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Charytan DM, Mahaffey KW, Jardine MJ, Cannon CP, Neal B, Lambers Heerspink HJ, Agarwal R, Bakris GL, de Zeeuw D, Levin A, Pollock C, Zhang H, Zinman B, Rosenthal N, Perkovic V, Di Tanna GL, Yu J, Rogers K, Arnott C, Wheeler DC. Cardiorenal protective effects of canagliflozin in CREDENCE according to glucose lowering. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2023; 11:e003270. [PMID: 37311602 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relationships between glycemic-lowering effects of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and impact on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed 4395 individuals with prebaseline and postbaseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) randomized to canagliflozin (n=2193) or placebo (n=2202) in The Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation trial. Effects on HbA1c were assessed using mixed models. Mediation of treatment effects by achieved glycemic control was analyzed using proportional hazards regression with and without adjustment for achieved HbA1c. End points included combined kidney or cardiovascular death, end-stage kidney disease or doubling of serum creatinine (primary trial outcome), and individual end point components. RESULTS HbA1c lowering was modified by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). For baseline eGFR 60-90, 45-59, and 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2, overall HbA1c (canagliflozin vs placebo) decreased by -0.24%, -0.14%, and -0.08% respectively and likelihood of >0.5% decrease in HbA1c decreased with ORs of 1.47 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.67), 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) and 0.99 (0.83 to 1.18), respectively. Adjustment for postbaseline HbA1c marginally attenuated canagliflozin effects on primary and kidney composite outcomes: unadjusted HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.80) and 0.66 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.81); adjusted for week 13 HbA1c, HR 0.71 (95% CI 0.060 to 0.84) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.83). Results adjusted for time-varying HbA1c or HbA1c as a cubic spline were similar and consistent with preserved clinical benefits across a range of excellent and poor glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS The glycemic effects of canagliflozin are attenuated at lower eGFR but effects on kidney and cardiac end points are preserved. Non-glycemic effects may be primarily responsible for the kidney and cardioprotective benefits of canagliflozin.22.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Meg J Jardine
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Bruce Neal
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adeera Levin
- Nephrology, St. Paul's Hospital, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol Pollock
- Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division of Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Vlado Perkovic
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jie Yu
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kris Rogers
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare Arnott
- The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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Ferrannini E, Baldi S, Scozzaro T, Tsimihodimos V, Tesfaye F, Shaw W, Rosenthal N, Figtree GA, Neal B, Mahaffey KW, Perkovic V, Hansen MK. Fasting Substrate Concentrations Predict Cardiovascular Outcomes in the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS). Diabetes Care 2022; 45:1893-1899. [PMID: 35724306 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the circulating substrate mix may be related to the incidence of heart failure (HF) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality and how it is altered by canagliflozin treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured fasting glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations in 3,581 samples from the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) trial at baseline and at 1 and 2 years after randomization. Results were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Patients in the lowest baseline FFA tertile were more often men with a longer duration of type 2 diabetes (T2D), higher urinary albumin excretion, lower HDL-cholesterol levels, higher history of CV disease (CVD), and higher use of statins and insulin. When all seven metabolites were used as predictors, FFA were inversely associated with incident hospitalized HF (hazard ratio [HR] 0.33 [95% CI 0.21-0.55]), while glycerol was a positive predictor (2.21 [1.45-3.35]). In a model further adjusted for 16 potential confounders, including prior HF and CVD and pharmacologic therapies, FFA remained a significant negative predictor. FFA and glycerol also predicted CV mortality (HR 0.53 [95% CI 0.35-0.81] and 1.81 [1.26-2.58], respectively) and all-cause death (0.50 [0.36-0.70] and 1.64 [1.22-2.18]). When added to these models, background insulin therapy was an independent positive predictor of risk of death. Canagliflozin treatment significantly increased plasma FFA and β-hydroxybutyrate regardless of background antihyperglycemic therapy. CONCLUSIONS A constitutive metabolic setup consisting of higher lipolysis may be beneficial in delaying or preventing hospitalized HF; a further stimulation of lipolysis by canagliflozin may reinforce this influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ele Ferrannini
- CNR (National Research Council) Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Baldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Scozzaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Wayne Shaw
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ
| | | | - Gemma A Figtree
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Ferrannini G, Rosenthal N, Hansen MK, Ferrannini E. Liver function markers predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in the CANVAS Program. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:127. [PMID: 35787704 PMCID: PMC9254689 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01558-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Raised liver function tests (LFTs) have been correlated with multiple metabolic abnormalities and variably associated with cardiorenal outcomes. We sought to systematically test the relationship between LFT levels within the accepted range and major cardiorenal outcomes in a large clinical trial in type 2 diabetes, and the possible impact of placebo-controlled canagliflozin treatment. Methods We measured serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartic aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin concentrations in 10,142 patients, at baseline and repeatedly over follow-up. The relation of LFTs to first hospitalized heart failure (HHF), cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality, and progression of renal impairment was investigated using multivariate proportional-hazards models. Results In univariate association, ALT was reciprocally predictive, and ALP was positively predictive, of all adjudicated outcomes; γGT also was directly associated with CV—but not renal—outcomes. In multivariate models including all 5 LFTs and 19 potential clinical confounders, ALT was independently associated with lower, and γGT with higher, CV outcomes risk. Canagliflozin treatment significantly reduced ALT, AST, and γGT over time. In a fully adjusted model including updated LFT levels and treatment, γGT was independently associated with CV and all-cause mortality, ALP with renal dysfunction progression, and canagliflozin treatment with significant reduction in HHF and renal risk. Conclusions Higher γGT levels are top LFT markers of risk of HHF and death in patients with diabetes and high CV risk, while ALT are protective. Canagliflozin lowers the risk of HHF and renal damage independently of LFTs and potential confounders. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-022-01558-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ferrannini
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Norrbacka, S1:02, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Norman Rosenthal
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 920 US-202, Raritan, NJ, 08869, USA
| | - Michael K Hansen
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Rds., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Savi 12, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Vaduganathan M, Sattar N, Xu J, Butler J, Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Shaw W, Rosenthal N, Pfeifer M, Hansen MK, Januzzi JL. BEHIND THE SCREEN: A RETROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE EXACERBATION ADMISSIONS, FOLLOW UP AND MANAGEMENT DURING THE COVID19 PANDEMIC AND PRE PANDEMIC. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022. [PMID: 35115099 PMCID: PMC8972403 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(22)01423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muthiah Vaduganathan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. https://twitter.com/mvaduganathan
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jialin Xu
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- University of Mississippi, Jackson, Missouri, USA. https://twitter.com/JavedButler1
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. https://twitter.com/TheMahaf
| | - Bruce Neal
- Department of Renal and Metabolic, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne Shaw
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Michael Pfeifer
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael K Hansen
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James L Januzzi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Januzzi JL, Butler J, Sattar N, Tefera E, Rosenthal N, Yavin Y, Bull S, Jardine M, Pollock C, Heerspink HJ, Hansen MK. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-7 PREDICTS CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: THE CREDENCE TRIAL. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(22)01290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lam D, Nadkarni GN, Mosoyan G, Neal B, Mahaffey KW, Rosenthal N, Hansen MK, Heerspink HJL, Fleming F, Coca SG. Clinical Utility of KidneyIntelX in Early Stages of Diabetic Kidney Disease in the CANVAS Trial. Am J Nephrol 2022; 53:21-31. [PMID: 35016188 DOI: 10.1159/000519920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION KidneyIntelX is a composite risk score, incorporating biomarkers and clinical variables for predicting progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The utility of this score in the context of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and how changes in the risk score associate with future kidney outcomes are unknown. METHODS We measured soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1, soluble TNFR-2, and kidney injury molecule 1 on banked samples from CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) trial participants with baseline DKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2 or urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR] ≥30 mg/g) and generated KidneyIntelX risk scores at baseline and years 1, 3, and 6. We assessed the association of baseline and changes in KidneyIntelX with subsequent DKD progression (composite outcome of an eGFR decline of ≥5 mL/min/year [using the 6-week eGFR as the baseline in the canagliflozin group], ≥40% sustained decline in the eGFR, or kidney failure). RESULTS We included 1,325 CANVAS participants with concurrent DKD and available baseline plasma samples (mean eGFR 65 mL/min/1.73 m2 and median UACR 56 mg/g). During a mean follow-up of 5.6 years, 131 participants (9.9%) experienced the composite kidney outcome. Using risk cutoffs from prior validation studies, KidneyIntelX stratified patients to low- (42%), intermediate- (44%), and high-risk (15%) strata with cumulative incidence for the outcome of 3%, 11%, and 26% (risk ratio 8.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.0, 14.2) for the high-risk versus low-risk groups. The differences in eGFR slopes for canagliflozin versus placebo were 0.66, 1.52, and 2.16 mL/min/1.73 m2 in low, intermediate, and high KidneyIntelX risk strata, respectively. KidneyIntelX risk scores declined by 5.4% (95% CI: -6.9, -3.9) in the canagliflozin arm at year 1 versus an increase of 6.3% (95% CI: 3.8, 8.7) in the placebo arm (p < 0.001). Changes in the KidneyIntelX score at year 1 were associated with future risk of the composite outcome (odds ratio per 10 unit decrease 0.80; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.83; p < 0.001) after accounting for the treatment arm, without evidence of effect modification by the baseline KidneyIntelX risk stratum or by the treatment arm. CONCLUSIONS KidneyIntelX successfully risk-stratified a large multinational external cohort for progression of DKD, and greater numerical differences in the eGFR slope for canagliflozin versus placebo were observed in those with higher baseline KidneyIntelX scores. Canagliflozin treatment reduced KidneyIntelX risk scores over time and changes in the KidneyIntelX score from baseline to 1 year associated with future risk of DKD progression, independent of the baseline risk score and treatment arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lam
- Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gohar Mosoyan
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Norman Rosenthal
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael K Hansen
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Steven G Coca
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Sen T, Li J, Neuen BL, Neal B, Arnott C, Parikh CR, Coca SG, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, Yavin Y, Rosenthal N, Hansen MK, Heerspink HJL. Effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin on plasma biomarkers TNFR-1, TNFR-2 and KIM-1 in the CANVAS trial. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2147-2158. [PMID: 34415356 PMCID: PMC8423682 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Higher plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1, TNFR-2 and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) have been found to be associated with higher risk of kidney failure in individuals with type 2 diabetes in previous studies. Whether drugs can reduce these biomarkers is not well established. We measured these biomarkers in samples of the CANVAS study and examined the effect of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin on these biomarkers and assessed whether the early change in these biomarkers predict cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes in the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS). METHODS Biomarkers were measured with immunoassays (proprietary multiplex assay performed by RenalytixAI, New York, NY, USA) at baseline and years 1, 3 and 6. Mixed-effects models for repeated measures assessed the effect of canagliflozin vs placebo on the biomarkers. Associations of baseline levels and the early change (baseline to year 1) for each biomarker with the kidney outcome were assessed using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression. RESULTS In total, 3523/4330 (81.4%) of the CANVAS participants had available samples at baseline. Each doubling in baseline TNFR-1, TNFR-2 and KIM-1 was associated with a higher risk of kidney outcomes, with corresponding HRs of 3.7 (95% CI 2.3, 6.1; p < 0.01), 2.7 (95% CI 2.0, 3.6; p < 0.01) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.2, 1.8; p < 0.01), respectively. Canagliflozin reduced the level of the plasma biomarkers with differences in TNFR-1, TNFR-2 and KIM-1 between canagliflozin and placebo during follow-up of 2.8% (95% CI 3.4%, 1.3%; p < 0.01), 1.9% (95% CI 3.5%, 0.2%; p = 0.03) and 26.7% (95% CI 30.7%, 22.7%; p < 0.01), respectively. Within the canagliflozin treatment group, each 10% reduction in TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 at year 1 was associated with a lower risk of the kidney outcome (HR 0.8 [95% CI 0.7, 1.0; p = 0.02] and 0.9 [95% CI 0.9, 1.0; p < 0.01] respectively), independent of other patient characteristics. The baseline and 1 year change in biomarkers did not associate with cardiovascular or heart failure outcomes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Canagliflozin decreased KIM-1 and modestly reduced TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 compared with placebo in individuals with type 2 diabetes in CANVAS. Early decreases in TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 during canagliflozin treatment were independently associated with a lower risk of kidney disease progression, suggesting that TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 have the potential to be pharmacodynamic markers of response to canagliflozin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Sen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jingwei Li
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brendon L Neuen
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare Arnott
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Steven G Coca
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yshai Yavin
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Neuen BL, Oshima M, Perkovic V, Agarwal R, Arnott C, Bakris G, Cannon CP, Charytan DM, Edwards R, Górriz JL, Jardine MJ, Levin A, Neal B, De Nicola L, Pollock C, Rosenthal N, Wheeler DC, Mahaffey KW, Heerspink HJL. Effects of canagliflozin on serum potassium in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the CREDENCE trial. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:4891-4901. [PMID: 34423370 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hyperkalaemia is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and limits the optimal use of agents that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with CKD, sodium‒glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors provide cardiorenal protection, but whether they affect the risk of hyperkalaemia remains uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS The CREDENCE trial randomized 4401 participants with T2DM and CKD to the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin or matching placebo. In this post hoc analysis using an intention-to-treat approach, we assessed the effect of canagliflozin on a composite outcome of time to either investigator-reported hyperkalaemia or the initiation of potassium binders. We also analysed effects on central laboratory-determined hyper- and hypokalaemia (serum potassium ≥6.0 and <3.5 mmol/L, respectively) and change in serum potassium. At baseline, the mean serum potassium in canagliflozin and placebo arms was 4.5 mmol/L; 4395 (99.9%) participants were receiving renin-angiotensin system blockade. The incidence of investigator-reported hyperkalaemia or initiation of potassium binders was lower with canagliflozin than with placebo [occurring in 32.7 vs. 41.9 participants per 1000 patient-years; hazard ratio (HR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.95, P = 0.014]. Canagliflozin similarly reduced the incidence of laboratory-determined hyperkalaemia (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61-0.98, P = 0.031), with no effect on the risk of hypokalaemia (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.71-1.20, P = 0.53). The mean serum potassium over time with canagliflozin was similar to that of placebo. CONCLUSION Among patients treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibition with canagliflozin may reduce the risk of hyperkalaemia in people with T2DM and CKD without increasing the risk of hypokalaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon L Neuen
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Megumi Oshima
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Indiana University School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Clare Arnott
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - George Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - David M Charytan
- Nephrology Division, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
| | - Jose L Górriz
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Meg J Jardine
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.,NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bruce Neal
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia.,The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Luca De Nicola
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, University Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
| | | | - David C Wheeler
- Department of Renal Medicine, UCL Medical School, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | | | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
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Arnott C, Li JW, Cannon CP, de Zeeuw D, Neuen BL, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, Agarwal A, Huffman MD, Figtree GA, Bakris G, Chang TIH, Feng K, Rosenthal N, Zinman B, Jardine MJ, Perkovic V, Neal B, Mahaffey KW. The effects of canagliflozin on heart failure and cardiovascular death by baseline participant characteristics: Analysis of the CREDENCE trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:1652-1659. [PMID: 33769679 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is prevalent in those with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. In the CREDENCE trial, canagliflozin reduced the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) or cardiovascular (CV) death by 31%. In the current analysis we sought to determine whether the effect of canagliflozin on HHF/CV death differed in subgroups defined by key baseline participant characteristics. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Canagliflozin was associated with a reduction in the relative risk of HHF/CV death regardless of age, sex, history of heart failure or CV disease, and the use of loop diuretics or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (all pinteraction > .114). The absolute benefit of canagliflozin was greater in those at highest baseline risk, such as those with CV disease (50 fewer events/1000 patients treated over 2.5 years vs. 20 fewer events in those without CV disease) or advanced kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 30-45 mL/min/1.73m2 : 61 events prevented/1000 patients treated over 2.5 years vs. 23 events in eGFR 60-90 mL/min/1.73m2 ). Canagliflozin consistently reduces the proportional risk of HHF/CV death across a broad range of subgroups with greater absolute benefits in those at highest baseline risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Arnott
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jing-Wei Li
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Christopher P Cannon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brendon L Neuen
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - David M Charytan
- Nephrology Division, NYU School of Medicine and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anubha Agarwal
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark D Huffman
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tara I-Hsin Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kent Feng
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Bernard Zinman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meg J Jardine
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Kidney Disease, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Yu J, Li J, Leaver PJ, Arnott C, Huffman MD, Udell JA, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Matthews DR, Shaw W, Rosenthal N, Neal B, Figtree GA. Effects of canagliflozin on myocardial infarction: a post hoc analysis of the CANVAS Program and CREDENCE trial. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1103-1114. [PMID: 33826709 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Given the benefits of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition (SGLT2i) in protecting against heart failure in diabetic patients, we sought to explore the potential impact of SGLT2i on the clinical features of patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI) through a post-hoc analysis of CANVAS Program and CREDENCE trial. METHODS AND RESULTS Individuals with type 2 diabetes and history or high risk of cardiovascular disease (CANVAS Program) or type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CREDENCE) were included. The intervention was Canagliflozin 100 or 300 mg (combined in the analysis) or placebo. MI events were adjudicated as ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI as well as type 1 MI or type 2 MI. 421 first MI events in the CANVAS Program and 178 first MI events in the CREDENCE trial were recorded (83 fatal, 128 STEMI, 431 non-STEMI, and 40 unknown). No benefit of canagliflozin compared with placebo on time to first MI event was observed (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.75, 1.05). Canagliflozin was associated with lower risk for non-STEMI (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.65, 0.95) but suggested a possible increase in STEMI (HR 1.55; 95% CI 1.06, 2.27), with no difference in risk of type 1 or type 2 MI. There was no change in fatal MI (HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.78, 1.93). CONCLUSIONS Canagliflozin was not associated with a reduction in overall MI in the pooled CANVAS Program and CREDENCE trial population. The possible differential effect on STEMI and Non-STEMI observed in the CANVAS cohort warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillip J Leaver
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Clare Arnott
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark D Huffman
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Centre for Global Cardiovascular Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob A Udell
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital and Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,UNSW, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Greg Fulcher
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David R Matthews
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wayne Shaw
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | | | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Lam D, Nadkarni G, Neal B, Mahaffey K, Rosenthal N, Hansen M, COCA S, Heerspink H. POS-223 Clinical Utility of KidneyIntelX in Patients with Early Stages of Diabetic Kidney Disease in CANVAS Participants. Kidney Int Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Kipen H, Bell I, Miller C, Letz R, Rosenthal N. Response Panel 2. Toxicol Ind Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/074823379401000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Kipen H, Bell I, Miller C, Letz R, Rosenthal N. Response Panel 3. Toxicol Ind Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/074823379401000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Mayberg H, Kipen H, Bell I, Miller C, Letz R, Rosenthal N. Response Panel 4. Toxicol Ind Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/074823379401000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Mamidi RNVS, Devineni D, Sun D, Yavin Y, Rosenthal N. Rosuvastatin Myotoxicity After Starting Canagliflozin Treatment. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:431-432. [PMID: 33721528 DOI: 10.7326/l20-1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Don Sun
- Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - Yshai Yavin
- Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey
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16
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Januzzi JL, Butler J, Sattar N, Xu J, Shaw W, Rosenthal N, Pfeifer M, Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Hansen MK. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 7 Predicts Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:210-216. [PMID: 33158949 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between concentrations of plasma insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) with renal and cardiac outcomes among participants with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Associations between IGFBP7 levels and clinical outcomes were assessed among participants in the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk. RESULTS Among CANVAS participants, 3,577 and 2,898 had IGFBP7 measured at baseline and 1 year, respectively. Per log-unit higher concentration, baseline IGFBP7 was significantly associated with the composite renal end point of sustained 40% reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate, need for renal replacement therapy, or renal death (hazard ratio [HR] 3.51; P < 0.001) and the composite renal end point plus cardiovascular death (HR 4.90; P < 0.001). Other outcomes, including development or progression of albuminuria, were also predicted by baseline IGFBP7. Most outcomes were improved by canagliflozin regardless of baseline IGFBP7; however, those with baseline concentrations ≥96.5 ng/mL appeared to benefit more from canagliflozin relative to the first progression of albuminuria compared with those with lower baseline IGFBP7 (HR 0.64 vs. 0.95; P interaction = 0.003). Canagliflozin did not lower IGFBP7 concentrations by 1 year; however, at 1 year, higher IGFBP7 concentrations more strongly predicted the composite renal end point (HR 15.7; P < 0.001). Patients with rising IGFBP7 between baseline and 1 year had the highest number of composite renal events. CONCLUSIONS Plasma IGFBP7 concentrations predicted renal and cardiac events among participants with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk. More data are needed regarding circulating IGFBP7 and progression of diabetic kidney disease and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Januzzi
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Jialin Xu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | - Wayne Shaw
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ
| | | | | | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Imperial College London, London, U.K
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17
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Jardine MJ, Zhou Z, Mahaffey KW, Oshima M, Agarwal R, Bakris G, Bajaj HS, Bull S, Cannon CP, Charytan DM, de Zeeuw D, Di Tanna GL, Greene T, Heerspink HJL, Levin A, Neal B, Pollock C, Qiu R, Sun T, Wheeler DC, Zhang H, Zinman B, Rosenthal N, Perkovic V. Renal, Cardiovascular, and Safety Outcomes of Canagliflozin by Baseline Kidney Function: A Secondary Analysis of the CREDENCE Randomized Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1128-1139. [PMID: 32354987 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canagliflozin reduced renal and cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes in the CREDENCE trial. We assessed efficacy and safety of canagliflozin by initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). METHODS CREDENCE randomly assigned 4401 participants with an eGFR of 30 to <90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and substantial albuminuria to canagliflozin 100 mg or placebo. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to analyze effects on renal and cardiovascular efficacy and safety outcomes within screening eGFR subgroups (30 to <45, 45 to <60, and 60 to <90 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and linear mixed effects models to analyze the effects on eGFR slope. RESULTS At screening, 1313 (30%), 1279 (29%), and 1809 (41%) participants had an eGFR of 30 to <45, 45 to <60, and 60 to <90 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. The relative benefits of canagliflozin for renal and cardiovascular outcomes appeared consistent among eGFR subgroups (all P interaction >0.11). Subgroups with lower eGFRs, who were at greater risk, exhibited larger absolute benefits for renal outcomes. Canagliflozin's lack of effect on serious adverse events, amputations, and fractures appeared consistent among eGFR subgroups. In all subgroups, canagliflozin use led to an acute eGFR drop followed by relative stabilization of eGFR loss. Among those with an eGFR of 30 to <45 ml/min per 1.73 m2, canagliflozin led to an initial drop of 2.03 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Thereafter, decline in eGFR was slower in the canagliflozin versus placebo group (-1.72 versus -4.33 ml/min per 1.73 m2; between-group difference 2.61 ml/min per 1.73 m2). CONCLUSIONS Canagliflozin safely reduced the risk of renal and cardiovascular events, with consistent results across eGFR subgroups, including the subgroup initiating treatment with an eGFR of 30 to <45 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Absolute benefits for renal outcomes were greatest in subgroups with lower eGFR. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER Evaluation of the Effects of Canagliflozin on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Participants With Diabetic Nephropathy (CREDENCE), NCT02065791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg J Jardine
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zien Zhou
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Megumi Oshima
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - George Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Harpreet S Bajaj
- LMC Healthcare, Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Bull
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - Christopher P Cannon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Charytan
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts.,Nephrology Division, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tom Greene
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rose Qiu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - Tao Sun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - David C Wheeler
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bernard Zinman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Bakris G, Oshima M, Mahaffey KW, Agarwal R, Cannon CP, Capuano G, Charytan DM, de Zeeuw D, Edwards R, Greene T, Heerspink HJL, Levin A, Neal B, Oh R, Pollock C, Rosenthal N, Wheeler DC, Zhang H, Zinman B, Jardine MJ, Perkovic V. Effects of Canagliflozin in Patients with Baseline eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m 2: Subgroup Analysis of the Randomized CREDENCE Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:1705-1714. [PMID: 33214158 PMCID: PMC7769025 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.10140620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) trial demonstrated that the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor canagliflozin reduced the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD. Little is known about the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The participants in the CREDENCE study had type 2 diabetes mellitus, a urinary albumin-creatinine ratio >300-5000 mg/g, and an eGFR of 30 to <90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 at screening. This post hoc analysis evaluated participants with eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 at randomization. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Effects of eGFR slope through week 130 were analyzed using a piecewise, linear, mixed-effects model. Efficacy was analyzed in the intention-to-treat population, on the basis of Cox proportional hazard models, and safety was analyzed in the on-treatment population. At randomization (an average of 29 days after screening), 174 of 4401 (4%) participants had an eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (mean [SD] eGFR, 26 [3] ml/min per 1.73 m2). RESULTS From weeks 3 to 130, there was a 66% difference in the mean rate of eGFR decline with canagliflozin versus placebo (mean slopes, -1.30 versus -3.83 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year; difference, -2.54 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90 to 4.17). Effects of canagliflozin on kidney, cardiovascular, and mortality outcomes were consistent for those with eGFR <30 and ≥30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (all P interaction >0.20). The estimate for kidney failure in participants with eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.35 to 1.27) was similar to those with eGFR ≥30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.91; P interaction=0.80). There was no imbalance in the rate of kidney-related adverse events or AKI associated with canagliflozin between participants with eGFR <30 and ≥30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (all P interaction >0.12). CONCLUSIONS This post hoc analysis suggests canagliflozin slowed progression of kidney disease, without increasing AKI, even in participants with eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Megumi Oshima
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - George Capuano
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - David M Charytan
- Nephrology Division, New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.,Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Edwards
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - Tom Greene
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Oh
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David C Wheeler
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bernard Zinman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meg J Jardine
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Tombor L, John D, Glaser S, Luxan G, Forte E, Furtado M, Rosenthal N, Manavski Y, Fischer A, Muhly-Reinholz M, Looso M, Acker T, Harvey R, Abplanalp A, Dimmeler S. Single cell sequencing reveals endothelial plasticity with transient mesenchymal activation after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
After myocardial infarct (MI), followed by ischemia and scar formation, interstitial cells play key roles in the adaptation to injury. Endothelial cells (ECs), for instance, can clonally expand, migrate into the infarct area and facilitate crucial functions promoting revascularization, reestablishment of oxygen supply and secretion of paracrine factors. Moreover, ECs can transiently undergo changes towards a mesenchymal phenotype (Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition; EndMT). Whether this process contributes to long-term cardiac fibrosis or helps to facilitate post-ischemic vessel growth remains controversial. Here, we aim to delineate kinetics and characteristics of phenotypic changes in ECs with single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq).
We performed a time course (homeostasis or 0 day (d), 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 14d, 28d post-MI) in mice and isolated the non-cardiomyocyte fraction for scRNA-seq (n=35,312 cells). Pecam1/Cdh5 double positive ECs showed expression of apoptosis, hypoxia and inflammation markers at 3d. Bioinformatic cell cycle analysis predicted high association with proliferative capacities at 3d, indicative of EC turnover post-MI. Metabolism, recently linked to regulate EndMT, was altered. We found genes of the glycolysis and the TCA-cycle pathway upregulated at 1d to 3d, and a decrease of fatty acid signaling genes. At 3d, mesenchymal markers Fn1, Vim, S100a4, Serpine1 transiently increased compared to homeostasis (>1.6-fold, p<0.05) together with a reduction of EC genes such as Pecam1. Interestingly, mesenchymal transition was transient and returned to baseline levels at 28d after MI. Cell fate trajectory analysis confirmed these findings by identifying an EC state characterized by high proliferation and mesenchymal but low EC properties. At 3d to 7d the majority of the ECs were assigned to this state, based on their transcriptomic profile.
We additionally used Cdh5-CreERT2; R26-mT/mG mice followed by scRNA-seq to trace the fate of ECs. Bioinformatic analysis of GFP-positive ECs confirmed the gain in mesenchymal marker but revealed no full transition to the mesenchymal state at later timepoints. This suggests a transient mesenchymal activation of ECs rather than a complete lineage transition. We further induced EndMT with TGF-β2 in ECs in vitro and observed reversibility of the phenotype after withdrawal of the stimulus. After treatment, ECs upregulated various mesenchymal marker genes. Withdrawal of TGF-β2 at 3d or 7d, reverted expression to baseline levels. We further determined DNA methylation of EndMT gene loci to assess if TGF-β2 leads to a true fate change but did not observe changes after TGF-β2 stimulation and withdrawal. Taken together, our data suggests that ECs undergo a transient mesenchymal activation concomitant with a metabolic adaptation early after MI but do not acquire a long-term mesenchymal fate. This activation may facilitate EC migration and clonal expansion to regenerate the vascular network.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) CRC1366 Project B4
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tombor
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D John
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S.F Glaser
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - G Luxan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - E Forte
- The Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, United States of America
| | - M Furtado
- The Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, United States of America
| | - N Rosenthal
- The Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, United States of America
| | - Y Manavski
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Fischer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Muhly-Reinholz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Looso
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - T Acker
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - R Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Abplanalp
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Arnott C, Neuen BL, Heerspink HJ, Figtree GA, Kosiborod M, Lam CS, Cannon CP, Rosenthal N, Shaw W, Mahaffey KW, Jardine MJ, Perkovic V, Neal B. The effects of combination canagliflozin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy on intermediate markers of cardiovascular risk in the CANVAS program. Int J Cardiol 2020; 318:126-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Oshima M, Neuen BL, Jardine MJ, Bakris G, Edwards R, Levin A, Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Pollock C, Rosenthal N, Wada T, Wheeler DC, Perkovic V, Heerspink HJL. Effects of canagliflozin on anaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a post-hoc analysis from the CREDENCE trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:903-914. [PMID: 33065060 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors might enhance erythropoiesis and increase red blood cell mass. We assessed the long-term effects of canagliflozin on anaemia-related outcomes. METHODS In a post-hoc analysis of the Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) trial, we included patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were randomly assigned to treatment with canagliflozin or placebo at 690 sites in 34 countries. We assessed the effects of canagliflozin versus matched placebo on haemoglobin and haematocrit using linear mixed-effects models. The primary outcome of this post-hoc analysis was a composite outcome of investigator-reported anaemia or treatment for anaemia, which was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression models. All analyses were done by intention to treat. FINDINGS Between March 24, 2014, and May 5, 2017, 4401 participants were randomly assigned to receive canagliflozin (100 mg; n=2202) or placebo (n=2199). At baseline, mean haemoglobin concentration was 132·0 g/L (SD 17·7), 1599 (36%) of 4401 participants had anaemia (defined as haemoglobin <130 g/L in men or <120 g/L in women), and 33 (<1%) of 4401 participants used erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. During a median follow-up period of 2·6 years (IQR 2·1-3·1), mean haemoglobin concentration was 7·1 g/L (95% CI 6·4-7·8) higher and haematocrit was 2·4% (2·2-2·6) higher in the canagliflozin group than the placebo group. Overall, 573 of 4401 participants had either an investigator-reported anaemia event or initiation of treatment for anaemia: 358 (8%) of 4401 participants reported anaemia events, 343 (8%) initiated iron preparations, 141 (3%) initiated erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and 114 (2%) received blood transfusion. The risk of the composite outcome of anaemia events or initiation of treatment for anaemia was lower in the canagliflozin group than the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·65, 95% CI 0·55-0·77; p<0·0001). Compared with the placebo group, participants in the canagliflozin group also had lower risks of anaemia events alone (0·58, 0·47-0·72; p<0·0001), initiation of iron preparations (0·64, 0·52-0·80; p<0·0001), and need for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (0·65, 0·46-0·91; p=0·012). INTERPRETATION These data suggest that canagliflozin reduces the risk of anaemia-associated outcomes, including the need for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, among patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. FUNDING Janssen Research and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Oshima
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Brendon L Neuen
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meg J Jardine
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - George Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Bruce Neal
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - David C Wheeler
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
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Arnott C, Huang Y, Neuen BL, Di Tanna GL, Cannon CP, Oh R, Edwards R, Kavalam M, Rosenthal N, Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Mahaffey K, Neal B. The effect of canagliflozin on amputation risk in the CANVAS program and the CREDENCE trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1753-1766. [PMID: 32436638 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether there was an explanation as to why the effects of the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor canagliflozin on amputation risk vary between the CANVAS program and the CREDENCE trial. METHODS We performed a pooled analysis of patient-level data from the CANVAS program and the CREDENCE trial. Patient characteristics associated with amputation risk were assessed in univariable and multivariable regression models and compared between studies. Effects of canagliflozin on amputation risk were determined from Cox proportional hazards models and compared between studies, subgroups and for a range of amputation outcomes. Effects over time were explored by cumulative event curves. RESULTS In the CANVAS program (n = 10 142; median follow-up 2.4 years) and CREDENCE trial (n = 4401; median follow-up 2.5 years), 2.3% and 5.3% of participants, respectively, reported baseline amputation history. Key differences at baseline were the proportions with nephropathy (CREDENCE higher, 100% vs. 17.5%) and cardiovascular disease (CANVAS higher, 66% vs. 50%). There were 133 amputations in CREDENCE (3.0% annual event rate) and 187 amputations in CANVAS (1.8% annual event rate), with prior amputation being the strongest predictor of future amputation in both groups. Effects of canagliflozin on amputation risk were significantly different between trials (Pheterogeneity .02, I2 = 82%), but this was not explained by participant or trial differences. There was no evidence that foot disease management protocols instituted during CREDENCE ameliorated amputation risk. CONCLUSIONS We identified no explanation for the difference in amputation risk between the CREDENCE trial and the CANVAS program. In the context of null effects of SGLT2 inhibition on amputation in CREDENCE and all other large trials, there is a possibility that the finding in CANVAS was the result of chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Arnott
- Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuli Huang
- Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Brendon L Neuen
- Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher P Cannon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Oh
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mary Kavalam
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Vlado Perkovic
- Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Meg J Jardine
- Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kenneth Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bruce Neal
- Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Imperial College London, London, UK
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23
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Oshima M, Neuen BL, Li J, Perkovic V, Charytan DM, de Zeeuw D, Edwards R, Greene T, Levin A, Mahaffey KW, De Nicola L, Pollock C, Rosenthal N, Wheeler DC, Jardine MJ, Heerspink HJL. Early Change in Albuminuria with Canagliflozin Predicts Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Post Hoc Analysis from the CREDENCE Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2925-2936. [PMID: 32998938 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between early changes in albuminuria and kidney and cardiovascular events is primarily based on trials of renin-angiotensin system blockade. It is unclear whether this association occurs with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. METHODS The Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) trial enrolled 4401 patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio [UACR] >300 mg/g). This post hoc analysis assessed canagliflozin's effect on albuminuria and how early change in albuminuria (baseline to week 26) is associated with the primary kidney outcome (ESKD, doubling of serum creatinine, or kidney death), major adverse cardiovascular events, and hospitalization for heart failure or cardiovascular death. RESULTS Complete data for early change in albuminuria and other covariates were available for 3836 (87.2%) participants in the CREDENCE trial. Compared with placebo, canagliflozin lowered UACR by 31% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 27% to 36%) at week 26, and significantly increased the likelihood of achieving a 30% reduction in UACR (odds ratio, 2.69; 95% CI, 2.35 to 3.07). Each 30% decrease in UACR over the first 26 weeks was independently associated with a lower hazard for the primary kidney outcome (hazard ratio [HR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.76; P<0.001), major adverse cardiovascular events (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88 to 0.96; P<0.001), and hospitalization for heart failure or cardiovascular death (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.90; P<0.001). Residual albuminuria levels at week 26 remained a strong independent risk factor for kidney and cardiovascular events, overall and in each treatment arm. CONCLUSIONS In people with type 2 diabetes and CKD, use of canagliflozin results in early, sustained reductions in albuminuria, which were independently associated with long-term kidney and cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Oshima
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Brendon L Neuen
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - JingWei Li
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David M Charytan
- Nephrology Division, School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York.,Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Edwards
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - Tom Greene
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Luca De Nicola
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, University Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
| | | | - David C Wheeler
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meg J Jardine
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia .,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Yuan Z, DeFalco F, Wang L, Hester L, Weaver J, Swerdel JN, Freedman A, Ryan P, Schuemie M, Qiu R, Yee J, Meininger G, Berlin JA, Rosenthal N. Acute pancreatitis risk in type 2 diabetes patients treated with canagliflozin versus other antihyperglycemic agents: an observational claims database study. Curr Med Res Opin 2020; 36:1117-1124. [PMID: 32338068 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1761312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Observational evidence suggests that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk for acute pancreatitis (AP) versus those without T2DM. A small number of AP events were reported in clinical trials of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin, though no imbalances were observed between treatment groups. This observational study evaluated risk of AP among new users of canagliflozin compared with new users of six classes of other antihyperglycemic agents (AHAs).Methods: Three US claims databases were analyzed based on a prespecified protocol approved by the European Medicines Agency. Propensity score adjustment controlled for imbalances in baseline covariates. Cox regression models estimated the hazard ratio of AP with canagliflozin compared with other AHAs using on-treatment (primary) and intent-to-treat approaches. Sensitivity analyses assessed robustness of findings.Results: Across the three databases, there were between 12,023-80,986 new users of canagliflozin; the unadjusted incidence rates of AP (per 1000 person-years) were between 1.5-2.2 for canagliflozin and 1.1-6.6 for other AHAs. The risk of AP was generally similar for new users of canagliflozin compared with new users of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, insulin, and other AHAs, with no consistent between-treatment differences observed across databases. Intent-to-treat and sensitivity analysis findings were qualitatively consistent with on-treatment findings.Conclusions: In this large observational study, incidence rates of AP in patients with T2DM treated with canagliflozin or other AHAs were generally similar, with no evidence suggesting that canagliflozin is associated with increased risk of AP compared with other AHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yuan
- Epidemiology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Frank DeFalco
- Epidemiology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Epidemiology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Laura Hester
- Epidemiology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - James Weaver
- Epidemiology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Joel N Swerdel
- Epidemiology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Amy Freedman
- Global Medical Safety, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan
- Epidemiology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Martijn Schuemie
- Epidemiology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Rose Qiu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Jacqueline Yee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Gary Meininger
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | | | - Norman Rosenthal
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
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Arnott C, Li JW, Cannon CP, Neuen B, Heerspink HL, Neal B, Charytan DM, Agarwal R, Bakris GL, De Zeeuw D, Greene T, Levin A, Pollock C, Chang T, Rosenthal N, Zhang H, Zinman B, Perkovic V, Jardine M, Mahaffey K. THE EFFECTS OF CANAGLIFLOZIN ON HEART FAILURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH BY BASELINE PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS: ANALYSIS OF THE CREDENCE TRIAL. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(20)31301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Neuen B, Mahaffey K, Cannon CP, Jardine M, Heerspink HL, Neal B, Arnott C, Zhou Z, Charytan DM, Agarwal R, Bakris GL, De Zeeuw D, Greene T, Levin A, Wheeler DC, Rosenthal N, Zhang H, Zinman B, Perkovic V, Pollock C. EFFECTS OF CANAGLIFLOZIN ON CARDIOVASCULAR, RENAL AND SAFETY OUTCOMES BY BASELINE LOOP DIURETIC USE: DATA FROM THE CREDENCE TRIAL. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(20)32479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Udell JA, Yuan Z, Ryan P, Rush T, Sicignano NM, Galitz M, Rosenthal N. Cardiovascular outcomes and mortality after initiation of canagliflozin: Analyses from the EASEL Study. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00096. [PMID: 31922023 PMCID: PMC6947703 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the EASEL study of patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, initiation of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events and mortality and higher risk of below-knee lower extremity (BKLE) amputation versus non-SGLT2i therapies. This analysis further examined risk of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death and BKLE amputation with the SGLT2i canagliflozin versus non-SGLT2i. METHODS New user cohorts were constructed from Department of Defense Military Health System patients initiating canagliflozin or non-SGLT2i (4/1/2013-12/31/2016). Propensity score matching (1:1) controlled for imbalances in baseline covariates. Incidence rates, hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for time to first composite outcome of all-cause mortality (ACM) and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), composite major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and individual components were evaluated using conditional Cox models. The National Death Index was used to differentiate cardiovascular from noncardiovascular death. The exploratory safety end-point was BKLE amputation. RESULTS After propensity matching, 15 394 patients with well-balanced baseline covariates were followed for a median of 2.03 years (intent-to-treat). Canagliflozin showed significant benefit for ACM and HHF (P < .0001), MACE (P = .0001), cardiovascular death (P < .0001) and noncardiovascular death (P = .0018). No significant difference in risk of BKLE amputation was observed (P = .20), though few events were observed. Results were generally consistent in on-treatment analyses. CONCLUSIONS In this high cardiovascular risk cohort studied in routine clinical practice, canagliflozin was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality with no significant increase in BKLE amputation risk versus non-SGLT2i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Udell
- Department of MedicineCardiovascular DivisionPeter Munk Cardiac CentreToronto General Hospital and Women’s College HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Zhong Yuan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLCTitusvilleNJUSA
| | - Patrick Ryan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLCTitusvilleNJUSA
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Xiao ZM, Rosenthal N, Kartashov A, Levorsen A, Shah B. P6425Comparative effectiveness and costs of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in treating acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background/Introduction
Enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) are guideline-recommended anticoagulants for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) including unstable angina (UA) and myocardial infarction with (STEMI) or without ST-elevation (NSTEMI). Prior efficacy and safety evidence are mainly from clinical trials. Economic data is lacking.
Purpose
To examine differences in utilization, effectiveness, safety, and costs in treating ACS between enoxaparin and UFH using real-world data.
Methods
Using Premier Healthcare Database from 859 U.S. hospitals, inpatients 18 years or older with a diagnosis of initial episode of ACS between 2010–2016 were analyzed. Outcomes included 30-day risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), recurrent angina, in-hospital mortality, composite ischemic complication (having MI/recurrent angina/death), major bleeding, and costs. Multivariable regression was used to compare outcomes between enoxaparin and UFH monotherapy.
Results
Among 1,048,053 eligible patients (UA: 219,259; NSTEMI: 582,134; STEMI: 246,660), prevalence of enoxaparin monotherapy was 12.0%, 13.9%, and 5.1% and of UFH monotherapy was 45.1%, 43.1% and 59.8% for UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI patients, respectively. Compared to UFH, enoxaparin was associated with lower odds of MI (Adjusted Odds Ratio [OR]=0.95; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.92, 0.99), recurrent angina (OR=0.88; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.98), in-hospital mortality (OR=0.88; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.95) and composite ischemic complications (OR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.98) among NSTEMI patients but not in UA or STEMI patients. Enoxaparin was associated with lower odds of major bleeding in all three patients cohorts (UA: OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.91; NSTEMI: OR=0.68; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.72; STEMI: OR=0.72, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.83). Cost savings per patient during index admission and 30-day follow-up for enoxaparin over UFH was $2,813 for UA, $2,332 for NSTEMI and $2,928 for STEMI patients.
Conclusions
Enoxaparin was associated with lower odds of ischemic complications including death, lower costs and better safety than UFH among NSTEMI patients. Its relative effectiveness varied between patients with different ACS presentations. Improving upstream selection of appropriate anticoagulants in different type of ACS patients has the potential to optimize clinical outcomes and costs.
Acknowledgement/Funding
This study was funded by Sanofi Inc
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Xiao
- Sanofi Inc., General Medicines Franchise North America, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - N Rosenthal
- Premier Healthcare Solutions, Inc, Charlotte, United States of America
| | - A Kartashov
- Premier Healthcare Solutions, Inc, Charlotte, United States of America
| | - A Levorsen
- Sanofi Inc., General Medicine & Emerging Markets (GEM) Business Unit, Oslu, Denmark
| | - B Shah
- Duke University Medical Center, Cardiology, Durham, United States of America
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Wang L, Voss EA, Weaver J, Hester L, Yuan Z, DeFalco F, Schuemie MJ, Ryan PB, Sun D, Freedman A, Alba M, Lind J, Meininger G, Berlin JA, Rosenthal N. Diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors versus other antihyperglycemic agents: An observational study of four US administrative claims databases. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2019; 28:1620-1628. [PMID: 31456304 PMCID: PMC6916409 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To compare the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who were new users of sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) versus other classes of antihyperglycemic agents (AHAs). Methods Patients were identified from four large US claims databases using broad (all T2DM patients) and narrow (intended to exclude patients with type 1 diabetes or secondary diabetes misclassified as T2DM) definitions of T2DM. New users of SGLT2i and seven groups of comparator AHAs were matched (1:1) on exposure propensity scores to adjust for imbalances in baseline covariates. Cox proportional hazards regression models, conditioned on propensity score‐matched pairs, were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of DKA for new users of SGLT2i versus other AHAs. When I2 <40%, a combined HR across the four databases was estimated. Results Using the broad definition of T2DM, new users of SGLT2i had an increased risk of DKA versus sulfonylureas (HR [95% CI]: 1.53 [1.31‐1.79]), DPP‐4i (1.28 [1.11‐1.47]), GLP‐1 receptor agonists (1.34 [1.12‐1.60]), metformin (1.31 [1.11‐1.54]), and insulinotropic AHAs (1.38 [1.15‐1.66]). Using the narrow definition of T2DM, new users of SGLT2i had an increased risk of DKA versus sulfonylureas (1.43 [1.01‐2.01]). New users of SGLT2i had a lower risk of DKA versus insulin and a similar risk as thiazolidinediones, regardless of T2DM definition. Conclusions Increased risk of DKA was observed for new users of SGLT2i versus several non‐SGLT2i AHAs when T2DM was defined broadly. When T2DM was defined narrowly to exclude possible misclassified patients, an increased risk of DKA with SGLT2i was observed compared with sulfonylureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Erica A Voss
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - James Weaver
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Laura Hester
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Zhong Yuan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Frank DeFalco
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | | | - Patrick B Ryan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Don Sun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Amy Freedman
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Maria Alba
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - Joan Lind
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
| | - Gary Meininger
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey
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Mahaffey KW, Jardine MJ, Bompoint S, Cannon CP, Neal B, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, Edwards R, Agarwal R, Bakris G, Bull S, Capuano G, de Zeeuw D, Greene T, Levin A, Pollock C, Sun T, Wheeler DC, Yavin Y, Zhang H, Zinman B, Rosenthal N, Brenner BM, Perkovic V. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention Groups. Circulation 2019; 140:739-750. [PMID: 31291786 PMCID: PMC6727954 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.042007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canagliflozin reduces the risk of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, but effects on specific cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain, as are effects in people without previous cardiovascular disease (primary prevention). METHODS In CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation), 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were randomly assigned to canagliflozin or placebo on a background of optimized standard of care. RESULTS Primary prevention participants (n=2181, 49.6%) were younger (61 versus 65 years), were more often female (37% versus 31%), and had shorter duration of diabetes mellitus (15 years versus 16 years) compared with secondary prevention participants (n=2220, 50.4%). Canagliflozin reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80 [95% CI, 0.67-0.95]; P=0.01), with consistent reductions in both the primary (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49-0.94]) and secondary (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.69-1.06]) prevention groups (P for interaction=0.25). Effects were also similar for the components of the composite including cardiovascular death (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61-1.00]), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59-1.10]), and nonfatal stroke (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.56-1.15]). The risk of the primary composite renal outcome and the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure were also consistently reduced in both the primary and secondary prevention groups (P for interaction >0.5 for each outcome). CONCLUSIONS Canagliflozin significantly reduced major cardiovascular events and kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including in participants who did not have previous cardiovascular disease. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02065791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (K.W.M.)
| | - Meg J Jardine
- George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (M.J.J., S.B., B.N., H.J.L.H., V.P.).,Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia (M.J.J.)
| | - Severine Bompoint
- George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (M.J.J., S.B., B.N., H.J.L.H., V.P.)
| | - Christopher P Cannon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.P.C.).,Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA (D.M.C., C.P.C., B.M.B.)
| | - Bruce Neal
- George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (M.J.J., S.B., B.N., H.J.L.H., V.P.).,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia (B.N.).,Imperial College London, UK (B.N.)
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (M.J.J., S.B., B.N., H.J.L.H., V.P.).,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (H.J.L.H., D.d.Z.)
| | - David M Charytan
- Nephrology Division, NYU School of Medicine and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York (D.M.C.).,Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA (D.M.C., C.P.C., B.M.B.)
| | - Robert Edwards
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ (R.E., S.B., G.C., T.S., Y.Y., N.R.)
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Indiana University School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Indianapolis (R.A.)
| | - George Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (G.B.)
| | - Scott Bull
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ (R.E., S.B., G.C., T.S., Y.Y., N.R.)
| | - George Capuano
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ (R.E., S.B., G.C., T.S., Y.Y., N.R.)
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (H.J.L.H., D.d.Z.)
| | - Tom Greene
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.G.)
| | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.L.)
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia (C.P.)
| | - Tao Sun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ (R.E., S.B., G.C., T.S., Y.Y., N.R.)
| | - David C Wheeler
- Department of Renal Medicine, UCL Medical School, London, UK (D.C.W.)
| | - Yshai Yavin
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ (R.E., S.B., G.C., T.S., Y.Y., N.R.)
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division of Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (H.Z.)
| | - Bernard Zinman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (B.Z.)
| | - Norman Rosenthal
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ (R.E., S.B., G.C., T.S., Y.Y., N.R.)
| | - Barry M Brenner
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA (D.M.C., C.P.C., B.M.B.).,Renal Division and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.M.B.)
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (M.J.J., S.B., B.N., H.J.L.H., V.P.).,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia (V.P.)
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Wang L, Voss EA, Weaver J, Hester L, Yuan Z, DeFalco F, Schuemie MJ, Ryan PB, Sun D, Freedman A, Alba M, Lind J, Meininger G, Berlin JA, Rosenthal N. Abstract 24: Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors versus Other Antihyperglycemic Agents: An Observational Study of Four US Administrative Claims Databases. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/hcq.12.suppl_1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious acute metabolic complication of diabetes. Rare DKA events have occurred in patients taking sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). This study evaluated the risk of DKA in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) taking SGLT2i versus other antihyperglycemic agents (AHAs) in clinical practice.
Methods:
This study, per protocol reviewed and approved by the European Medicines Agency, identified patients from 4 large US claims databases using broad and narrow definitions of T2DM; the broad definition captured all patients with a T2DM diagnosis and the narrow definition was intended to exclude T1DM misclassified as T2DM. DKA was identified from diagnosis codes in inpatient or emergency room claims. Eligible new users of SGLT2i and 7 groups of AHA comparators were matched (1:1) on exposure propensity scores (PS) to adjust for imbalances in baseline covariates. Cox proportional hazard models conditioned on PS-matched pairs were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of DKA risk for new users of SGLT2i versus other AHAs.
P
values were calibrated using negative control outcomes to address potential residual bias. Pooled HRs were calculated when I
2
was <40% across 4 databases.
Results:
The number of new users of SGLT2i in each database ranged from 11,141 to 152,728 using the broad T2DM definition and from 7,779 to 130,708 using the narrow definition. Across databases, the unadjusted incidence rates of DKA (events per 1000 patient-years) ranged from 2.75 to 8.84 with SGLT2i and 1.38 to 15.82 with other AHAs using the broad T2DM definition and from 1.15 to 3.91 with SGLT2i and 0.75 to 7.94 with other AHAs using the narrow definition. Using the broad T2DM definition, a significantly increased risk of DKA was observed among new users of SGLT2i versus 5 groups of other AHAs; when using the narrow definition, an increased risk of DKA with SGLT2i was observed only compared with sulfonylureas (
Figure
).
Conclusion:
In this claims database study, an increased risk of DKA was observed for new users of SGLT2i versus new users of several non-SGLT2i AHAs when T2DM was defined broadly. When T2DM was defined narrowly to exclude possible misdiagnosed T1DM patients, an increased risk of DKA with SGLT2i was observed compared to sulfonylureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Janssen Rsch & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ
| | | | | | | | - Zhong Yuan
- Janssen Rsch & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ
| | | | | | | | - Don Sun
- Janssen Rsch & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ
| | | | - Maria Alba
- Janssen Rsch & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ
| | - Joan Lind
- Janssen Rsch & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ
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Udell JA, Yuan Z, Ryan P, Rush T, Sicignano NM, Galitz M, Rosenthal N. CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES AND MORTALITY AFTER INITIATION OF CANAGLIFLOZIN VERSUS NON-SGLT2I ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AGENTS: ADDITIONAL ANALYSES FROM THE EASEL POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(19)32386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ryan PB, Buse JB, Schuemie MJ, DeFalco F, Yuan Z, Stang PE, Berlin JA, Rosenthal N. Comparative effectiveness of canagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitors and non-SGLT2 inhibitors on the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A real-world meta-analysis of 4 observational databases (OBSERVE-4D). Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2585-2597. [PMID: 29938883 PMCID: PMC6220807 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are indicated for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); some SGLT2i have reported cardiovascular benefit, and some have reported risk of below-knee lower extremity (BKLE) amputation. This study examined the real-world comparative effectiveness within the SGLT2i class and compared with non-SGLT2i antihyperglycaemic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 4 large US administrative claims databases were used to characterize risk and provide population-level estimates of canagliflozin's effects on hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and BKLE amputation vs other SGLT2i and non-SGLT2i in T2DM patients. Comparative analyses using a propensity score-adjusted new-user cohort design examined relative hazards of outcomes across all new users and a subpopulation with established cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Across the 4 databases (142 800 new users of canagliflozin, 110 897 new users of other SGLT2i, 460 885 new users of non-SGLT2i), the meta-analytic hazard ratio estimate for HHF with canagliflozin vs non-SGLT2i was 0.39 (95% CI, 0.26-0.60) in the on-treatment analysis. The estimate for BKLE amputation with canagliflozin vs non-SGLT2i was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.40-1.41) in the on-treatment analysis and 1.01 (95% CI, 0.93-1.10) in the intent-to-treat analysis. Effects in the subpopulation with established cardiovascular disease were similar for both outcomes. No consistent differences were observed between canagliflozin and other SGLT2i. CONCLUSIONS In this large comprehensive analysis, canagliflozin and other SGLT2i demonstrated HHF benefits consistent with clinical trial data, but showed no increased risk of BKLE amputation vs non-SGLT2i. HHF and BKLE amputation results were similar in the subpopulation with established cardiovascular disease. This study helps further characterize the potential benefits and harms of SGLT2i in routine clinical practice to complement evidence from clinical trials and prior observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John B. Buse
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of MedicineChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | | | - Frank DeFalco
- Janssen Research & Development, LLCRaritanNew Jersey
| | - Zhong Yuan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLCTitusvilleNew Jersey
| | - Paul E. Stang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLCTitusvilleNew Jersey
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Udell JA, Yuan Z, Rush T, Sicignano NM, Galitz M, Rosenthal N. Cardiovascular Outcomes and Risks After Initiation of a Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor: Results From the EASEL Population-Based Cohort Study (Evidence for Cardiovascular Outcomes With Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in the Real World). Circulation 2017; 137:1450-1459. [PMID: 29133607 PMCID: PMC5895161 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.031227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Clinical trials have shown cardiovascular benefits and potential risks from sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). Trials may have limited ability to address individual end points or safety concerns. Methods: We performed a population-based cohort study among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with established cardiovascular disease newly initiated on antihyperglycemic agents within the US Department of Defense Military Health System between April 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016. Incidence rates, hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for time to first composite end point of all-cause mortality and hospitalization for heart failure event, major adverse cardiovascular events (defined as all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke), and individual end points were evaluated using conditional Cox models comparing new SGLT2i users with other antihyperglycemic agents. The exploratory safety end point was below-knee lower extremity amputation. Intent-to-treat and on-treatment analyses were performed. Results: After propensity matching, 25 258 patients were followed for a median of 1.6 years. Compared with non-SGLT2i, initiation of SGLT2i was associated with a lower rate of all-cause mortality and hospitalization for heart failure (1.73 versus 3.01 events per 100 person-years; HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.50–0.65) and major adverse cardiovascular events (2.31 versus 3.45 events per 100 person-years; HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.60–0.75). SGLT2i initiation was also associated with an ≈2-fold higher risk of below-knee lower extremity amputation (0.17 versus 0.09 events per 100 person-years; HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.12–3.51). Because of the disproportionate canagliflozin exposure in the database, the majority of amputations were observed on canagliflozin. Results were consistent in the on-treatment analysis. Conclusions: In this high-risk cohort, initiation of SGLT2i was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, and major adverse cardiovascular events and higher risk of below-knee lower extremity amputation. Findings underscore the potential benefit and risks to be aware of when initiating SGLT2i. It remains unclear whether the below-knee lower extremity amputation risk extends across the class of medication, because the study was not powered to make comparisons among individual treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Udell
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital and Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada (J.A.U.)
| | - Zhong Yuan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville/Raritan, NJ (Z.Y., N.R.)
| | - Toni Rush
- Health ResearchTx, LLC, Trevose, PA (T.R., N.M.S.)
| | | | | | - Norman Rosenthal
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville/Raritan, NJ (Z.Y., N.R.)
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Kaloff C, Anastassiadis K, Ayadi A, Baldock R, Beig J, Birling MC, Bradley A, Brown S, Bürger A, Bushell W, Chiani F, Collins F, Doe B, Eppig J, Finnell R, Fletcher C, Flicek P, Fray M, Friedel R, Gambadoro A, Gates H, Hansen J, Herault Y, Hicks G, Hörlein A, Hrabé de Angelis M, Iyer V, de Jong P, Koscielny G, Kühn R, Liu P, Lloyd K, Lopez R, Marschall S, Martínez S, McKerlie C, Meehan T, von Melchner H, Moore M, Murray S, Nagy A, Nutter L, Pavlovic G, Pombero A, Prosser H, Ramirez-Solis R, Ringwald M, Rosen B, Rosenthal N, Rossant J, Ruiz Noppinger P, Ryder E, Skarnes W, Schick J, Schnütgen F, Schofield P, Seisenberger C, Selloum M, Smedley D, Simpson E, Stewart A, Teboul L, Tocchini Valentini G, Valenzuela D, West A, Wurst W. Genome wide conditional mouse knockout resources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rosenthal N, Fiuza C, França R. Study of the oxygen-inhibited layer of three universal dental adhesives. Dent Mater 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Black DO, Rosenthal N. Transcendental meditation for autism spectrum disorders? A perspective. Cogent Psychology 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2015.1071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David O. Black
- Center for Assessment and Treatment, 8401 Connecticut Ave, Suite 1000, Chevy Chase, MD 20915, USA
| | - Norman Rosenthal
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown Medical School, Washington, DC, USA
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Liebowitz MR, Salman E, Nicolini H, Rosenthal N, Hanover R, Monti L. Effect of an acute intranasal aerosol dose of PH94B on social and performance anxiety in women with social anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:675-82. [PMID: 24700254 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.12101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although social anxiety disorder is a common and sometimes disabling condition, there are no approved treatments that can be used on an as-needed basis. The authors examined the acute use of PH94B, an intranasally administered neurosteroidal aerosol, for the acute management of the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. METHOD The authors conducted a phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose study of PH94B. Ninety-one women 19-60 years of age with generalized social anxiety disorder received placebo intranasal spray (single-blind) 15 minutes before laboratory-simulated public speaking and social interaction challenges. Patients who experienced significant distress during at least one challenge returned 1 week later to receive either intranasal PH94B or placebo aerosol spray (double-blind) before repeat challenges. RESULTS Patients who received PH94B during the second set of challenges had a significantly greater decrease in mean Subjective Units of Distress scores during the public speaking and social interaction challenges compared with the first set of challenges, than did patients who received placebo for both sets of challenges. A significantly greater proportion of the PH94B group were much or very much improved from the first to the second sets of challenges compared with the placebo group (75% and 37%, respectively). The side effects of PH94B were benign. CONCLUSIONS PH94B may be a novel, effective, and well-tolerated acute treatment for performance and social anxiety in women with social anxiety disorder.
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Siegel JP, Rosenthal N, Buto K, Lilienfeld S, Thomas A, Odenthal S. Comparative Effectiveness Research in the Regulatory Setting. Pharmaceut Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03256887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rosenthal JZ, Grosswald S, Ross R, Rosenthal N. Effects of transcendental meditation in veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom with posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Mil Med 2011; 176:626-30. [PMID: 21702378 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-10-00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted an uncontrolled pilot study to determine whether transcendental meditation (TM) might be helpful in treating veterans from Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Five veterans were trained in the technique and followed for 12 weeks. All subjects improved on the primary outcome measure, the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (mean change score, 31.4; p = 0.02; df = 4). Significant improvements were also observed for 3 secondary outcome measures: Clinician's Global Inventory-Severity (mean change score, 1.60; p < 0.04; df = 4), Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (mean change score, -13.00; p < 0.01; df = 4), and the PTSD Checklist-Military Version (mean change score, 24.00; p < 0.02; df = 4). TM may have helped to alleviate symptoms of PTSD and improve quality of life in this small group of veterans. Larger, placebo-controlled studies should be undertaken to further determine the efficacy of TM in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Rosenthal
- Capital Clinical Research Associates, 5515 Security Lane, Suite 525, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Dauphinais D, Knable M, Rosenthal J, Polanski M, Rosenthal N. Zonisamide for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Trial. Psychopharmacol Bull 2011; 44:73-84. [PMID: 27738356 PMCID: PMC5044481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is the first multicenter, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adjunctive zonisamide for the treatment of bipolar depression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One hundred two patients with bipolar disorder, type I or II in the depressed phase of illness were randomized to either adjunctive zonisamide or placebo. The study consisted of three phases, a 7 to 30 day screening and stabilization phase, 6 weeks of blinded treatment and a 1 to 3 week discontinuation phase. MADRS score was the primary outcome variable. Secondary outcome measures included the YMRS, CGI-S, CGI-I, Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q), and an a priori analysis of response and remission. Metabolic parameters including weight, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, fasting glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were also evaluated. Side effects were measured using the SAFTEE. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS There were no statistically significant differences in response between subjects treated with adjunctive zonisamide vs. placebo controls for the primary or secondary outcome measures. There were also no differences between the groups with regard to response rate or remission rate. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to preliminary open label studies that suggested a role for zonisamide in bipolar depression, we could not confirm these results in a large double blind controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Dauphinais
- Drs. Dauphinais, MD, Rosenthal, MD, Rosenthal, MD, and Mr. Polanski, BA, Capital Clinical Research Associates 5515 Security Lane, Suite 525, Rockville, MD. Dr. Knable, DO, Bethesda Behavioral Sciences, 4300 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 304A, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael Knable
- Drs. Dauphinais, MD, Rosenthal, MD, Rosenthal, MD, and Mr. Polanski, BA, Capital Clinical Research Associates 5515 Security Lane, Suite 525, Rockville, MD. Dr. Knable, DO, Bethesda Behavioral Sciences, 4300 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 304A, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joshua Rosenthal
- Drs. Dauphinais, MD, Rosenthal, MD, Rosenthal, MD, and Mr. Polanski, BA, Capital Clinical Research Associates 5515 Security Lane, Suite 525, Rockville, MD. Dr. Knable, DO, Bethesda Behavioral Sciences, 4300 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 304A, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Polanski
- Drs. Dauphinais, MD, Rosenthal, MD, Rosenthal, MD, and Mr. Polanski, BA, Capital Clinical Research Associates 5515 Security Lane, Suite 525, Rockville, MD. Dr. Knable, DO, Bethesda Behavioral Sciences, 4300 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 304A, Bethesda, MD
| | - Norman Rosenthal
- Drs. Dauphinais, MD, Rosenthal, MD, Rosenthal, MD, and Mr. Polanski, BA, Capital Clinical Research Associates 5515 Security Lane, Suite 525, Rockville, MD. Dr. Knable, DO, Bethesda Behavioral Sciences, 4300 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 304A, Bethesda, MD
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Dauphinais D, Knable M, Rosenthal J, Polanski M, Rosenthal N. Zonisamide for bipolar disorder, mania or mixed states: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled adjunctive trial. Psychopharmacol Bull 2011; 44:5-17. [PMID: 22506436 PMCID: PMC5044556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is the first multicenter, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adjunctive zonisamide for the treatment of bipolar mania or mixed state. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One hundred four patients with Bipolar Disorder, Type I, II or NOS, in a manic, hypomanic or mixed state of illness were randomized to either adjunctive zonisamide or placebo. The study consisted of three phases: a 7 to 30 day screening and stabilization phase, 6 weeks of blinded treatment and a 1 to 3 week discontinuation phase. The primary outcome variable for manic and hypomanic patients was the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) both the YMRS and Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) served as primary outcome variables for patients in mixed states. Secondary outcome measures included the Clinical Global Impression for Bipolar Disorder (CGI-BP), the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) and an a priori analysis of response and remission. Metabolic parameters including weight, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, fasting glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were also analyzed. Side effects were measured using the SAFTEE. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS There were no statistically significant differences for any of the primary or secondary outcome measures between zonisamide and placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous studies that suggested efficacy of adjunctive zonisamide in bipolar mania or mixed state, these results were not confirmed in this double blind controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Dauphinais
- Capital Clinical Research Associates, 5515 Security Lane, Suite 525, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Tahara S, Bezerra HG, Sirbu V, Kyono H, Musumeci G, Rosenthal N, Guagliumi G, Costa MA. Angiographic, IVUS and OCT evaluation of the long-term impact of coronary disease severity at the site of overlapping drug-eluting and bare metal stents: a substudy of the ODESSA trial. Heart 2010; 96:1574-8. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2009.188037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Temmerman L, Slonimsky E, Rosenthal N. Class 2 IGF-1 isoforms are dispensable for viability, growth and maintenance of IGF-1 serum levels. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:255-263. [PMID: 20382057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a pleiotropic factor involved in growth, cell survival and cellular differentiation. It exerts its functions through endocrine, paracrine or autocrine mechanisms. Circulating IGF-1 is essential for normal fetal and postnatal growth, although the published phenotypes of IGF-1 null animals have been only partially penetrant, presumably due to mixed genetic backgrounds. Molecular dissection of IGF-1 action is complicated by the existence of at least nine different IGF-1 isoforms, generated in both humans and rodents by usage of alternate promoters, differential splicing and different post-translational modifications. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Class 2 IGF-1 isoform is specifically destined for circulation, supporting an endocrine role of IGF-1 in normal growth processes. Using Cre/LoxP conditional gene targeting of exon 2 of the IGF-1 gene, we have generated a Class 2 IGF-1 knockout mouse line in a pure C57/Bl6 genetic background, where the specific removal of exon 2 ablated Class 2 IGF-1 isoform. Class 2 IGF-1 knockout mice exhibited normal development and postnatal growth patterns and had normal IGF-1 circulating levels, due to compensatory upregulation of Class 1 transcripts. In contrast, progeny of a total IGF-1 knockout line lacking exon 3 in the same genetic background were predictably smaller, displayed dramatically reduced IGF-1 receptor phosphorylation and all died perinatally, apparently due to respiratory failure. These results confirm that Class 2 signal peptide is not necessary for systemic circulation of IGF-1, revealing an internal compensation system for maintaining IGF-1 serum concentrations. We also uncover a vital requirement of IGF-1 for perinatal viability, previously obscured by modifiers in heterogeneous genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Temmerman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Mouse Biology Unit, Via Ramarini 32, I-00015 Monterotondo-Scalo, Roma, Italy
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Kozulin A, Lebeer J, Madella-Noja A, Gonzalez F, Jeffrey I, Rosenthal N, Koslowsky M. Cognitive modifiability of children with developmental disabilities: a multicentre study using Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment--Basic program. Res Dev Disabil 2010; 31:551-9. [PMID: 20056377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at exploring the effectiveness of cognitive intervention with the new "Instrumental Enrichment Basic" program (IE-basic), based on Feuerstein's theory of structural cognitive modifiability that contends that a child's cognitive functioning can be significantly modified through mediated learning intervention. The IE-basic progam is aimed at enhancing domain-general cognitive functioning in a number of areas (systematic perception, self-regulation abilities, conceptual vocabulary, planning, decoding emotions and social relations) as well as transferring learnt principles to daily life domains. Participants were children with DCD, CP, intellectual impairment of genetic origin, autistic spectrum disorder, ADHD or other learning disorders, with a mental age of 5-7 years, from Canada, Chile, Belgium, Italy and Israel. Children in the experimental groups (N=104) received 27-90 h of the program during 30-45 weeks; the comparison groups (N=72) received general occupational and sensory-motor therapy. Analysis of the pre- to post-test gain scores demonstrated significant (p<0.05) advantage of experimental over comparison groups in three WISC-R subtests ("Similarities", "Picture Completion", "Picture Arrangement") and Raven Coloured Matrices. Effect sizes ranged from 0.3 to 0.52. Results suggest that it is possible to improve cognitive functioning of children with developmental disability. No advantage was found for children with specific aetiology. Greater cognitive gains were demonstrated by children who received the program in an educational context where all teachers were committed to the principles of mediated learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kozulin
- Tel Aviv University, School of Health Professionals, Department of Occupational Therapy, Israel
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Kratsios P, Huth M, Temmerman L, Salimova E, Al Banchaabouchi M, Sgoifo A, Manghi M, Suzuki K, Rosenthal N, Mourkioti F. Antioxidant Amelioration of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Caused by Conditional Deletion of NEMO/IKKγ in Cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 2010; 106:133-44. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale
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Insight into the function of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in the adult heart has been hampered by the embryonic lethality of constitutive NF-κB inactivation.
Objective
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The goal of the present study was therefore to gain insights into the role of NF-κB pathway specifically in mouse cardiomyocytes by conditional deletion of the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO).
Methods and Results
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Using a Cre/loxP system, we disrupted the Nemo gene in a cardiomyocyte-specific manner in the heart, which simulated gene expression changes underlying human heart failure and caused adult-onset dilated cardiomyopathy accompanied by inflammation and apoptosis. Pressure overload challenges of NEMO-deficient young hearts precociously induced the functional decrements that develop spontaneously in older knockout animals. Moreover, oxidative stress in NEMO-deficient cardiomyocytes is a critical pathological component that can be attenuated with antioxidant diet in vivo.
Conclusions
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These results reveal an essential physiological role for NEMO-mediated signaling in the adult heart to maintain cardiac function in response to age-related or mechanical challenges, in part through modulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Kratsios
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
| | - M. Huth
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
| | - L. Temmerman
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
| | - E. Salimova
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
| | - M. Al Banchaabouchi
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
| | - A. Sgoifo
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
| | - M. Manghi
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
| | - K. Suzuki
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
| | - N. Rosenthal
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
| | - F. Mourkioti
- From the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (P.K., M.H., L.T., E.S., M.A.B., N.R., F.M.), Mouse Biology Unit, Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” Rome, Italy; Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (A.S., M.M.), University of Parma, Italy; and William Harvey Research Institute (K.S.), Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom. Present address for F.M.: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Stem Cell Institute, Clinical
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Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, Wiegand F, Mao L, Beyers K, McKay A, Ait-Daoud N, Addolorato G, Anton RF, Ciraulo DA, Kranzler HR, Mann K, O'Malley SS, Swift RM. Improvement of physical health and quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals with topiramate treatment: US multisite randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168:1188-1199. [PMID: 18541827 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.11.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topiramate can improve drinking outcomes via a hypothesized mechanism of facilitating gamma-aminobutyric acid function and inhibiting glutaminergic pathways in the corticomesolimbic system. We sought to determine whether topiramate's antidrinking effects are bolstered by improvements in physical and psychosocial well-being. METHODS In a 17-site, 14-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, we compared the effects of topiramate (up to 300 mg/d) vs placebo on physical health, obsessional thoughts and compulsions about using alcohol, and psychosocial well-being among 371 alcohol-dependent subjects who received weekly adherence enhancement therapy. RESULTS Topiramate was more efficacious than placebo in reducing body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) (mean difference, 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-1.34; P < .001), all liver enzyme levels (P < .01 for all comparisons), plasma cholesterol level (mean difference, 13.30 mg/dL; 95% CI, 5.09-21.44 mg/dL; P = .002), and systolic (mean difference, 9.70 mm Hg; 95% CI, 6.81-12.60 mm Hg; P < .001) and diastolic (mean difference, 6.74 mm Hg; 95% CI, 4.57-8.90 mm Hg; P < .001) blood pressure to about prehypertension levels-effects that might lower the risk of fatty liver degeneration and cirrhosis as well as cardiovascular disease. Topiramate compared with placebo significantly (P < .05 for all comparisons) decreased obsessional thoughts and compulsions about using alcohol, increased subjects' psychosocial well-being, and improved some aspects of quality of life, thereby diminishing the risk of relapse and longer-term negative outcomes. Paresthesia, taste perversion, anorexia, and difficulty with concentration were reported more frequently for topiramate than for placebo. CONCLUSION Topiramate appears to be generally effective at improving the drinking outcomes and physical and psychosocial well-being of alcoholic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankole A Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0623, USA.
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Targum SD, Rosenthal N. Seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2008; 5:31-33. [PMID: 19727250 PMCID: PMC2686645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Targum
- Dr. Targum is an executive-in-residence at Oxford BioScience Partners, on the faculty of the Department of Psychiatry at the Massachusetts General Hospital, chief medical officer at BrainCells Inc., chief medical advisor to Prana Biotechnology Ltd., and is on the editorial advisory board of Psychiatry 2008
| | - Norman Rosenthal
- Dr. Rosenthal is Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Georgetown University Medical School, Medical Director of the Capital Clinical Research Associates, Rockville, Maryland
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Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, Wiegand F, Mao L, Beyers K, McKay A, Ait-Daoud N, Anton RF, Ciraulo DA, Kranzler HR, Mann K, O'Malley SS, Swift RM. Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007; 298:1641-51. [PMID: 17925516 DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.14.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypothetically, topiramate can improve drinking outcomes among alcohol-dependent individuals by reducing alcohol's reinforcing effects through facilitation of gamma-aminobutyric acid function and inhibition of glutaminergic pathways in the corticomesolimbic system. OBJECTIVE To determine if topiramate is a safe and efficacious treatment for alcohol dependence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 14-week trial of 371 men and women aged 18 to 65 years diagnosed with alcohol dependence, conducted between January 27, 2004, and August 4, 2006, at 17 US sites. INTERVENTIONS Up to 300 mg/d of topiramate (n = 183) or placebo (n = 188), along with a weekly compliance enhancement intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary efficacy variable was self-reported percentage of heavy drinking days. Secondary outcomes included other self-reported drinking measures (percentage of days abstinent and drinks per drinking day) along with the laboratory measure of alcohol consumption (plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase). RESULTS Treating all dropouts as relapse to baseline, topiramate was more efficacious than placebo at reducing the percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to week 14 (mean difference, 8.44%; 95% confidence interval, 3.07%-13.80%; P = .002). Prespecified mixed-model analysis also showed that topiramate compared with placebo decreased the percentage of heavy drinking days (mean difference, 16.19%; 95% confidence interval, 10.79%-21.60%; P < .001) and all other drinking outcomes (P < .001 for all comparisons). Adverse events that were more common with topiramate vs placebo, respectively, included paresthesia (50.8% vs 10.6%), taste perversion (23.0% vs 4.8%), anorexia (19.7% vs 6.9%), and difficulty with concentration (14.8% vs 3.2%). CONCLUSION Topiramate is a promising treatment for alcohol dependence. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00210925.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankole A Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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