1
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Moore J, Basurto-Lozada D, Besson S, Bogovic J, Bragantini J, Brown EM, Burel JM, Casas Moreno X, de Medeiros G, Diel EE, Gault D, Ghosh SS, Gold I, Halchenko YO, Hartley M, Horsfall D, Keller MS, Kittisopikul M, Kovacs G, Küpcü Yoldaş A, Kyoda K, le Tournoulx de la Villegeorges A, Li T, Liberali P, Lindner D, Linkert M, Lüthi J, Maitin-Shepard J, Manz T, Marconato L, McCormick M, Lange M, Mohamed K, Moore W, Norlin N, Ouyang W, Özdemir B, Palla G, Pape C, Pelkmans L, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Prete M, Rzepka N, Samee S, Schaub N, Sidky H, Solak AC, Stirling DR, Striebel J, Tischer C, Toloudis D, Virshup I, Walczysko P, Watson AM, Weisbart E, Wong F, Yamauchi KA, Bayraktar O, Cimini BA, Gehlenborg N, Haniffa M, Hotaling N, Onami S, Royer LA, Saalfeld S, Stegle O, Theis FJ, Swedlow JR. OME-Zarr: a cloud-optimized bioimaging file format with international community support. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:223-251. [PMID: 37428210 PMCID: PMC10492740 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A growing community is constructing a next-generation file format (NGFF) for bioimaging to overcome problems of scalability and heterogeneity. Organized by the Open Microscopy Environment (OME), individuals and institutes across diverse modalities facing these problems have designed a format specification process (OME-NGFF) to address these needs. This paper brings together a wide range of those community members to describe the cloud-optimized format itself-OME-Zarr-along with tools and data resources available today to increase FAIR access and remove barriers in the scientific process. The current momentum offers an opportunity to unify a key component of the bioimaging domain-the file format that underlies so many personal, institutional, and global data management and analysis tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Moore
- German BioImaging-Gesellschaft für Mikroskopie und Bildanalyse e.V., Constance, Germany.
| | | | - Sébastien Besson
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - John Bogovic
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | | | - Eva M Brown
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Burel
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Xavier Casas Moreno
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - David Gault
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Ilan Gold
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Hartley
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dave Horsfall
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Mark Kittisopikul
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aybüke Küpcü Yoldaş
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Cambridge, UK
| | - Koji Kyoda
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Tong Li
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Lindner
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Joel Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Luca Marconato
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Khaled Mohamed
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - William Moore
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Nils Norlin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science & Lund Bioimaging Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Giovanni Palla
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Tobias Pietzsch
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Stephan Preibisch
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Schaub
- Information Technology Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Isaac Virshup
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Petr Walczysko
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Erin Weisbart
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frances Wong
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevin A Yamauchi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beth A Cimini
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan Hotaling
- Information Technology Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Shuichi Onami
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Stephan Saalfeld
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Oliver Stegle
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jason R Swedlow
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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2
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Moore J, Basurto-Lozada D, Besson S, Bogovic J, Bragantini J, Brown EM, Burel JM, Moreno XC, de Medeiros G, Diel EE, Gault D, Ghosh SS, Gold I, Halchenko YO, Hartley M, Horsfall D, Keller MS, Kittisopikul M, Kovacs G, Yoldaş AK, Kyoda K, de la Villegeorges ALT, Li T, Liberali P, Lindner D, Linkert M, Lüthi J, Maitin-Shepard J, Manz T, Marconato L, McCormick M, Lange M, Mohamed K, Moore W, Norlin N, Ouyang W, Özdemir B, Palla G, Pape C, Pelkmans L, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Prete M, Rzepka N, Samee S, Schaub N, Sidky H, Solak AC, Stirling DR, Striebel J, Tischer C, Toloudis D, Virshup I, Walczysko P, Watson AM, Weisbart E, Wong F, Yamauchi KA, Bayraktar O, Cimini BA, Gehlenborg N, Haniffa M, Hotaling N, Onami S, Royer LA, Saalfeld S, Stegle O, Theis FJ, Swedlow JR. OME-Zarr: a cloud-optimized bioimaging file format with international community support. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.17.528834. [PMID: 36865282 PMCID: PMC9980008 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A growing community is constructing a next-generation file format (NGFF) for bioimaging to overcome problems of scalability and heterogeneity. Organized by the Open Microscopy Environment (OME), individuals and institutes across diverse modalities facing these problems have designed a format specification process (OME-NGFF) to address these needs. This paper brings together a wide range of those community members to describe the cloud-optimized format itself -- OME-Zarr -- along with tools and data resources available today to increase FAIR access and remove barriers in the scientific process. The current momentum offers an opportunity to unify a key component of the bioimaging domain -- the file format that underlies so many personal, institutional, and global data management and analysis tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Moore
- German BioImaging – Gesellschaft für Mikroskopie und Bildanalyse e.V., Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Sébastien Besson
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - John Bogovic
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | | | - Eva M. Brown
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Burel
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Xavier Casas Moreno
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - David Gault
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Ilan Gold
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Hartley
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dave Horsfall
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Mark Kittisopikul
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aybüke Küpcü Yoldaş
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Cambridge, UK
| | - Koji Kyoda
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Tong Li
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Lindner
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Joel Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Luca Marconato
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Merlin Lange
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Khaled Mohamed
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - William Moore
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Nils Norlin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science & Lund Bioimaging Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Giovanni Palla
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Tobias Pietzsch
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Stephan Preibisch
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Schaub
- Information Technology Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Isaac Virshup
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Petr Walczysko
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Erin Weisbart
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frances Wong
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevin A. Yamauchi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beth A. Cimini
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan Hotaling
- Information Technology Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health
| | - Shuichi Onami
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Loic A. Royer
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephan Saalfeld
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian J. Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jason R. Swedlow
- Divisions of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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3
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Besson S, Leigh R, Linkert M, Allan C, Burel JM, Carroll M, Gault D, Gozim R, Li S, Lindner D, Moore J, Moore W, Walczysko P, Wong F, Swedlow JR. Bringing Open Data to Whole Slide Imaging. Digit Pathol (2019) 2019; 2019:3-10. [PMID: 31579322 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23937-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Faced with the need to support a growing number of whole slide imaging (WSI) file formats, our team has extended a long-standing community file format (OME-TIFF) for use in digital pathology. The format makes use of the core TIFF specification to store multi-resolution (or "pyramidal") representations of a single slide in a flexible, performant manner. Here we describe the structure of this format, its performance characteristics, as well as an open-source library support for reading and writing pyramidal OME-TIFFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Besson
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Leigh
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Linkert
- Glencoe Software, Inc, 800 5th Ave, #101-259, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Chris Allan
- Glencoe Software, Inc, 800 5th Ave, #101-259, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Burel
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Carroll
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David Gault
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Riad Gozim
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Li
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Lindner
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Josh Moore
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Will Moore
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Walczysko
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Wong
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jason R Swedlow
- Dept of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.,Glencoe Software, Inc, 800 5th Ave, #101-259, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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4
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Findlay AS, Panzica DA, Walczysko P, Holt AB, Henderson DJ, West JD, Rajnicek AM, Collinson JM. The core planar cell polarity gene, Vangl2, directs adult corneal epithelial cell alignment and migration. R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:160658. [PMID: 27853583 PMCID: PMC5099008 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that the core planar cell polarity (PCP) genes direct the aligned cell migration in the adult corneal epithelium, a stratified squamous epithelium on the outer surface of the vertebrate eye. Expression of multiple core PCP genes was demonstrated in the adult corneal epithelium. PCP components were manipulated genetically and pharmacologically in human and mouse corneal epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. Knockdown of VANGL2 reduced the directional component of migration of human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells without affecting speed. It was shown that signalling through PCP mediators, dishevelled, dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis and Rho-associated protein kinase directs the alignment of HCE cells by affecting cytoskeletal reorganization. Cells in which VANGL2 was disrupted tended to misalign on grooved surfaces and migrate across, rather than parallel to the grooves. Adult corneal epithelial cells in which Vangl2 had been conditionally deleted showed a reduced rate of wound-healing migration. Conditional deletion of Vangl2 in the mouse corneal epithelium ablated the normal highly stereotyped patterns of centripetal cell migration in vivo from the periphery (limbus) to the centre of the cornea. Corneal opacity owing to chronic wounding is a major cause of degenerative blindness across the world, and this study shows that Vangl2 activity is required for directional corneal epithelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Findlay
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - D. Alessio Panzica
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Petr Walczysko
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Amy B. Holt
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - John D. West
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Ann M. Rajnicek
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - J. Martin Collinson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Author for correspondence: J. Martin Collinson e-mail:
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5
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Li S, Besson S, Blackburn C, Carroll M, Ferguson RK, Flynn H, Gillen K, Leigh R, Lindner D, Linkert M, Moore WJ, Ramalingam B, Rozbicki E, Rustici G, Tarkowska A, Walczysko P, Williams E, Allan C, Burel JM, Moore J, Swedlow JR. Metadata management for high content screening in OMERO. Methods 2016; 96:27-32. [PMID: 26476368 PMCID: PMC4773399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High content screening (HCS) experiments create a classic data management challenge-multiple, large sets of heterogeneous structured and unstructured data, that must be integrated and linked to produce a set of "final" results. These different data include images, reagents, protocols, analytic output, and phenotypes, all of which must be stored, linked and made accessible for users, scientists, collaborators and where appropriate the wider community. The OME Consortium has built several open source tools for managing, linking and sharing these different types of data. The OME Data Model is a metadata specification that supports the image data and metadata recorded in HCS experiments. Bio-Formats is a Java library that reads recorded image data and metadata and includes support for several HCS screening systems. OMERO is an enterprise data management application that integrates image data, experimental and analytic metadata and makes them accessible for visualization, mining, sharing and downstream analysis. We discuss how Bio-Formats and OMERO handle these different data types, and how they can be used to integrate, link and share HCS experiments in facilities and public data repositories. OME specifications and software are open source and are available at https://www.openmicroscopy.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Li
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Sébastien Besson
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin Blackburn
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark Carroll
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard K Ferguson
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Flynn
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Kenneth Gillen
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Roger Leigh
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Dominik Lindner
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - William J Moore
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Balaji Ramalingam
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Gabriella Rustici
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Aleksandra Tarkowska
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Petr Walczysko
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Eleanor Williams
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Jean-Marie Burel
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Josh Moore
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK; Glencoe Software, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason R Swedlow
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK; Glencoe Software, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Burel JM, Besson S, Blackburn C, Carroll M, Ferguson RK, Flynn H, Gillen K, Leigh R, Li S, Lindner D, Linkert M, Moore WJ, Ramalingam B, Rozbicki E, Tarkowska A, Walczysko P, Allan C, Moore J, Swedlow JR. Publishing and sharing multi-dimensional image data with OMERO. Mamm Genome 2015. [PMID: 26223880 PMCID: PMC4602067 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Imaging data are used in the life and biomedical sciences to measure the molecular and structural composition and dynamics of cells, tissues, and organisms. Datasets range in size from megabytes to terabytes and usually contain a combination of binary pixel data and metadata that describe the acquisition process and any derived results. The OMERO image data management platform allows users to securely share image datasets according to specific permissions levels: data can be held privately, shared with a set of colleagues, or made available via a public URL. Users control access by assigning data to specific Groups with defined membership and access rights. OMERO’s Permission system supports simple data sharing in a lab, collaborative data analysis, and even teaching environments. OMERO software is open source and released by the OME Consortium at www.openmicroscopy.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Burel
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Sébastien Besson
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin Blackburn
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark Carroll
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard K Ferguson
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Flynn
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Kenneth Gillen
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Roger Leigh
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon Li
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Dominik Lindner
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - William J Moore
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Balaji Ramalingam
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Aleksandra Tarkowska
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Petr Walczysko
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Josh Moore
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.,Glencoe Software, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason R Swedlow
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK. .,Glencoe Software, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA.
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7
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Skoczek DA, Walczysko P, Horn N, Parris A, Clare S, Williams MR, Sobolewski A. Luminal microbes promote monocyte-stem cell interactions across a healthy colonic epithelium. J Immunol 2014; 193:439-51. [PMID: 24907348 PMCID: PMC4067517 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms a vital barrier between luminal microbes and the underlying mucosal immune system. Epithelial barrier function is maintained by continuous renewal of the epithelium and is pivotal for gut homeostasis. Breaching of the barrier causes mobilization of immune cells to promote epithelial restitution. However, it is not known whether microbes at the luminal surface of a healthy epithelial barrier influence immune cell mobilization to modulate tissue homeostasis. Using a mouse colonic mucosal explant model, we demonstrate that close proximity of luminal microbes to a healthy, intact epithelium results in rapid mucus secretion and movement of Ly6C+7/4+ monocytes closer to epithelial stem cells. These early events are driven by the epithelial MyD88-signaling pathway and result in increased crypt cell proliferation and intestinal stem cell number. Over time, stem cell number and monocyte–crypt stem cell juxtapositioning return to homeostatic levels observed in vivo. We also demonstrate that reduced numbers of tissue Ly6C+ monocytes can suppress Lgr5EGFP+ stem cell expression in vivo and abrogate the response to luminal microbes ex vivo. The functional link between monocyte recruitment and increased crypt cell proliferation was further confirmed using a crypt–monocyte coculture model. This work demonstrates that the healthy gut epithelium mediates communication between luminal bacteria and monocytes, and monocytes can modulate crypt stem cell number and promote crypt cell proliferation to help maintain gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara A Skoczek
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Program, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Walczysko
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Program, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki Horn
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Program, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Alyson Parris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anastasia Sobolewski
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Program, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, United Kingdom;
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Kucerova R, Dorà N, Mort RL, Wallace K, Leiper LJ, Lowes C, Neves C, Walczysko P, Bruce F, Fowler PA, Rajnicek AM, McCaig CD, Zhao M, West JD, Collinson JM. Interaction between hedgehog signalling and PAX6 dosage mediates maintenance and regeneration of the corneal epithelium. Mol Vis 2012; 18:139-50. [PMID: 22275805 PMCID: PMC3265179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the roles of intracellular signaling elicited by Hedgehog (Hh) ligands in corneal maintenance and wound healing. METHODS The expression of Hedgehog pathway components in the cornea was assayed by immunohistochemistry, western blot and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in wild-type mice and mice that were heterozygous null for the gene encoding the transcription factor, paired box gene 6 (Pax6). Corneal epithelial wound healing and cell migration assays were performed after pharmacological upregulation and downregulation of the hedgehog pathway. Reporter mice, mosaic for expression of the gene encoding β-galactosidase (LacZ), were crossed to Pax6(+/-) mice, mice heterozygous for the gene encoding GLI-Kruppel family member GLI3, and Pax6(+/-)Gli3(+/-) double heterozygotes, to assay patterns of cell migration and corneal epithelial organization in vivo. RESULTS Corneal epithelial wound healing rates increased in response to application of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), but only in mice with wild-type Pax6 dosage. Downregulation of Hedgehog signalling inhibited corneal epithelial cell proliferation. Pax6(+/-) corneal epithelia showed increased proliferation in response to exogenous Shh, but not increased migration. Desert hedgehog (Dhh) was shown to be the major endogenous ligand, with Shh detectable only by RT-PCR and only after epithelial wounding. The activity of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-γ (PI3Kγ) was not required for the increased migration response in response to Shh. Nuclear expression of the activator form of the transcription factor Gli3 (which mediates Hh signalling) was reduced in Pax6(+/-) corneal epithelia. Pax6(+/-)Gli3(+/-) double heterozygotes showed highly disrupted patterns of clonal arrangement of cells in the corneal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS The data show key roles for endogenous Dhh signalling in maintenance and regeneration of the corneal epithelium, demonstrate an interaction between Pax6 and Hh signalling in the corneal epithelium, and show that failure of Hh signalling pathways is a feature of Pax6(+/-) corneal disease that cannot be remedied pharmacologically by addition of the ligands.
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9
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Kucerova R, Walczysko P, Reid B, Ou J, Leiper LJ, Rajnicek AM, McCaig CD, Zhao M, Collinson JM. The role of electrical signals in murine corneal wound re-epithelialization. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1544-53. [PMID: 20945376 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion flow from intact tissue into epithelial wound sites results in lateral electric currents that may represent a major driver of wound healing cell migration. Use of applied electric fields (EF) to promote wound healing is the basis of Medicare-approved electric stimulation therapy. This study investigated the roles for EFs in wound re-epithelialization, using the Pax6(+/-) mouse model of the human ocular surface abnormality aniridic keratopathy (in which wound healing and corneal epithelial cell migration are disrupted). Both wild-type (WT) and Pax6(+/-) corneal epithelial cells showed increased migration speeds in response to applied EFs in vitro. However, only Pax6(+/+) cells demonstrated consistent directional galvanotaxis towards the cathode, with activation of pSrc signaling, polarized to the leading edges of cells. In vivo, the epithelial wound site normally represents a cathode, but 43% of Pax6(+/-) corneas exhibited reversed endogenous wound-induced currents (the wound was an anode). These corneas healed at the same rate as WT. Surprisingly, epithelial migration did not correlate with direction or magnitude of endogenous currents for WT or mutant corneas. Furthermore, during healing in vivo, no polarization of pSrc was observed. We found little evidence that Src-dependent mechanisms of cell migration, observed in response to applied EFs in vitro, normally exist in vivo. It is concluded that endogenous EFs do not drive long-term directionality of sustained healing migration in this mouse corneal epithelial model. Ion flow from wounds may nevertheless represent an important component of wound signaling initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Kucerova
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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10
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Leiper LJ, Ou J, Walczysko P, Kucerova R, Lavery DN, West JD, Collinson JM. Control of patterns of corneal innervation by Pax6. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 50:1122-8. [PMID: 19029029 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal nerves play essential roles in maintaining the ocular surface through provision of neurotrophic support, but genetic control of corneal innervation is poorly understood. The possibility of a neurotrophic failure in ocular surface disease associated with heterozygosity at the Pax6 locus (aniridia-related keratopathy [ARK]) was investigated. METHODS Patterns of corneal innervation were studied during development and aging in mice with different Pax6 dosages and in chimeras. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA-based assays were used to determine the molecular basis of defects seen in Pax6 mutants, and wound healing assays were performed. RESULTS In adults, the Pax6(+/-) epithelium was less densely innervated than the wild-type epithelium, and radial projection of epithelial nerves was disrupted. Neurotrophic support of the corneal epithelium appeared normal. Directed nerve projection correlated with patterns of epithelial cell migration in adult wild-types, but innervation defects observed in Pax6(+/-) mice were not fully corrected in wound healing or chimeric models where directed epithelial migration was restored. CONCLUSIONS Pax6 dosage nonautonomously controls robust directed radial projection of corneal neurons, and the guidance cues for growth cone guidance are not solely dependent on directed epithelial migration. There is little evidence that ARK represents neurotrophic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Leiper
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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11
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Ou J, Walczysko P, Kucerova R, Rajnicek AM, McCaig CD, Zhao M, Collinson JM. Chronic wound state exacerbated by oxidative stress in Pax6+/− aniridia-related keratopathy. J Pathol 2008; 215:421-30. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Zhao Z, Walczysko P, Zhao M. Intracellular Ca2+ stores are essential for injury induced Ca2+ signaling and re-endothelialization. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:595-603. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+](i)) is a pivotal signalling element in cell migration and is thought to be required for chemotaxis of Dictyostelium. Ca2+ signalling may also be important for electrotaxis. However this suggestion has been controversial. We show that electric fields direct Dictyostelium cells to migrate cathodally and increase [Ca2+](i) in Dictyostelium cells, as determined by Fluo-3 AM imaging and (45)Ca2+ uptake. Omission of extracellular Ca2+([Ca2+](e)) and incubation with EGTA abolished the electric-field-stimulated [Ca2+](i) rise and directional cell migration. This suggests a requirement for [Ca2+](e) in the electrotactic response. Deletion of iplA, a gene responsible for chemoattractant-induced [Ca2+](i) increase, had only a minor effect on the electric-field-induced [Ca2+](i) rise. Moreover, iplA-null Dictyostelium cells showed the same electrotactic response as wild-type cells. Therefore, iplA-independent Ca2+ influx is necessary for electrotactic cell migration. These results suggest that the [Ca2+](i) regulatory mechanisms induced by electric fields are different from those induced by cAMP and folic acid in Dictyostelium cells. Different roles of the iplA gene in chemoattractant-induced and electrically induced Ca2+ signalling, and different effects of [Ca2+](i) elevation on chemotaxis and electrotaxis indicate that the chemoattractant and electric cues activate distinctive initial signalling elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne J Shanley
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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14
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Leiper LJ, Walczysko P, Kucerova R, Ou J, Shanley LJ, Lawson D, Forrester JV, McCaig CD, Zhao M, Collinson JM. The roles of calcium signaling and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a Pax6+/- mouse model of epithelial wound-healing delay. BMC Biol 2006; 4:27. [PMID: 16914058 PMCID: PMC1563477 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-4-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital aniridia caused by heterozygousity at the PAX6 locus is associated with ocular surface disease including keratopathy. It is not clear whether the keratopathy is a direct result of reduced PAX6 gene dosage in the cornea itself, or due to recurrent corneal trauma secondary to defects such as dry eye caused by loss of PAX6 in other tissues. We investigated the hypothesis that reducing Pax6 gene dosage leads to corneal wound-healing defects. and assayed the immediate molecular responses to wounding in wild-type and mutant corneal epithelial cells. Results Pax6+/- mouse corneal epithelia exhibited a 2-hour delay in their response to wounding, but subsequently the cells migrated normally to repair the wound. Both Pax6+/+ and Pax6+/- epithelia activated immediate wound-induced waves of intracellular calcium signaling. However, the intensity and speed of propagation of the calcium wave, mediated by release from intracellular stores, was reduced in Pax6+/- cells. Initiation and propagation of the calcium wave could be largely decoupled, and both phases of the calcium wave responses were required for wound healing. Wounded cells phosphorylated the extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2 (phospho-ERK1/2). ERK1/2 activation was shown to be required for rapid initiation of wound healing, but had only a minor effect on the rate of cell migration in a healing epithelial sheet. Addition of exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) to wounded Pax6+/- cells restored the calcium wave, increased ERK1/2 activation and restored the immediate healing response to wild-type levels. Conclusion The study links Pax6 deficiency to a previously overlooked wound-healing delay. It demonstrates that defective calcium signaling in Pax6+/- cells underlies this delay, and shows that it can be pharmacologically corrected. ERK1/2 phosphorylation is required for the rapid initiation of wound healing. A model is presented whereby minor abrasions, which are quickly healed in normal corneas, transiently persist in aniridic patients, compromising the corneal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Leiper
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Petr Walczysko
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Romana Kucerova
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Jingxing Ou
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Lynne J Shanley
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Diane Lawson
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - John V Forrester
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Colin D McCaig
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - J Martin Collinson
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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15
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Zhao M, Song B, Pu J, Wada T, Reid B, Tai G, Wang F, Guo A, Walczysko P, Gu Y, Sasaki T, Suzuki A, Forrester JV, Bourne HR, Devreotes PN, McCaig CD, Penninger JM. Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-gamma and PTEN. Nature 2006; 442:457-60. [PMID: 16871217 DOI: 10.1038/nature04925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is essential for maintaining the integrity of multicellular organisms. In every species studied, disruption of an epithelial layer instantaneously generates endogenous electric fields, which have been proposed to be important in wound healing. The identity of signalling pathways that guide both cell migration to electric cues and electric-field-induced wound healing have not been elucidated at a genetic level. Here we show that electric fields, of a strength equal to those detected endogenously, direct cell migration during wound healing as a prime directional cue. Manipulation of endogenous wound electric fields affects wound healing in vivo. Electric stimulation triggers activation of Src and inositol-phospholipid signalling, which polarizes in the direction of cell migration. Notably, genetic disruption of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-gamma (PI(3)Kgamma) decreases electric-field-induced signalling and abolishes directed movements of healing epithelium in response to electric signals. Deletion of the tumour suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) enhances signalling and electrotactic responses. These data identify genes essential for electrical-signal-induced wound healing and show that PI(3)Kgamma and PTEN control electrotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- School of Medical Sciences and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Neu
- Department of River Ecology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle
| | - Petr Walczysko
- Department of River Ecology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle
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Walczysko P, Wagner E, Albrechtová JT. Use of co-loaded Fluo-3 and Fura Red fluorescent indicators for studying the cytosolic Ca(2+)concentrations distribution in living plant tissue. Cell Calcium 2000; 28:23-32. [PMID: 10942701 DOI: 10.1054/ceca.2000.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method for visualisation of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] distribution was applied to living plant tissue. A mixture of the fluorescent probes Fluo-3 and Fura Red was used. The emitted fluorescence was scanned simultaneously in two channels with a laser-scanning confocal microscope and rationing was performed. The homogeneity of the Fluo-3/Fura Red concentration ratio throughout the tissue after AM-ester loading was proven. In vitro calibration permitted conversion of Fluo-3/Fura Red fluorescence ratios to [Ca(2+)] values. Apparent K(D)of 286 nM, R(min)of 0.43 and R(max)of 18 were calculated. The in vivo determination of extreme ratio values was performed by permeabilizing the plasmalemma for Ca(2+)with a ionophore and manipulating the extracellular [Ca(2+)]. The resultant R(minv)of 1.33 and R(maxv)of 2.69 for vegetative apices, and R(mini)of 1.26 and R(maxi)of 3.45 for apices induced to flowering, suggested incomplete equalization of extra- and intracellular Ca(2+)levels in these experiments. In Chenopodium rubrum, the cytosolic [Ca(2+)] patterns of apical tissue obtained using Fluo-3 and Fura Red were significantly different between vegetative apices and apices after photoperiodic flower induction. This methodological approach may also be helpful for studying cytosolic [Ca(2+)] distribution in other living plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Walczysko
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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