1
|
Ahn S, Park JS, Kim H, Heo M, Sung YC, Jeun SS. Compassionate use of recombinant human IL-7-hyFc as a salvage treatment for restoring lymphopenia in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Cancer Med 2022; 12:6778-6787. [PMID: 36583472 PMCID: PMC10067043 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Addressing lymphopenia in cancer patients has been suggested as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy. As interleukin-7 (IL-7) is necessary for proliferation of lymphocytes and to increase total lymphocyte count (TLC), IL-7 therapy has been attempted in various cancers. Here, we describe the clinical results of treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) with a long-acting engineered version of recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7-hyFc). METHODS This prospective case series based on compassionate use was approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in South Korea. Primary outcomes were safety profile and TLC. Secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Among the 18 patients enrolled, 10 received rhIL-7-hyFc with temozolomide, 5 received rhIL-7-hyFc with bevacizumab, 1 received rhIL-7-hyFc with PCV chemotherapy, and 2 received rhIL-7-hyFc alone. Mean TLC of the enrolled patients after the first rhIL-7-hyFc treatment increased significantly from 1131 cells/mm3 (330-2989) at baseline to 4356 cells/mm3 (661-22,661). Higher TLCs were maintained while rhIL-7-hyFc was repeatedly administered. Median OS and PFS were 378 days (107-864 days) and 231 days (55-726 days), respectively. CONCLUSION Our study reports that IL-7 immunotherapy can restore and maintain TLC during treatment with various salvage chemotherapies in recurrent GBM patients without serious toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heewon Kim
- Genexine, Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Minkyu Heo
- Genexine, Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | | | - Sin-Soo Jeun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malievskiy O, Mykola A, Zelinska N, Bolshova E, Senatorova G, Oroszlán G, Skorodok J, Peterkova V, Chorna N, Sorokman T, Yang S, Lee JE, Muzsnai A, Hwang JS, Lee SY, Son H, Heo S, Heo M, Choi YJ, Sung YC. SAT-LB15 24-Month Efficacy and Safety of Once Weekly and Every Other Week Administration of GX-H9, Hybrid FC-Fused Long-Acting Human Growth Hormone: A Phase 2 Study in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency. J Endocr Soc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7208270 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives GX-H9 is a long-acting form of recombinant human GH under clinical development for both adults and children with GHD. In this report, 24-month efficacy and safety of once weekly and every other week (EOW) administration of GX-H9 were evaluated, in addition to Genotropin® switch-ability to GX-H9 after 12-month of treatment. Methods Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either one of three doses of GX-H9 (0.8 mg/kg/week, 1.2 mg/kg/week or 2.4 mg/kg every other week) or 0.03 mg/kg/day of Genotropin®. Treatment duration is 24-month for all patients in GX-H9 arms while patients in Genotropin® arm were re-randomized to one of three doses of GX-H9 at the completion of the first 12-month of treatment. Doses of GX-H9 were adjusted throughout the treatment period whenever necessary, based on IGF-1 levels. Results Out of 56 randomized, 54 received either GX-H9 or Genotropin®. Fifty subjects completed the 12-month treatment period. Of 50, 45 subjects completed the next 12-month, comprising 33 patients from GX-H9 and 12 patients who switched from Genotropin®. First year/second year mean±SD annualized height velocity (aHV) for 0.8 mg/kg/week, 1.2 mg/kg/week or 2.4 mg/kg every other week of GX-H9 were 10.50±2.54/9.14±1.96, 11.76±1.96/9.88±1.92 and 11.03±2.92/9.72±1.90 cm/year, respectively. First year mean±SD aHV for Genotropin® was 9.14±3.09 cm/year. Patients switched to one of the three doses of GX-H9 in the second year showed comparable aHV in the second year (8.73±2.69/7.60±0.90/9.13±1.07 cm/year for 0.8 mg/kg/week, 1.2 mg/kg/week and 2.4 mg/kg/EOW GX-H9, respectively). No significant slow-down of the growth was observed in the second year from patients who received GX-H9 throughout and patients who switched from Genotropin®. Mean change in height SDS after 12 months/24 months of GX-H9 treatment throughout from baseline treatment improved continuously (+1.10/+1.61 and +1.31/+1.89 and +1.15/+1.69 for 0.8 mg/kg/week, 1.2 mg/kg/week and 2.4 mg/kg EOW GX-H9, respectively). First year mean change in height SDS for Genotropin® was +0.92 SDS, and showed comparable improvement in height SDS after switching to GX-H9 weekly arms (+0.76 and +0.79 SDS for 0.8 mg/kg/week and 1.2 mg/kg/week, respectively). Most treatment-emergent adverse events were evaluated as unrelated to the study drug and were mild or moderate in severity. No new safety concerns were observed throughout 24 months of long-term GX-H9 treatment or after switching to GX-H9 from Genotropin®.Conclusions Growth response and safety profile of GX-H9 in children with GHD is comparable to those of daily GH, achieving robust growth rates after 24-month treatment. Subjects switched from Genotropin® in the second year, also showed substantial catch-up growth indicated by improvement in height SDS. GX-H9 has a unique potential to be a convenient long-term GH providing not only weekly but also twice-monthly treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nataliya Zelinska
- Ukrainian Scientifically Practical Center of Endocrine Surgery and Transplantation of Endocrine Organs and Tissues, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elena Bolshova
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism named after Komisarenko NAMS of Ukraine, Kyev, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Julia Skorodok
- St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Nataliya Chorna
- Regional Clinical Children’s Hospital, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | | | - Seung Yang
- Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- INHA University Hospital, Inchon, Korea, Republic of
| | - Agota Muzsnai
- St. John’s Hospital and United Hospitals of Northern Buda, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jin Soon Hwang
- Ajou University School of Medical, Suwon City, Korea, Republic of
| | | | | | | | - Minkyu Heo
- Genexine Inc., Seongnam, Korea, Republic of
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim S, Heo M, Jeong S, Woo J, Sung YC, Shin EC, Park SH. A single administration of Fc-fused recombinant human IL-7 induces expansions of T lymphocytes in healthy adults and cancer patients. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.246.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine that plays important roles in T cell development and homeostasis. IL-7 is a potent agent for promoting T cell reconstruction in lymphopenia patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of GX-I7 (human IL-7 fused to hyFcTM for half-life extension and improved stability) in healthy volunteers (20~60 μg/kg, n=24) and advanced solid cancer patients who had no available effective treatments (60~1,200 μg/kg, n=33).
We observed significant increases in the number of circulating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in healthy volunteers, the peak of which was seen on days 14-21. Importantly, naïve, TEM, and TCM subsets of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells increased, coupled with upregulation of Ki-67. TCR diversity of the naïve T cells tends to be increased in healthy adults by single administration of GX-I7. In addition, cytokine secretion assay using PBMCs revealed that Ag–specific (CMV-specific) T cell responses were maintained after GX-I7 administration in healthy volunteers. Moreover, in advanced solid cancer patients, GX-I7 administration significantly increased the number of all subsets (naïve, TEM, TCM and TEMRA) of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner. More importantly, single GX-I7 administration increased the absolute lymphocyte count above the normal range in all patients with lymphopenic conditions (ALC < 1,000/mm3).
In conclusion, following GX-I7 administration, dose-dependent increase of ALC and T cell subsets were observed. Our study suggests that GX-I7 as a T cell amplifier provides a unique opportunity for immuno-oncology combination strategies by reconstituting persistent T cell immunity, where anti-tumor effects are mediated by T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sojeong Kim
- 1BioMedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, South Korea
| | - Minkyu Heo
- 2Clinical Development Division, Genexine Inc., South Korea
| | - Sohee Jeong
- 2Clinical Development Division, Genexine Inc., South Korea
| | - Jungwon Woo
- 2Clinical Development Division, Genexine Inc., South Korea
| | | | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- 3Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- 3Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Allison D, Mentore J, Heo M, Weiden P, Cappelleri J, Chandler L. Weight gain associated with conventional and newer antipsychotics: A meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
5
|
Johnson CM, Henderson MS, Tripicchio G, Rozin P, Heo M, Pietrobelli A, Berkowitz RI, Keller KL, Faith MS. Observed parent-child feeding dynamics in relation to child body mass index and adiposity. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:222-231. [PMID: 28296242 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restrictive feeding is associated with child overweight; however, the majority of studies used parent-report questionnaires. OBJECTIVES The relationship between child adiposity measures and directly observed parent and child behaviours were tested using a novel behavioural coding system (BCS). METHODS Data from 109 children, participants in a twin study and their mothers, were analyzed. Parent-child dyads were video-recorded twice in the laboratory, while children ate ad libitum from a buffet lunch. Mother and child behaviours were assessed using the BCS. Height, body weight and body fat were directly measured for each child. Associations between child adiposity measures and average BCS behaviour (i.e. pooled across visits) were tested using partial correlations adjusting for child age. RESULTS Regarding discouragement prompts, child body mass index (BMI) z-score was significantly associated with a greater rate of total discouragements (per minute, min-1 ), nonverbal discouragements (min-1 ) and temporary (delay) discouragements (min-1 ) (p < 0.05). Child percent body fat was associated with greater nonverbal discouragements (min-1 ). Regarding encouragement prompts, child BMI z-score was significantly associated with a greater rate of total encouragements (min-1 ), nonverbal encouragements (min-1 ) and reward encouragements (min-1 ). Child BMI z-score and percent body fat were both positively associated with greater maternal health encouragements (min-1 ). Associations with encouragement to eat prompts were no longer significant when accounting for the dependence among twins (being part of the same family). CONCLUSIONS Heavier children received greater maternal discouragements to eat and, with qualifications, encouragements to eat. The role of nonverbal parenting cues warrants further research regarding child eating regulation and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Johnson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - G Tripicchio
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - P Rozin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - M Heo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - A Pietrobelli
- Pediatric Unit, Verona University Medical School, Verona, Italy.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - R I Berkowitz
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - K L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA
| | - M S Faith
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo - SUNY, Buffalo, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kwon JH, Kim HT, Lee JH, Kim R, Heo M, Shin J, Lee HY, Cha YJ, Lee J. Signal self-enhancement by coordinated assembly of gold nanoparticles enables accurate one-step-immunoassays. Nanoscale 2017; 9:16476-16484. [PMID: 29063933 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current immunoassays are in general performed through time-consuming multi-step procedures that depend on the use of premade signal-producing reporters and often cause assay inaccuracy. Here we report an advanced immunoassay technology that resolves the delayed, complex, and inaccurate assay problems of conventional immunoassays. We have developed an accurate, rapid, simple, and label-free one-step-immunoassay based on the self-enhancement of sensitive immunoassay signals in an assay solution. The nano-scale protein particles (hepatitis B virus capsid and human ferritin heavy chain particles) were genetically engineered to present many well-oriented antibody (or antigen) probes and multi-copies of poly-histidine peptides on their surface, resulting in the construction of 3-dimensional (3D) bioprobes that chemisorb gold ions via coordination bonding and sensitively detect both antigen and antibody analytes. Systematic numerical and experimental analyses show that the signal self-enhancement happens through two coupled reactions under reducing conditions: (1) 3D bioprobe-based sensitive immuno-detection of analytes and (2) coordinated assembly of free and chemisorbed gold nanoparticles around the 3D bioprobe-analyte-associated complexes, which is followed by the quick generation of apparent optical signals. This advanced one-step-immunoassay was successfully applied to diagnostic assays requiring high accuracy and/or speed, i.e. diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and hepatitis C through detecting a cardiac protein (troponin I) and anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in patient sera, indicating that it is applicable to the accurate and rapid detection of both antigen and antibody markers of a wide range of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-H Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Ro 145, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim S, Kang W, Park Y, Park J, Heo M, Lee H. The clinicopathologic features and treatment of 607 hindgut neuroendocrine tumor (NET) patients at a single institution. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw369.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
8
|
Yeh MC, Heo M, Suchday S, Wong A, Poon E, Liu G, Wylie-Rosett J. Translation of the Diabetes Prevention Program for diabetes risk reduction in Chinese immigrants in New York City. Diabet Med 2016; 33:547-51. [PMID: 26179569 PMCID: PMC4713381 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of implementing a linguistically and culturally tailored Diabetes Prevention Program among Chinese immigrants with prediabetes living in New York City. METHODS A total of 60 Chinese immigrants with prediabetes were randomized into either a Diabetes Prevention Program lifestyle intervention (n = 30) consisting of 12 bi-weekly core sessions and six monthly post-core sessions or the control intervention (n = 30), consisting of quarterly mailing of diabetes prevention information. Each Diabetes Prevention Program intervention session lasted 1.5-2 h and covered topics such as healthy eating, physical activity, stress reduction and problem-solving skills. Outcomes such as percent change in weight, BMI, and HbA1c concentration were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. A mixed-effects linear regression was applied to test the intervention effect at months 6 and 12. Data were collected in the period 2012-2013 and analysed in 2014. RESULTS The participant attrition rate was < 5% (2 out of 60) at 12 months. There was a significantly greater percent weight loss in the intervention group (-3.5 vs. -0.1%; P = 0.0001) at 6 months, which was largely maintained at 12 months (-3.3 vs. 0.3%; P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Participants in a Diabetes Prevention Program-based intervention achieved greater weight loss and improvements in HbA1c concentration than control participants. Evaluation of the Chinese Diabetes Prevention Program curriculum in a larger trial is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-C Yeh
- Nutrition Program, CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Heo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Suchday
- Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Wong
- Chinese Community Partnership for Health, New York Presbyterian-Lower Manhattan Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Poon
- Chinese Community Partnership for Health, New York Presbyterian-Lower Manhattan Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Liu
- Chinese American Independent Practice Association, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Wylie-Rosett
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Heymsfield SB, Peterson CM, Thomas DM, Heo M, Schuna JM. Why are there race/ethnic differences in adult body mass index-adiposity relationships? A quantitative critical review. Obes Rev 2016; 17:262-75. [PMID: 26663309 PMCID: PMC4968570 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) is now the most widely used measure of adiposity on a global scale. Nevertheless, intense discussion centers on the appropriateness of BMI as a phenotypic marker of adiposity across populations differing in race and ethnicity. BMI-adiposity relations appear to vary significantly across race/ethnic groups, but a collective critical analysis of these effects establishing their magnitude and underlying body shape/composition basis is lacking. Accordingly, we systematically review the magnitude of these race-ethnic differences across non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black and Mexican American adults, their anatomic body composition basis and potential biologically linked mechanisms, using both earlier publications and new analyses from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Our collective observations provide a new framework for critically evaluating the quantitative relations between BMI and adiposity across groups differing in race and ethnicity; reveal new insights into BMI as a measure of adiposity across the adult age-span; identify knowledge gaps that can form the basis of future research and create a quantitative foundation for developing BMI-related public health recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - C M Peterson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - D M Thomas
- Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - M Heo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J M Schuna
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kabat GC, Heo M, Ochs-Balcom HM, LeBoff MS, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Adams-Campbell LL, Nassir R, Ard J, Zaslavsky O, Rohan TE. Longitudinal association of measures of adiposity with serum antioxidant concentrations in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 70:47-53. [PMID: 26014267 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The relationship between obesity and circulating levels of antioxidants is poorly understood. Most studies that have examined the association of adiposity with blood or tissue concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients have been cross-sectional, and few have compared the associations for indices of overall obesity and central obesity. Our aim was to prospectively examine the longitudinal association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist circumference-height ratio (WCHtR) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) with major serum antioxidants in a population of postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS/METHODS We used a subsample of participants in the Women's Health Initiative aged 50-79 years at entry with available fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements obtained at multiple time points over 12.8 years of follow-up (N=2672). Blood samples were used to measure α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein+zeaxanthin, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and retinol at baseline, and at years 1, 3 and 6. We used mixed-effects linear regression analyses to examine associations between anthropometric measures and serum antioxidants at baseline and over time, controlling for covariates. RESULTS In longitudinal analyses, carotenoids, and particularly β-carotene, were strongly and inversely associated with BMI, WC and WCHtR and less so with WHR. α-Tocopherol showed a strong positive association with WHR but not with other anthropometric measures, whereas γ-tocopherol was positively and strongly associated with BMI, WC, WCHtR and less so with WHR. Retinol was positively associated with WHR. The inverse association of several carotenoids with anthropometric measures was stronger in never and former smokers compared with current smokers and in women without the metabolic syndrome. The inverse association of carotenoids with obesity measures may reflect reduced micronutrient concentrations owing to inflammation associated with obesity. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, the strongest observed associations between anthropometric variables and micronutrients were an inverse association of WC with serum β-carotene and a positive association of WC with γ-tocopherol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Kabat
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Heo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - H M Ochs-Balcom
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Profession, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M S LeBoff
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Mossavar-Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - L L Adams-Campbell
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - R Nassir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Ard
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - O Zaslavsky
- Department of Nursing, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - T E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kabat GC, Heo M, Allison MA, Hou L, Nassir R, Zaslavsky O, Rohan TE. Association of anthropometric measures and hemostatic factors in postmenopausal women: a longitudinal study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:1120-1127. [PMID: 24880739 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity has been associated with increased levels of hemostatic factors. However, few studies have compared change in different anthropometric measures of adiposity in relation to change in levels of hemostatic factors. Our aim was to examine prospectively the association of change in body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and waist circumference-height ratio (WHtR) with change in markers of hemostasis in a population of postmenopausal women. METHODS AND RESULTS A subsample of women in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) cohort had fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements obtained at multiple time points over 12.8 years of follow-up. Of these, we studied the 2593 women who were not in the intervention arm of any WHI clinical trial. Their blood samples were used to measure plasma fibrinogen, factor VII antigen activity, and factor VII concentration at baseline, and at years 1, 3, and 6. We conducted mixed-effects linear regression analyses to examine the longitudinal association between change in anthropometric factors and change in hemostatic factors, adjusting for a wide range of potential confounding factors. In longitudinal analyses using repeated measures, change in BMI, WC, and WHtR were all positively associated with change in all 3 hemostatic factors. Change in anthropometric variables was most strongly associated with change in fibrinogen. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that an increase in adiposity over time is robustly associated with increased levels of hemostatic factors. Registration number of clinical trial: NCT00000611.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Kabat
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - M Heo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - M A Allison
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego CA, USA
| | - L Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
| | - R Nassir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis CA, USA
| | - O Zaslavsky
- The Cheryl Spencer Institute for Nursing Research, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - T E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gandhi NR, Andrews JR, Brust JCM, Montreuil R, Weissman D, Heo M, Moll AP, Friedland GH, Shah NS. Risk factors for mortality among MDR- and XDR-TB patients in a high HIV prevalence setting. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16:90-7. [PMID: 22236852 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.11.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Recent studies suggest that the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in sub-Saharan Africa may be rising. This is of concern, as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB has been associated with exceedingly high mortality rates. OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors associated with mortality in MDR- and XDR-TB patients co-infected with HIV in South Africa. DESIGN Case-control study of patients who died of all causes within 2 years of diagnosis with MDR- or XDR-TB. RESULTS Among 123 MDR-TB patients, 78 (63%) died following diagnosis. CD4 count ≤ 50 (HR 4.64, P = 0.01) and 51-200 cells/mm(3) (HR 4.17, P = 0.008) were the strongest independent risk factors for mortality. Among 139 XDR-TB patients, 111 (80%) died. CD4 count ≤ 50 cells/mm(3) (HR 4.46, P = 0.01) and resistance to all six drugs tested (HR 2.54, P = 0.04) were the principal risk factors. Use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was protective (HR 0.34, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Mortality due to MDR- and XDR-TB was associated with greater degree of immunosuppression and drug resistance. Efforts to reduce mortality must focus on preventing the amplification of resistance by strengthening TB treatment programs, as well as reducing the pool of immunosuppressed HIV-infected patients through aggressive HIV testing and ART initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Descriptions of aged patients with bipolar (BP) disorder have commented on cognitive impairments. However, the literature regarding cognitive test performance in this population has apparently been scant. METHOD 1. We reviewed studies reporting cognitive performance in aged BP patients. 2. We compared the performance of elderly BP manic patients and aged community comparison subjects on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). RESULTS 1. Seven published studies of cognitive measures in aged BP patients were identified. They utilized different assessment methods and addressed different illness states, but they indicate impairments in these patients. 2. In our sample, the manic patients (n=70) had lower MMSE scores and DRS scores than did the comparison subjects (n=37). In these patients, cognitive scores were not significantly associated with Mania Rating Scale scores. LIMITATIONS The patients in our study were assessed cross-sectionally, and they were treated naturalistically. CONCLUSIONS Manic or depressed BP elders have impaired cognitive function; in some patients these impairments may persist. Research characterizing these impairments and their clinical implications is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Young
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, and Payne Whitney Westchester, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dolan MS, Weiss LA, Lewis RA, Pietrobelli A, Heo M, Faith MS. 'Take the stairs instead of the escalator': effect of environmental prompts on community stair use and implications for a national 'Small Steps' campaign. Obes Rev 2006; 7:25-32. [PMID: 16436100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2006.00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The US government initiated a national health campaign targeting 100 'small step' lifestyle changes to combat obesity. Small Step #67 advocates stair instead of escalator usage in public settings. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of motivational signs prompting stair use over escalator use on pedestrians' stair usage in commuter settings. Eight studies, testing the effects of motivational prompts on stair vs. escalator usage in public settings, were reviewed. Participant and study attributes were descriptively coded. Effect size was calculated as the change in percent units of stair users during the intervention phases vs. the baseline phase. The average study included approximately 45,000 observations that were recorded across an average of 15 weeks of intervention. The mean +/- SD change in percent units of stair users was 2.8% +/- 2.4% (P < 0.001), and effects were twice as large in females (4.8%) as in males (2.4%). The number of stairs/building, baseline stair use, and total intervention weeks predicted change in stair use, although the effects were clinically miniscule. In a hypothetical city intervention, we projected that a 2.8% increase in stair usage would result in a weight loss and/or weight gain prevention of 300 g/person/year among new stair users. In sum, point-of-decision motivational signs may help communities attain Small Step #67. However, the singular impact of this community intervention on correcting energy imbalance may be minimal, having slight impact itself on reducing the national obesity prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Dolan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sustained depressive mood is a gateway symptom for a major depressive disorder. This paper investigated whether the association between depressive mood and obesity differs as function of sex, age, and race in US adults after controlling for socio-economic variables of martial status, employment status, income level and education level. METHODS A total of 44,800 nationally representative respondents from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey were studied. Respondents were classified as having experienced a depressive mood if they felt sad, blue, or depressed at least for 1 week in the previous month. The depressive mood was operationalized in terms of duration and sustenance, both defined based on number of days with depressive mood: 7+ and 14+ days. Age groups were classified as young (18-64 years) and old (65+ years). Obesity status was classified as: not overweight/obese (BMI<25); overweight (25<or=BMI<30); obese (BMI>or=30). RESULTS Prevalence of prior-month depressive mood was 14.3 and 7.8% for 7+ and 14+ days, respectively. Controlling for race and socio-economic variables, both young overweight and obese women were significantly more likely to have experienced depressive mood than nonoverweight/nonobese women. Young overweight, but not obese, men were significantly more likely to have experienced depressive mood than nonoverweight/nonobese men. Young obese women were also significantly more likely to have a sustained depressive mood than nonoverweight/nonobese women. For old respondents, depressive mood and its sustenance were not associated with obesity in either sex. DISCUSSION The relationship between the depressive mood and obesity is dependent upon gender, age, and race. Young obese women, Hispanics in particular, are much more prone to depressive mood than nonobese women. Future studies testing associations between depression and obesity should be sensitive to the influence of these demographic and socio-economic variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heo
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Division, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cole TJ, Faith MS, Pietrobelli A, Heo M. What is the best measure of adiposity change in growing children: BMI, BMI %, BMI z-score or BMI centile? Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:419-25. [PMID: 15674315 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight control programs for obese children monitor change in body mass index (BMI) adjusted for age. However, change can be measured in several ways: raw (kg/m2) units, percentage, z-scores or centiles. The suitability of the different measures is not known. AIM To identify the optimal BMI measure for change, whose short-term variability is most consistent for children across the spectrum of adiposity. SETTING An Italian kindergarten. SUBJECTS A total of 135 (66 female) children aged 29-68 months at baseline, with BMI measured three times over a 9-month period. METHODS Each child's short-term variability in adiposity was summarized by the standard deviation (s.d.) of BMI and BMI % adjusted for age, and BMI z-score and BMI centile. The s.d.'s were then compared in obese and nonobese children, and also correlated with each child's baseline BMI z-score. RESULTS The within-child s.d.s of BMI z-score and BMI centile were significantly smaller in obese than nonobese children, while the s.d.s of BMI and BMI % were similar in the two groups. Also, the within-child s.d.s of z-score and centile, and to a lesser extent BMI %, were significantly inversely correlated with baseline z-score, whereas the s.d. of BMI was not. The changes in adiposity over time, as assessed by the four measures, were very highly correlated with each other, particularly for BMI with BMI %. DISCUSSION Even though BMI z-score is optimal for assessing adiposity on a single occasion, it is not necessarily the best scale for measuring change in adiposity, as the within-child variability over time depends on the child's level of adiposity. Better alternatives are BMI itself or BMI %. Our results underscore the importance of using a relatively stable method to assess adiposity change when following children at risk of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Cole
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the association between body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) cancer screening in a nationally representative sample of US men aged 50 years and older using data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. RESPONDENTS Men aged 50 years or older classified by BMI as healthy weight range (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), obese class I (30-34.9), obese class II (35-39.9), and obese class III (> or =40). OUTCOME MEASURES Interval since most recent screening for PSA. RESULTS Adjusting for age, race, smoking, education, employment, income and health insurance status, we found that, compared with men in the healthy weight range, men in the overweight [odds ratio (OR)=1.13; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.04-1.35], obese class I (OR=1.26; 95% CI=1.06-1.36) and obese class II (OR=1.14, 95% CI=1.02-1.26) categories were significantly more likely to have obtained a PSA test within the previous year. A similar pattern was observed when we examined other screening intervals (e.g. within past 2 years, within past 3 years, etc.). CONCLUSIONS Among men aged 50 years and older, overweight and obesity is associated with obtaining a PSA test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Fontaine
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CAJ, van der Knaap HCM, Heo M, Frier HI. Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2003; 27:537-49. [PMID: 12704397 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although used by millions of overweight and obese consumers, there has not been a systematic assessment on the safety and effectiveness of a meal replacement strategy for weight management. The aim of this study was to review, by use of a meta- and pooling analysis, the existing literature on the safety and effectiveness of a partial meal replacement (PMR) plan using one or two vitamin/mineral fortified meal replacements as well as regular foods for long-term weight management. DESIGN A PMR plan was defined as a program that prescribes a low calorie (>800<or=1600 kcal/day) diet whereby one or two meals are replaced by commercially available, energy-reduced product(s) that are vitamin and mineral fortified, and includes at least one meal of regular foods. Randomized, controlled PMR interventions of at least 3 months duration, with subjects 18 y of age or older and a BMI>or=25 kg/m(2), were evaluated. Studies with self-reported weight and height were excluded. Searches in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Clinical Trials Register from 1960 to January 2001 and from reference lists identified 30 potential studies for analysis. Of these, six met all of the inclusion criteria and used liquid meal replacement products with the associated plan. Overweight and obese subjects were randomized to the PMR plan or a conventional reduced calorie diet (RCD) plan. The prescribed calorie intake was the same for both groups. Authors of the six publications were contacted and asked to supply primary data for analysis. Primary data from the six studies were used for both meta- and pooling analyses. RESULTS Subjects prescribed either the PMR or RCD treatment plans lost significant amounts of weight at both the 3-month and 1-year evaluation time points. All methods of analysis indicated a significantly greater weight loss in subjects receiving the PMR plan compared to the RCD group. Depending on the analysis and follow-up duration, the PMR group lost approximately 7-8% body weight and the RCD group lost approximately 3-7% body weight. A random effects meta-analysis estimate indicated a 2.54 kg (P<0.01) and 2.43 kg (P=0.14) greater weight loss in the PMR group for the 3-month and 1-y periods, respectively. A pooling analysis of completers showed a greater weight loss in the PMR group of 2.54 kg (P<0.01) and 2.63 kg (P<0.01) during the same time period. Risk factors of disease associated with excess weight improved with weight loss in both groups at the two time points. The degree of improvement was also dependent on baseline risk factor levels. The dropout rate for PMR and RCD groups was equivalent at 3 months and significantly less in the PMR group at 1 y. No reported adverse events were attributable to either weight loss regimen. CONCLUSION This first systematic evaluation of randomized controlled trials utilizing PMR plans for weight management suggests that these types of interventions can safely and effectively produce significant sustainable weight loss and improve weight-related risk factors of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Heymsfield
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Numerous weight loss trials show that maintenance of weight loss is extremely difficult to sustain over time in adulthood. Using general population sample of adults whose weights were longitudinally tracked across several decades, we quantified resistance of weight to change by means of body mass index autocorrelation across a series of paired time points. Equations for age-adjusted sex-specific body mass index autocorrelation were developed. We found that body weight is quite resistant to change over years and decades. This finding partially de-mystifies the weight regain observed following intervention that last weeks or months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heo
- New York Obesity Research Center, St Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pietrobelli A, Allison DB, Heshka S, Heo M, Wang ZM, Bertkau A, Laferrère B, Rosenbaum M, Aloia JF, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heymsfield SB. Sexual dimorphism in the energy content of weight change. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:1339-48. [PMID: 12355329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2002] [Revised: 03/28/2002] [Accepted: 04/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The energy content of weight change is assumed to be sex- and age-neutral at 3,500 kcal/pound or 32.2 MJ/kg. OBJECTIVES As sexual dimorphism in body composition generally exists in mammals, the primary hypothesis advanced and tested was that the energy content of weight change differs between men and women. DESIGN The energy content of 129 adult men and 287 women was measured by neutron activation analysis. Cross-sectional energy content prediction models were developed and then evaluated in two longitudinal samples: one that used the same methods in 26 obese women losing weight; and the other a compilation of 18 previously reported weight change-body composition studies. RESULTS Multiple regression modeling identified weight, sex, age and height as total energy content predictor variables with significant sex x weight (P<0.001) and age x weight (P<0.001) interactions; total model r(2) and s.e.e. were 0.89 and 107.3 MJ, respectively. The model's predictive value was supported in both longitudinal evaluation samples. Model calculations using characteristics of representative adults gaining or losing weight suggested that the energy content of weight change in women (approximately 30.1-32.2 MJ/kg) is near to the classical value of 32.2 MJ/kg and that in men the value is substantially lower, approximately 21.8-23.8 MJ/kg. The predicted energy content of weight change increases by about 10% in older (age approximately 70 y) vs younger (approximately 35 y) men and women. CONCLUSIONS Sexual dimorphism and age-dependency appears to exist in the estimated energy content of weight change and these observations have important clinical and research implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pietrobelli
- New York Obesity Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heo M, Leibel RL, Fontaine KR, Boyer BB, Chung WK, Koulu M, Karvonen MK, Pesonen U, Rissanen A, Laakso M, Uusitupa MIJ, Chagnon Y, Bouchard C, Donohoue PA, Burns TL, Shuldiner AR, Silver K, Andersen RE, Pedersen O, Echwald S, Sørensen TIA, Behn P, Permutt MA, Jacobs KB, Elston RC, Hoffman DJ, Gropp E, Allison DB. A meta-analytic investigation of linkage and association of common leptin receptor (LEPR) polymorphisms with body mass index and waist circumference. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:640-6. [PMID: 12032747 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2001] [Revised: 10/25/2001] [Accepted: 12/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
METHODS We analyzed data pooled from nine studies on the human leptin receptor (LEPR) gene for the association of three alleles (K109R, Q223R and K656N) of LEPR with body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)) and waist circumference (WC). A total of 3263 related and unrelated subjects from diverse ethnic backgrounds including African-American, Caucasian, Danish, Finnish, French Canadian and Nigerian were studied. We tested effects of individual alleles, joint effects of alleles at multiple loci, epistatic effects among alleles at different loci, effect modification by age, sex, diabetes and ethnicity, and pleiotropic genotype effects on BMI and WC. RESULTS We found that none of the effects were significant at the 0.05 level. Heterogeneity tests showed that the variations of the non-significant effects are within the range of sampling variation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, although certain genotypic effects could be population-specific, there was no statistically compelling evidence that any of the three LEPR alleles is associated with BMI or WC in the overall population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heo
- New York Obesity Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Allison DB, Zhu SK, Plankey M, Faith MS, Heo M. Differential associations of body mass index and adiposity with all-cause mortality among men in the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and NHANES II) follow-up studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:410-6. [PMID: 11896498 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2001] [Revised: 10/09/2001] [Accepted: 10/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The frequently observed U-shaped relationship between body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)) and mortality rate may be due to the opposing effects of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) components of BMI on mortality rate. The purpose is to test the hypothesis stated above. DESIGN Longitudinal prospective cohort studies. The mortality follow-up of the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and NHANES II). SUBJECTS A total of 10 169 male subjects aged 25-75 who participated in NHANES I and II were selected for analyses. Follow-up continued until 1992. The mean follow-up time was 14.6 y for NHANES I and 12.9 y for NHANES II. Ninety-eight percent of the participants were successfully followed representing a total of 3722 deaths. MEASUREMENTS Subscapular and triceps skinfolds thickness were used as FM indicators, whereas upper arm circumference was used as a FFM indicator. The Cox proportional hazards model tested the relationships of BMI, FM and FFM with all-cause mortality adjusting for age, smoking status, race and education levels. RESULTS BMI had a U-shaped relationship with mortality, with a nadir of approximately 27 kg/m(2). However, when indicators of FM and FFM were added to the model, the relationship between BMI and mortality became more nearly monotonic increasing. Moreover, the relationship between FM indicator and mortality was monotonic increasing and the relationship between FFM indicator and mortality was monotonic decreasing. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that the apparently deleterious effects of marked thinness may be due to low FFM and that, over the observed range of the data, marked leanness (as opposed to thinness) has beneficial effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heo M, Leibel RL, Boyer BB, Chung WK, Koulu M, Karvonen MK, Pesonen U, Rissanen A, Laakso M, Uusitupa MI, Chagnon Y, Bouchard C, Donohoue PA, Burns TL, Shuldiner AR, Silver K, Andersen RE, Pedersen O, Echwald S, Sørensen TI, Behn P, Permutt MA, Jacobs KB, Elston RC, Hoffman DJ, Allison DB. Pooling analysis of genetic data: the association of leptin receptor (LEPR) polymorphisms with variables related to human adiposity. Genetics 2001; 159:1163-78. [PMID: 11729160 PMCID: PMC1461868 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/159.3.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of raw pooled data from distinct studies of a single question generates a single statistical conclusion with greater power and precision than conventional metaanalysis based on within-study estimates. However, conducting analyses with pooled genetic data, in particular, is a daunting task that raises important statistical issues. In the process of analyzing data pooled from nine studies on the human leptin receptor (LEPR) gene for the association of three alleles (K109R, Q223R, and K656N) of LEPR with body mass index (BMI; kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) and waist circumference (WC), we encountered the following methodological challenges: data on relatives, missing data, multivariate analysis, multiallele analysis at multiple loci, heterogeneity, and epistasis. We propose herein statistical methods and procedures to deal with such issues. With a total of 3263 related and unrelated subjects from diverse ethnic backgrounds such as African-American, Caucasian, Danish, Finnish, French-Canadian, and Nigerian, we tested effects of individual alleles; joint effects of alleles at multiple loci; epistatic effects among alleles at different loci; effect modification by age, sex, diabetes, and ethnicity; and pleiotropic genotype effects on BMI and WC. The statistical methodologies were applied, before and after multiple imputation of missing observations, to pooled data as well as to individual data sets for estimates from each study, the latter leading to a metaanalysis. The results from the metaanalysis and the pooling analysis showed that none of the effects were significant at the 0.05 level of significance. Heterogeneity tests showed that the variations of the nonsignificant effects are within the range of sampling variation. Although certain genotypic effects could be population specific, there was no statistically compelling evidence that any of the three LEPR alleles is associated with BMI or waist circumference in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heo
- New York Obesity Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Z, Heo M, Lee RC, Kotler DP, Withers RT, Heymsfield SB. Muscularity in adult humans: proportion of adipose tissue-free body mass as skeletal muscle. Am J Hum Biol 2001; 13:612-9. [PMID: 11505469 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscularity, or the proportion of adipose tissue-free body mass (ATFM) as skeletal muscle (SM), provides valuable body composition information, especially for age-related SM loss (i.e., sarcopenia). Limited data from elderly cadavers suggest a relatively constant SM/ATFM ratio, 0.540 +/- 0.046 for men (mean +/- SD, n = 6) and 0.489 +/- 0.049 for women (n = 7). The aim of the present study was to examine the magnitude and constancy of the SM/ATFM ratio in healthy adults. Whole-body SM and ATFM were measured using multi-scan magnetic resonance imaging. The SM/ATFM ratio was 0.528 +/- 0.036 for men (n = 139) and 0.473 +/- 0.037 for women (n = 165). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the SM/ATFM ratio was significantly influenced by sex, age, body weight, and race. The four factors explained 50% of the observed between individual variation in the SM/ATFM ratio. After adjusting for age, body weight, and race, men had a larger SM/ATFM ratio than women. Both older men and women had a lower SM/ATFM ratio than younger subjects, although the relative reduction was greater in men. After adjustment for sex, age, and body weight, there were no significant differences in the SM/ATFM ratios between Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic subjects. In contrast, African-American subjects had a significantly greater SM/ATFM ratio than subjects in the other three groups. In addition, the SM/ATFM ratio was significantly lower in AIDS patients than corresponding values in healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Obesity increases cancer risk, yet small-scale surveys indicate that obese women delay or avoid cancer screening even more so than do nonobese women. We sought to estimate the association between body mass index (BMI) (kg/m(2)) and delayed cancer screening among adult women in a population-based survey. Subjects were women classified by BMI as underweight (<18.5), desirable weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), obese class I (30-34.9), obese class II (35-39.9), and obese class III (> or =40). Outcome measures were intervals (0 for < or =2 years versus 1 for >2 years) since most recent screening for Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, mammography, and clinical breast examination (CBE). Adjusting for age, race, smoking, and health insurance, we observed J-shaped associations between BMI and screening. Compared with desirable weight women, underweight women (odds ratios [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.09-1.34), overweight women (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.07-1.18), and obese women (OR range 1.22-1.69) were significantly more likely to delay Pap smear testing for >2 years. Underweight (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.13-1.54), obesity class I (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02-1.23), and obesity class III women (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.10-1.54) were more likely to delay mammography, and overweight (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.19), obesity class I (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.30), and obesity class III women (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.23-1.75) were more likely to delay CBE. White women were more likely to delay CBE as a function of BMI than were non-white women. Weight may be an important correlate of cancer screening behavior, particularly for white women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Fontaine
- University of Maryland, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Faith MS, Berman N, Heo M, Pietrobelli A, Gallagher D, Epstein LH, Eiden MT, Allison DB. Effects of contingent television on physical activity and television viewing in obese children. Pediatrics 2001; 107:1043-8. [PMID: 11331684 DOI: 10.1542/peds.107.5.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated television (TV) viewing and physical inactivity promote obesity in children. Thus, changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior seem critical to treating childhood obesity. PRESENT STUDY: Using a randomized, 2-arm design, this pilot study tested the effects of contingent TV on physical activity and TV viewing in 10 obese children. TV viewing was contingent on pedaling a stationary cycle ergometer for experimental participants but was not contingent on pedaling for control participants. The study was conducted over 12 weeks, including a 2-week baseline period. RESULTS Multivariate analyses indicated that the intervention significantly increased pedaling and reduced TV-viewing time. During the treatment phase, the experimental group pedaled 64.4 minutes per week on average, compared with 8.3 minutes by controls. The experimental group watched 1.6 hours of TV per week on average, compared with 21.0 hours per week on average by controls during this phase. Secondary analyses indicated that the experimental group showed significantly greater reductions in total body fat and percent leg fat. Total pedaling time during intervention correlated with greater reductions in percent body fat (r = -0.68). CONCLUSIONS Contingencies in the home environment can be arranged to modify physical activity and TV viewing and may have a role in treating childhood obesity. Contingent TV may be one method to help achieve this goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Faith
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fontaine KR, Heo M, Harrigan EP, Shear CL, Lakshminarayanan M, Casey DE, Allison DB. Estimating the consequences of anti-psychotic induced weight gain on health and mortality rate. Psychiatry Res 2001; 101:277-88. [PMID: 11311931 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many anti-psychotic medications produce marked weight gain. In this study, we estimate the expected impact of degrees of antipsychotic-induced weight gain on selected mortality rate and incidence rates of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and hypertension (HTN) among US adults. Using raw data from 5209 respondents from the Framingham Heart Study's public use data set and national statistics on population demographics, we estimated the expected effect of weight gain on number of deaths and incident cases of IGT and HTN for a 10-year period commencing in 1999. Results indicated that the estimated deleterious effects of weight gain were greater for people with higher BMIs at baseline, for greater degrees of weight gain, for men than women, and for older than younger persons. Because there is a 'U-shaped' relation between BMI and mortality rate, small to moderate weight gains among people with baseline BMIs less than 23 were predicted to decrease mortality rates, whereas weight gains among people with baseline BMIs above that level were expected to increase mortality rates. However, the relations of IGT and HTN with BMI are monotonically increasing. Thus, the anticipated effect of weight gain on IGT and HTN is deleterious regardless of baseline BMI. Because it is unclear whether the beneficial effects of the atypical agents on, for example, reducing suicide mortality, outweigh the putative increase in mortality due to weight gain, we estimate the beneficial effects due to decreased death from suicide with the potential deleterious effects due to a 10-kg weight gain. We found that 492 suicide deaths per 100,000 schizophrenic patients would be prevented over 10 years with the use of clozapine compared to 416 additional deaths due to antipsychotic induced weight gain. Although this estimate is rather crude and should be seen only as offering a sense of the likely situation, results suggest that the lives saved via clozapine may essentially be offset by the deaths due to weight gain. As we discuss, it is not possible to provide definitive estimates of the effect of antipsychotic-induced weight gain on health and mortality, but our findings suggest that the magnitude of weight gains induced by many antipsychotic agents is likely to have important deleterious effects on mortality and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Fontaine
- Division of Gerontology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shih R, Wang Z, Heo M, Wang W, Heymsfield SB. Lower limb skeletal muscle mass: development of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry prediction model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 89:1380-6. [PMID: 11007572 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.4.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can accurately measure lower limb skeletal muscle (SM) mass, this method is complex and costly. A potential practical alternative is to estimate lower limb SM with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The aim of the present study was to develop and validate DXA-SM prediction equations. Identical landmarks (i.e., inferior border of the ischial tuberosity) were selected for separating lower limb from trunk. Lower limb SM was measured by MRI, and lower limb fat-free soft tissue was measured by DXA. A total of 207 adults (104 men and 103 women) were evaluated [age 43 +/- 16 (SD) yr, body mass index (BMI) 24.6 +/- 3.7 kg/m(2)]. Strong correlations were observed between lower limb SM and lower limb fat-free soft tissue (R(2) = 0.89, P < 0.001); age and BMI were small but significant SM predictor variables. In the cross-validation sample, the differences between MRI-measured and DXA-predicted SM mass were small (-0.006 +/- 1.07 and -0.016 +/- 1.05 kg) for two different proposed prediction equations, one with fat-free soft tissue and the other with added age and BMI as predictor variables. DXA-measured lower limb fat-free soft tissue, along with other easily acquired measures, can be used to reliably predict lower limb skeletal muscle mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Shih
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee RC, Wang Z, Heo M, Ross R, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB. Total-body skeletal muscle mass: development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:796-803. [PMID: 10966902 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle (SM) is a large body compartment of biological importance, but it remains difficult to quantify SM with affordable and practical methods that can be applied in clinical and field settings. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop and cross-validate anthropometric SM mass prediction models in healthy adults. DESIGN SM mass, measured by using whole-body multislice magnetic resonance imaging, was set as the dependent variable in prediction models. Independent variables were organized into 2 separate formulas. One formula included mainly limb circumferences and skinfold thicknesses [model 1: height (in m) and skinfold-corrected upperarm, thigh, and calf girths (CAG, CTG, and CCG, respectively; in cm)]. The other formula included mainly body weight (in kg) and height (model 2). The models were developed and cross-validated in nonobese adults [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) < 30]. RESULTS Two SM (in kg) models for nonobese subjects (n = 244) were developed as follows: SM = Ht x (0.00744 x CAG(2) + 0.00088 x CTG(2) + 0.00441 x CCG(2)) + 2.4 x sex - 0.048 x age + race + 7.8, where R:(2) = 0.91, P: < 0.0001, and SEE = 2.2 kg; sex = 0 for female and 1 for male, race = -2.0 for Asian, 1.1 for African American, and 0 for white and Hispanic, and SM = 0.244 x BW + 7.80 x Ht + 6.6 x sex - 0.098 x age + race - 3.3, where R:(2) = 0.86, P: < 0.0001, and SEE = 2.8 kg; sex = 0 for female and 1 for male, race = -1.2 for Asian, 1.4 for African American, and 0 for white and Hispanic. CONCLUSION These 2 anthropometric prediction models, the first developed in vivo by using state-of-the-art body-composition methods, are likely to prove useful in clinical evaluations and field studies of SM mass in nonobese adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Lee
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:694-701. [PMID: 10966886 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1102] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although international interest in classifying subject health status according to adiposity is increasing, no accepted published ranges of percentage body fat currently exist. Empirically identified limits, population percentiles, and z scores have all been suggested as means of setting percentage body fat guidelines, although each has major limitations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine a potential new approach for developing percentage body fat ranges. The approach taken was to link healthy body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization with predicted percentage body fat. DESIGN Body fat was measured in subjects from 3 ethnic groups (white, African American, and Asian) who were screened and evaluated at 3 universities [Cambridge (United Kingdom), Columbia (United States), and Jikei (Japan)] with use of reference body-composition methods [4-compartment model (4C) at 2 laboratories and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at all 3 laboratories]. Percentage body fat prediction equations were developed based on BMI and other independent variables. RESULTS A convenient sample of 1626 adults with BMIs < or =35 was evaluated. Independent percentage body fat predictor variables in multiple regression models included 1/BMI, sex, age, and ethnic group (R: values from 0.74 to 0.92 and SEEs from 2.8 to 5.4% fat). The prediction formulas were then used to prepare provisional healthy percentage body fat ranges based on published BMI limits for underweight (<18.5), overweight (> or =25), and obesity (> or =30). CONCLUSION This proposed approach and initial findings provide the groundwork and stimulus for establishing international healthy body fat ranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Gallagher
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Allison DB, Fernández JR, Heo M, Beasley TM. Testing the robustness of the new Haseman-Elston quantitative-trait loci-mapping procedure. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:249-52. [PMID: 10820126 PMCID: PMC1287085 DOI: 10.1086/302966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2000] [Accepted: 04/26/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Variance components (VC) techniques have emerged as among the more powerful methods for detection of quantitative-trait loci (QTL) in linkage analysis. Allison et al. found that, with particularly marked leptokurtosis in the phenotypic distribution and moderate-to-high residual sibling correlation, maximum likelihood (ML) VC methods may produce a severe excess of type I errors. The new Haseman-Elston (NHE) method is a least-squares-based VC method for mapping of QTL in sib pairs (Elston et al.). Using simulation, we investigate the robustness of the NHE to marked nonnormality, by means of the same distributions and worst-case conditions identified by Allison et al. for the ML approach (i.e., 100 pairs; high residual sibling correlation). Results showed that, when marked nonnormality is present, the NHE can be used without severe type I error-rate inflation, even at very small alpha levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare the effects of antipsychotics-both the newer ones and the conventional ones-on body weight. METHOD A comprehensive literature search identified 81 English- and non-English-language articles that included data on weight change in antipsychotic-treated patients. For each agent, a meta-analysis and random effects metaregression estimated the weight change after 10 weeks of treatment at a standard dose. A comprehensive narrative review was also conducted on all articles that did not yield quantitative information but did yield important qualitative information. RESULTS Placebo was associated with a mean weight reduction of 0.74 kg. Among conventional agents, mean weight change ranged from a reduction of 0.39 kg with molindone to an increase of 3.19 kg with thioridazine. Among newer antipsychotic agents, mean increases were as follows: clozapine, 4.45 kg; olanzapine, 4.15 kg; sertindole, 2.92 kg; risperidone, 2.10 kg; and ziprasidone, 0.04 kg. Insufficient data were available to evaluate quetiapine at 10 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Both conventional and newer antipsychotics are associated with weight gain. Among the newer agents, clozapine appears to have the greatest potential to induce weight gain, and ziprasidone the least. The differences among newer agents may affect compliance with medication and health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY 10025, UDA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Allison DB, Faith MS, Heo M, Townsend-Butterworth D, Williamson DF. Meta-analysis of the effect of excluding early deaths on the estimated relationship between body mass index and mortality. Obes Res 1999; 7:342-54. [PMID: 10440590 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prospective cohort studies typically observe U- or J-shaped relationships between body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and mortality. However, some studies suggest that the elevated mortality at lower BMIs is due to confounding by pre-existing occult disease and recommend eliminating subjects who die during the first several (k) years of follow-up. This meta-analysis tests the effects of such early death exclusion on the BMI-mortality association. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Studies identified from MEDLINE, review articles, ancestry analyses, and the "invisible college." INCLUDED STUDIES 1) measured relative body weight at baseline; 2) included at least 1000 subjects; 3) reported results with and without early-death exclusion, or relevant data; and 4) did not study exclusively diseased populations. Blank tables were mailed to 131 investigators covering 59 databases. Completed tables (n = 16 databases), electronic raw data (n = 7 databases), and original articles (n = 6 databases) provided final data. Meta-analytic regressions compared the BMI-mortality association with and without early death exclusion. The sample included 29 studies and 1,954,345 subjects. RESULTS The effect of eliminating early deaths was statistically significant but minuscule in magnitude. Implementation of early death exclusion was estimated to shift the BMI associated with minimum mortality only 0.4 units for men and 0.6 units for women at age 50. Even at a BMI 16, the estimated relative risk (compared to BMI 25) decreased only 0.008 units for men and 0.076 units for women at age 50. DISCUSSION Results indicate that either pre-existing disease does not confound the BMI-mortality association or eliminating early deaths is inefficient for reducing that confounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Faith MS, Pietrobelli A, Nuñez C, Heo M, Heymsfield SB, Allison DB. Evidence for independent genetic influences on fat mass and body mass index in a pediatric twin sample. Pediatrics 1999; 104:61-7. [PMID: 10390261 DOI: 10.1542/peds.104.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insight into genetic and environmental influences on fat mass, independent of body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), is expected to enhance methods for treating pediatric obesity. However, few studies have estimated the heritability of fat mass in pediatric samples, and those conducted have relied primarily on BMI measurements. PRESENT STUDY: Using bioimpedance analysis, the present study tested a series of hypotheses predicting significant genetic and environmental influences on percent body fat (PBF) above and beyond BMI. Subjects were 66 pairs of twins, including 41 monozygotic and 25 dizygotic pairs, from 3 to 17 years of age. Structural equation modeling tested hypotheses, adjusting for demographic variables. RESULTS Analyses indicated significant genetic influences on PBF, with genes estimated to account for 75% to 80% of the phenotypic variation. The remaining variation was attributable to nonshared environmental influences. Multivariate analyses revealed sizable genetic correlations and environmental correlations between BMI and PBF (rg =.74 and re =.67, respectively), suggesting that some genes and environmental experiences influence both phenotypes. However, analyses confirmed genetic and environmental influences on PBF above and beyond BMI. For example, 62.5% of the total genetic variation in PBF was attributable to genes that influenced PBF but not BMI. CONCLUSION There seems to be a substantial genetic contribution to fat mass distinct from BMI in a sample of children and adolescents. Studies testing putative genetic or environmental determinants of pediatric obesity might be strengthened further by including research-based body composition methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Faith
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Allison DB, Zannolli R, Faith MS, Heo M, Pietrobelli A, VanItallie TB, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heymsfield SB. Weight loss increases and fat loss decreases all-cause mortality rate: results from two independent cohort studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 1999; 23:603-11. [PMID: 10411233 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In epidemiological studies, weight loss is usually associated with increased mortality rate. Contrarily, among obese people, weight loss reduces other risk factors for disease and death. We hypothesised that this paradox could exist because weight is used as an implicit adiposity index. No study has considered the independent effects of weight loss and fat loss on mortality rate. We studied mortality rate as a function of weight loss and fat loss. DESIGN Analysis of 'time to death' in two prospective population-based cohort studies, the Tecumseh Community Health Study (1890 subjects; 321 deaths within 16y of follow-up) and the Framingham Heart Study (2731 subjects; 507 deaths within 8y of follow-up), in which weight and fat (via skinfolds) loss were assessable. RESULTS In both studies, regardless of the statistical approach, weight loss was associated with an increased, and fat loss with a decreased, mortality rate (P < 0.05). Each standard deviation (s.d.) of weight loss (4.6 kg in Tecumseh, 6.7 kg in Framingham) was estimated to increase the hazard rate by 29% (95% confidence interval CI), (14%, 47%, respectively) and 39% (95% CI, 25%, 54% respectively), in the two samples. Contrarily, each s.d. of fat loss (10.0 mm in Tecumseh, 4.8 mm in Framingham) was estimated to reduce the hazard rate 15% (95% CI, 4%, 25%) and 17% (95% CI, 8%, 25%) in Tecumseh and Framingham, respectively. Generalisability of these results to severely (that is, body mass index BMI) > or = 34) obese individuals is unclear. CONCLUSIONS Among individuals that are not severely obese, weight loss is associated with increased mortality rate and fat loss with decreased mortality rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chung WK, Luke A, Cooper RS, Rotini C, Vidal-Puig A, Rosenbaum M, Gordon D, Leal SM, Caprio S, Goldsmith R, Andreu AL, Bruno C, DiMauro S, Heo M, Lowe WL, Lowell BB, Allison DB, Leibel RL. The long isoform uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3L) in human energy homeostasis. Int J Obes (Lond) 1999; 23 Suppl 6:S49-50. [PMID: 10454123 PMCID: PMC6217808 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biological role(s) proposed for UCP3 in energy homeostasis have been based primarily upon amino acid sequence homology to UCP1. Spontaneous mutations of UCP3> have been described in humans, but not in rodents. The functional consequences-or lack thereof-of these mutations in humans will be of great importance in elucidating the biology of this protein. The results of two such studies are summarized here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WK Chung
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032
| | - A Luke
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, 2160 TS. First Avenue, Maywood, IL. 60153
| | - RS Cooper
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, 2160 TS. First Avenue, Maywood, IL. 60153
| | - C Rotini
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, 2160 TS. First Avenue, Maywood, IL. 60153
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - M Rosenbaum
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032
| | - D Gordon
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - SM Leal
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - S Caprio
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - R Goldsmith
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032
| | - AL Andreu
- St Luke’s / Roosevelt Hospital Center, Obesity Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025
| | - C Bruno
- St Luke’s / Roosevelt Hospital Center, Obesity Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - S DiMauro
- St Luke’s / Roosevelt Hospital Center, Obesity Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025
| | - M Heo
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Centre for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - WL Lowe
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - BB Lowell
- Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - DB Allison
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Centre for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - RL Leibel
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) developed by Spielman et al. can be a powerful family-based test of linkage and, in some cases, a test of association as well as linkage. It has recently been extended in several ways; these include allowance for implementation with quantitative traits, allowance for multiple alleles, and, in the case of dichotomous traits, allowance for testing in the absence of parental data. In this article, these three extensions are combined, and two procedures are developed that offer valid joint tests of linkage and (in the case of certain sibling configurations) association with quantitative traits, with use of data from siblings only, and that can accommodate biallelic or multiallelic loci. The first procedure uses a mixed-effects (i.e., random and fixed effects) analysis of variance in which sibship is the random factor, marker genotype is the fixed factor, and the continuous phenotype is the dependent variable. Covariates can easily be accommodated, and the procedure can be implemented in commonly available statistical software. The second procedure is a permutation-based procedure. Selected power studies are conducted to illustrate the relative power of each test under a variety of circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cheon M, Heo M, Chang I, Stauffer D. Fragmentation of percolation clusters in general dimensions. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1999; 59:R4733-6. [PMID: 11969506 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.59.r4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/1998] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The scaling behavior for binary fragmentation of critical percolation clusters in general dimensions is investigated by Monte Carlo simulation as well as by exact series expansions. We obtain values of critical exponents lambda and phi describing the scaling of the fragmentation rate and the distribution of cluster masses produced by binary fragmentation. Our results for lambda and phi in two to nine dimensions agree with the conjectured scaling relation sigma=1+lambda-phi by Edwards and co-workers [Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2692 (1992); Phys. Rev. A 46, 6252 (1992)], which in turn excludes the other scaling relations suggested by Gouyet (for d=2), and by Roux and Guyon [J. Phys. A 22, 3693 (1989)], where sigma is the crossover exponent for the cluster numbers in percolation theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cheon
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Heo M, Mentore JL, Cappelleri JC, Chandler LP, Weiden PJ, Cheskin LJ. The distribution of body mass index among individuals with and without schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:215-20. [PMID: 10221280 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v60n0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to estimate and compare the distributions of body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) among individuals with and without schizophrenia, and, thereby, place the weight gain-inducing effects of antipsychotic drugs into context. METHOD Data sources were (1) the mental health supplement of the 1989 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS; N = 80,130 nonschizophrenic and 150 self-reported schizophrenic individuals), (2) baseline BMI data from a drug trial of the anti-psychotic ziprasidone supplied by Pfizer Inc (420 noninstitutionalized individuals with chronic psychotic disorders [DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder]) and (3) data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III; N = 17,689 nonschizophrenic individuals) to act as a control group for the ziprasidone trial data. RESULTS After age-adjusting BMI in each data set, the NHIS data revealed that men with schizophrenia have mean BMIs similar to those of men without schizophrenia (26.14 vs. 25.63, respectively). In contrast, women with schizophrenia in the NHIS data set had a significantly (p<.001) higher mean BMI than did women without schizophrenia (27.36 vs. 24.50, respectively). Moreover, each decile was higher for women with schizophrenia than for women without schizophrenia. Analysis of the ziprasidone and NHANES III data sets revealed that, on average, men with schizophrenia have mean BMIs comparable to those of men without schizophrenia (26.79 vs. 26.52, respectively). In these 2 data sets, women with schizophrenia also had a mean BMI similar to those of women without schizophrenia (27.29 vs. 27.39, respectively). CONCLUSION Although there may be a small subpopulation of schizophrenic individuals who are underweight, individuals with schizophrenia were, on the whole, as obese as or more obese than individuals without schizophrenia, suggesting that weight gain induced by antipsychotic agents is an important concern for many individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kotler DP, Thea DM, Heo M, Allison DB, Engelson ES, Wang J, Pierson RN, St Louis M, Keusch GT. Relative influences of sex, race, environment, and HIV infection on body composition in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:432-9. [PMID: 10075327 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.3.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors that control body composition in disease are uncertain. OBJECTIVE We planned to compare the relative influences of HIV infection, sex, race, and environment on body composition. METHODS We analyzed results of body composition studies performed by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 1415 adults from 2 cohorts: white and African American men and women from the United States, and African men and women (279 HIV-infected and 1136 control). The effects of sex and HIV infection on weight, body cell mass, and fat-free mass were analyzed by using both unadjusted and age-, weight-, and height-adjusted data. RESULTS Control men weighed more and had more body cell mass and fat-free mass than did control women, although control women had more fat. The strongest correlates with body composition were height and weight, followed by sex. HIV infection, age, environment, and race. Control men and women weighed more and had more body cell mass, fat-free mass, and fat than did HIV-infected men. However, differences in body composition between HIV-infected and control groups were strongly influenced by sex. Of the differences in weight between HIV-infected and uninfected subjects, fat-free mass accounted for 51% in men but only 18% in women, in whom the remainder was fat. Sex effects were similar in African and American groups. CONCLUSIONS Sex has a marked effect on the changes in body composition during HIV infection, with women losing disproportionately more fat than men. Sex-related differences in body composition were narrower in the HIV-infected groups. Race and environment had smaller effects than sex and HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Kotler
- Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Allison DB, Heo M, Flanders DW, Faith MS, Carpenter KM, Williamson DF. Simulation study of the effects of excluding early deaths on risk factor-mortality analyses in the presence of confounding due to occult disease: the example of body mass index. Ann Epidemiol 1999; 9:132-42. [PMID: 10037558 DOI: 10.1016/s1047-2797(98)00039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estimating the effects of continuous chronic disease risk factors on mortality is an area that generates confusion and controversy. The frequently observed U-shaped or J-shaped relationships between the risk factors and mortality are often in contrast with presumed monotone relationships. Therefore, some investigators suggest that subjects dying during the first k years of follow-up (where k is some positive number less than the total length of follow-up) be excluded from statistical analyses. The rationale for this approach is that subjects dying during the first k years of follow-up are likely to have some pre-existing occult disease that confounds the relationship between the risk factors and mortality. Excluding such subjects purportedly reduces bias due to this confounding. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of excluding subjects who die during the first k years of follow-up on the reduction of bias under a variety of situations. METHODS Using body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) as an example, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations to investigate such effects. RESULTS Results suggest that under the conditions investigated, the method of excluding early deaths does not reliably or substantially reduce bias due to confounding introduced by occult disease. CONCLUSION Excluding subjects dying during the first k years of follow-up may not be a judicious strategy for handling confounding due to occult disease. Investigators are encouraged to develop alternative methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The relationship among body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), smoking status, and overall mortality remains controversial. To assess this relationship in a representative sample of older women, we used data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The PSID (begun in 1968) is a prospective longitudinal cohort study designed to examine economic and demographic behavior. Respondents were 1355 women age > or = 50 when they initially completed the Self-Administered Health Questionnaire in 1990. Data collected included self-reported height and weight, years of completed education, smoking status (never versus ever), and responses to four health-related questions (e.g., retired due to ill health, difficulty eating). Respondents were followed, including the date of death if respondent died, through 1994. Cox proportional hazard regression revealed a U-shaped relationship irrespective of whether smoking was included in the model. The base of the curve was fairly wide, suggesting that a broad range of BMI is well tolerated by older women. The minimum mortality (estimated from fitted proportional hazard models) for both the smoking and nonsmoking models occurred at a BMI of approximately 34. When interactions between smoking status and BMI terms were added to the model, the interactions were not jointly significant (p = 0.071). Moreover an exploratory plot of the BMI-mortality curve among never smokers (n = 800) revealed a curve that moved away from being U-shaped toward being more monotonically decreasing. It is concluded that these data suggest that there is no evidence that the U-shaped BMI-mortality relationship observed is caused by confounding by smoking status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Fontaine
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Allison DB, Heo M, Faith MS, Pietrobelli A. Meta-analysis of the association of the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the beta3 adrenergic receptor with body mass index. Int J Obes (Lond) 1998; 22:559-66. [PMID: 9665677 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a result of efforts to isolate obesity-promoting genes, the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the beta3 adrenergic receptor locus, has been studied by many investigators. Results of the studies have varied in statistical significance and magnitude of the association of the polymorphism with body mass index (BMI: kg/m2). This has led to controversy about whether this polymorphism is associated with meaningful changes in BMI. To clarify the possible association, we conducted a meta-analysis. DESIGN Meta-analytic study. MEASUREMENTS For each genotype of the beta3 adrenergic receptor (Trp/Trp; Trp/Arg; Arg/Arg), we extracted the number of subjects, mean and standard deviation of BMI from 23 studies, including 36 different subgroups with a total of 7399 subjects. Other indices and obesity-related variables were not considered. RESULTS No significant association of the Trp64Arg polymorphism with BMI was found. The weighted mean BMI difference between Trp/Trp homozygotes and Trp/Arg heterozygotes was 0.19 (s.e. = 0.11; P = 0.07). In addition, the distribution of effect sizes was not significantly heterogeneous (chi2=38.68; df 35; P = 0.31) suggesting that the variation of the effect sizes across the subgroups is not significant. A further weighted regression analysis, utilizing all three genotypes and adjusting for the random subgroup effect, also showed the effect of the polymorphism on BMI is not significant (F = 1.72, df = (2,54), P = 0.19). CONCLUSION Based on existing data, the Trp64Arg polymorphism does not appear to be significantly associated with BMI. Moreover, we found no evidence for effect heterogeneity, suggesting that the effect of the polymorphism is not moderated by ethnicity or diabetic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Accessible and readily utilized software, tables and approximation formulae have been developed to estimate power and sample size for studies of time to event (survival times) when the survival times are assumed to be exponential. These methods can markedly misestimate power when the distribution is Weibull and not exponential. The Weibull distribution with increasing hazard is common in aging research, especially when the whole life span of the subjects is of interest. This note considers an extension of power and sample size calculations, previously developed under the exponential distributional assumption, to the more general case of the Weibull distribution for a prospective comparative follow-up study. The hypotheses are defined in terms of the ratio of the median survival times between two groups. It is shown that the power and sample sizes are heavily dependent on the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution. Using the extensions developed, investigators can use existing software and tables to calculate power and sample size under the assumption of a Weibull distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heo
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Allison DB, Heo M, Schork NJ, Wong SL, Elston RC. Extreme selection strategies in gene mapping studies of oligogenic quantitative traits do not always increase power. Hum Hered 1998; 48:97-107. [PMID: 9526169 DOI: 10.1159/000022788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that obtaining adequate statistical power to detect linkage to or association with genes for complex quantitative traits can be very difficult. In response, investigators have developed a number of power-enhancing strategies that consider restraints such as genotyping (and/or phenotyping) costs. In the context of both association and sib pair linkage studies of quantitative traits, one of the most widely discussed techniques is the selective sampling of phenotypically extreme individuals. Several papers have demonstrated that such extreme sampling can markedly increase power (under certain circumstances). However, the parenthetical phrase in the previous sentence has generally not been made explicit and it appears to be implied that the more phenotypically extreme the individuals, the more power one has. In this paper, we show by simulation that this is not true under all circumstances. In particular, we show that under oligogenic models, where some biallelic quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have markedly asymmetric allele frequencies and large mean displacement among genotypes, and others have less asymmetric allele frequencies and smaller mean displacement among genotypes, power to detect linkage to or association with the latter QTL can actually decrease by sampling more extreme sib pairs. This suggests that more extreme sampling is not always better. The 'optimal' sampling scheme may depend on both what one suspects the underlying genetic architecture to be and which of the oligogenic QTL one has greatest interest in detecting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, N.Y., USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
To date, few methods have been developed explicitly for meta-analysis of linkage analyses. Moreover, the methods that have been developed or suggested generally depend on certain ideal situations and have not been widely applied. In this article, we apply standard statistical theory and meta-analytic techniques in novel ways to five published papers discussing the evidence of linkage of body mass index (BMI) to the region of the human genome containing the OB gene. These methods are "inference based," meaning that they allow one to make statements about the statistical significance of the entire body of evidence. As currently developed, they do not allow specific statements to be made about the amount of variance explained by any putative locus or allow precise confidence intervals to be placed around the putative location of a linked locus. By applying these techniques to the literature on linkage in the human OB gene region, we are able to show that the evidence for linkage somewhere in the region is extremely strong (P = 1.5 x 10[-5]).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10025, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Allison DB, Heo M, Flanders DW, Faith MS, Williamson DF. Examination of "early mortality exclusion" as an approach to control for confounding by occult disease in epidemiologic studies of mortality risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146:672-80. [PMID: 9345122 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods for the estimation of the effects of chronic disease risk factors on mortality continue to be an area that generates confusion and controversy. In response to the frequently observed U- or J-shaped relations between risk factors and mortality, some authors suggest that subjects dying during the first k years of follow-up (where k is some positive number less than the total length of follow-up) be excluded from statistical analyses. By excluded, the authors mean completely removed from the data set. The rationale is that persons dying during the first k years are likely to have a preexisting occult disease that confounds the relation between the risk factor under study and mortality. Excluding persons dying during the first k years of follow-up purportedly reduces this confounding. However, the authors are aware of no demonstration that this procedure effectively accomplishes its goal. They show that excluding subjects who die during the first k years of follow-up does not necessarily lead to a reduction in bias in the estimated effect of a risk factor on mortality when this relation is confounded by the presence of occult disease. Moreover, it is possible for such exclusion to exacerbate the confounding due to preexisting disease. Thus, excluding subjects dying during the first k years of follow-up is not necessarily an effective strategy for dealing with confounding due to occult disease. Investigators are encouraged to pursue alternative methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented a U- or J-shaped association between body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and mortality, such that increased mortality rate is associated with relatively low and high BMI values. It has been argued elsewhere that the elevated mortality rate observed at lower BMI values actually results from the effects of unmeasured confounding variables, in particular smoking status and preexisting disease. In this paper, the authors present an additional explanation for the phenomenon, i.e., nonspecific measurement. They propose that differential health consequences of fat mass and fat-free mass can be masked by the use of BMI when studied in relation to mortality. To illustrate this point, they use body composition data from 1,137 healthy adults and specify a hypothetical underlying BMI-mortality model in which the logit of death increased linearly with fat mass and decreased linearly with fat-free mass, and % fat increased monotonically with BMI. The results indicate that, even under these specifications, the authors can recover a U-shaped association between BMI and mortality. Consistent with previous suggestions in the literature, future epidemiologic studies that examine the association between adiposity and mortality should prioritize the use of body composition measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Allison DB, Gallagher D, Heo M, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heymsfield SB. Body mass index and all-cause mortality among people age 70 and over: the Longitudinal Study of Aging. Int J Obes (Lond) 1997; 21:424-31. [PMID: 9192224 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) and mortality in a large nationally representative sample of US adults over age 70 years. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal cohort study, the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA). Subjects were all those 7260 black and white people (2769 men, 4491 women) initially interviewed in 1984 for whom height and weight were available. These subjects were followed through to 1990. MEASUREMENTS Measurements included self-reported height and weight, date of death if subjects died, sex, age, race, measures of socio-economic status, number of living first degree relatives, and responses to questions asking whether the subject had retired due to poor health, had difficulty eating, worried about their health, and felt their health was worse than during the prior year. Smoking status was not assessed. RESULTS When analyzed via Cox proportional hazard regression, the relationship between BMI and mortality, represented by means of hazard ratio, was clearly U-shaped for both men and women. The base of the curves was fairly wide suggesting that a broad range of BMIs are well tolerated by older adults. The minimum mortality (estimated from the fitted proportional hazard models) occurred at a BMI of approximately 31.7 for women and 28.8 for men. The results were essentially unchanged, if analyses were weighted, if various disease states were controlled for, and if apparently unhealthy subjects were excluded. CONCLUSIONS The finding of the relatively high BMI (27-30 for men, 30-35 for women) associated with minimum hazard in persons older than seventy years supports some previously documented findings and opposes others and, if confirmed in future research, has implications for public health and clinical recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Allison
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, NY 10025, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, Levine JH, Saksena S, Waldo AL, Wilber D, Brown MW, Heo M. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1933-40. [PMID: 8960472 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199612263352601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2696] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unsustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with previous myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction is associated with a two-year mortality rate of about 30 percent. We studied whether prophylactic therapy with an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator, as compared with conventional medical therapy, would improve survival in this high-risk group of patients. METHODS Over the course of five years, 196 patients in New York Heart Association functional class I, II, or III with prior myocardial infarction; a left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 0.35; a documented episode of asymptomatic unsustained ventricular tachycardia; and inducible, nonsuppressible ventricular tachyarrhythmia on electrophysiologic study were randomly assigned to receive an implanted defibrillator (n = 95) or conventional medical therapy (n=101). We used a two-sided sequential design with death from any cause as the end point. RESULTS The base-line characteristics of the two treatment groups were similar. During an average follow-up of 27 months, there were 15 deaths in the defibrillator group (11 from cardiac causes) and 39 deaths in the conventional-therapy group (27 from cardiac causes) (hazard ratio for overall mortality, 0.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.26 to 0.82; P=0.009). There was no evidence that amiodarone, beta-blockers, or any other antiarrhythmic therapy had a significant influence on the observed hazard ratio. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a prior myocardial infarction who are at high risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmia, prophylactic therapy with an implanted defibrillator leads to improved survival as compared with conventional medical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Moss
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|