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Chantanachai T, Sturnieks DL, Lord SR, Menant J, Delbaere K, Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, Humburg P, Taylor ME. Cognitive and physical declines and falls in older people with and without mild cognitive impairment: a 7-year longitudinal study. Int Psychogeriatr 2024; 36:306-316. [PMID: 37078463 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610223000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined longitudinal changes in cognitive and physical function and associations between change in function and falls in people with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN Prospective cohort study with assessments every 2 years (for up to 6 years). SETTING Community, Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Four hundred and eighty one people were classified into three groups: those with MCI at baseline and MCI or dementia at follow-up assessments (n = 92); those who fluctuated between cognitively normal and MCI throughout follow-up (cognitively fluctuating) (n = 157), and those who were cognitively normal at baseline and all reassessments (n = 232). MEASUREMENTS Cognitive and physical function measured over 2-6 years follow-up. Falls in the year following participants' final assessment. RESULTS In summary, 27.4%, 38.5%, and 34.1% of participants completed 2, 4, and 6 years follow-up of cognitive and physical performance, respectively. The MCI and cognitive fluctuating groups demonstrated cognitive decline, whereas the cognitively normal group did not. The MCI group had worse physical function than the cognitively normal group at baseline but decline over time in physical performance was similar across all groups. Decline in global cognitive function and sensorimotor performance were associated with multiple falls in the cognitively normal group and decline in mobility (timed-up-and-go test) was associated with multiple falls across the whole sample. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive declines were not associated with falls in people with MCI and fluctuating cognition. Declines in physical function were similar between groups and decline in mobility was associated with falls in the whole sample. As exercise has multiple health benefits including maintaining physical function, it should be recommended for all older people. Programs aimed at mitigating cognitive decline should be encouraged in people with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanwarat Chantanachai
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Daina L Sturnieks
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jasmine Menant
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Humburg
- Stats Central, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Chan LL, Ho YY, Taylor ME, Mcveigh C, Jung S, Armstrong E, Close JC, Harvey LA. Incidence of fragility hip fracture across the Asia-pacific region: A systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 123:105422. [PMID: 38579379 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review aimed to update fragility hip fracture incidences in the Asia Pacific, and compare rates between countries/regions. METHOD A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases. Studies reporting data between 2010 and 2023 on the geographical incidences of hip fractures in individuals aged ≥50 were included. Exclusion criteria were studies reporting solely on high-trauma, atypical, or periprosthetic fractures. We calculated the crude incidence, age- and sex-standardised incidence, and the female-to-male ratio. The systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020162518). RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included across nine countries/regions (out of 41 countries/regions). The crude hip fracture incidence ranged from 89 to 341 per 100,000 people aged ≥50, with the highest observed in Australia, Taiwan, and Japan. Age- and sex-standardised rates ranged between 90 and 318 per 100,000 population and were highest in Korea and Japan. Temporal decreases in standardised rates were observed in Korea, China, and Japan. The female-to-male ratio was highest in Japan and lowest in China. CONCLUSION Fragility hip fracture incidence varied substantially within the Asia-Pacific region. This observation may reflect actual incidence differences or stem from varying research methods and healthcare recording systems. Future research should use consistent measurement approaches to enhance international comparisons and service planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Ly Chan
- Fall, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Y Ho
- Fall, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital, Jalan Tanah Putih, Kuantan, Pahang 25100, Malaysia
| | - Morag E Taylor
- Fall, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Mcveigh
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonya Jung
- Fall, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Armstrong
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Ct Close
- Fall, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lara A Harvey
- Fall, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Taylor ME, Ramsay N, Mitchell R, McDougall C, Harris IA, Hallen J, Ward N, Hurring S, Harvey LA, Armstrong E, Close JCT. Improving hip fracture care: A five-year review of the early contributors to the Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry. Australas J Ageing 2024; 43:31-42. [PMID: 38270215 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine temporal trends (2016-2020) in hip fracture care in Australian and New Zealand (ANZ) hospitals that started providing patient-level data to the ANZ Hip Fracture Registry (ANZHFR) on/before 1 January 2016 (early contributors). METHODS Retrospective cohort study of early contributor hospitals (n = 24) to the ANZHFR. The study cohort included patients aged ≥50 years admitted with a low trauma hip fracture between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2020 (n = 26,937). Annual performance against 11 quality indicators and 30- and 365-day mortality were examined. RESULTS Compared to 2016/2017, year-on-year improvements were demonstrated for preoperative cognitive assessment (2020: OR 3.57, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.29-3.87) and nerve block use prior to surgery (2020: OR 4.62, 95% CI 4.17-5.11). Less consistent improvements over time from 2016/2017 were demonstrated for emergency department (ED) stay of <4 h (2017; 2020), pain assessment ≤30 min of ED presentation (2020), surgery ≤48 h (2020) and bone protection medication prescribed on discharge (2017-2020; 2020 OR 2.22, 95% CI 2.03-2.42). The odds of sustaining a hospital-acquired pressure injury increased in 2019-2020 compared to 2016. The odds of receiving an orthogeriatric model of care and being offered the opportunity to mobilise on Day 1 following surgery fluctuated. There was a reduction in 365-day mortality in 2020 compared to 2016 (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.74-0.98), whereas 30-day mortality did not change. CONCLUSIONS Several quality indicators improved over time in early contributor hospitals. Indicators that did not improve may be targets for future care improvement activities, including considering incentivised hip fracture care, which has previously been shown to improve care/outcomes. COVID-19 and reporting practices may have impacted the study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ageing Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Niamh Ramsay
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine McDougall
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS) and The Prince Charles Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Queensland and Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian A Harris
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jamie Hallen
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola Ward
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Hurring
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Te Whatu Ora Waitaha Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lara A Harvey
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Armstrong
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Taylor ME, Harvey LA, Crotty M, Harris IA, Sherrington C, Close JCT. Variation in care and outcomes for people after hip fracture with and without cognitive impairment; results from the Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry. J Nutr Health Aging 2024; 28:100030. [PMID: 38388111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnha.2023.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with dementia have poorer outcomes after hip fracture and this may be due in part to variation in care. We aimed to compare care and outcomes for people with and without cognitive impairment after hip fracture. METHODS Retrospective cohort study using Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry data for people ≥50 years of age who underwent hip fracture surgery (n = 49,063). Cognitive impairment or known dementia and cognitively healthy groups were defined using preadmission cognitive status. Descriptive statistics and multivariable mixed effects models were used to compare groups. RESULTS In general, cognitively impaired people had worse care and outcomes compared to cognitively healthy older people. A lower proportion of the cognitively impaired group had timely pain assessment (≤30 min of presentation: 61% vs 68%; p < 0.0001), were given the opportunity to mobilise (89% vs 93%; p < 0.0001) and achieved day-1 mobility (34% vs 58%; p < 0.0001) than the cognitively healthy group. A higher proportion of the cognitively impaired group had delayed pain management (>30 mins of presentation: 26% vs 20%; p < 0.0001), were malnourished (27% vs 15%; p < 0.0001), had delirium (44% vs 13%; p < 0.0001) and developed a new pressure injury (4% vs 3%; p < 0.0001) than the cognitively healthy group. Fewer of the cognitively impaired group received rehabilitation (35% vs 64%; p < 0.0001), particularly patients from RACFs (16% vs 39%; p < 0.0001) and were prescribed bone protection medication on discharge (24% vs 27%; p < 0.0001). Significantly more of the cognitively impaired group had a new transfer to residential care (46% vs 11% from private residence; p < 0.0001) and died at 30-days (7% vs 3% from private residence; 15% vs 10% from RACF; both p < 0.0001). In multivariable models adjusting for covariates with facility as the random effect, the cognitively impaired group had a greater odds of being malnourished, not achieving day-1 walking, having delirium in the week after surgery, dying within 30 days, and in those from private residences, having a new transfer to a residential care facility than the cognitively healthy group. CONCLUSIONS We have identified several aspects of care that could be improved for patients with cognitive impairment - management of pain, mobility, nutrition and bone health, as well as delirium assessment, prevention and management strategies and access to rehabilitation. Further research is needed to determine whether improvements in care will reduce hospital complications and improve outcomes for people with dementia after hip fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; UNSW Ageing Futures Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Lara A Harvey
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Crotty
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Rehabilitation Unit, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian A Harris
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Sherrington
- Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Santiago Martinez P, Lord SR, Close JCT, Taylor ME. Associations between psychotropic and anti-dementia medication use and falls in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 114:105105. [PMID: 37364485 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence for effective fall prevention strategies is limited for people with cognitive impairment. Understanding what factors contribute to fall risk identifies potential intervention strategies. We aimed to determine if psychotropic and anti-dementia medication use are associated with falls in community-dwelling older people with mild-moderate cognitive impairment and dementia. DESIGN Secondary analysis of an RCT (i-FOCIS). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 309 community-dwelling people with mild to moderate cognitive impairment or dementia from Sydney, Australia. METHODS Demographic information, medical history, and medication use were collected at baseline and participants were followed up for 1-year for falls using monthly calendars and ancillary telephone falls. RESULTS Psychotropic medication use was associated with an increased rate of falls (IRR 1.41, 95%CI 1.03, 1.93) and slower gait speed, poor balance and reduced lower limb function when adjusting for age, sex, education and cognition, as well as RCT group allocation when examining prospective falls. Antidepressants use increased the rate of falls in a similarly adjusted model (IRR 1.54, 95%CI 1.10, 2.15), but when additionally adjusting for depressive symptoms, antidepressant use was no longer significantly associated with falls while depressive symptoms was. Anti-dementia medication use was not associated with rate of falls. CONCLUSIONS Psychotropic medication use increases fall risk, and anti-dementia medication does not reduce fall risk in older adults with cognitive impairment. Effective management of depressive symptoms, potentially with non-pharmacological approaches, is needed to prevent falls in this population. Research is also required to ascertain the risks/benefits of withdrawing psychotropic medications, particularly in relation to depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Morag E Taylor
- Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Hairu R, Close JCT, Lord SR, Delbaere K, Wen W, Jiang J, Taylor ME. The association between white matter hyperintensity volume and cognitive/physical decline in older people with dementia: A one-year longitudinal study. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:2503-2510. [PMID: 34569854 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1980859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding the relationship between white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and cognitive and physical decline in people with dementia will assist in determining potential treatment strategies. Currently there is conflicting evidence describing the association between WMHs and cognitive decline and, WMHs association with declines in objective measures of physical function have not been examined. We examined the relationship between baseline WMH volume and physical/cognitive decline over one-year in older people with dementia. METHODS Twenty-six community-dwelling older people with dementia (mean age = 81 ± 8 years; 35% female) were assessed at baseline and follow-up (one-year) using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (including verbal fluency), Trail Making Test A, the Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA), timed-up-and-go (TUG) and gait speed. WMH volumes were quantified using a fully automated segmentation toolbox, UBO Detector. RESULTS In analyses adjusted for baseline performance, higher baseline WMH volume was associated with decline in executive function (verbal fluency), sensorimotor function (PPA) and mobility (TUG). Executive function (semantic/category fluency) was the only domain association that withstood adjustment for age, and additionally hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS In unadjusted analyses, WMH volume was associated with one-year declines in cognitive and physical function in older people with dementia. The association with executive function decline withstood adjustment for age. More research is needed to confirm these findings and explore whether vascular risk reduction strategies can reduce WMH volume and associated cognitive and physical impairments in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rismah Hairu
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Chantanachai T, Taylor ME, Lord SR, Menant J, Delbaere K, Sachdev PS, Kochan NA, Brodaty H, Sturnieks DL. Risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older people with mild cognitive impairment: a prospective one-year study. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13484. [PMID: 35663527 PMCID: PMC9161814 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered an intermediate stage between normal cognitive function and dementia. Fall risk is increased in this group, but there is limited literature exploring specific fall risk factors that may be addressed in fall prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to examine risk factors for falls in older people with MCI, focusing on cognitive, psychological and physical factors. Methods Participants (n = 266, 45% women) were community-dwelling older people aged 70-90 years who met the criteria for MCI. Cognitive, psychological, sensorimotor and physical assessments, physical activity levels, medication use, general health and disability were ascertained at baseline. Falls were monitored prospectively for 12 months. Results During follow-up, 106 (40%) participants reported one or more falls. Poorer visual contrast sensitivity, increased postural sway, lower levels of weekly walking activity, higher levels of depressive symptoms and psychotropic medication use were significantly associated with faller status (≥1 falls) in univariable analyses. Of these factors, poor visual contrast sensitivity, increased postural sway and psychotropic medication use were found to be significant independent predictors of falls in multivariable analysis while controlling for age and sex. No measures of cognitive function were associated with falls. Conclusions Poor visual contrast sensitivity, impaired balance and psychotropic medication use predicted falls in community-dwelling people with MCI. These risk factors may be amenable to intervention, so these factors could be carefully considered in fall prevention programs for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanwarat Chantanachai
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Morag E. Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jasmine Menant
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole A. Kochan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daina L. Sturnieks
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Khoo I, Close JCT, Lord SR, Delbaere K, Taylor ME. Relationship between Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive, Psychological, and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older People with Cognitive Impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2022; 50:482-490. [PMID: 34937036 DOI: 10.1159/000520853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia and depression often coexist. Understanding how concomitant comorbidities affect function can improve assessment and management strategies. We examined the relationship between cognitive, psychological, and physical function and depressive symptoms in people with cognitive impairment. METHODS Cross-sectional study using baseline data from the iFOCIS randomized controlled trial involving 309 participants with mild-moderate cognitive impairment. The association between cognitive (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III [ACE-III], Frontal Assessment Battery), psychological (Goldberg Anxiety Scale; Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale), and physical (Physiological Profile Assessment; Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB]) function, and quality of life (QoL), physical activity levels and activities of daily living, and depressive symptoms (15-item Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS]) were assessed (adjusted for age, sex, education, and ACE-III as appropriate). RESULTS Participants with depressive symptoms (GDS ≥4) had significantly more falls in the previous year and a higher number of comorbidities than people without depressive symptoms (GDS <4). Each point increase in the GDS was associated with better memory, higher levels of anxiety and concern about falling, poorer balance, slower gait speed, and reduced QoL. The relationship between the GDS and poor balance and QoL withstood additional adjustment for comorbidity tertiles. The relationship between GDS and concern about falls withstood additional adjustment for previous falls (12 months) and SPPB scores. CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptomatology is associated with poorer physical and psychological function and reduced QoL in people with cognitive impairment. These factors should be considered when assessing and intervening in this group. Future research could examine these relationships longitudinally to establish causality and examine intervention efficacy in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Khoo
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Taylor ME, Wesson J, Sherrington C, Hill KD, Kurrle S, Lord SR, Brodaty H, Howard K, O’Rourke SD, Clemson L, Payne N, Toson B, Webster L, Savage R, Zelma G, Koch C, John B, Lockwood K, Close JCT. Erratum to: Tailored Exercise and Home Hazard Reduction Program for Fall Prevention in Older People With Cognitive Impairment: The i-FOCIS Randomized Controlled Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:e108. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Wesson
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Sherrington
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith D Hill
- Rehabilitation Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Kurrle
- Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsten Howard
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra D O’Rourke
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lindy Clemson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Population Ageing Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Payne
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Toson
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lyndell Webster
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roslyn Savage
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Genevieve Zelma
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecelia Koch
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Beatrice John
- Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keri Lockwood
- Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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Taylor ME, Todd C, O'Rourke S, Clemson LM, Close JC, Lord SR, Lung T, Berlowitz DJ, Blennerhassett J, Chow J, Dayhew J, Hawley-Hague H, Hodge W, Howard K, Johnson P, Lasrado R, McInerney G, Merlene M, Miles L, Said CM, White L, Wilson N, Zask A, Delbaere K. Implementation of the StandingTall programme to prevent falls in older people: a process evaluation protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048395. [PMID: 34312204 PMCID: PMC8314746 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One in three people aged 65 years and over fall each year. The health, economic and personal impact of falls will grow substantially in the coming years due to population ageing. Developing and implementing cost-effective strategies to prevent falls and mobility problems among older people is therefore an urgent public health challenge. StandingTall is a low-cost, unsupervised, home-based balance exercise programme delivered through a computer or tablet. StandingTall has a simple user-interface that incorporates physical and behavioural elements designed to promote compliance. A large randomised controlled trial in 503 community-dwelling older people has shown that StandingTall is safe, has high adherence rates and is effective in improving balance and reducing falls. The current project targets a major need for older people and will address the final steps needed to scale this innovative technology for widespread use by older people across Australia and internationally. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This project will endeavour to recruit 300 participants across three sites in Australia and 100 participants in the UK. The aim of the study is to evaluate the implementation of StandingTall into the community and health service settings in Australia and the UK. The nested process evaluation will use both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore uptake and acceptability of the StandingTall programme and associated resources. The primary outcome is participant adherence to the StandingTall programme over 6 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been obtained from the South East Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC reference 18/288) in Australia and the North West- Greater Manchester South Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID: 268954) in the UK. Dissemination will be via publications, conferences, newsletter articles, social media, talks to clinicians and consumers and meetings with health departments/managers. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12619001329156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Todd
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra O'Rourke
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lindy M Clemson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Population Ageing Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Ct Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Lung
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Berlowitz
- Department of Physiotherapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jessica Chow
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Dayhew
- Health Promotion, Northern NSW Local Health District, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Hawley-Hague
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Wendy Hodge
- ARTD Consultants, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsten Howard
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pamela Johnson
- Mid North Coast Local Health District, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reena Lasrado
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Garth McInerney
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Lillian Miles
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine M Said
- Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Physiotherapy, Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne White
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Avigdor Zask
- Health Promotion, Northern NSW Local Health District, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hairu R, Close JCT, Lord SR, Delbaere K, Wen W, Jiang J, Taylor ME. The association between white matter hyperintensity volume and gait performance under single and dual task conditions in older people with dementia: A cross-sectional study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 95:104427. [PMID: 34015687 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relationship between white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and gait may assist in understanding the central control of gait and determining treatment modalities. These relationships are yet to be realized in older people with dementia. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between WMH volume and gait under single-task and dual task (DT) conditions in people with dementia. METHODS Twenty-eight community-dwelling older people with dementia (median age=83 years; [IQR=77-86]; 36% female) had timed gait speed assessed at usual pace. Gait (speed, stride length, cadence) was assessed using the GAITRite® mat under three conditions (n = 18/28): a) single-task, b) functional DT: carrying a glass of water and c) cognitive DT: counting backwards from 30. WMH volumes were quantified using a fully automated segmentation toolbox. RESULTS Total, temporal and parietal WMH volumes were negatively correlated with timed and functional DT gait speed, and with stride length under single-task, functional DT and cognitive DT conditions. Frontal WMH volumes were negatively correlated with timed gait speed and stride length under single-task and functional DT conditions. Participants with higher total WMH burden had significantly slower timed and functional DT gait speed and reduced stride length under single-task, functional DT and cognitive DT conditions compared to participants with lower WMH burden. CONCLUSIONS WMH volume was associated with slower gait speed and reduced stride length, but not cadence, under single-task and DT conditions in people with dementia. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and determine whether vascular risk management can improve gait in older people with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rismah Hairu
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Taylor ME, Toots A, Lord SR, Payne N, Close JCT. Cognitive Domain Associations with Balance Performance in Community-Dwelling Older People with Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:833-841. [PMID: 33814432 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In older people with cognitive impairment (CI), executive function (EF) has been associated with motor performance including balance and gait. The literature examining and supporting a relationship between balance performance and other cognitive domains is limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between global cognition and cognitive domain function and balance performance in older people with CI. METHODS The iFOCIS randomized controlled trial recruited 309 community-dwelling older people with CI. Baseline assessments completed before randomization were used for analyses including the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III; global cognition) and its individual cognitive domains (attention; memory; verbal fluency; language; visuospatial ability) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), a measure of EF. A composite balance score was derived from postural sway and leaning balance tests. RESULTS In linear regression analyses adjusted for covariates, global cognition and each cognitive domain were significantly associated with balance performance. EF (verbal fluency; β= -0.254, p < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.387) and visuospatial ability (β= -0.258, p < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.391) had the strongest associations with balance performance. In a comprehensively adjusted multivariable model including all of the ACE-III cognitive domains, visuospatial ability and EF (verbal fluency) were independently and significantly associated with balance performance. CONCLUSION Poorer global cognition and cognitive domain function were associated with poorer balance performance in this sample of people with CI. Visuospatial ability and EF were independently associated with balance, highlighting potential shared neural networks and the role higher-level cognitive processes and spatial perception/processing play in postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, Australia
| | - Annika Toots
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Narelle Payne
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, Australia
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van Schooten KS, Taylor ME, Close JCT, Davis JC, Paul SS, Canning CG, Latt MD, Hoang P, Kochan NA, Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, Dean CM, Hulzinga F, Lord SR, Delbaere K. Sensorimotor, Cognitive, and Affective Functions Contribute to the Prediction of Falls in Old Age and Neurologic Disorders: An Observational Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 102:874-880. [PMID: 33253696 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether impairments across cognitive and affective domains provide additional information to sensorimotor deficits for fall prediction among various populations. DESIGN We pooled data from 5 studies for this observational analysis of prospective falls. SETTING Community or low-level care facility. PARTICIPANTS Older people (N=1090; 74.0±9.4y; 579 female); 500 neurologically intact (NI) older people and 3 groups with neurologic disorders (cognitive impairment, n=174; multiple sclerosis (MS), n=111; Parkinson disease, n=305). INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sensorimotor function was assessed with the Physiological Profile Assessment, cognitive function with tests of executive function, affect with questionnaires of depression, and concern about falling with falls efficacy questionnaires. These variables were associated with fall incidence rates, obtained prospectively over 6-12 months. RESULTS Poorer sensorimotor function was associated with falls (incidence rate ratio [95% CI], 1.46 [1.28-1.66]). Impaired executive function was the strongest predictor of falls overall (2.91 [2.27-3.73]), followed by depressive symptoms (2.07 [1.56-2.75]) and concern about falling (2.02 [1.61-2.55]). Associations were similar among groups, except for a weaker relationship with executive impairment in NI persons and a stronger relationship with concern about falling in persons with MS. Multivariable analyses showed that executive impairment, poorer sensorimotor performance, depressive symptoms, and concern about falling were independently associated with falls. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in cognition (executive function) and affect (depressive symptoms) and concern about falling are as important as sensorimotor function for fall prediction. These domains should be included in fall risk assessments for older people and clinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley S van Schooten
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Davis
- Faculty of Management, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Serena S Paul
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney Lidcombe, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colleen G Canning
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney Lidcombe, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Latt
- Geriatric Medicine Department, University of Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phu Hoang
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia; Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine M Dean
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Femke Hulzinga
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Toots ATM, Taylor ME, Lord SR, Close JCT. Associations Between Gait Speed and Cognitive Domains in Older People with Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:S15-S21. [PMID: 31256121 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While gait has been linked with cognition, few studies have contrasted the strength of the relationships between gait speed and cognitive domains in people with cognitive impairment (CI). OBJECTIVES Investigate the association between gait speed and global cognitive function and cognitive domains in older people with CI. METHOD Three-hundred-and-nine community-dwelling people with CI (mean age 82 years, 47% female, and mean gait speed 0.62±0.23 m/s) were included using baseline data from the Intervention-Falls in Older Cognitively Impaired Study (iFOCIS). Usual gait speed (m/s) was measured over 2.4 m. Global cognitive function and individual cognitive domains (attention; memory; verbal fluency; language; visuospatial ability) were assessed using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III). Additionally, executive function was assessed using the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). RESULTS Participants mean±standard deviation ACE-III and FAB scores were 62.8±19.3 and 11.4±4.6, respectively. In separate multiple linear regression analyses adjusting for confounders, global cognitive function, and each cognitive domain, was significantly associated with gait speed. Executive function demonstrated the strongest association (FAB: standardized β= 0.278, p < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.431), and remained significantly associated with gait speed when adjusted for attention, memory, language, and visuospatial ability. CONCLUSION In this large study of older people with CI, global cognition and each cognitive domain were associated with gait speed. Executive function had the strongest association, possibly reflecting the higher-level cognitive processes and complex motor task responses required for gait control. Future longitudinal studies are needed to explore the temporal relationships between declines in executive function and gait, and whether the facilitation of executive function lessens gait decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika T M Toots
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Taylor ME, Wesson J, Sherrington C, Hill KD, Kurrle S, Lord SR, Brodaty H, Howard K, O’Rourke SD, Clemson L, Payne N, Toson B, Webster L, Savage R, Zelma G, Koch C, John B, Lockwood K, Close JCT. Tailored Exercise and Home Hazard Reduction Program for Fall Prevention in Older People With Cognitive Impairment: The i-FOCIS Randomized Controlled Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 76:655-665. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The evidence to support effective fall prevention strategies in older people with cognitive impairment (CI) is limited. The aim of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to determine the efficacy of a fall prevention intervention in older people with CI.
Method
RCT involving 309 community-dwelling older people with CI. The intervention group (n = 153) received an individually prescribed home hazard reduction and home-based exercise program during the 12-month study period. The control group (n = 156) received usual care. The primary outcome was rate of falls. Secondary outcomes included faller/multiple faller status, physical function, and quality of life.
Results
Participants’ average age was 82 years (95% CI 82–83) and 49% were female. There was no significant difference in the rate of falls (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.05; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.73–1.51). A sensitivity analysis, controlling for baseline differences and capping the number of falls at 12 (4 participants), revealed a nonsignificant reduction in fall rate in the intervention group (IRR 0.78; 95% CI 0.57–1.07). Analyses of secondary outcomes indicated the intervention significantly reduced the number of multiple fallers by 26% (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.54–0.99) when adjusting for baseline differences. There was a differential impact on falls in relation to physical function (interaction term p-value = .023) with a significant reduction in fall rate in intervention group participants with better baseline physical function (IRR 0.60; 95% CI 0.37–0.98). There were no significant between-group differences for other secondary outcomes.
Conclusions
This intervention did not significantly reduce the fall rate in community-dwelling older people with CI. The intervention did reduce the fall rate in participants with better baseline physical function.
Clinical Trials Registration Number
Australian and New Zealand Trials Registry ACTRN12614000603617.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Wesson
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Sherrington
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith D Hill
- Rehabilitation Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Kurrle
- Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsten Howard
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra D O’Rourke
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lindy Clemson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Population Ageing Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Payne
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Toson
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lyndell Webster
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roslyn Savage
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Genevieve Zelma
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecelia Koch
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Beatrice John
- Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keri Lockwood
- Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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Taylor ME, Close JCT, Lord SR, Kurrle SE, Webster L, Savage R, Delbaere K. Pilot feasibility study of a home-based fall prevention exercise program (StandingTall) delivered through a tablet computer (iPad) in older people with dementia. Australas J Ageing 2019; 39:e278-e287. [PMID: 31538401 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility and safety of StandingTall-an individually tailored, progressive exercise program delivered through tablet computers-in community-dwelling older people with dementia. METHODS Fifteen community-dwelling older people with dementia (mean age = 83 ± 8 years; Montreal Cognitive Assessment 16 ± 5) received StandingTall for 12 weeks with caregiver assistance. Feasibility and safety were assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS; scores = 0-100; a priori target >65), Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES-8; scores = 8-56), adherence (exercise minutes) and adverse events. RESULTS Mean SUS scores were 68 ± 21/69 ± 15 (participants/caregivers). The mean PACES-8 score was 44 ± 8. In week 2, week 7 and week 12, mean (bias-corrected and accelerated 95% CI) exercise minutes were 37 (25-51), 49 (30-69) and 65 (28-104), respectively. In week 12, five participants exercised >115 minutes. One participant fell while exercising, without sustained injury. CONCLUSIONS StandingTall had acceptable usability, scored well on enjoyment and was feasible for participants. These results provide support for further evaluation of StandingTall in a randomised controlled trial with falls as the primary outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan E Kurrle
- Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyndell Webster
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roslyn Savage
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Taylor ME, Brodie MA, van Schooten KS, Delbaere K, Close JC, Payne N, Webster L, Chow J, McInerney G, Kurrle SE, Lord SR. Older People with Dementia Have Reduced Daily-Life Activity and Impaired Daily-Life Gait When Compared to Age-Sex Matched Controls. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:S125-S135. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-181174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morag E. Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Brodie
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberley S. van Schooten
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C.T. Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Narelle Payne
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyndell Webster
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Chow
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Garth McInerney
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan E. Kurrle
- Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Taylor ME, Boripuntakul S, Toson B, Close JCT, Lord SR, Kochan NA, Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, Delbaere K. The role of cognitive function and physical activity in physical decline in older adults across the cognitive spectrum. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:863-871. [PMID: 29798680 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1474446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate physical decline over 1-year in a cohort of older people across the cognitive spectrum. METHODS Physical function was assessed using the Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) in 593 participants (cognitively normal [CN]: n = 342, mild cognitive impairment [MCI]: n = 77, dementia: n = 174) at baseline and in 490 participants available for reassessment 1-year later. Neuropsychological performance and physical activity (PA) were assessed at baseline. RESULTS Median baseline PPA scores for CN, MCI and dementia groups were 0.41 (IQR = -0.09-1.02), 0.66 (IQR = -0.06-1.15) and 2.37 (IQR = 0.93-3.78) respectively. All baseline neuropsychological domains and PA were significantly associated with baseline PPA. There were significant interaction terms (Time × Cognitive Group, Global Cognition, Processing Speed, Executive Function and PA) in the models investigating PPA decline. In multivariate analysis the Time × Executive Function and PA interaction terms were significant, indicating that participants with poorer baseline executive function and reduced PA demonstrated greater physical decline when compared to individuals with better executive function and PA respectively. DISCUSSION Having MCI or dementia is associated with greater physical decline compared to CN older people. Physical inactivity and executive dysfunction were associated with physical decline in this sample, which included participants with MCI and dementia. Both factors influencing physical decline are potentially amenable to interventions e.g. exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- a Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.,b Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.,c Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Sydney Medical School , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Sirinun Boripuntakul
- d Department of Physical Therapy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Barbara Toson
- a Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- a Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.,b Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- a Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- e Neuropsychiatric Institute , Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick , New South Wales , Australia.,f Centre For Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- e Neuropsychiatric Institute , Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick , New South Wales , Australia.,f Centre For Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.,g Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- f Centre For Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.,g Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- a Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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Taylor ME, Butler AA, Lord SR, Delbaere K, Kurrle SE, Mikolaizak AS, Close JC. Inaccurate judgement of reach is associated with slow reaction time, poor balance, impaired executive function and predicts prospective falls in older people with cognitive impairment. Exp Gerontol 2018; 114:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome seen most commonly in older people and characterized by a decline in cognitive performance which impacts on the person's ability to function. There are approximately 47 million people worldwide with dementia and there are 10 million new cases every year. It is a major cause of disability and dependence and impacts on the physical, psychologic, and social well-being of families and carers. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. Gait and balance impairments are common in people with dementia and contribute to the significantly elevated risk of falls. Older people with dementia are at increased risk of injury, institutionalization, hospitalization, morbidity, and death after a fall. There is preliminary evidence, predominantly from relatively small studies, that falls and disability can be prevented in this population. However, more good-quality research is needed, both to provide some certainty around the existing evidence base as well as to explore alternate approaches to prevention, including combined cognitive-motor training and cognitive pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Taylor ME, Graham C, Hersey P, Jenkins N. 113Review of management of cardiac arrest and predictors of outcome in a large district general hospital “cardiac arrest centre”. Europace 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux283.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Taylor ME, Lasschuit DA, Lord SR, Delbaere K, Kurrle SE, Mikolaizak AS, Kvelde T, Close JCT. Slow gait speed is associated with executive function decline in older people with mild to moderate dementia: A one year longitudinal study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 73:148-153. [PMID: 28818760 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to document change in neuropsychological, physical and functional performance over one year and to investigate the relationship between baseline gait speed and cognitive decline in this period in older people with dementia. METHODS One hundred and seventy-seven older people with dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination 11-23; Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised <83) residing in the community or low level care facility completed baseline neuropsychological, physical and functional assessments. Of these, 134 participants agreed to reassessment of the above measures one year later. RESULTS Overall, many neuropsychological, physical and functional performance measures declined significantly over the one year study period. Baseline gait speed was significantly associated with decline in verbal fluency (B(109)=2.893, p=0.046), specifically phonemic/letter fluency (B(109)=2.812, p=0.004) while controlling for age, education, dementia drug use and baseline cognitive performance. There was also a trend for an association between baseline gait speed and decline in clock drawing performance (B(107)=0.601, p=0.071). CONCLUSIONS Older people with mild to moderate dementia demonstrate significant decline in neuropsychological, physical and functional performance over one year. Baseline gait speed is associated with decline in executive function over one year, suggesting shared pathways/pathology between gait and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Danielle A Lasschuit
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, South East Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Susan E Kurrle
- Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - A Stefanie Mikolaizak
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Tasha Kvelde
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Taylor ME, Lord SR, Delbaere K, Kurrle SE, Mikolaizak AS, Close JCT. Reaction Time and Postural Sway Modify the Effect of Executive Function on Risk of Falls in Older People with Mild to Moderate Cognitive Impairment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 25:397-406. [PMID: 28063853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between cognitive performance and falls in older people with mild to moderate cognitive impairment (CI) by investigating the mediational effects of medical, medication, neuropsychological, and physiological factors. DESIGN Secondary analysis, prospective cohort study. SETTING Community and low-level care. PARTICIPANTS 177 older people (aged 82 ± 7 years) with mild to moderate CI (MMSE 11-23; ACE-R < 83). MEASUREMENTS Global cognition and six neuropsychological domains (memory, language, visuospatial, processing speed, executive function [EF], and affect) were assessed. Participants also underwent sensorimotor and balance assessments. Falls were recorded prospectively for 12 months. RESULTS The EF domain was most strongly associated with multiple falls (relative risk [RR]: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.18-1.91). Global cognition was not associated with falls (RR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.92-1.30). Additional analyses showed that participants with poorer EF (median cutpoint) were more likely to be taking centrally acting medications and were less physically active. They also had significantly worse vision, reaction time, knee extension strength, balance (postural sway, controlled leaning balance), and higher physiological fall risk scores. Participants with poorer EF were 1.5 times (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.03-2.18) more likely to have multiple falls. Mediational analyses demonstrated that reaction time and postural sway reduced the relative risk of EF on multiple falls by 31% (RR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.81-1.74). CONCLUSIONS Within this sample of older people with mild to moderate CI, poorer EF increased the risk of multiple falls. This relationship was mediated by reaction time and postural sway,suggesting cognitively impaired older people with poorer EF may benefit from fall prevention programs targeting these mediating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan E Kurrle
- Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - A Stefanie Mikolaizak
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; Department of Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Taylor ME, Lord SR, Delbaere K, Mikolaizak AS, Close JCT. Physiological fall risk factors in cognitively impaired older people: a one-year prospective study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013; 34:181-9. [PMID: 23076047 DOI: 10.1159/000343077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cognitively impaired older people are at twice the risk of falls compared to cognitively intact, with approximately 60% falling once or more per year. This study aimed to investigate sensorimotor and balance risk factors for falls in cognitively impaired older people. METHODS 177 community-dwelling older people with mild to moderate cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination < 24, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised < 83) were assessed using the Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA). Falls were recorded prospectively for 12 months using monthly calendars with the assistance of carers. RESULTS Seventy-one participants (43%) fell ≥2 times in the follow-up period. Impaired simple reaction time, postural sway, leaning balance and increased PPA fall risk score were significantly associated with multiple falls. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the PPA model including tests of vision, proprioception, knee extension strength, reaction time, postural sway and leaning balance was 0.75 (95% confidence interval: 0.68-0.83). CONCLUSION These findings indicate poor performance on physiological fall risk factors, particularly balance, increases the risk of falls in older cognitively impaired people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Falls and Balance Research Group, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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Taylor ME, Delbaere K, Mikolaizak AS, Lord SR, Close JCT. Gait parameter risk factors for falls under simple and dual task conditions in cognitively impaired older people. Gait Posture 2013; 37:126-30. [PMID: 22832468 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Impaired gait may contribute to the increased rate of falls in cognitively impaired older people. We investigated whether gait under simple and dual task conditions could predict falls in this group. The study sample consisted of 64 community dwelling older people with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Participants walked at their preferred speed under three conditions: (a) simple walking, (b) walking while carrying a glass of water and (c) walking while counting backwards from 30. Spatiotemporal gait parameters were measured using the GAITRite(®) mat. Falls were recorded prospectively for 12months with the assistance of carers. Twenty-two (35%) people fell two or more times in the 12month follow-up period. There was a significant main effect of gait condition and a significant main effect of faller status for mean value measures (velocity, stride length, double support time and stride width) and for variability measures (swing time variability and stride length variability). Examination of individual gait parameters indicated that the multiple fallers walked more slowly, had shorter stride length, spent longer time in double support, had a wider support width and showed more variability in stride length and swing time (p<0.05). There was no significant interaction between gait condition and faller status for any of the gait variables. In conclusion, dual task activities adversely affect gait in cognitively impaired older people. Multiple fallers performed worse in each gait condition but the addition of a functional or cognitive secondary task provided no added benefit in discriminating fallers from non-fallers with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Falls and Balance Research Group, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
With an aging population, both dementia and fall-related injury pose an international health challenge. Individuals with dementia fall twice as often as cognitively intact people and are more likely to have injurious falls. Higher morbidity and rates of mortality and institutionalization after falls have also been reported in this group. There is limited but emerging literature that is attempting to define and explain why fall risk is increased in this population. This will allow for targeted fall prevention programs. Currently, there are no published randomized controlled trials that have prevented falls in community-dwelling cognitively impaired older people, and conflicting evidence is reported in hospital and residential care trials. Recent exercise interventions have demonstrated significant benefits, such as improved gait speed, strength and balance in people with cognitive impairment/dementia, providing encouraging evidence for further research and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Falls & Balance Research Group, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, University of New South Wales 2031, Sydney, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls & Balance Research Group, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, University of New South Wales 2031, Sydney, Australia
- School of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacqueline CT Close
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Falls & Injury Prevention Group, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls & Balance Research Group, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, University of New South Wales 2031, Sydney, Australia
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Taylor ME, Ketels MM, Delbaere K, Lord SR, Mikolaizak AS, Close JCT. Gait impairment and falls in cognitively impaired older adults: an explanatory model of sensorimotor and neuropsychological mediators. Age Ageing 2012; 41:665-9. [PMID: 22572239 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to explore the associations between spatiotemporal gait parameters and falls in cognitively impaired older people and to investigate whether sensorimotor and neuropsychological factors mediate the association between gait performance and falls. DESIGN prospective cohort study with a 1 year follow-up. SETTING community-dwelling sample. PARTICIPANTS sixty-four participants (62-96 years of age) with cognitive impairment. MEASUREMENTS gait analysis and sensorimotor and neuropsychological functions were assessed in all participants. Falls were identified prospectively for 1 year. RESULTS multiple fallers (≥2 falls) had significantly slower gait velocity, shorter stride length, greater double support time and increased step length variability in univariate analyses. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that the relationship between gait and falls was mediated primarily by sensorimotor function and to a lesser extent by neuropsychological performance. CONCLUSION the findings indicate that slow and variable gait patterns increase the risk of falls in cognitively impaired older adults. Further, the association between gait and falls seems to be mediated in large by reduced sensorimotor functioning. Further research is needed to investigate whether interventions aimed at improving gait and/or sensorimotor fall risk factors, such as strength and balance, can prevent falls in cognitively impaired older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag E Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Falls and Balance Research Group, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
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Rahman R, Ikram K, Rosen PH, Cortina-Borja M, Taylor ME. Do climatic variables influence the development of posterior vitreous detachment? Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86:829. [PMID: 12084761 PMCID: PMC1771178 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.86.7.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Reiling N, Klug K, Krallmann-Wenzel U, Laves R, Goyert S, Taylor ME, Lindhorst TK, Ehlers S. Complex encounters at the macrophage-mycobacterium interface: studies on the role of the mannose receptor and CD14 in experimental infection models with Mycobacterium avium. Immunobiology 2001; 204:558-71. [PMID: 11846219 DOI: 10.1078/0171-2985-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The initial interactions between mycobacterial cell wall components and receptor structures on the surface of macrophages may be critical in determining the outcome of infection. They may trigger the ingestion and digestion of microorganisms, but they may also promote the intracellular persistence and growth of mycobacteria. Using Mycobacterium avium as a model system, three approaches of different complexities were used to analyse some structural features and some functional consequences of M. avium interacting with the macrophage mannose receptor or CD14, a pattern recognition receptor. Binding specificities of a recombinant, truncated extracellular portion of the mannose receptor were assayed in a novel ELISA-formatted system using viable M. avium cells as ligands. Infection with M. avium strains differing in their virulence were performed in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and in mice with a targeted deletion of the CD14 gene. These parallel and converging approaches not only help define the molecular basis for understanding early events in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections, but are also necessary to ultimately determine the relevance of in vitro findings in the context of actual manifestations of disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Reiling
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, Germany
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Brooke BD, Kloke G, Hunt RH, Koekemoer LL, Temu EA, Taylor ME, Small G, Hemingway J, Coetzee M. Bioassay and biochemical analyses of insecticide resistance in southern African Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 2001; 91:265-272. [PMID: 11587622 DOI: 10.1079/ber2001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles funestus Giles has been implicated as a major malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa where pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in agriculture and public health. Samples of this species from northern Kwazulu/Natal in South Africa and the Beluluane region of southern Mozambique showed evidence of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Insecticide exposure, synergist and biochemical assays conducted on A. funestus suggested that elevated levels of mixed function oxidases were responsible for the detoxification of pyrethroids in resistant mosquitoes in these areas. The data suggested that this mechanism was also conferring cross-resistance to the carbamate insecticide propoxur.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Brooke
- Medical Entomology, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology of the South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.
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31
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Abstract
The macrophage mannose receptor mediates phagocytosis of pathogenic microorganisms and endocytosis of potentially harmful soluble glycoproteins by recognition of their defining carbohydrate structures. The mannose receptor is the prototype for a family of receptors each having an extracellular region consisting of 8-10 domains related to C-type carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), a fibronectin type II repeat and an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain. Hydrodynamic analysis and proteolysis experiments performed on fragments of the extracellular region of the receptor have been used to investigate its conformation. Size and shape parameters derived from sedimentation and diffusion coefficients indicate that the receptor is a monomeric, elongated and asymmetric molecule. Proteolysis experiments indicate the presence of close contacts between several pairs of domains and exposed linker regions separating CRDs 3 and 6 from their neighboring domains. Hydrodynamic coefficients predicted for modeled receptor conformations are consistent with an extended conformation with close contacts between three pairs of CRDs. The N-terminal cysteine-rich domain and the fibronectin type II repeat appear to increase the rigidity of the molecule. The rigid, extended conformation of the receptor places domains with different functions at distinct positions with respect to the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Napper
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Taylor
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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33
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Sleigh AK, Phillips WA, Adkins CJ, Taylor ME. A quantitative analysis of the inelastic electron tunnelling spectrum of the formate ion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/19/33/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Feinberg H, Park-Snyder S, Kolatkar AR, Heise CT, Taylor ME, Weis WI. Structure of a C-type carbohydrate recognition domain from the macrophage mannose receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:21539-48. [PMID: 10779515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002366200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mannose receptor of macrophages and liver endothelium mediates clearance of pathogenic organisms and potentially harmful glycoconjugates. The extracellular portion of the receptor includes eight C-type carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), of which one, CRD-4, shows detectable binding to monosaccharide ligands. We have determined the crystal structure of CRD-4. Although the basic C-type lectin fold is preserved, a loop extends away from the core of the domain to form a domain-swapped dimer in the crystal. Of the two Ca(2+) sites, only the principal site known to mediate carbohydrate binding in other C-type lectins is occupied. This site is altered in a way that makes sugar binding impossible in the mode observed in other C-type lectins. The structure is likely to represent an endosomal form of the domain formed when Ca(2+) is lost from the auxiliary calcium site. The structure suggests a mechanism for endosomal ligand release in which the auxiliary calcium site serves as a pH sensor. Acid pH-induced removal of this Ca(2+) results in conformational rearrangements of the receptor, rendering it unable to bind carbohydrate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Feinberg
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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35
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Taylor ME, Haffty BG, Shank BM, Halberg FE, Martinez AA, McCormick B, McNeese MD, Mendenhall NP, Mitchell SE, Rabinovitch RA, Solin LJ, Singletary SE, Leibel S, Recht A. Postmastectomy radiotherapy. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology 2000; 215 Suppl:1153-70. [PMID: 11037539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Taylor
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Mo., USA
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36
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Rabinovitch RA, Solin LJ, Shank BM, Haffty BG, Halberg FE, Martinez AA, McCormick B, McNeese MD, Mendenhall NP, Mitchell SE, Taylor ME, Singletary SE, Leibel S. Ductal carcinoma in situ and microinvasive disease. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology 2000; 215 Suppl:1137-52. [PMID: 11037538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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37
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McCormick B, Mendenhall NP, Shank BM, Haffty BG, Halberg FE, Martinez AA, McNeese MD, Mitchell SE, Rabinovitch RA, Solin LJ, Taylor ME, Singletary SE, Leibel S. Local regional recurrence and salvage surgery. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology 2000; 215 Suppl:1181-92. [PMID: 11037541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/radiotherapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/surgery
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
- Reoperation
- Salvage Therapy
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- B McCormick
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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38
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McNeese MD, Mitchell SE, Shank BM, Haffty BG, Halberg FE, Martinez AA, McCormick B, Mendenhall NP, Rabinovitch RA, Solin LJ, Taylor ME, Singletary SE, Leibel S. Locally advanced breast cancer. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology 2000; 215 Suppl:1171-80. [PMID: 11037540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D McNeese
- University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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39
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Halberg FE, Shank BM, Haffty BG, Martinez AA, McCormick B, McNeese MD, Mendenhall NP, Mitchell SE, Rabinovitch RA, Solin LJ, Taylor ME, Singletary SE, Leibel S. Conservative surgery and radiation in the treatment of stage I and II carcinoma of the breast. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology 2000; 215 Suppl:1193-205. [PMID: 11037542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Lobular/surgery
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Mastectomy, Segmental
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Halberg
- Marin Cancer Institute, Greenbrae, Calif., USA
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40
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Simpson DZ, Hitchen PG, Elmhirst EL, Taylor ME. Multiple interactions between pituitary hormones and the mannose receptor. Biochem J 1999; 343 Pt 2:403-11. [PMID: 10510307 PMCID: PMC1220568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The macrophage mannose receptor, which has a well-documented role in the innate immune system, has an additional function in the clearance of pituitary hormones. Clearance is mediated by the recognition of sulphated terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residues (SO(4)-4GalNAc) on the hormones. Previous studies with an SO(4)-4GalNAc-containing neoglycoprotein suggest that the SO(4)-4GalNAc-binding site is localized to the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the receptor, distinct from the mannose/N-acetylglucosamine/fucose-specific C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). The present study characterizes the binding of natural pituitary hormone ligands to a soluble portion of the mannose receptor consisting of the whole extracellular domain and to a truncated form containing the eight CRDs but lacking the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain and the fibronectin type II repeat. Both forms of the receptor show high-affinity saturable binding of lutropin and thyrotropin. Binding to the full-length receptor is dependent on pH and ionic strength and is inhibited effectively by SO(4)-4GalNAc but only partly by mannose. In contrast, binding to the truncated form of the receptor, which is also dependent on pH and ionic strength, is inhibited by mannose but not by SO(4)-4GalNAc. The results are consistent with the presence of an SO(4)-4GalNAc-specific binding site in the cysteine-rich domain of the mannose receptor but indicate that interactions between other sugars on the hormones and the CRDs are also important in hormone binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Z Simpson
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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41
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Taylor ME, Oppenheim BA, Chadwick PR, Weston D, Palepou MF, Woodford N, Bellis M. Detection of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in routine diagnostic faeces specimens. J Hosp Infect 1999; 43:25-32. [PMID: 10462636 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.1999.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Faeces received in a diagnostic laboratory were screened for glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) on modified Lewisham medium, with and without enrichment in Enterococcosel broth. Colonization by GRE was detected in 102/838 patients (12.2%). In 74 (73%) of colonized patients GRE were detected by both methods and in 28 (27%) they were detected only after enrichment. The carriage rate in hospitalized patients was 32% (93/289) compared with 2.3% (11/425) in the community (GP patients and food-handlers). Carriage of GRE increased with age. Clostridium difficile isolation was associated with GRE colonization, odds ratio 6.76 (P<0.001). Fifty-nine percent (60/102) of the GRE had the VanA phenotype and 41% (42/102) had the VanB phenotype. In the community VanA predominated (91%), whereas 64% (57/89) of the isolates from hospitalised patients were of the VanB phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Taylor
- Manchester PHL, Withington Hospital, West Didsbury, Manchester, M20 2LR
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42
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Myerson RJ, Straube WL, Moros EG, Emami BN, Lee HK, Perez CA, Taylor ME. Simultaneous superficial hyperthermia and external radiotherapy: report of thermal dosimetry and tolerance to treatment. Int J Hyperthermia 1999; 15:251-66. [PMID: 10458566 DOI: 10.1080/026567399285639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and animal studies indicate that a moderate temperature of 41 degrees C maintained for approximately 1 h will provide radiosensitization if radiation (RT) and hyperthermia (HT) are delivered simultaneously, but not with sequential treatment. A minimum tumour temperature of 41 degrees C is a more feasible goal than the goal of >42 degrees C needed for sequential treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS Forty-four patients with 47 recurrent superficial cancers received simultaneous external beam radiotherapy and superficial hyperthermia on successive IRB approved phase I/II studies. All lesions had failed previous therapy, 35 were previously irradiated (mean dose 52.7 Gy). Hyperthermia was delivered with 915 MHz microwave or 1-3.5 MHz ultrasound using commercially available applicators. The average dimensions of 19 lesions treated with microwave were 4.7 x 3.6 x 1.7 cm and the average dimensions of 28 lesions treated with ultrasound were 8.0 x 6.1 x 2.9 cm. The most common sites were chest wall (15 cases) and head and neck (21 cases). Temperatures were monitored at an average of six intratumoral locations using multisensor probes. The median number of hyperthermia treatments was three and the median radiation dose 30 Gy. Radiation dose per fraction was 4 Gy with hyperthermia and 2 Gy or 4 Gy (depending on protocol) on non-hyperthermia days. RESULTS Six different measures of minimum monitored temperature and duration were found to be highly correlated with each other. There was nearly a one-to-one correspondence between minimum tumour time at or above 41 degrees C (Min t41) and minimum tumour Sapareto Dewey equivalent time at 42 degrees C (Min teq42). After four sessions 63% of cases had a per session average Sapareto Dewey equivalent time at 41 degrees C which exceeded 60 min in all monitored tumour locations. The complete and partial response rate in evaluable lesions were respectively 21/41 (51%) and 7/41 (17%) and were best correlated with site (chest wall showing best response). Toxicity consisted of 10/47 (21%) slow healing soft tissue ulcers which healed in all cases but required a median of 7 months. The most important predictors for chronic ulceration were cumulative radiation dose >80 Gy and complete response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS Minimum tumour temperatures maintained for durations compatible in vitro with thermal radiosensitization (if RT and HT are delivered simultaneously) are clinically feasible and tolerable for broad but superficial lesions amenable to externally applied ultrasound or microwave hyperthermia. The current in-house protocol is evaluating the impact of more than four hyperthermia sessions on the overall thermal dose distribution and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Myerson
- Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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43
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Adelstein DJ, Rice TW, Rybicki LA, Larto MA, Koka A, Taylor ME, Olencki TE, Peereboom DM, Budd GT. Mature results from a phase II trial of accelerated induction chemoradiotherapy and surgery for poor prognosis stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 1999; 22:237-42. [PMID: 10362328 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-199906000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mature results are reported from a phase II trial of accelerated induction chemoradiotherapy and surgical resection for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer whose prognosis is poor. Surgically staged patients with poor prognosis stage III non-small-cell lung cancer were eligible for this study. Four-day continuous intravenous infusions of cisplatin 20 mg/m2/day, 5-fluorouracil 1,000 mg/m2/day, and etoposide 75 mg/m2/day were given concurrently with accelerated fractionation radiation therapy, 1.5 Gy twice a day, to a total dose of 27 Gy. Surgical resection followed in 4 weeks. Identical postoperative chemotherapy and concurrent radiation to a total dose of 40 to 63 Gy was subsequently given. Between February 1991 and June 1994, 42 eligible and evaluable patients, 23 with stage IIIA disease and 19 with stage IIIB disease, were entered in this trial. Treatment was well tolerated. The pathologic response rate was 40%. This response was complete in 5%. With a median follow-up of 54 months, the Kaplan-Meier 4-year survival estimate is 19%: 26% for stage IIIA and 11% for stage IIIB patients. Patients with a pathologic response, resectable disease, or pathologic downstaging to stage 0, I, or II had a better survival. The 4-year estimates of locoregional and distant disease control are 70% and 19%, respectively. It is concluded that although the ultimate role of concurrent chemoradiotherapy and surgery in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer must await the results of phase III clinical trials, survival and locoregional control in this study appear improved in comparison with historical experience. There is a subset of patients, able to undergo resection with pathologic downstaging, who have a projected survival equivalent to that of patients with more limited disease. Clinical or pathologic tools to identify these patients before treatment would be highly useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Adelstein
- Department of Hematology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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44
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Abstract
The composition, biosynthesis and known roles of oligosaccharides that are attached to glycoproteins suggest that multiple forces have driven the evolution of proteins that create and recognize these structures. The evolution of glycoprotein biosynthesis and recognition mechanisms can be best understood as a sequential development of functions associated with oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Drickamer
- Dept of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK.
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45
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Hitchen PG, Mullin NP, Taylor ME. Orientation of sugars bound to the principal C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain of the macrophage mannose receptor. Biochem J 1998; 333 ( Pt 3):601-8. [PMID: 9677318 PMCID: PMC1219622 DOI: 10.1042/bj3330601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular region of the macrophage mannose receptor, a protein involved in the innate immune response, contains eight C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). The fourth of these domains, CRD-4, is central to ligand binding by the receptor, and binds mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine by direct ligation to Ca2+. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with NMR and molecular modelling have been used to determine the orientation of monosaccharides bound to CRD-4. Two resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of CRD-4 that are perturbed on sugar binding are identified as a methyl proton from a leucine side chain in the core of the domain and the H-2 proton of a histidine close to the predicted sugar-binding site. The effects of mutagenesis of this histidine residue, a nearby isoleucine residue and a tyrosine residue previously shown to stack against sugars bound to CRD-4 show the absolute orientation of sugars in the binding site. N-Acetylglucosamine binds to CRD-4 of the mannose receptor in the orientation seen in crystal structures of the CRD of rat liver mannose-binding protein. Mannose binds to CRD-4 in the orientation seen in the CRD of rat serum mannose-binding protein and is rotated by 180 degrees relative to GlcNAc bound to CRD-4. Interaction of the O-methyl group and C-1 of alpha-methyl Fuc with the tyrosine residue accounts for the strong preference of CRD-4 for this anomer of fucose. Both anomers of fucose bind to CRD-4 in the orientation seen in rat liver mannose-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Hitchen
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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46
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47
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Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions serve multiple functions in the immune system. Many animal lectins (sugar-binding proteins) mediate both pathogen recognition and cell-cell interactions using structurally related Ca(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition domains (C-type CRDs). Pathogen recognition by soluble collections such as serum mannose-binding protein and pulmonary surfactant proteins, and also the macrophage cell-surface mannose receptor, is effected by binding of terminal monosaccharide residues characteristic of bacterial and fungal cell surfaces. The broad selectivity of the monosaccharide-binding site and the geometrical arrangement of multiple CRDs in the intact lectins explains the ability of the proteins to mediate discrimination between self and non-self. In contrast, the much narrower binding specificity of selectin cell adhesion molecules results from an extended binding site within a single CRD. Other proteins, particularly receptors on the surface of natural killer cells, contain C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs) that are evolutionarily divergent from the C-type lectins and which would be predicted to function through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Weis
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Increasing numbers of elderly people are being treated in hospitals and are at particular risk of acquiring infections. The incidence, risk factors and types of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) in the elderly are reviewed. Special reference is made to urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal infections including Clostridium difficile, bacteraemia, skin and soft tissue infections and infections with antibiotic-resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Taylor
- Public Health Laboratory, Withington Hospital, West Didsbury, Manchester, UK
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49
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Abstract
Intensification of polio eradication efforts worldwide raises concerns about costs and benefits for poor countries. A major argument for global funding is the high benefit-cost ratio of eradication; however, financial benefits are greatest for rich countries. By contrast, the greatest costs are borne by poor countries; the Pan American Health Organization has estimated that host countries bore 80% of costs for polio eradication in the Americas. The 1988 World Health Assembly resolution setting up the Polio Eradication Initiative carried the proviso that programs should strengthen health infrastructures. Drastic cuts in donor funding for health make this commitment even more important. Two international evaluations have reported both positive and negative effects of polio and Expanded Programme on Immunization programs on the functioning and sustainability of primary health care. Negative effects were greatest in poor countries with many other diseases of public health importance. If poor countries are expected to divert funds from their own urgent priorities, donors should make solid commitments to long-term support for sustainable health development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Taylor
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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