Australia
| | - M M Porter
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, and Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koppel S, Charlton JL, Hua P, Liu PY, Pham H, Stephan K, Logan D, St Louis RM, Gao G, Griffiths D, Williams G, Witharanage T, Di Stefano M, Darzins P, Odell M, Porter MM, Mazer B, Gelinas I, Vrkljan B, Marshall S. Are older drivers' driving patterns during an on-road driving task representative of their real-world driving patterns? Traffic Inj Prev 2018; 19:S173-S175. [PMID: 30841798 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1532219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study investigated whether older drivers' driving patterns during a customized on-road driving task were representative of their real-world driving patterns. METHODS Two hundred and eight participants (male: 68.80%; mean age = 81.52 years, SD = 3.37 years, range = 76.00-96.00 years) completed a customized on-road driving task that commenced from their home and was conducted in their own vehicle. Participants' real-world driving patterns for the preceding 4-month period were also collected via an in-car recording device (ICRD) that was installed in each participant's vehicle. RESULTS During the 4-month period prior to completing the on-road driving task, participants' median real-world driving trip distance was 2.66 km (interquartile range [IQR] = 1.14-5.79 km) and their median on-road driving task trip distance was 4.41 km (IQR = 2.83-6.35 km). Most participants' on-road driving task trip distances were classified as representative of their real-world driving trip distances (95.2%, n = 198). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that most older drivers were able to devise a driving route that was representative of their real-world driving trip distance. Future research will examine whether additional aspects of the on-road driving task (e.g., average speed, proportion of trips in different speed zones) are representative of participants' real-world driving patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Koppel
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - J L Charlton
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - P Hua
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - P Y Liu
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - H Pham
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - K Stephan
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - D Logan
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - R M St Louis
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - G Gao
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - D Griffiths
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - G Williams
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | - T Witharanage
- a Monash University Accident Research Centre , Victoria , Australia
| | | | - P Darzins
- c Eastern Health , Victoria, Australia
| | - M Odell
- d Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine , Victoria, Australia
| | - M M Porter
- e Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, and Centre on Aging , University of Manitoba , Canada
| | - B Mazer
- f McGill University , Winnipeg, Canada
| | - I Gelinas
- f McGill University , Winnipeg, Canada
| | - B Vrkljan
- g McMaster University , Hamilton, Canada
| | - S Marshall
- h Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hinckson E, Schneider M, Winter SJ, Stone E, Puhan M, Stathi A, Porter MM, Gardiner PA, dos Santos DL, Wolff A, King AC. Citizen science applied to building healthier community environments: advancing the field through shared construct and measurement development. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:133. [PMID: 28962580 PMCID: PMC5622546 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity across the lifespan remains a public health issue for many developed countries. Inactivity has contributed considerably to the pervasiveness of lifestyle diseases. Government, national and local agencies and organizations have been unable to systematically, and in a coordinated way, translate behavioral research into practice that makes a difference at a population level. One approach for mobilizing multi-level efforts to improve the environment for physical activity is to engage in a process of citizen science. Citizen Science here is defined as a participatory research approach involving members of the public working closely with research investigators to initiate and advance scientific research projects. However, there are no common measures or protocols to guide citizen science research at the local community setting. OBJECTIVES We describe overarching categories of constructs that can be considered when designing citizen science projects expected to yield multi-level interventions, and provide an example of the citizen science approach to promoting PA. We also recommend potential measures across different levels of impact. DISCUSSION Encouraging some consistency in measurement across studies will potentially accelerate the efficiency with which citizen science participatory research provides new insights into and solutions to the behaviorally-based public health issues that drive most of morbidity and mortality. The measures described in this paper abide by four fundamental principles specifically selected for inclusion in citizen science projects: feasibility, accuracy, propriety, and utility. The choice of measures will take into account the potential resources available for outcome and process evaluation. Our intent is to emphasize the importance for all citizen science participatory projects to follow an evidence-based approach and ensure that they incorporate an appropriate assessment protocol. CONCLUSIONS We provided the rationale for and a list of contextual factors along with specific examples of measures to encourage consistency among studies that plan to use a citizen science participatory approach. The potential of this approach to promote health and wellbeing in communities is high and we hope that we have provided the tools needed to optimally promote synergistic gains in knowledge across a range of Citizen Science participatory projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Hinckson
- Auckland University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Public and Mental Health, Centre for Child Health Research Centre for Active Ageing, Private Bag, 92006 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret Schneider
- Department of Planning, Policy and Design, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Sandra J. Winter
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Emily Stone
- University of Zurich, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo Puhan
- University of Zurich, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michelle M. Porter
- University of Manitoba, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, Centre on Aging, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Paul A. Gardiner
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Wolff
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Institute of Sport Science and Sport (ISS), Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Abby C. King
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Division Of Epidemiology, Department Of Health Research & Policy, Stanford University School Of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stinchcombe A, Gagnon S, Kateb M, Curtis M, Porter MM, Polgar J, Bédard M. Letting in-vehicle navigation lead the way: Older drivers' perceptions of and ability to follow a GPS navigation system. Accid Anal Prev 2017; 106:515-520. [PMID: 28277282 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In-vehicle navigation systems have the potential to simplify the driving task by reducing the drivers' need to engage in wayfinding, especially in unfamiliar environments. This study sought to characterize older drivers' overall assessment of using in-vehicle GPS technology as part of a research study and to explore whether the use of this technology has an impact on participants' driving behaviour. Forty-seven older drivers completed an on-road evaluation where directions were provided by an in-vehicle GPS navigation system and their behaviour was recorded using video technology. They later completed a questionnaire to assess their perception of the navigation system. After the study, participants were grouped based on whether they were able to accurately follow the instructions provided by the navigation system. The results indicated that most drivers were satisfied with the navigation technology and found the directions it provided to be clear. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of on-road errors committed by drivers who did not follow the directions from the navigation system in comparison to drivers who did follow the directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Stinchcombe
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan Polgar
- School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, Canada
| | - Michel Bédard
- Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smith GA, Porter MM, Cull AW, Mazer BL, Myers AM, Naglie G, Bédard M, Tuokko HA, Vrkljan BH, Gélinas I, Marshall SC, Rapoport MJ. Seasonal and Weather Effects on Older Drivers' Trip Distances. Can J Aging 2016; 35:1-10. [PMID: 27045699 DOI: 10.1017/s0714980816000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if season or weather affected the objectively measured trip distances of older drivers (≥ 70 years; n = 279) at seven Canadian sites. During winter, for all trips taken, trip distance was 7 per cent shorter when controlling for site and whether the trip occurred during the day. In addition, for trips taken within city limits, trip distance was 1 per cent shorter during winter and 5 per cent longer during rain when compared to no precipitation when controlling for weather (or season respectively), time of day, and site. At night, trip distance was about 30 per cent longer when controlling for season and site (and weather), contrary to expectations. Together, these results suggest that older Canadian drivers alter their trip distances based on season, weather conditions, and time of day, although not always in the expected direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenys A Smith
- Health,Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute,Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management,University of Manitoba
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Health,Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute,Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management,University of Manitoba
| | - Andrew W Cull
- Health,Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute,Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management,University of Manitoba
| | - Barbara L Mazer
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy,McGill University,and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal;Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital
| | - Anita M Myers
- School of Public Health and Health Systems,University of Waterloo
| | - Gary Naglie
- Department of Medicine and Rotman Research Institute,Baycrest Health Sciences;Department of Research,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute,University Health Network;Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy,Management and Evaluation,University of Toronto
| | - Michel Bédard
- Centre for Research on Safe Driving and Department of Health Sciences,Lakehead University
| | - Holly A Tuokko
- Centre on Aging and Department of Psychology,University of Victoria
| | - Brenda H Vrkljan
- Occupational Therapy,School of Rehabilitation Science,McMaster University
| | - Isabelle Gélinas
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy,McGill University,and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal;Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital
| | - Shawn C Marshall
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute;Department of Medicine,University of Ottawa
| | - Mark J Rapoport
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Toronto,and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sukhawathanakul P, Tuokko H, Rhodes RE, Marshall SC, Charlton J, Koppel S, Gélinas I, Naglie G, Mazer B, Vrkljan B, Myers A, Man-Son-Hing M, Bédard M, Rapoport M, Korner-Bitensky N, Porter MM. Measuring Driving-Related Attitudes Among Older Adults: Psychometric Evidence for the Decisional Balance Scale Across Time and Gender. GERONT 2015; 55:1068-78. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
18
|
Kammerer MR, Porter MM, Beekley AC, Tichansky DS. Ideal Body Weight Calculation in the Bariatric Surgical Population. J Gastrointest Surg 2015; 19:1758-62. [PMID: 26268956 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-015-2910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In bariatric surgery, ideal body weight (IBW) is used to calculate excess body weight (EBW) and percent excess weight lost (%EWL). Bariatric literature typically uses the midpoint of the medium frame from older Metropolitan Life Insurance (MetLife) tables to estimate IBW. This is neither universal nor always clinically accurate. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of standard IBW formulas compared to MetLife data. METHODS Weight loss data from 200 bariatric surgical patients between 2009 and 2011 was used to assess the accuracy of IBW formulas. IBWs assigned from the midpoint of the medium frame and reassigned using different gender targets were compared to standard formulas and a new formula to assess the accuracy of all formulas to both targets. RESULTS Using standard MetLife data, the mean IBW was 136 lb, the mean EBW was 153.6 lb, and the mean %EWL was 43.8 %. Using the new target baseline, the mean IBW was 137.1 lb, the mean EBW was 152.6 lb, and the mean %EWL was 44 %. Deitel and Greenstein's formula was accurate to 0.3 % of EBW using the standard method, while our new formula was accurate to 0.03 % of EBW. CONCLUSIONS Deitel and Greenstein's formula is most accurate using standard target IBW. The most accurate is our formula using the new MetLife target IBW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kammerer
- Division of Minimally Invasive, Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 211 South 9th Street, Suite 402, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Division of Minimally Invasive, Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 211 South 9th Street, Suite 402, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Alec C Beekley
- Division of Minimally Invasive, Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 211 South 9th Street, Suite 402, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - David S Tichansky
- Division of Minimally Invasive, Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 211 South 9th Street, Suite 402, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Parsons JL, Sylvester R, Porter MM. Effect of Strength Training on Jump Landing Biomechanics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000477369.84491.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Porter MM, Smith GA, Cull AW, Myers AM, Bédard M, Gélinas I, Mazer BL, Marshall SC, Naglie G, Rapoport MJ, Tuokko HA, Vrkljan BH. Older driver estimates of driving exposure compared to in-vehicle data in the Candrive II study. Traffic Inj Prev 2014; 16:24-27. [PMID: 24571323 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2014.894995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most studies on older adults' driving practices have relied on self-reported information. With technological advances it is now possible to objectively measure the everyday driving of older adults in their own vehicles over time. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of older drivers to accurately estimate their kilometers driven over one year relative to objectively measured driving exposure. METHODS A subsample (n = 159 of 928; 50.9% male) of Candrive II participants (age ≥ 70 years of age) was used in these analyses based on strict criteria for data collected from questionnaires as well as an OttoView-CD Autonomous Data Logging Device installed in their vehicle, over the first year of the prospective cohort study. RESULTS Although there was no significant difference overall between the self-reported and objectively measured distance categories, only moderate agreement was found (weighted kappa = 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.67). Almost half (45.3%) chose the wrong distance category, and some people misestimated their distance driven by up to 20,000 km. Those who misjudged in the low mileage group (≤5000 km) consistently underestimated, whereas the reverse was found for those in the high distance categories (≥ 20,000); that is, they always overestimated their driving distance. CONCLUSIONS Although self-reported driving distance categories may be adequate for studies entailing broad group comparisons, caution should be used in interpreting results. Use of self-reported estimates for individual assessments should be discouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Porter
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tuokko H, Jouk A, Myers A, Marshall S, Man-Son-Hing M, Porter MM, Bédard M, Gélinas I, Korner-Bitensky N, Mazer B, Naglie G, Rapoport M, Vrkljan B. A Re-Examination of Driving-Related Attitudes and Readiness to Change Driving Behavior in Older Adults. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/02703181.2014.931503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
22
|
Parsons JL, Porter MM. Comparison of Hip and Knee Neuromuscular Power Between Young Female and Male Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000495476.79534.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Vlahodimitrakou Z, Charlton JL, Langford J, Koppel S, Di Stefano M, Macdonald W, Mazer B, Gelinas I, Vrkljan B, Porter MM, Smith GA, Cull AW, Marshall S. Development and evaluation of a driving observation schedule (DOS) to study everyday driving performance of older drivers. Accid Anal Prev 2013; 61:253-260. [PMID: 23639887 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and evaluation of an on-road procedure, the Driving Observation Schedule (DOS), for monitoring individual driving behavior. DOS was developed for use in the Candrive/Ozcandrive five-year prospective study of older drivers. Key features included observations in drivers' own vehicles, in familiar environments chosen by the driver, with start/end points at their own homes. Participants were 33 drivers aged 75+ years, who drove their selected route with observations recorded during intersection negotiation, lane-changing, merging, low speed maneuvers and maneuver-free driving. Driving behaviors were scored by a specialist occupational therapy driving assessor and another trained observer. Drivers also completed a post-drive survey about the acceptability of DOS. Vehicle position, speed, distance and specific roadways traveled were recorded by an in-vehicle device installed in the participant's vehicle; this device was also used to monitor participants' driving over several months, allowing comparison of DOS trips with their everyday driving. Inter-rater reliability and DOS feasibility, acceptability and ecological validity are reported here. On average, drivers completed the DOS trip in 30.48min (SD=7.99). Inter-rater reliability measures indicated strong agreement between the trained and the expert observers: intra-class correlations (ICC)=0.905, CI 95% 0.747-0.965, p<0.0001; Pearson product correlation, r (18)=.83, p<0.05. Standard error of the measurement (SEM), method error (ME) and coefficient of variation (CV) measures were consistently small (3.0, 2.9 & 3.3%, respectively). Most participants reported being 'completely at ease' (82%) with the driving task and 'highly familiar with the route' (97%). Vehicle data showed that DOS trips were similar to participants' everyday driving trips in roads used, roadway speed limits, drivers' average speed and speed limit compliance. In summary, preliminary findings suggest that DOS can be scored reliably, is of feasible duration, is acceptable to drivers and representative of everyday driving. Pending further research with a larger sample and other observers, DOS holds promise as a means of quantifying and monitoring changes in older drivers' performance in environments typical of their everyday driving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Vlahodimitrakou
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tuokko H, Myers A, Jouk A, Marshall S, Man-Son-Hing M, Porter MM, Bédard M, Gélinas I, Korner-Bitensky N, Mazer B, Naglie G, Rapoport M, Vrkljan B. Associations between age, gender, psychosocial and health characteristics in the Candrive II study cohort. Accid Anal Prev 2013; 61:267-271. [PMID: 23522324 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The relations among driving-related psychosocial measures (e.g., driving comfort, attitudes toward driving) and measures of self-reported health were examined in the context of driver characteristics (i.e., age and gender) within the Canadian Driving Research Initiative for Vehicular Safety in the Elderly (Candrive II) baseline data, available for the cohort of 928 drivers, 70 years of age and older. Older members of the cohort had lower comfort scores and poorer perceptions of their driving abilities. Men reported significantly higher levels of driving comfort than women. When analyses including health were controlled for age and gender, significant relations with health status were evident for most of the psychosocial measures. These findings extend previous research and suggest that attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions about driving may be influenced by health status and act as mediators in the self-regulation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Tuokko
- Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2 Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Woolnough A, Salim D, Marshall SC, Weegar K, Porter MM, Rapoport MJ, Man-Son-Hing M, Bédard M, Gélinas I, Korner-Bitensky N, Mazer B, Naglie G, Tuokko H, Vrkljan B. Determining the validity of the AMA guide: A historical cohort analysis of the assessment of driving related skills and crash rate among older drivers. Accid Anal Prev 2013; 61:311-316. [PMID: 23639888 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic health conditions associated with ageing can lead to changes in driving ability. The Canadian Driving Research Initiative for Vehicular Safety in the Elderly (Candrive II) is a 5-year prospective study funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research aiming to develop an in-office screening tool that will help clinicians identify potentially at-risk older drivers. Currently, no tools exist to directly predict the risk of motor vehicle collision (MVC) in this population. The American Medical Association (AMA), in collaboration with the National Highway Traffic Safety Association, has designed an opinion-based guide for assessing medical fitness to drive in older adults and recommends that physicians use the Assessment of Driving Related Skills (ADReS) as a test battery to measure vision, cognition and motor/somatosensory functions related to driving. The ADReS consists of the Snellen visual acuity test, visual fields by confrontation test, Trail Making Test part B, clock drawing test, Rapid Pace Walk, and manual tests of range of motion and motor strength. We used baseline data from the Candrive/Ozcandrive common cohort of older drivers to evaluate the validity of the ADReS subtests. We hypothesized that participants who crashed in the 2 years before the baseline assessment would have poorer scores on the ADReS subtests than participants who had not crashed. METHODS In the Candrive/Ozcandrive study, 1230 participants aged 70 years or older were recruited from 7 Canadian cities, 1 Australian city and 1 New Zealand city, all of whom completed a comprehensive clinical assessment at study entry. The assessment included all tests selected as part of the ADReS. For this historical cohort study, data on all crashes (at-fault and non-at-fault) that occurred within 2 years preceding the baseline assessment were obtained from the respective licensing jurisdictions. Those who crashed were compared to those who had not crashed on their ADReS subtest scores using Pearson's chi-squared test and Student's t-test. RESULTS Sixty-three of the 1230 participants (5.1%) were involved in an MVC within the 2 years preceding the baseline assessment. Contrary to our hypothesis, there were no statistically significant associations between abnormal performance on the tests constituting the ADReS and history of crash in the previous 2 years (p>0.01). DISCUSSION We found that a history of crash in the previous 2 years was not associated with abnormalities on the subtests comprising the ADReS. This suggests the need for prospective analyses of risk factors over time to establish sensitive, valid predictors of crash that can be incorporated in clinical practice guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Woolnough
- Centre for Rehabilitation Research for Rehabilitation Research and Development, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rapoport MJ, Naglie G, Weegar K, Myers A, Cameron D, Crizzle A, Korner-Bitensky N, Tuokko H, Vrkljan B, Bédard M, Porter MM, Mazer B, Gélinas I, Man-Son-Hing M, Marshall S. The relationship between cognitive performance, perceptions of driving comfort and abilities, and self-reported driving restrictions among healthy older drivers. Accid Anal Prev 2013; 61:288-295. [PMID: 23601097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between cognitive performance, driver perceptions and self-reported driving restrictions. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on baseline data from Candrive II, a five-year prospective cohort study of 928 older drivers aged 70-94 years from seven cities. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as well as the Trail Making Test, parts A and B. Driver perceptions were assessed using the Day and Night Driving Comfort Scales and the Perceived Driving Abilities scale, while driving practices were captured by the Situational Driving Frequency and Avoidance scales, as well as the Driving Habits and Intentions Questionnaire. The baseline data indicates this cohort is largely a cognitively intact group. Univariate regression analysis showed that longer Trails A and B completion times were significantly, but only modestly associated with reduced driving frequency and perceived driving abilities and comfort, as well as a significant tendency to avoid more difficult driving situations (all p<.05). Most of these associations persisted after adjusting for age and sex, as well as indicators of health, vision, mood and physical functioning. Exceptions were Trails A and B completion times and situational driving frequency, as well as time to complete Trails B and current driving restrictions. After adjusting for the confounding factors, the total MoCA score was not associated with any of the driving measure scores while the number of errors on Trails A was significantly associated only with situational driving frequency and number of errors on Trails B was significantly associated only with situational driving avoidance. Prospective follow-up will permit examination of whether baseline cognition or changes in cognition are associated with changes in driver perceptions, actual driving restrictions and on-road driving outcomes (e.g., crashes, violations) over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Rapoport
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bédard M, Marshall S, Man-Son-Hing M, Weaver B, Gélinas I, Korner-Bitensky N, Mazer B, Naglie G, Porter MM, Rapoport MJ, Tuokko H, Vrkljan B. It is premature to test older drivers with the SIMARD-MD. Accid Anal Prev 2013; 61:317-321. [PMID: 23628257 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new tool, the SIMARD-MD, has been proposed to help physicians identify cognitively impaired drivers who may be unfit to drive, but little empirical evidence is available to justify its use. We analyzed data from a cohort of older Canadian drivers who had undergone cognitive testing to: (1) correlate the SIMARD-MD with other tools that measure cognition (e.g., trail-making test), (2) identify how many drivers, using published cut-offs on the SIMARD-MD, would be recommended to lose their license, or be considered fit to drive, or be required to undergo further driving assessment, and (3) determine if the SIMARD-MD is biased by level of education as many cognitive tools are. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 841 drivers aged 70 and over from seven Canadian sites who are enrolled in a 5-year cohort study were used for the analyses. Scores on the SIMARD-MD were correlated with scores on the other cognitive measures. The recommendations that would be made based on the SIMARD-MD scores were based on published cut-off values suggested by the authors of the tool. The impact of education status was examined using linear regression controlling for age. RESULTS Correlations between the SIMARD-MD and other cognitive measures ranged from .15 to .86. Using published cut-off scores, 21 participants (2.5%) would have been recommended to relinquish their licenses, 428 (50.9%) would have been deemed fit to drive, and 392 (46.6%) would have been required to undergo further testing. We found a difference of 8.19 points (95% CI=4.99, 11.40, p<.001) in favor of drivers with post-secondary education versus those without, representing over 11% of the mean score. DISCUSSION The SIMARD-MD is unlikely to be valuable to clinicians because it lacks sufficient precision to provide clear recommendations about fitness-to-drive. Recommendations based solely on the SIMARD-MD may place many seniors at risk of losing their transportation mobility or incurring unnecessary stress and costs to prove they are safe to drive. Furthermore, the education bias may create an unwanted structural inequity. Hence, adoption of the SIMARD-MD as a tool to determine fitness-to-drive appears premature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bédard
- Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; St. Joseph's Care Group, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marshall SC, Man-Son-Hing M, Bédard M, Charlton J, Gagnon S, Gélinas I, Koppel S, Korner-Bitensky N, Langford J, Mazer B, Myers A, Naglie G, Polgar J, Porter MM, Rapoport M, Tuokko H, Vrkljan B, Woolnough A. Protocol for Candrive II/Ozcandrive, a multicentre prospective older driver cohort study. Accid Anal Prev 2013; 61:245-252. [PMID: 23541299 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Candrive II/Ozcandrive study, a multicentre prospective cohort study examining the predictive validity of tools for assessing fitness to drive, aims to develop an in-office screening tool that will help clinicians identify older drivers who may be unsafe to drive. This paper describes the study protocol. We are following a cohort of drivers aged ≥70 years for up to 4 years. Starting in 2009, 928 participants have been recruited in seven cities in four Canadian provinces, as well as 302 participants in two sites in Melbourne, Australia and Wellington, New Zealand. Participants underwent a comprehensive assessment at baseline and repeat the assessment yearly thereafter, as well as a brief follow-up assessment at 4 and 8 months each year. A recording device is installed in participants' vehicles to assess driving patterns, and driving records are obtained from licensing authorities to determine the outcomes: at-fault crashes per kilometre driven and violations. To date, the protocol has been generally well adhered to, with 1230 participants, and barriers and challenges are being addressed, as necessary. The Candrive II/Ozcandrive study is unique owing to its size, duration, partnerships with Canadian, Australian and New Zealand stakeholders, and international research collaboration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C Marshall
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhan J, Porter MM, Polgar J, Vrkljan B. Older drivers' opinions of criteria that inform the cars they buy: A focus group study. Accid Anal Prev 2013; 61:281-287. [PMID: 23522914 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Safe driving in older adulthood depends not only on health and driving ability, but also on the driving environment itself, including the type of vehicle. However, little is known about how safety figures into the older driver's vehicle selection criteria and how it ranks among other criteria, such as price and comfort. For this purpose, six focus groups of older male and female drivers (n=33) aged 70-87 were conducted in two Canadian cities to explore vehicle purchasing decisions and the contribution of safety in this decision. Themes emerged from the data in these categories: vehicle features that keep them feeling safe, advanced vehicular technologies, factors that influence their car buying decisions, and resources that inform this decision. Results indicate older drivers have gaps with respect to their knowledge of safety features and do not prioritize safety at the time of vehicle purchase. To maximize the awareness and uptake of safety innovations, older consumers would benefit from a vehicle design rating system that highlights safety as well as other features to help ensure that the vehicle purchased fits their lifestyle and needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zhan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this mixed methods study was to perform an evaluation of the Roadwise Review CD-ROM (RWR), a self-screening tool for older drivers. METHODS Ninety-six older drivers (67 to 91) used the RWR with a research assistant at two different sites, and then completed written surveys (closed and open-ended questions) immediately after the session as well as two weeks later. In addition, RWR test results by these 96 older drivers were compared to the results of the original sample that was used to establish normative data for the RWR. RESULTS When test scores were evaluated, almost all participants (96%) were found to have at least one impairment. The rates of impairment varied dramatically between tests from 3 percent (visual acuity) to 75 percent (visual search). Several average test scores were found to be different from the original samples upon which the normative data were derived. Several factors were found that influenced these older drivers' scores on the various components of the RWR, although the explanatory power was very low. Participants reported that the RWR was useful, they made changes to their driving, and talked to their family and friends about driving. Participants also provided many good suggestions for improvements of this tool. CONCLUSION The RWR offers promise for older drivers to self-screen their ability to drive as well as provide education on safe driving, however modifications are recommended for this tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Porter
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hurrie DM, Porter MM. Validity of Body Fat Determination in Elite Female Athletes: Developing a New DXA Based Equation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000402444.01128.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
32
|
Blanchard RA, Myers AM, Porter MM. Correspondence between self-reported and objective measures of driving exposure and patterns in older drivers. Accid Anal Prev 2010; 42:523-529. [PMID: 20159076 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The driving behavior of older adults has been traditionally examined using questionnaires and diaries. The accuracy of self-reports has been questioned, and in-vehicle recording devices touted as more objective measures of real-world driving. The purposes of this study were to replicate and extend prior research comparing self-report and actual measures of driving exposure and patterns. Two electronic devices were installed in the vehicles of 61 drivers (67-92 years, 59% women) who were instructed to drive as usual over 1-week. Participants completed trip logs, daily diaries, a questionnaire on usual driving habits, ratings of situational driving frequency and avoidance and a follow-up interview. Only 53% of the sample attempted to estimate how far they had driven over the week and self-estimates were inaccurate (ME=77.5 km; CV=44.5%). Drivers tended to miss a significant number of trips and stops in their diaries. Driving behavior over the week was fairly consistent with usual practices regarding time of day, driving in certain areas, and night driving. However, subjects drove in challenging situations more than usual. Triangulating multiple sources of electronic and self-reported data provided a better understanding about the behavior of older drivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Blanchard
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Webber
- Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
With aging, motoneurons and muscle tissue undergo significant changes, which influence function in terms of strength, mobility, and overall independence. Mathematical modeling provides a practical method of studying the relationships among recruitment, rate-coding, and force output in motor units, and may be used to predict functional neuromuscular changes related to aging. For this study, the Heckman-Binder model was used to examine changes in human quadriceps motor units. Relationships among current input, firing frequency, and force output were defined for both a younger and an older individual. Included in the model were age-related effects associated with reduced muscle contractile speed; reduced muscle-fibre number, size, and specific tension; reduced gain of the frequency-current relationship; decreased size of motoneurons; and altered motor unit remodeling. Adjustment of this model to reflect age-related changes resulted in a leftward shift of the force-frequency function, lower firing frequency for any given current injected into the motoneuron, and a reduction in maximal force output. The model suggests that older individuals are capable of reaching force levels up to approximately 50% of those attained by younger individuals, with relatively similar or even slightly lower levels of current input. This could mean that the sense of effort and the contribution of factors other than degree of effort from afferent inputs to the pool, including conscious supraspinal centres, might be different in the older adult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Webber
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Benoit D, Gélinas I, Mazer B, Porter MM, Duquette J. Drivers' Perceived Workload When Driving Using Adaptive Equipment: A Pilot Study. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02703180902768650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We set up this study to determine the predictive value of approaches for which a statistical association with driving performance has been documented. METHODS We determined the statistical association (magnitude of association and probability of occurrence by chance alone) between four different predictors (the Mini-Mental State Examination, Trails A test, Useful Field of View [UFOV], and a composite measure of past driving incidents) and driving performance. We then explored the predictive value of these measures with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and various cutoff values. RESULTS We identified associations between the predictors and driving performance well beyond the play of chance (p < .01). Nonetheless, the predictors had limited predictive value with areas under the curve ranging from .51 to .82. CONCLUSIONS Statistical associations are not sufficient to infer adequate predictive value, especially when crucial decisions such as whether one can continue driving are at stake. The predictors we examined have limited predictive value if used as stand-alone screening tests.
Collapse
|
37
|
Bédard M, Porter MM, Marshall S, Isherwood I, Riendeau J, Weaver B, Tuokko H, Molnar F, Miller-Polgar J. The combination of two training approaches to improve older adults' driving safety. Traffic Inj Prev 2008; 9:70-76. [PMID: 18338298 DOI: 10.1080/15389580701670705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increasing number of older adults rely on the automobile for transportation. Educational approaches based on the specific needs of older drivers may help to optimize safe driving. We examined if the combination of an in-class education program with on-road education would lead to improvements in older drivers' knowledge of safe driving practices and on-road driving evaluations. METHODS We used a multisite, randomized controlled trial approach. Participants in the intervention group received the in-class and on-road education; those in the control group waited and were offered the education afterwards. We measured knowledge of safe driving practices before and after the in-class component of the program and on-road driving skills before and after the whole program. RESULTS Participants' knowledge improved from 61% of correct answers before the in-class education component to 81% after (p < .001). The on-road evaluation results suggested improvements on some aspects of safe driving (e.g., moving in roadway, p < .05) but not on others. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that education programs focused on the needs of older drivers may help improve their knowledge of safe driving practices and actual driving performance. Further research is required to determine if these changes will affect other variables such as driver confidence and crash rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bédard
- Public Health Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Marshall SC, Wilson KG, Molnar FJ, Man-Son-Hing M, Stiell I, Porter MM. Measurement of driving patterns of older adults using data logging devices with and without global positioning system capability. Traffic Inj Prev 2007; 8:260-6. [PMID: 17710716 DOI: 10.1080/15389580701281792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods to study driving patterns and exposure of older drivers have typically relied on surveys or driving diaries. Electronic data logging devices may offer a reliable, alternative method of measuring driving exposure, and global positioning system (GPS) technology may be able to provide further information about driving patterns. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare a driving diary with two electronic data logging devices, one of which had GPS capability, in order to identify which method best assesses the driving exposure and habits of older drivers as well as the method most acceptable to study participants. METHOD In this prospective cohort study we recruited 20 participants aged 70 years or more (mean 78; range 70-85) (15 men and 5 women). The participants' driving patterns were recorded for one week with an electronic data logging device with GPS (FleetPulse), followed by recording for a further week with an electronic data logging device without GPS (CarChip). During both time periods the subjects also completed a standard driving diary. RESULTS More comprehensive information, including braking and acceleration patterns, duration of driving time, time of day, and maximum speeds, was collected with the electronic devices than with the driving diary. There was excellent correlation between the driving diary data and those obtained with the CarChip (r = 0.9; p < 0.01). The correlation between the driving diary data and the FleetPulse data was moderate (r = 0.56; p = 0.02). The subjects clearly preferred the electronic monitoring devices over the driving diary. GPS data were able to demonstrate driving routes. CONCLUSIONS Electronic data logging devices are a valid method for recording the driving patterns of older adults. These devices also reduce burden and improve the completeness of data.
Collapse
|
39
|
Webber SC, Ash H, Porter MM. Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) Watches and Accelerometry to Monitor Mobility in Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000272987.55538.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Lee S, Naimark B, Porter MM, Ready AE. Effect of a Long‐Term, Community‐Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program on Middle‐Aged and Elderly Cardiaac Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:293-8. [PMID: 15538064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1076-7460.2004.03097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the effects of a 2-year, community-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise program on cardiovascular fitness, body fatness, and blood lipids in middle-aged (</=65 years, n=42) and elderly (>65 years, n=40) male cardiac patients. Estimated maximal metabolic equivalents increased in both groups; however, the increase was greater for middle-aged patients (p=0.003). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level increased significantly after 1 year in both groups, but the change was greater for the middle-aged subjects by Year 2 (p=0.02). The total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and serum triglyceride levels decreased in both groups, whereas total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased only in the elderly group (p<0.01). Body fatness did not change in either group. These findings reinforce the importance of referring elderly as well as middle-aged patients to community-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sojung Lee
- School of Physical and Health Education, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Resistance training is widely advocated for older adults to alleviate the muscle and strength loss that occurs with aging. While primary and secondary prevention of disability are often mentioned as benefits of strength training, the evidence for this is limited and inconclusive. Researchers have started to examine another form of resistance training that may prove to be more beneficial than strength training in terms of the reduction of age-related disability. Power training is being investigated because several studies have shown a stronger relationship between power and function than between strength and function. Early studies on power training suggest that neuromuscular power can be increased to a greater extent with high velocity or explosive training than strength training alone. In addition, there may be more positive effects on performance tasks measured in the laboratory, although evidence on disability reduction was very limited. Adverse events were reported in several studies, although the risk for injuries appears to be higher for testing than for training itself. Future well-designed studies on the risks and benefits of power training should provide more evidence on this promising form of resistance training for older adults of varying health and functional status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Porter
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether strength training could reduce the deficit in plantarflexion (PF) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque observed in previous studies in older subjects relative to young adults. Accordingly, the effects of a 6-month strength training program on the muscle and neural properties of the major muscle groups around the ankle were examined. PF and dorsiflexion (DF) isometric MVC torques were measured and surface electromyographic activity of the triceps surae and tibialis anterior muscles was recorded. The strength training program was very effective in improving strength in PF (+24.5%), and it thus reduced the DF-to-PF MVC torque ratio; in addition, it also induced gains in DF (+7.6%). Thus, there must be an improvement in ankle joint stability. In PF, gains were due particularly to a modification of the agonist neural drive; in DF, the gains appeared to be the consequence of a reduction in antagonist coactivation. Our findings indicate that the investigation of one muscle group should always be accompanied by examination of its antagonist muscle group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Simoneau
- Equipe INSERM-ERM 207 Motricité-Plasticité, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Bourgogne, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate an on-board diagnostic system (CarChip) for collecting driving exposure data in older drivers. METHODS Drivers (N = 20) aged 60 to 86 years from Winnipeg and surrounding communities participated. Information on driving exposure was obtained via the CarChip and global positioning system (GPS) technology on a driving course, and obtained via the CarChip and surveys over a week of driving. Velocities and distances were measured over the road course to validate the accuracy of the CarChip compared to GPS for those parameters. RESULTS The results show that the CarChip does provide valid distance measurements and slightly lower maximum velocities than GPS measures. From the results obtained in this study, it was determined that retrospective self-reports of weekly driving distances are inaccurate. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, an on-board diagnostic system (OBDII) electronic device like the CarChip can provide valid and detailed information about driving exposure that would be useful for studies of crash rates or driving behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Huebner
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreational Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
This research was designed to evaluate musculoskeletal anatomy of the quadriceps region relative to the patellofemoral joint. The hypothesis for the study was that the oblique portion (VMO) of the vastus medialis muscle (VM) is anatomically positioned to function primarily as an active medial stabilizer of the patella. Because many clinicians believe that the VMO functions independently as an active medial stabilizer of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ), PFJ rehabilitation protocols commonly target the VMO in an attempt to restore normal joint mechanics. It is unclear whether this purported selective function is supported by the underlying anatomical structure. Through dissection of 32 limbs from 24 intact cadavers with normal patellar alignment, data were collected on VM fiber alignment and innervation, the presence of fascial plane, and the length of VM about the patella. Statistical analyses demonstrated that the oblique and long heads of the VM muscle had significantly different (P < 0.05) angles of fiber orientation, as expected. When measurements were taken relative to a vertical axis (standardizing limb alignment between cadavers), the difference in fiber angles between oblique and long heads of the VM was reduced significantly. Additionally, < 10% of the length of the VM muscle inserted directly on the medial aspect of the patella, and there was no anatomical evidence of a fascial plane or separate innervation for the oblique and long heads of the VM. The results of the study did not support the hypothesis that the VMO is anatomically positioned to function primarily as an active medial stabilizer of the patella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Peeler
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jiang X, Cooper J, Porter MM, Ready AE. Adoption of Canada's Physical Activity Guide and Handbook for Older Adults: Impact on Functional Fitness and Energy Expenditure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 29:395-410. [PMID: 15317981 DOI: 10.1139/h04-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a behaviour change program, based on Canada's Physical Activity Guide and Handbook to Healthy Active Living for Older Adults (Health Canada, 1999a), would elicit greater benefits than adoption of the guide and handbook alone. Fifteen older adults received the guide and accompanying handbook and completed the 8-week behaviour change program (mean age 73.2 ± 5.2 yrs), while 14 others received only the guide and handbook (mean age 76.8 ± 10.0 yrs). Functional fitness (lower body strength/endurance, flexibility, agility/dynamic balance) (Rikli and Jones, 1999), and estimated energy expenditure (DiPietro et al., 1993) were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. Lower body strength/endurance and agility/dynamic balance differed between groups at baseline, p < 0.05. All three functional fitness tests improved in both groups over time, p < 0.05. Estimated energy expended in physical activity increased in both groups over time, p < 0.05; however, there was a significantly greater increase in the behaviour-change group (Group × Time interaction, p < 0.05). Participant response to using the guide and handbook was positive. These results indicate that introduction to Canada's Physical Activity Guide and Handbook to Healthy Active Living for Older Adults leads to benefits, whether or not accompanied by program supports. The group receiving the behaviour change program had a greater increase in energy expenditure, which suggests that such an intervention may ultimately lead to greater health benefits. Key words: behaviour change, chair stand test, community residing, lifestyle activity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Jiang
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Holmbäck AM, Porter MM, Downham D, Andersen JL, Lexell J. Structure and function of the ankle dorsiflexor muscles in young and moderately active men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95:2416-24. [PMID: 12949015 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00517.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to investigate determinants of ankle dorsiflexor muscle (DF) strength and size in moderately active young men and women (n = 30; age 20-31 yr). Concentric (Con) and eccentric (Ecc) strength were measured isokinetically. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Multiple biopsies were obtained from the tibialis anterior muscle to determine total numbers, areas (Area I and II) and proportions (Prop I and II) of type I and II fibers, respectively, and relative contents of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms MHC1, MHC2a, and MHC2x. Women had lower Con and Ecc strength (24 and 27%; P < 0.01), smaller CSA (19%; P < 0.001), lower Ecc DF specific strength (strength/CSA) (10%; P < 0.01), and smaller Area I and Area II (21 and 31%; P < 0.01) than men. Prop I, MHC1, estimated total number of fibers, and Con DF specific strength were similar for both sexes. Con DF strength was up to 72% determined by CSA and Prop I, and Ecc DF strength was up to 81% determined by CSA, Prop I, and sex; variables other than CSA explained at most 9%. Body weight and fiber areas explained >50% of the variation in CSA. In conclusion, CSA was the predominant determinant of DF strength, CSA was to a great extent determined by the body weight and the sizes of muscle fibers, and sex differences in Ecc specific strength require further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Holmbäck
- Department of Physical Therapy, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Porter MM, Andersson M, Hellström U, Miller M. Passive resistive torque of the plantar flexors following eccentric loading as assessed by isokinetic dynamometry. Can J Appl Physiol 2002; 27:612-7. [PMID: 12500999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Isokinetic dynamometers may provide a useful means of measuring muscle stiffness resulting from eccentric exercise because they can measure torque from computer-controlled passive movements of joints (passive resistive torque; PRT). In this study, a Biodex measured increased ankle PRT (52%; p <.001) following heel drop exercise in nine young women. Therefore, isokinetic dynamometers can provide a means to study group changes as a result of eccentric exercise. Future studies are required to determine the reliability of this protocol before it can be advocated in studying single cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Porter
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jaworowski A, Porter MM, Holmbäck AM, Downham D, Lexell J. Enzyme activities in the tibialis anterior muscle of young moderately active men and women: relationship with body composition, muscle cross-sectional area and fibre type composition. Acta Physiol Scand 2002; 176:215-25. [PMID: 12392501 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2002.t01-2-01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (i) to assess the differences between men and women in maximal activities of selected enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic pathways involved in skeletal muscle energy production, and (ii) to assess the relationships between maximal enzyme activities, body composition, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and fibre type composition. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of 15 men and 15 women (age 20-31 years) with comparable physical activity levels. The muscle CSA was determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Maximal activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK), beta-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HAD), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and citrate synthase (CS), were assayed spectrophotometrically. The proportion, mean area and relative area (proportion x area) of type 1 and type 2 fibres were determined from muscle biopsies prepared for enzyme histochemistry [myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase)]. The men were significantly taller (+6.6%; P < 0.001) and heavier (+19.1%; P < 0.001), had significantly larger muscle CSA (+19.0%; P < 0.001) and significantly larger areas and relative areas of both type 1 and type 2 fibres (+20.5-31.4%; P = 0.007 to P < 0.001). The men had significantly higher maximal enzyme activities than women for LDH (+27.6%; P = 0.007) and PFK (+25.5%; P = 0.003). There were no significant differences between the men and the women in the activities of HAD (+3.6%; ns), CS (+21.1%; P = 0.084) and SDH (+7.6%; ns). There were significant relationships between height and LDH (r = 0.41; P = 0.023), height and PFK (r = 0.41; P = 0.025), weight and LDH (r = 0.45; P = 0.013), and weight and PFK (r = 0.39; P = 0.032). The relationships were significant between the muscle CSA and the activities of LDH (r = 0.61; P < 0.001) and PFK (r = 0.56; P = 0.001), and between the relative area of type 2 fibres and the activities of LDH (r = 0.49; P = 0.006) and PFK (r = 0.42; P = 0.023). There were no significant relationships between HAD, CS and SDH, and height, weight, muscle CSA and fibre type composition, respectively. These data indicate that the higher maximal activities of LDH and PFK in men are related to the height, weight, muscle CSA and the relative area of type 2 fibres, which are all significantly larger in men than women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jaworowski
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the number of tibialis anterior biopsy samples and muscle fibers required to estimate the capillary supply of individual muscle fibers (C:F(i)). C:F(i) was calculated for 25 type 1 fibers in each of 8 images from 3 biopsies of 5 young healthy individuals. Sequential estimation analysis indicated that 50 fibers from one biopsy are sufficient to characterize the C:F(i) of the tibialis anterior for a group of subjects. Thus, when analyzing the capillarization of the tibialis anterior, the requirements of only one biopsy sample and 50 fibers means a great reduction in time for analysis and in the invasiveness of the procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Porter
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, University of Manitoba, 207 Max Bell Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Porter MM, Whitton MJ. Assessment of driving with the global positioning system and video technology in young, middle-aged, and older drivers. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57:M578-82. [PMID: 12196494 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/57.9.m578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Driving is a complex task that is difficult to fully characterize objectively or in a blinded fashion. The main objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of the global positioning system (GPS) and video technology for examining age-related differences in driving. In this study, GPS was used to determine the position, velocity, and acceleration of a vehicle, driven by subjects of different ages, while video footage was used to provide a detailed context of the drive. METHODS Twenty-four subjects who were young (20 to 29; n = 6), middle-aged (30 to 64; n = 8), and older (65 years of age and older; n = 10) drove their own vehicles on a 30-km route of various types of roads, with a GPS receiver and video camera recording. RESULTS The combination of GPS and video data allowed for the determination of many age-related driving differences. The young subjects drove faster, had a shorter deceleration distance and time, as well as a shorter acceleration time. Young subjects also had a substantially higher number of infraction demerit points primarily due to speeding, not stopping fully at stop signs, and following too closely. Although the older subjects had a smaller number of demerit points assessed, they tended to make different types of errors than the young subjects, including not stopping at all at a stop sign and turning errors. CONCLUSIONS GPS and video technology offer new opportunities for the assessment of age-related driving performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Porter
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|