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Akinci B, Onay H, Demir T, Ozen S, Kayserili H, Akinci G, Nur B, Tuysuz B, Nuri Ozbek M, Gungor A, Yildirim Simsir I, Altay C, Demir L, Simsek E, Atmaca M, Topaloglu H, Bilen H, Atmaca H, Atik T, Cavdar U, Altunoglu U, Aslanger A, Mihci E, Secil M, Saygili F, Comlekci A, Garg A. Natural History of Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy: A Nationwide Study From Turkey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2759-67. [PMID: 27144933 PMCID: PMC7958923 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by near-total lack of body fat. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study natural history and disease burden of various subtypes of CGL. DESIGN We attempted to ascertain nearly all patients with CGL in Turkey. SETTING This was a nationwide study. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Participants included 33 patients (22 families) with CGL and 30 healthy controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We wanted to ascertain genotypes by sequencing of the known genes. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the extent of fat loss. Metabolic abnormalities and end-organ complications were measured on prospective follow-up. RESULTS Analysis of the AGPAT2 gene revealed four previously reported and four novel mutations (CGL1; c.144C>A, c.667_705delinsCTGCG, c.268delC, and c.316+1G>T). Analysis of the BSCL2 gene revealed four different homozygous and one compound heterozygous possible disease-causing mutations (CGL2), including four novel mutations (c.280C>T, c.631delG, c.62A>T, and c.465-468delGACT). Two homozygous PTRF mutations (c.481-482insGTGA and c.259C>T) were identified (CGL4). Patients with CGL1 had preservation of adipose tissue in the palms, soles, scalp, and orbital region, and had relatively lower serum adiponectin levels as compared to CGL2 patients. CGL4 patients had myopathy and other distinct clinical features. All patients developed various metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance. Hepatic involvement was more severe in CGL2. End-organ complications were observed at young ages. Two patients died at age 62 years from cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS CGL patients from Turkey had both previously reported and novel mutations of the AGPAT2, BSCL2, and PTRF genes. Our study highlights the early onset of severe metabolic abnormalities and increased risk of end-organ complications in patients with CGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Akinci
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Huseyin Onay
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tevfik Demir
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Samim Ozen
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gulcin Akinci
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Banu Nur
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Beyhan Tuysuz
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mehmet Nuri Ozbek
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Adem Gungor
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ilgin Yildirim Simsir
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Canan Altay
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Leyla Demir
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Enver Simsek
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Murat Atmaca
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Haluk Topaloglu
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Habib Bilen
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hulusi Atmaca
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tahir Atik
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Umit Cavdar
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ayca Aslanger
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ercan Mihci
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mustafa Secil
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Fusun Saygili
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Abdurrahman Comlekci
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Abhimanyu Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine (B.A., T.D., U.C., A.C.), Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.O., S.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (S.O.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H.K., U.A.), Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics (H,K., A.A.), Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.A.), Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.N., E.M.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (B.T.), Division of Genetics, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (A.G., H.B.S), Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Y.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Radiology (C.A., M.S.), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry (L.D., F.S.), Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (M.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (H.T.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine (H.A.), Division of Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.), Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; and Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition (A.G.), Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Bertolotto M, Derchi LE, Secil M, Dogra V, Sidhu PS, Clements R, Freeman S, Grenier N, Mannelli L, Ramchandani P, Cicero C, Abete L, Bussani R, Rocher L, Spencer J, Tsili A, Valentino M, Pavlica P. Grayscale and color Doppler features of testicular lymphoma. J Ultrasound Med 2015; 34:1139-1145. [PMID: 26014335 PMCID: PMC4977091 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.34.6.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pooled data from 16 radiology centers were retrospectively analyzed to seek patients with pathologically proven testicular lymphoma and grayscale and color Doppler images available for review. Forty-three cases were found: 36 (84%) primary and 7 (16%) secondary testicular lymphoma. With unilateral primary lymphoma, involvement was unifocal (n = 10), multifocal (n = 11), or diffuse (n = 11). Synchronous bilateral involvement occurred in 6 patients. Color Doppler sonography showed normal testicular vessels within the tumor in 31 of 43 lymphomas (72%). Testicular lymphoma infiltrates through the tubules, preserving the normal vascular architecture of the testis. Depiction of normal testicular vessels crossing the lesion is a useful adjunctive diagnostic criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bertolotto
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.).
| | - Lorenzo E Derchi
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Mustafa Secil
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Vikram Dogra
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Paul S Sidhu
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Richard Clements
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Simon Freeman
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Nicolas Grenier
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Mannelli
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Parvati Ramchandani
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Calogero Cicero
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Luca Abete
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Rossana Bussani
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Laurence Rocher
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - John Spencer
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Athina Tsili
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Massimo Valentino
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
| | - Pietro Pavlica
- Departments of Radiology (M.B.) and Pathology (R.B.), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Department of Radiology (L.E.D.), and Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Settore Anatomia Patologica (L.A.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (M.S.); University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York USA (V.D.); Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, England (P.S.S.); Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, England (R.C.); X-Ray West, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, England (S.F.); Service d'Imagerie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle de l'Adulte, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (N.G.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA (L.M.); Department of Genitourinary Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA (P.R.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Italy (C.C.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France (L.R.); Department of Clinical Radiology, St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds England (J.S.); Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (A.T.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Tolmezzo, Italy (M.V.); and Servizio di Diagnostica per Immagini, Villalba Hospital, Bologna, Italy (P.P.)
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