S2k guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of linear IgA dermatosis initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

INTRODUCTION

Linear IgA dermatosis (LAD) is a rare subepidermal autoimmune bullous disease (AIBD) defined by predominant or exclusive immune deposits of immunoglobulin A at the basement membrane zone of skin or mucous membranes. This disorder is a rare, clinically and immunologically heterogeneous disease occurring both in children and in adults. The aim of this project is to present the main clinical features of LAD, to propose a diagnostic algorithm and provide management guidelines based primarily on experts' opinion because of the lack of large methodologically sound clinical studies.

METHODS

These guidelines were initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) Task Force Autoimmune Bullous Diseases (AIBD). To achieve a broad consensus for these S2k consensus-based guidelines, a total of 29 experts from different countries, both European and non-European, including dermatologists, paediatric dermatologists and paediatricians were invited. All members of the guidelines committee agreed to develop consensus-based (S2k) guidelines. Prior to a first virtual consensus meeting, each of the invited authors elaborated a section of the present guidelines focusing on a selected topic, based on the relevant literature. All drafts were circulated among members of the writing group, and recommendations were discussed and voted during two hybrid consensus meetings.

RESULTS

The guidelines summarizes evidence-based and expert opinion-based recommendations (S2 level) on the diagnosis and treatment of LAD.

CONCLUSION

These guidelines will support dermatologists to improve their knowledge on the diagnosis and management of LAD.

Infectious Disease Screening Prior to Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Consensus Guidelines from the Asia-Pacific Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation

BACKGROUND

Current infectious disease screening recommendations for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are adopted from recommendations in chronic plaque psoriasis. No HS-specific guidelines for infectious disease screening prior to immunomodulatory therapy have been developed.

OBJECTIVES

To establish an expert Delphi consensus of recommendations regarding infectious disease screening prior to systemic immunomodulatory therapy in HS.

METHODS

Participants were identified via recent publications in the field and were sent a questionnaire regarding infectious diseases encountered in the setting of HS, and opinions regarding infectious disease screening prior to various systemic immunomodulatory therapies. All questions were informed by a systematic literature review regarding infections exacerbated or precipitated by immunomodulatory therapy. Questionnaire responses were followed by round-table discussion with a core group of 8 experts followed by a final round of questionnaires resulting in achievement of consensus.

RESULTS

44 expert HS physicians from 12 countries on 5 continents participated in the development of the expert consensus recommendations. Consensus recommendations include screening for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and tuberculosis in all individuals with HS prior to therapy. All immunomodulatory therapies (biologic and systemic immunosuppressant therapy) should be preceded by infectious disease screening including patient and location specific considerations for endemic local diseases and high-risk activities and occupations. Clinical assessment has a significant role in determining the need for laboratory screening in the setting of many uncommon or tropical diseases such as leprosy, leishmaniasis and strongyloidiasis.

CONCLUSIONS

The presented consensus recommendations are the first specifically developed for pre-treatment infectious disease screening in Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

Teledermatology in an emergency department: benefits and gaps

BACKGROUND

Teledermatology has provided new avenues through which dermatologists can provide healthcare. Teledermatology was introduced to the Emergency Department (ED) to enable immediate dermatological consult. We aimed to assess the impact of teledermatology on the management of dermatological conditions by emergency medicine physicians and subsequent health resource utilization.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective review of teledermatology referrals from the ED of our tertiary hospital in Singapore from June 2015 to December 2019. The dermatological conditions, the triaging and treatment recommendations were analyzed. Follow-up plans were recorded.

RESULTS

Between June 2015 and December 2019, 147 patients were referred from the ED via teledermatology; 11 (7.5%) were admitted, and 136 (92.5%) were recommended to be discharged with a dermatological diagnosis and management plan. If required, a follow-up appointment in the dermatology specialist clinic was arranged. Of the 136 patients who were discharged, 129 (94.9%) patients were provided with outpatient appointment in the dermatology clinic, out of which 110 patients returned for follow-up. 90 (81.8%) patients retained the initial teledermatology diagnoses and 20 (18.2%) patients had their teledermatology diagnoses revised after in-person review.

CONCLUSIONS

Teledermatology allows for more efficient triaging of patients with dermatological conditions. Reliability between teledermatology and clinic-based examination is good. Patients may be managed mainly in the outpatient setting with appropriate specialty-directed treatment, return advice, and appropriately-triaged follow-up outpatient appointment.

Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of hidradenitis suppurativa among young adults in Singapore

Background

The prevalence of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is 0.00033% to 4.10% globally. Few epidemiological studies derive from Asia, with social stigmatization postulated to result in under-diagnosis.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the self-reported prevalence of HS, and the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards HS among Singaporean young-adults.

Methods

A cross-sectional study (n = 158) was conducted by anonymous online questionnaire. The association between demographic factors and risk of potentially undiagnosed HS was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Differences between attitude-perception scores by demographic factors and knowledge of HS were tested using two-sample t-tests.

Results

The prevalence of diagnosed and potentially undiagnosed HS was 0.63% and 8.9%, respectively. Non-Chinese had significantly higher social attitude-perception scores than Chinese (P = .029). Females had significantly higher social (P = .048) as well as economic and work (P = .037) attitude-perception scores than males. Those with knowledge of HS had significantly higher attitude-perception scores for interpersonal (P = .031) and social (P = .0052) subsections.

Limitations

Small sample size, low frequency of HS cases, and self-reported prevalence may not generalize to the broader population in Singapore.

Conclusion

Our results suggest a potential underdiagnosis of HS. Non-Chinese stigmatize HS less than Chinese, and females less than males. Individuals with knowledge of HS might be more open to interpersonal and social interactions with HS sufferers.

Understanding Discordant Perceptions of Disease Severity Between Physicians and Patients With Eczema and Psoriasis Using Structural Equation Modeling

Importance

Patients and physicians often have differing opinions on the patient's disease severity. This phenomenon, termed discordant severity grading (DSG), hinders the patient-physician relationship and is a source of frustration.

Objective

To test and validate a model explaining the cognitive, behavioral, and disease factors associated with DSG.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A qualitative study was first performed to derive a theoretical model. In this subsequent prospective cross-sectional quantitative study, the qualitatively derived theoretical model was validated using structural equation modeling (SEM). Recruitment was conducted between October 2021 and September 2022. This was a multicenter study in 3 Singapore outpatient tertiary dermatological centers. Dermatology patients and their attending physicians were recruited by convenience sampling. Patients were aged 18 to 99 years with psoriasis or eczema of at least 3 months' duration and recruited only once. The data were analyzed between October 2022 to May 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The outcome was the difference between global disease severity (0-10 numerical rating scale with a higher score indicating greater severity) as independently scored by the patient and the dermatologist. Positive discordance was defined as patient-graded severity more than 2 points higher (graded more severely) than physicians, and negative discordance if more than 2 points lower than physicians. Confirmatory factor analysis followed by SEM was used to assess the associations between preidentified patient, physician, and disease factors with the difference in severity grading.

Results

Of the 1053 patients (mean [SD] age, 43.5 [17.5] years), a total of 579 (55.0%) patients were male, 802 (76.2%) had eczema, and 251 (23.8%) had psoriasis. Of 44 physicians recruited, 20 (45.5%) were male, 24 (54.5%) were aged between 31 and 40 years, 20 were senior residents or fellows, and 14 were consultants or attending physicians. The median (IQR) number of patients recruited per physician was 5 (2-18) patients. Of 1053 patient-physician pairs, 487 pairs (46.3%) demonstrated discordance (positive, 447 [42.4%]; negative, 40 [3.8%]). Agreement between patient and physician rating was poor (intraclass correlation, 0.27). The SEM analyses showed that positive discordance was associated with higher symptom expression (standardized coefficient B = 0.12; P = .02) and greater quality-of-life impairment (B = 0.31; P < .001), but not patient or physician demographics. A higher quality-of-life impairment was in turn associated with lower resilience and stability (B = -0.23; P < .001), increased negative social comparisons (B = 0.45; P < .001), lower self-efficacy (B = -0.11; P = .02), increased disease cyclicity (B = 0.47; P < .001), and greater expectation of chronicity (B = 0.18; P < .001). The model was well-fitted (Tucker-Lewis: 0.94; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: 0.034).

Conclusions and Relevance

This cross-sectional study identified various modifiable contributory factors to DSG, increased understanding of the phenomenon, and set a framework for targeted interventions to bridge this discordance.

S2k guidelines on the management of paraneoplastic pemphigus/paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV)

BACKGROUND

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP), also called paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome (PAMS), is a rare autoimmune disease with mucocutaneous and multi-organ involvement. PNP/PAMS is typically associated with lymphoproliferative or haematological malignancies, and less frequently with solid malignancies. The mortality rate of PNP/PAMS is elevated owing to the increased risk of severe infections and disease-associated complications, such as bronchiolitis obliterans.

OBJECTIVES

These guidelines summarize evidence-based and expert-based recommendations (S2k level) for the clinical characterization, diagnosis and management of PNP/PAMS. They have been initiated by the Task Force Autoimmune Blistering Diseases of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology with the contribution of physicians from all relevant disciplines. The degree of consent among all task force members was included.

RESULTS

Chronic severe mucositis and polymorphic skin lesions are clue clinical characteristics of PNP/PAMS. A complete assessment of the patient with suspected PNP/PAMS, requiring histopathological study and immunopathological investigations, including direct and indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA and, where available, immunoblotting/immunoprecipitation, is recommended to achieve a diagnosis of PNP/PAMS. Detection of anti-envoplakin antibodies and/or circulating antibodies binding to the rat bladder epithelium at indirect immunofluorescence is the most specific tool for the diagnosis of PNP/PAMS in a patient with compatible clinical and anamnestic features. Treatment of PNP/PAMS is highly challenging. Systemic steroids up to 1.5 mg/kg/day are recommended as first-line option. Rituximab is also recommended in patients with PNP/PAMS secondary to lymphoproliferative conditions but might also be considered in cases of PNP/PAMS associated with solid tumours. A multidisciplinary approach involving pneumologists, ophthalmologists and onco-haematologists is recommended for optimal management of the patients.

CONCLUSIONS

These are the first European guidelines for the diagnosis and management of PNP/PAMS. Diagnostic criteria and therapeutic recommendations will require further validation by prospective studies.

Malignancy-associated generalised exfoliative dermatitis: A retrospective study in a single-centre Asian cohort

BACKGROUND

Erythroderma is an inflammatory skin condition that causes extensive erythema and skin scaling amounting ≥90% of the body surface area. This retrospective cohort study describes the prevalence of malignancy-associated erythroderma in a single centre where there was concerted effort to systematically offer malignancy screens to all adult erythroderma patients above the age of 65 years.

METHODS

Clinical charts were reviewed for all adult inpatients and outpatients with erythroderma who attended the National University Hospital (NUH) from 1 July 2019 to 31 December 2021. Data collected included patient demographics, clinical findings, laboratory investigations, disease-specific investigations such as endoscopic procedures and biopsies, follow-up duration and mortality data.

RESULTS

Seventy-four patients were analysed. The median age of the patients was 73 years old (interquartile range: 59-81 years old). An underlying dermatosis was the most common cause of erythroderma-63 patients having atopic dermatitis/asteatotic eczema or psoriasis. Three patients had erythroderma from drug eruptions, and 1 patient had chronic actinic dermatitis. Four patients had associated malignancies (5.4%). Half of our patients completed further evaluation for malignancy (52.7%). The rest had either declined or were eventually unable to complete the investigations. There was a higher prevalence of associated malignancy (7.8%) in elderly patients above 65 years old.

CONCLUSION

When compared to existing literature, our cohort reflects a higher observed occurrence of malignancy in association with erythroderma. As delays in evaluation for underlying malignancy could result in potentially deleterious outcomes, it is prudent to consider systematic screening for malignancy in high-risk populations such as elderly erythroderma patients.

Case Report of a Novel Association between Anti-p200 Pemphigoid and Acquired Haemophilia A

Anti-p200 pemphigoid is an uncommon subepidermal autoimmune bullous disease that, unlike many other autoimmune bullous diseases, has not previously been associated with hematological diseases. The diagnosis of anti-p200 pemphigoid in a patient with congruent clinical features requires the demonstration of subepidermal blistering, with linear deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and/or C3 at the dermoepidermal junction on direct immunofluorescence, and a floor-binding pattern on indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, the detection of antibodies against p200 antigen via immunoblotting is ideal but not readily accessible in many facilities, leading to a potential under-recognition and under-diagnosis of this condition. In this case report, we describe a 53-year-old gentleman with recently diagnosed acquired hemophilia A who developed a concurrent vesiculobullous eruption and was evaluated to have anti-p200 pemphigoid. Both of his conditions were controlled with immunosuppression via prednisolone and cyclophosphamide. While we acknowledge the contemporaneous occurrence of both diseases in this patient may be a mere coincidence, it is important to recognize the possibility of this association given the potential clinical significance. Whether the activity of one disease parallels the other will require further evaluation.

Dermatologists' Perceptions of the Use of Teledermatology in Managing Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Survey Study

BACKGROUND

The field of teledermatology has expanded tremendously and has been used for conditions including hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). However, due to the sensitive location of lesions, HS may be considered less suitable for teledermatology.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to assess dermatologists' experiences and perceptions toward using teledermatology for HS relative to atopic dermatitis (AD) as a comparison.

METHODS

A survey was disseminated electronically to practicing dermatologists in the Asia-Pacific region between February and June 2022. Differences in attitudes and perceptions between HS and AD were compared using random-effects ordered logistic regression, controlling for demographics.

RESULTS

A total of 100 responses were obtained comprising of 76 (81.7%) dermatologists and 17 (18.3%) dermatology trainees; 62.6% (62/98) of physicians were uncomfortable with using teledermatology for HS. Multivariable regression confirmed increased perceived challenges with managing HS using teledermatology compared to AD. These challenges include the need for photography of hard-to-reach or sensitive areas (odds ratio [OR] 4.71, 95% CI 2.44-9.07; P<.001), difficulties in accurate assessment of severity (OR 2.66, 95%CI 1.48-4.79; P=.001), and inability to palpate lesions (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.23-4.18; P=.009).

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirms the relative reluctance of dermatologists to use teledermatology for HS and complements existing data showing mixed levels of willingness from patients. The use of teledermatology for HS may need to be optimized to overcome these challenges, including increasing security features, selection of patients with milder or limited diseases, and selecting patients with an established and strong doctor-patient relationship.

The psychosocial burden of hidradenitis suppurativa in Singapore

Background

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic debilitating inflammatory skin disorder known to result in significant psychological symptoms and impaired quality of life. However, most of these studies are limited to western countries, with limited data from other sociocultural regions.

Objective

To understand the psychosocial burden of HS in the Asian context, by exploring the correlation between objective disease measures with psychosocial health and work productivity.

Methods

A prospective single-center questionnaire study was conducted. A total of 45 patients with HS completed a questionnaire and examination by a dermatologist.

Results

Higher objective disease severity scores (Hurley, physician global assessment, International Hidradenitis Suppurative Severity, and modified Sartorius) correlated with poorer quality of life (Dermatology Life Quality Index and Patient Global Assessment), increased anxiety and depression (hospital anxiety and depression scale) and at-work productivity loss. There was no significant correlation between objective disease severity and other domains Work productivity and activity impairment score or self-esteem (Rosenburg Self-Esteem Scale).

Limitations

The main limitation of our study is the small sample size, assessment at a single time point, and lack of control cohort.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate the impact of HS on a patient's psychosocial well-being and emphasize the importance of treating patients from a holistic standpoint.

Updated S2 K guidelines for the management of bullous pemphigoid initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV)

BACKGROUND

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes. This disease typically affects the elderly and presents with itch and localized or, most frequently, generalized bullous lesions. A subset of patients only develops excoriations, prurigo-like lesions, and eczematous and/or urticarial erythematous lesions. The disease, which is significantly associated with neurological disorders, has high morbidity and severely impacts the quality of life.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

The Autoimmune blistering diseases Task Force of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology sought to update the guidelines for the management of BP based on new clinical information, and new evidence on diagnostic tools and interventions. The recommendations are either evidence-based or rely on expert opinion. The degree of consent among all task force members was included.

RESULTS

Treatment depends on the severity of BP and patients' comorbidities. High-potency topical corticosteroids are recommended as the mainstay of treatment whenever possible. Oral prednisone at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day is a recommended alternative. In case of contraindications or resistance to corticosteroids, immunosuppressive therapies, such as methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil or mycophenolate acid, may be recommended. The use of doxycycline and dapsone is controversial. They may be recommended, in particular, in patients with contraindications to oral corticosteroids. B-cell-depleting therapy and intravenous immunoglobulins may be considered in treatment-resistant cases. Omalizumab and dupilumab have recently shown promising results. The final version of the guideline was consented to by several patient organizations.

CONCLUSIONS

The guidelines for the management of BP were updated. They summarize evidence- and expert-based recommendations useful in clinical practice.

Qualitative analysis of topical corticosteroid concerns, topical steroid addiction and withdrawal in dermatological patients

OBJECTIVE

To explore the phenomenon of topical corticosteroid (TCS) phobia and comprehensively understand the factors driving TCS concerns, in particular pertaining to steroid addiction and withdrawal.

DESIGN

Prospective qualitative study using 1:1 in-depth semistructured interviews and analysed using grounded theory.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients with a prior experience of TCS use for a dermatological condition recruited from a tertiary academic dermatology clinic, or through word of mouth and online social media platforms.

RESULTS

26 participants encompassing those with positive, neutral and negative opinions towards TCS were interviewed. 13 reported having topical steroid addiction or withdrawal. The drivers of TCS concerns could be categorised into seven themes: attitudes towards TCS (comprising beliefs and knowledge about TCS), availability of alternatives, treatment inconvenience, personality, patient's ongoing evaluation of clinical response to TCS, doctor-patient relationship and healthcare-seeking behaviour. Of mention, patients placed high value and trust on their own experiences with TCS, such as their perceived experienced side effects. The doctor who failed to acknowledge the patient's opinions and instead emphasised the safety of TCS was often viewed as dismissive, resulting in a deteriorating patient-doctor relationship.

CONCLUSION

Provision of knowledge and education is important but may be ineffective if the basis for TCS concern regarding safety is reasonable, or when the patient has a firmly established belief supporting his/her concern. In such instances, failure to acknowledge and respect the patient's decision to avoid TCS could worsen the doctor-patient relationship.

Factors influencing use and perceptions of teledermatology: A mixed-methods study of 942 participants

Background

The protracted COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for a sustainable telemedicine practice.

Objective

To understand patient perceptions toward teledermatology.

Methods

Convergent parallel mixed-methods study of 942 dermatology patients or their caregivers between June 2020 and April 2021.

Results

Multivariate regression found that youth, increased computer use, willingness to show body areas over photo/video, perceived quality of teledermatology, demand for social distancing and to reduce commute were associated with willingness to use teledermatology. The willingness to use teledermatology declined with the easing of COVID-19 movement restrictions, and 48.5% reported a poorer experience with teledermatology than with in-person consultations. Qualitative data from 26 interviews showed that willingness to use is influenced by pragmatic considerations, emotional factors, and data privacy concerns. These were moderated by the patient's perception of disease severity and need for an accurate diagnosis.

Limitations

Lack of data prior to the pandemic and during the initial lockdown period.

Conclusion

The willingness to use teledermatology is influenced by circumstantial factors, technology literacy, views toward teledermatology, and factors driving the purpose of consultation. The declining willingness to use teledermatology with the easing pandemic, lower willingness to pay full in-clinic prices, and poorer experience compared with in-person consultations highlights the need to optimize this mode of delivery.

A Glance at the practice of Paediatric teledermatology Pre- and Post- COVID-19 pandemic (Preprint)

Background

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Extrapulmonary manifestations and complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

We aimed to describe the extrapulmonary manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, including their frequency, onset with respect to respiratory symptoms, pathogenesis and association with disease severity.

METHODS

We searched the MEDLINE and Embase databases for SARS-CoV-2-related studies. Meta-analysis, observational studies, case series and case reports published in English or Chinese between 1 January and 1 May 2020 were included. Reports with only paediatric or obstetric cases were excluded.

RESULTS

169 articles were included. Early manifestations (preceding respiratory symptoms until Day 6 of onset) included olfactory and gustatory disturbance (self-reported in up to 68% and 85% of cases, respectively), gastrointestinal symptoms (up to 65.9%) and rash (up to 20.4%). From Day 7 onwards, hypercytokinaemia, paralleled multi-organ complications including acute cardiac injury (pooled incidence of 17.7% in 1,412 patients, mostly with severe disease and 17.4% mortality), kidney and liver injury (up to 17% and 33%, respectively) and thrombocytopenia (up to 30%). Hypercoagulability resulted in venous thromboembolic events in up to 31% of all patients. Uncommon disease presentation and complications comprised Guillain-Barré syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, otitis media, meningoencephalitis and spontaneous pneumomediastinum.

CONCLUSION

Although the systemic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are variegated, they are deeply interwoven by shared mechanisms. Two phases of extrapulmonary disease were identified: (a) an early phase with possible gastrointestinal, ocular and cutaneous involvement and (b) a late phase characterised by multiorgan dysfunction and clinical deterioration. A clear, multidisciplinary consensus to define and approach thromboinflammation and cytokine release syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 is needed.

Two Cases of Dyskeratosis Congenita with Clinically Distinct Presentations, Seen in National University Hospital, Singapore

Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is a genodermatosis of variable inheritance and is often characterised by the classical triad of nail dysplasia, reticulate hyperpigmentation of upper chest and neck, and oral leukoplakia. We report 2 cases of DKC from National University Hospital, Singapore, whose clinical presentations differed greatly from each other. Dermatologists should hold a high index of suspicion for DKC in young patients who present without the classical triad of features, as early dermatological care can be instituted through reinforcement of rigorous sun protection and regular surveillance for skin cancers. Early diagnosis also offers physicians the time to organise haematopoietic stem cell transplantation if necessary, as bone marrow failure is often inevitable. As a multisystemic disease with high morbidity and mortality particularly from haematological complications if left undetected and untreated in the early stages, the role of the dermatologist in diagnosing DKC is a crucial one.

Steroid Phobia: Is There a Basis? A Review of Topical Steroid Safety, Addiction and Withdrawal

There is a growing concern amongst patients about topical corticosteroid (TCS) side effects, with increasing discussion of topical steroid addiction (TSA) and topical steroid withdrawal (TSW) particularly on social media platforms. However, the acceptance of TSA/TSW as a distinct condition remains controversial within the dermatological community. We conducted a literature search using PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Embase and Web of Science to identify original articles addressing TSA/TSW. We described the definition and reported clinical features of TSA/TSW including its classification into erythemato-edematous and papulopustular subtype. To assess the validity of TSA/TSW, we summarised and objectively appraised the postulated mechanisms for this condition, including tachyphylaxis, dysregulation of glucocorticoid receptors, rebound vasodilation and impaired skin barrier leading to a cytokine cascade. Understanding the evidence including its limitations and uncertainties highlights areas for future research and helps medical practitioners better counsel and provide care to patients who may be experiencing or who have concerns about TSA/TSW.

Hidradenitis suppurativa in South-East Asia and East Asia

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) in South-East Asia and East Asia shows distinct clinical, environmental, physiological and likely genetic differences compared with the West. A male predominance is present, which may be due to differences in smoking habits. Involvement of the buttocks is common in East Asian patients, while the axillae are most commonly affected in South-East Asian patients. Metabolic comorbidities are prevalent in South-East Asian and East Asian HS patients. A family history of HS is less common than noted in Western populations. Asian ethnic subgroups deserve further study.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Development of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Outcomes from Immune Checkpoint Blockade: A Case-Control Study

The utility of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) utility in predicting immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and survival have not been well studied in the context of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We performed a case-control study of cancer patients who received at least one dose of ICI in a tertiary hospital. We examined NLR and PLR in irAE cases and controls. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to identify independent risk factors for irAEs, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). The study included 91 patients with irAEs and 56 controls. Multiple logistic regression showed that NLR < 3 at baseline was associated with higher occurrence of irAEs. Multivariate Cox regression showed that development of irAEs and reduction in NLR from baseline to week 6 were associated with longer PFS. Higher NLR values at baseline and/or week 6 were independently associated with shorter OS. A reduction in NLR from baseline to week 6 was associated with longer OS. In this study of cancer patients treated with ICIs, NLR has a bidirectional relationship with adverse outcomes. Lower NLR was associated with increased occurrence of irAEs while higher NLR values were associated with worse clinical outcomes.

Radiofrequency ablation-induced thermal cutaneous injury in a neonate: A potential complication after intrauterine radiofrequency ablation

Over the years, the application and complications of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in selective fetal reduction for complex pregnancies have been increasingly documented. Despite its rising use in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, the cutaneous complications of RFA have not been commonly reported. Here, we present a case of cutaneous thermal injury to the fetus likely secondary to intrauterine RFA for fetal reduction.

Limited efficacy of diphenylcyclopropenone in the treatment of alopecia areata: Experience from a Tertiary Healthcare Institution in Singapore

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common cause of nonscarring hair loss. Diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) is a form of contact immunotherapy used in the treatment of AA. We retrospectively reviewed all patients who were diagnosed with AA over a 4-year period (1st January 2012 to 31st December 2015) and who have received DPCP. Forty patients were studied in total. The mean duration of disease prior to the study was 195 days. Patients received a mean number of 14.91 sessions (range: 1-65). The mean number of sessions required before clinical response was seen was 2.33 sessions, corresponding to 0.001% DPCP. Based on the modified Global Assessment Grading System, 33.5% (n = 11) of the patients experienced less than 25% improvement, 48.5% (n = 16) experienced 25%-74% improvement and 18.3% (n = 6) experienced more than 75% improvement. One patient had severe sensitisation reaction amounting to near erythroderma which resolved completely upon cessation of DPCP therapy. No other adverse reactions were noted in the cohort. DPCP remains a valuable tool in a dermatologist's armamentarium in treating alopecia areata as it is safe, well-tolerated, and shows limited efficacy.

Corticosteroid phobia: a questionnaire study using TOPICOP score

INTRODUCTION

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are commonly used in dermatology for their anti-inflammatory action. The recent development of the TOPICOP© (Topical Corticosteroid Phobia) scale to assess steroid phobia has made the quantification and comparison of steroid phobia easier. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of steroid phobia at our institute and identify sources from which patients obtain information regarding TCS.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was performed of dermatology patients regardless of steroid use. TOPICOP scale was used for the survey. Sources from which patients obtained information were identified and their level of trust in these sources assessed.

RESULTS

186 surveys were analysed. The median domain TOPICOP subscores were 38.9% (interquartile range [IQR] 27.8%-50.0%, standard deviation [SD] 24.4%) for knowledge and beliefs, 44.4% (IQR 33.3%-66.7%, SD 24.4%) for fears and 55.6% (IQR 33.3%-66.7%, SD 27.2%) for behaviour. The median global TOPICOP score was 44.4% (IQR 33.3%-55.6%, SD 17.6%). Female gender was associated with higher behaviour, fear and global TOPICOP scores. There was no difference in the scores based on disease condition, steroid use, age or education. Dermatologists were the most common source of information on topical steroids and trust was highest in dermatologists.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of steroid phobia in our dermatology outpatient setting was moderately high, with gender differences. Dermatologists were the most common source of information on TCS, and it was heartening to note that trust was also highest in dermatologists. Strategies to target steroid phobia should take into account these factors.

Mucocutaneous Features of Zika-a Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

We review the range of dermatological signs seen in Zika infection and the possible relationship between the rash and viremia. We also hoped to explore the utility of mucocutaneous manifestations in narrowing the differential diagnosis from other similar flaviviruses.

RECENT FINDINGS

Clinical manifestations of Zika infection share many similarities with other mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue. These include non-specific symptoms such as a fever, rash, arthralgia, myalgia, and conjunctivitis. The morphology of the rash in Zika infection is not very specific and commonly described as maculopapular and centrifugal that usually extends to become diffuse. We reviewed 123 publications, encompassing a total of 368 Zika cases. One hundred seven cases with rash had sufficient data for detailed analysis. 8.4% of cases with rash had hemorrhagic manifestations such as palatal petechiae and bleeding ulcers. Only 20 reported cases were tested for viremia during presence of rash, and 70.6% of these cases were positive. While mucocutaneous complications are common in Zika infection, more research is necessary to determine the impact of rash on diagnosis, prognosis, and transmissibility in Zika infection.