Spatial distribution, movement, body damage, and feather condition of laying hens in a multi-tier system

The welfare and health of laying hens in the multitier system raise concern in public. The flock distributions during feeding time at 51 and 89 wk were studied in a multitier system. Furthermore, the ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) equipment was used to identify the transition between tiers and time spent in each tier of 48 focal hens (12 hens from each tier-group of the multitier system) at 92 wk of age. The body weight, tibia size (length and width), body damage (comb and rear part), and feather condition (neck, breast, back, tail, cloaca, and wings) of focal hens from different tier-groups were further compared. The results showed that the spatial distribution in flocks changed from top to bottom with increasing age. The hens at 51 wk of age were mainly distributed in the 4th tier (19.6 ± 5.0% in 1st tier, 9.6 ± 1.1% in 2nd tier, 23.6 ± 2.9% in 3rd tier and 47.3 ± 2.6% in 4th tier), and hens at 89 wk of age were mainly distributed in the lower tiers (33.5 ± 1.5% in 1st tier, 31.9 ± 5.1% in 2nd tier, 15.7 ± 3.4% in 3rd tier and 16.6 ± 3.1% in 4th tier). The spatial distribution of hens at 89 wk of age was more even than that at 51 wk of age. At 92 wk of age, the proportion of time spent in original tier of 4 tier-groups was 91.0 ± 5.7%, 51.9 ± 5.7%, 59.0 ± 7.0% and 63.0 ± 6.7%, respectively. Focal hens preferred to stay in the original tier and spent significantly less time in other tiers (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in body weight, body damage score, tibia width and partial feather scores (neck, breast, tail, and cloaca) of focal hens among 4 tier-groups (P > 0.05). However, focal hens from 1st tier had worse feather scores on wings and back, and shorter tibia length compared to other tiers suggesting that there were more lower ranking birds that located in lower tier to avoid competition, but had equal access to resource, which is good for their welfare and health. In summary, the overcrowding situation was improved near the end of the laying cycle in the multitier system, thereby mitigating the potential negative effects to the lower ranking hens and maintain a satisfactory level of welfare and health for laying hens near the end of the laying cycle.

Effects of different light-emitting diode light on hatch performance, embryo development, eye structure, and plasma melatonin in layer incubation

Light intensity, wavelength, and photoperiod have a combined effect on chicken incubation. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 12-h light, 12-h dark (12L:12D) photoperiod of white light (380-780 nm, WL), blue light (455/447.5-462.5 nm, BL), and green light (525/515-535 nm, GL) in chicken perceived light intensity during layer incubation on hatching performance, embryo development, eye structure, and melatonin concentration. Three batches of eggs from Jinghong No. 1 layer breeder were used in this experiment. Light stimulation had no effect on hatchability, and no consistent effect on embryo weight and newly hatched chick weight. However, the average hatching time of white light group and green light group was 7.3 h and 5.5 h later than that of the control group. Therefore, the holding period of chicks was significantly shortened (P = 0.001) in these 2 light groups. Light stimulation had a significant effect on the thickness of retinal layers (P < 0.05), retinal layers of white light group was thicker than that of the other 3 groups. Melatonin levels of chicks hatched in the green light and blue light were significantly higher than that of chicks hatched in the white light and darkness (P < 0.05). It indicated that the monochrome green and blue light promoted the expression of melatonin in chicken embryos. No significant diurnal rhythms were found at the level of plasma melatonin in 4 groups on d 21 using cosine analysis. It was concluded that green light has a positive effect on embryo development and melatonin secretion, while white light probably has positive effect on eye development. Furthermore, both green and white light stimulation resulted in late hatch for layer egg incubation. The obtained results are important in determining the light protocol for chicken incubation.

Ribonuclease H-like gene SMALL GRAIN2 regulates grain size in rice through brassinosteroid signaling pathway

Grain size is a key agronomic trait that determines the yield in plants. Regulation of grain size by brassinosteroids (BRs) in rice has been widely reported. However, the relationship between the BR signaling pathway and grain size still requires further study. Here, we isolated a rice mutant, named small grain2 (sg2), which displayed smaller grain and a semi-dwarf phenotype. The decreased grain size was caused by repressed cell expansion in spikelet hulls of the sg2 mutant. Using map-based cloning combined with a MutMap approach, we cloned SG2, which encodes a plant-specific protein with a ribonuclease H-like domain. SG2 is a positive regulator downstream of GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE2 (GSK2) in response to BR signaling, and its mutation causes insensitivity to exogenous BR treatment. Genetical and biochemical analysis showed that GSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates SG2. We further found that BRs enhance the accumulation of SG2 in the nucleus, and subcellular distribution of SG2 is regulated by GSK2 kinase activity. In addition, Oryza sativa OVATE family protein 19 (OsOFP19), a negative regulator of grain shape, interacts with SG2 and plays an antagonistic role with SG2 in controlling gene expression and grain size. Our results indicated that SG2 is a new component of GSK2-related BR signaling response and regulates grain size by interacting with OsOFP19.

Improving pre-harvest sprouting resistance in rice by editing OsABA8ox using CRISPR/Cas9

Knock out OsABA8ox helps improve pre-harvest spouting resistance and do not affect rice yield. Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS) is a phenomenon that the seeds of crops germinate preharvest, which reduces the yield and quality of rice. Abscisic acid(ABA) is one of the phytohormones that promotes seed dormancy. ABA8' hydroxylase is the main enzyme that can catabolism ABA in plant. There are three genes that encode ABA8' hydroxylase in rice, named OsABA8ox1, OsABA8ox2 and OsABA8ox3. In this study, we use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to target these three genes in Ningjing6 and find that the knockout transgenic lines are all significantly strengthen in seed dormancy and have no effect on the yield. By a series of quantitative experiments, we consider that after knock out OsABA8ox, the high endogenous ABA level will influence the ABA signal which suppress the substantial and energy metabolism in the seeds, and finally led to higher dormancy.

[Prevalence and trend analysis of severe multiple disabling birth defects in Chongqing City from 2007 to 2020]

Objective: To explore the prevalence and change trend of severe multiple disabling birth defects in Chongqing City from 2007 to 2020, and to provide a basis for comprehensive prevention and control measures of severe multiple disabling birth defects. Methods: Based on hospital monitoring data, 1 103 children with severe multiple disabling birth defects monitored by all birth defects monitoring institutions in Chongqing City from January 2007 to December 2020 were included in the study. They were grouped by year, perinatal gender, maternal permanent residence (urban/rural), maternal age, different regions and other categories. Chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in the incidence of severe multiple disabling birth defects in different categories, and linear trend test was used to analyze the change trend. Results: From 2007 to 2020, a total of 1 022 314 perinatal births and 1 103 severe multiple disabling birth defects were monitored in Chongqing City, with an incidence of 10.79/10 000, including 11.47/10 000 in urban areas and 9.48/10 000 in rural areas, with an incidence higher in urban areas than in rural areas(χ²=8.424,P=0.004). Male was 10.47/10 000, female was 10.97/10 000, there was no significant difference between male and female(χ²=0.606,P=0.436). The incidence of maternal in different age groups was u-shaped, and there was statistical difference in incidence among different age groups (χ²=59.465, P<0.001). The incidence of maternal in<20 years old and ≥35 years old was higher, and in 25-29 years old was lower. The incidence rate was 17.96/10 000 in 2007 and 7.18/10 000 in 2020, which decreased by 60.02% in 2007-2020. The incidence of neural tube defect, chromosome syndrome, limb shortening and abdominal wall defect decreased by 78.12%, 77.38%, 80.55% and 91.30%, respectively. Severe Congenital heart disease rose by 456.16%. From 2007 to 2020, the overall incidence of the disease showed a decreasing trend (χ²_trend =117.046, P<0.001), except for the rise of severe congenital heart disease, (χ²_trend=8.744, P=0.003), the other four types of diseases were on the decline (neural tube defects χ²_trend =48.618, P<0.001; chromosome syndrome χ²_trend=50.999, P<0.001; limb shortening χ²_trend=73.464, P<0.001; abdominal wall defect χ²_trend=79.863, P<0.001). Conclusion: From 2007 to 2020, the incidence of severe disabling birth defects in Chongqing City showed a downward trend, and there were regional and age differences. The incidence of severe congenital heart disease is on the rise.

Refined balloon pulmonary angioplasty for inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a prospective multicenter registry

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): the National Key Research and Development Program of China

Background Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a life-threatening disease with a poor prognosis if left untreated. Pulmonary endarterectomy is the standard treatment for CTEPH, but around 40% of CTEPH patients are non-eligible for surgery.

Purpose To investigate the efficacy and safety of refined balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) for inoperable CTEPH in a prospective multicenter registry from China.

Methods We conducted a prospective multicenter cohort study using the data from National Rare Disease Registry System of China. Total 140 consecutive patients with inoperable CTEPH who completed BPA between Jan 2016 and Dec 2020 were enrolled. The key efficacy outcomes were changes from baseline to re-evaluation in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and six-minute walking distance. The safety outcomes were procedure-related complications. The survival outcome was all-cause mortality.

Results Among the 140 patients who completed BPA, the mean age at diagnosis was 58 ± 14 years and 60.0% were female. At re-evaluation, the least-squares mean change from baseline was -18.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], -19.9 to -16.6, P &lt; 0.001) in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, -5.3 Wood U (95% CI, -5.9 to -4.6, P &lt; 0.001) in pulmonary vascular resistance, and 87 meters (95% CI, 74 to 101, P &lt; 0.001) in six-minute walking distance. BPA procedure-related complications occurred in 109 of 650 BPA sessions (16.8%), but severe complications requiring noninvasive positive pressure ventilation only occurred in 4 (0.6%) BPA sessions. During a mean follow-up time of 32 ± 14 months, 4 patients died, including 2 peri-procedural deaths, contributing to the survival rates of 97.8% (95% CI, 93.4 to 99.3) at 1 year and 96.9% (95% CI, 91.9 to 98.8) at 3 and 5 years.

Conclusion Refined BPA appears to be an effective therapeutic option for inoperable CTEPH patients with acceptable safety profiles. Abstract Figure. Images of BPA Efficacy in a Patient  Abstract Figure. Efficacy outcomes of BPA

[Comparative study on metagenomics of esophageal flora in elderly and middle-aged esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients]

Objective: To explore the flora characteristics and differences of esophageal tissues between elderly esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients and young and middle-aged ESCC patients, so as to assist in studying the potential biomarkers of elderly ESCC patients. Methods: In this study, a retrospective study was adopted. 72 ESCC patients diagnosed in Taihe Hospital, Shiyan City, Hubei Province from July 2018 to July 2019 were selected, including 49 patients in the elderly group (≥ 60 years old, 40 males and 9 females), 23 patients in the young and middle-aged group (<60 years old, 21 males and 2 females). In the same period, 20 healthy persons without abnormal gastroscopy in endoscopy center were selected as the control group (aged 35-78 years old, median age 57 years old, 16 males and 4 females). The genomic DNA was extracted from the affected esophageal tissues of patients with ESCC and the middle esophageal samples of the control group. The V4 hypervariable region of bacterial 16SrRNA gene sequence was amplified. Illumina HiSeq sequencing technology was adopted. The flora characteristics of elderly, young and middle-aged ESCC patients was compared and analyzed. QIIME and Rstudio software were used to analyze the sequence data, and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test or Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for statistical methods. Results: Shannon index [5.17 (4.53, 5.95) vs. 4.79 (3.74, 5.97)], Simpson index [0.94 (0.91, 0.96) vs. 0.92 (0.83, 0.96)] and Chao1 index [343.55 (259.76, 570.59) vs. 329.16 (268.88, 648.00)] were similar in flora of two groups, and there was no significant difference (Z=-0.791, -1.057, -0.380, all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in β-diversity between the elderly group and the young and middle-aged group (PC1=19.14%, PC2=6.95%, P_PC1=0.67, P_PC2=0.42). At the phyla level, the top 5 phyla in abundance were as follows: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria in the young and middle-aged group, while the top 5 phyla in abundance were as follows: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria in the elderly group; the significant difference between the two groups was Fusobacteria (Q=0.596, P<0.05). At the genus level, the top 5 genera in the young and middle-aged group in abundance were as follows: Prevotella, Bacteroides, Streptococcus, Selenomonas and Veillonella. In the elderly group, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Streptococcus, Selenomonas and Haemophilus were the top 5 in abundance, and there were significant difference in Fusobacterium between the two groups (Q=0.938, P<0.05). PICRUSt function prediction showed that the abundance of Aminoacyl.tRNA.biosynthesis, Nucleotide.excision.repair, RNA.polymerase, Ribosome, Clavulanic.acid.biosynthesis, Photosynthesis and Photosynthesis. proteins in the elderly group were lower than those in the young and middle-aged group (all Q=0.734, P<0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant difference in α-diversity and β-diversity between elderly ESCC patients and young and middle-aged patients, but the abundance of Fusobacterium flora increased.

Extraction of DNA from Sperm Cells in Mixed Stain by Nylon Membrane Bushing Separation Technique

OBJECTIVES

To establish a novel method for the separation of sperm cells in mixed stain, and to evaluate its application value.

METHODS

Totally 40 mixed stain samples were collected from sexual assault cases. Sperm cells were separated by the conventional differential lysis method and the nylon membrane bushing separation technique, respectively. The DNA of sperm cells was extracted with the silicon membrane kit （Forensic DNA Extraction Kit for Soft Tissues）. The PCR amplification was performed using AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus kit, and the products were electrophoresed by 3500xL genetic analyser. The results of two separation methods were then compared.

RESULTS

Complete and single-source male STR genotypes could be obtained from all the 40 mixed stain samples except three samples with minimal residual of female DNA by the nylon membrane bushing separation technique. The STR genotypes of sperm cells could not be detected in 25 samples, which were obtained in 15 samples （seven were of incomplete male STR genotypes, six with residual of female DNA, two were complete and single-source STR genotypes of sperm cells）.

CONCLUSIONS

The nylon membrane bushing separation technique developed in present study can be used in the separation of sperm cells in mixed stain, especially for the extraction of a small amount of sperm from a large quantity of female cells, which is inexpensive, rapid and simple.

Depth of field extension and objective space depth measurement based on wavefront imaging

When all the parts of the wavefront imaging system are kept static after wavefront measuring, the target's images are blurry, because the depth of field (DOF) of the system affects the imaging quality. In this paper, the method for extending the DOF of the wavefront imaging system through an integrated architecture of a liquid-crystal microlens array (LCMLA) powered by electricity and a common photosensitive array, is presented. The DOF can be extended remarkably only by stitching together several sub-images of the LCMLA. The problem that the wavefronts and imaging results are insensitive to the objective depth is also solved. Optimal driving voltage signals are found out according to Sobel mean gradient to efficiently calibrate the depth of objective space in order to quantitatively measure the depth. The approach indicates a viable way to effectively extend the DOF of imaging micro-systems and to measure the geometrical depth of targets at the same time.

[Application of lymph node labeling with carbon nanoparticles by preoperative endoscopic subserosal injection in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy]

Objective: To evaluate the application value of carbon lymph node tracing technique by preoperative endoscopic subserosal injection in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Methods: From June 2013 to February 2015, seventy eight patients with gastric cancer were enrolled and randomly divided into trial group and control group. Subserosal injection of carbon nanoparticles around the tumor was performed by preoperative endoscopic subserosal injection one day before the operation in trial group, while the patients routinely underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy in control group. Results of harvested lymph nodes, postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Carbon nanoparticle-related side effect was also evaluated. Results: The average number of harvested lymph node in trial group was significantly higher than that in control group (35.5±8.5 vs 29.5±6.5, P<0.05). The rate of overall black-dyed harvested lymph node was 74.7% (1 035/1 386) in trial group, the black-dyed lymph node rate in D1 lymph node was 80.1%, which was significantly higher than that in D2 lymph node (69.8%, χ²=19.38, P<0.01). When comparing the lymph node with and without black-dyed in trial group, the rate of metastasis lymph node was significantly higher in lymph node with black-dyed (17.3% vs 4.0%, χ²=38.67, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in postoperative complications rate between two group (trial group 10.2%; control group 12.8%, χ²=0.00, P>0.05), and no carbon nanoparticle-related side effect was observed. Conclusion: Given a higher harvested lymph node number and a similar rate of complications, preoperative endoscopic subserosal injection of carbon nanoparticles was safe and feasible.

Suppression of Inflammatory Responses by Dihydromyricetin, a Flavonoid from Ampelopsis grossedentata, via Inhibiting the Activation of NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways

Ampelopsis grossedentata, an indigenous plant in southern China, has been used for treating pharyngitis in traditional Chinese medicine for hundreds of years. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory activity of dihydromyricetin (1), its major bioactive component, and the underlying mechanism of this action. We demonstrated that 1 suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as increased the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Moreover, 1 was found to markedly inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, whereas it increased the level of IL-10 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Compound 1 also reduced the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in macrophage cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-kappa B (NF-κB) and IκBα as well as the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK but not ERK1/2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Taken together, the present results suggest that 1 exerts its topical anti-inflammatory action through suppressing the activation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Thus, 1 may be a potentially useful therapeutic agent for inflammatory-related diseases.

An insight into the heat and mass transfer mechanisms of eggshells hatching broiler chicks and its effects to the hatcher environment

Thermodynamic study of incubated eggs is an important component in the optimisation of incubation processes. However, research on the interaction of heat and moisture transfer mechanisms in eggs is rather limited and does not focus on the hatching stage of incubation. During hatch, both the recently hatched chick and the broken eggshell add extra heat and moisture contents to the hatcher environment. In this study, we have proposed a novel way to estimate thermodynamically the amount of water evaporated from a broken eggshell during hatch. The hypothesis of this study considers that previously reported drops in eggshell temperature during hatching of chicks is the result remaining water content evaporating from the eggshell, released on the inner membrane by the recently hatched wet chick, just before hatch. To reproduce this process, water was sprayed on eggshells to mimic the water-fluid from the wet body of a chick. For each sample of eggshell, the shell geometry and weight, surface area and eggshell temperature were measured. Water evaporation losses and convection coefficient were calculated using a novel model approach considering the simultaneous heat and mass transfer profiles in an eggshell. The calculated average convective coefficient was 23.9 ± 7.5 W/m(2) °C, similar to previously reported coefficients in literature as a function of 0.5-1m/s air speed range. Comparison between measured and calculated values for the water evaporation showed 68% probability accuracy, associated to the use of an experimentally derived single heat transfer coefficient. The results support our proposed modelling approach of heat and mass transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, by estimating the amount of evaporated water in an eggshell post-hatch, air humidity levels inside the hatcher can be optimised to ensure wet chicks dry properly while not dehydrating early hatching chicks.

Effect of species-specific sound stimulation on the development and hatching of broiler chicks

1. Previous research has reported that chicken embryos develop a functionary auditory system during incubation and that prenatal sound may play an important role in embryo development and alter the hatch time. In this study the effects of prenatal auditory stimulation on hatch process, hatch performance, the development of embryo and blood parameters were investigated. 2. Four batches of Ross 308 broiler breeder eggs were incubated either in control or in sound-stimulated groups. The sound-stimulated embryos were exposed to a discontinuous sound of species-specific calls by means of a speaker at 72 dB for 16 h a day: maternal calls from d 10 to d 19 of incubation time and embryo/chick calls from d 19 until hatching. The species-specific sound was excluded from the control group. 3. The onset of hatch was delayed in the sound-stimulated group compared to the controls. This was also supported by comparison of the exact hatching time of individual focal chicks within the two groups. However, the sound-stimulated embryos had a lower hatchability than the control group, mainly due to significantly increased numbers of late deaths. 4. The embryos exhibited a similar growth pattern between the sound-stimulated group and the control group. Although sound exposure decreased body weight at d 16, no consistent effect of sound on body weight at incubation stage was observed. Species-specific sound stimulation also had no impact on chick quality, blood values and plasma corticosterone concentrations during hatch.

Depletion of white adipocyte progenitors induces beige adipocyte differentiation and suppresses obesity development

Overgrowth of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity occurs as a result of adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Expansion and renewal of adipocytes relies on proliferation and differentiation of white adipocyte progenitors (WAP); however, the requirement of WAP for obesity development has not been proven. Here, we investigate whether depletion of WAP can be used to prevent WAT expansion. We test this approach by using a hunter-killer peptide designed to induce apoptosis selectively in WAP. We show that targeted WAP cytoablation results in a long-term WAT growth suppression despite increased caloric intake in a mouse diet-induced obesity model. Our data indicate that WAP depletion results in a compensatory population of adipose tissue with beige adipocytes. Consistent with reported thermogenic capacity of beige adipose tissue, WAP-depleted mice display increased energy expenditure. We conclude that targeting of white adipocyte progenitors could be developed as a strategy to sustained modulation of WAT metabolic activity.

Effect of transportation duration of 1-day-old chicks on postplacement production performances and pododermatitis of broilers up to slaughter age

This experiment studied the effect of transportation duration of 1-d-old chicks on dehydration, mortality, production performance, and pododermatitis during the growout period. Eggs from the same breeder flock (Ross PM3) were collected at 35, 45, and 56 wk of age, for 3 successive identical experiments. In each experiment, newly hatched chicks received 1 of 3 transportation duration treatments from the hatchery before placement in the on-site rearing facility: no transportation corresponding to direct placement in less than 5 min (T00), or 4 (T04) or 10 h (T10) of transportation. The chicks were housed in 35-m(2) pens (650 birds each) and reared until 35 d old. Hematocrit and chick BW were measured on sample chicks before and after transportation. During the growout period, bird weight, feed uptake, and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly until slaughter. Transportation duration affected BW; T00 groups had a significantly higher BW than T04 and T10 transported birds but this effect lasted only until d 21. No clear effect on hematocrit, feed uptake, feed conversion ratio, or mortality was observed for birds transported up to 10 h. The decrease in weight in T10 birds was associated with less severe pododermatitis. Increasing age of the breeder flock was correlated with reduced egg fertility and hatchability, and also with higher quality and BW of hatched chicks. Chicks from older breeders also exhibited reduced mortality during the growout period.

MicroRNA-145 inhibits the growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis of neuroblastoma cells through targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha

Recent evidence shows that hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF-2α) may have critical roles in the growth and progression of neuroblastoma (NB) under non-hypoxic conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms and clinical potentials of normoxic HIF-2α expression in NB still remain largely unknown. In this study, HIF-2α immunostaining was identified in 26/42 NB tissues, which was correlated with clinicopathological features. In subtotal 20 NB cases, microRNA-145 (miR-145) was downregulated and inversely correlated with HIF-2α expression. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a putative miR-145 binding site in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of HIF-2α messenger RNA (mRNA). Overexpression or knockdown of miR-145 responsively altered both the mRNA and protein levels of HIF-2α and its downstream genes, cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase 14 and vascular endothelial growth factor, in normoxically cultured NB cell lines SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH. In a luciferase reporter system, miR-145 downregulated the luciferase activity of HIF-2α 3'-UTR, and these effects were abolished by a mutation in the putative miR-145-binding site. Overexpression of miR-145 suppressed the growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis of SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells in vitro and in vivo, while restoration of HIF-2α expression rescued the tumor cells from miR-145-mediated defects in these biological features. Furthermore, anti-miR-145 inhibitor rescued the HIF-2α knockdown-mediated repression on the growth, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of NB cells. These data indicate that miR-145 suppresses HIF-2α expression via the binding site in the 3'-UTR under normoxic conditions, thus inhibiting the aggressiveness and angiogenesis of NB.

Identification of complex vertebral malformation carriers in Holstein cattle in south China

Complex vertebral malformation (CVM) is a recently described monogenic autosomal recessive hereditary defect of Holstein dairy cattle that causes premature birth, aborted fetuses and stillborn calves. Guanine is substituted by thymine (G>T) in the solute carrier family 35 member A3 gene (SLC35A3). A valine is changed to a phenylalanine at position 180 of uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetyl-glucosamine transporter protein. CVM is expected to occur in many countries due to the widespread use of sire semen. We developed a created restriction site PCR (CRS-PCR) method to diagnose CVM in dairy cows. This was tested on 217 cows and 125 bulls selected randomly from a Holstein cattle population in south China. Five Holstein cows and five Holstein bulls were identified to be CVM carriers; the percentages of CVM carriers were estimated to be 2.3, 4.0 and 2.9% in the cows, bulls and entire Holstein cattle sample, respectively.

Deacetylation of FOXO3 by SIRT1 or SIRT2 leads to Skp2-mediated FOXO3 ubiquitination and degradation

Sirtuin deacetylases and FOXO (Forkhead box, class O) transcription factors have important roles in many biological pathways, including cancer development. SIRT1 and SIRT2 deacetylate FOXO factors to regulate FOXO function. Because acetylation and ubiquitination both modify the ɛ-amino group of lysine residues, we investigated whether FOXO3 deacetylation by SIRT1 or SIRT2 facilitates FOXO3 ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. We found that SIRT1 and SIRT2 promote FOXO3 poly-ubiquitination and degradation. Proteasome-inhibitor treatment prevented sirtuin-induced FOXO3 degradation, indicating that this process is proteasome dependent. In addition, we demonstrated that E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit Skp2 binds preferentially to deacetylated FOXO3. Overexpression of Skp2 caused poly-ubiquitination of FOXO3 and degradation, whereas knockdown of Skp2 increased the amount of FOXO3 protein. We also present evidence that SCF-Skp2 ubiquitinates FOXO3 directly in vitro. Furthermore, mutating four known acetylated lysine residues (K242, K259, K290 and K569) of FOXO3 into arginines to mimic deacetylated FOXO3 resulted in enhanced Skp2 binding but with inhibition of FOXO3 ubiquitination; this suggests that some or all of these four lysine residues are likely the sites for ubiquitination. In the livers of mice deficient in SIRT1, we detected increased expression of FOXO3, indicating SIRT1 regulates FOXO3 protein levels in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the elevation of SIRT1 and Skp2 expression in malignant PC3 and DU145 prostate cells is responsible for the downregulation of FOXO3 protein levels in these cells. Taken together, our data support the notion that deacetylation of FOXO3 by SIRT1 or SIRT2 facilitates Skp2-mediated FOXO3 poly-ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.

Lymphatic sparing versus lymphatic non-sparing laparoscopic varicocelectomy in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the true efficacy and potential advantages of lymphatic sparing laparoscopic varicocelectomy (LSV) over lymphatic non-sparing laparoscopic varicocelectomy (LNSV) in children and adolescents.

METHODS

A search was made for studies published up until 31 August 2010 using the terms "lymphatic sparing varicocelectomy", "laparoscopy", "adolescent" and "children" in the Medline, Embase, Ovid, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational clinical studies (OCSs) comparing LSV and LNSV were included. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous variables.

RESULTS

Out of 127 studies, 2 RCTs and 4 OCSs were eligible for inclusion, comprising 489 cases of LSV and 307 cases of LNSV. The hydrocele rates after LSV were significantly lower than after LNSV (OR = 0.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10 to 0.36; p < 0.00001). However, no significant difference was observed between LSV and LNSV with regard to recurrence (OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.32-1.33; p = 0.24) or catch-up growth (OR = 2.14; 95% CI =0.97-4.72; p = 0.06).

CONCLUSION

LSV is valuable in reducing the incidence of postoperative hydrocele, with similar recurrence and catch-up growth rates as LNSV. A series of RCTs are warranted to explore the efficacy of LSV in the management of varicocele in children and adolescents.

Structure validation of an integrated waterworks model for trihalomethanes simulation by applying regional sensitivity analysis

A previously developed integrated waterworks model for trihalomethanes simulation was validated by applying a new framework for comprehensive model structure validation. The proposed framework followed the procedure of regional sensitivity analysis and also involved correlation analysis and frequency distribution analysis. Through such an analysis framework, a deep insight into model structure and parameters could be gained besides the traditional focuses on model validation, i.e. model performance and rationality of model parameters. The integrated waterworks model, to which the framework was applied, was proved to give good predictions of the simulated variables, and the identified values of model parameters coincided well with the reported values in the literature. The model was also found to have a large proportion of sensitive parameters, no distinct correlations among parameters, and thus a balanced structure. Moreover, most of the sensitive parameters could be well identified and the associated uncertainties significantly reduced. A detailed investigation into the sensitivity, identifiability, and uncertainty of model parameters showed that the model conceptualization was in good agreement with accepted scientific principles and anticipated system behaviors. All these results, therefore, supported the validity and trustworthiness of the model. In addition, further opportunities for refining the model were also proposed.

Development and identification of an integrated waterworks model for trihalomethanes simulation

To evaluate the impact that new trihalomethanes (THMs) regulations will have on the performance of conventional waterworks in China, we developed an integrated waterworks model to simulate the dynamic behavior of THMs and other associated components, e.g. organic matter, ammonia, and residual chlorine, throughout the conventional water treatment process, which included pre-chlorination, coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and post-chlorination. A comprehensive kinetic scheme that takes into account both the physical and biological mechanisms involved in the water treatment processes and the chemical reactions that result from chlorination was proposed for model conceptualization. In addition, the Petersen matrix was designed to present the model and formulate the mass balance equations for the model variables. The model was then identified using the Hornberger-Spear-Young (HSY) algorithm and tested against field data from the Qingzhou Waterworks in Macao, China. Despite gross uncertainty associated with the field data, the model could generally provide good predictions of the simulated variables and meet the management purposes. Furthermore, the identified model parameters agreed well with values that were reported in the literature and could be reasonably interpreted.

Sex ratio bias in early-dead embryos of chickens collected during the first week of incubation

According to Mendelian heredity laws, the sex ratio of a given chicken population during hatching is expected to be 1:1. In this study, we collected 432 chicken embryos that died during the first week of incubation from 5 different breeds. The sexes of the early-dead embryos were determined by using the previously described molecular sexing technique of double PCR. The female-to-male sex ratio was analyzed for departure from the expected 1:1 sex ratio by chi(2) testing. These results showed that the number of female dead embryos was significantly greater than that of males in the Hubei local breeding stock, Zhusi, and Hy-line Variety Brown (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01 respectively), with observed female-to-male sex ratios of 1.40:1, 2.03:1, and 2.22:1, respectively. Two other Chinese local breeds (the Yellow chicken and the Aijiaohuang chicken) also showed altered sex ratios, although the differences were not significant. Altogether, these results indicated that female chickens were more likely than male chickens to die at the early stages of incubation.

Managing the performance risk of conventional waterworks in compliance with the natural organic matter regulation

In order to understand the dual impact of both deteriorating water resources and stringent water quality regulations on the performance of conventional waterworks on a nationwide level, a methodology of a risk-based screening analysis is developed and further applied to evaluate the natural organic matter (NOM) regulation in the new standards for drinking water quality. Due to the large number of drinking water sources and conventional waterworks, as well as the lack of detailed field observations in China, such an analysis is wholly based on a validated conceptual model. The performance risk of conventional waterworks in compliance with the new regulation is estimated within the framework of risk assessment through Monte Carlo simulation to account for the uncertainties associated with model parameters, source water quality and operation conditions across different waterworks. A screening analysis is simultaneously performed using a task-based Hornberger-Spear-Young algorithm to identify the critical operation parameters that determine the performance risk, based on which potential strategies to manage the performance risk are proposed and evaluated. The effects of the model parameter uncertainties on the simulation results are also discussed.

Single lamella nanoparticles of polyethylene

We present a complete analysis of the structure of polyethylene (PE) nanoparticles synthesized and stabilized in water under very mild conditions (15 degrees C, 40 atm) by a nickel-catalyzed polymerization in aqueous solution. Combining cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) with X-ray scattering, we demonstrate that this new synthetic route leads to a stable dispersion of individual PE nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution. Most of the semicrystalline particles have a hexagonal shape (lateral size 25 nm, thickness 9 nm) and exhibit the habit of a truncated lozenge. The combination of cryo-TEM and small-angle X-ray scattering demonstrates that the particles consist of a single crystalline lamella sandwiched between two thin amorphous polymer layers ("nanohamburgers"). Hence, these nanocrystals that comprise only ca. 14 chains present the smallest single crystals of PE ever reported. The very small thickness of the crystalline lamella (6.3 nm) is related to the extreme undercooling (more than 100 degrees C) that is due to the low temperature at which the polymerization takes place. This strong undercooling cannot be achieved by any other method so far. Dispersions of polyethylene nanocrystals may have a high potential for a further understanding of polymer crystallization as well as for materials science as, e.g., for the fabrication of extremely thin crystalline layers.

Integrated risk assessment and screening analysis of drinking water safety of a conventional water supply system

Management of drinking water safety is changing towards an integrated risk assessment and risk management approach that includes all processes in a water supply system from catchment to consumers. However, given the large number of water supply systems in China and the cost of implementing such a risk assessment procedure, there is a necessity to first conduct a strategic screening analysis at a national level. An integrated methodology of risk assessment and screening analysis is thus proposed to evaluate drinking water safety of a conventional water supply system. The violation probability, indicating drinking water safety, is estimated at different locations of a water supply system in terms of permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, turbidity, residual chlorine and trihalomethanes. Critical parameters with respect to drinking water safety are then identified, based on which an index system is developed to prioritize conventional water supply systems in implementing a detailed risk assessment procedure. The evaluation results are represented as graphic check matrices for the concerned hazards in drinking water, from which the vulnerability of a conventional water supply system is characterized.

Regulation of adiponectin in adipocytes upon exposure to HIV-1

OBJECTIVES

Adipose dysregulation, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance are hallmarks of HIV-related lipodystrophy. The precise mechanisms behind these disturbances are unknown. In HIV-infected patients, we previously demonstrated a strong relationship between lipodystrophy and levels of adiponectin, an adipose peptide implicated in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolisms. In this study we investigated the effect of HIV on adipocytes, to determine whether HIV can directly infect adipocytes and/or alter the regulation and secretion of the adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin.

METHODS

Human subcutaneous preadipocytes and adipocytes were exposed to HIV-1 under various conditions. Adiponectin was measured in supernatants and cell lysates.

RESULTS

Although adipocytes expressed CD4, the major HIV receptor, they could not be infected in vitro. However, exposure to HIV dramatically increased the secretion of adiponectin from human adipocytes, in the absence of infection. This was exacerbated with sustained exposure to HIV in a transwell assay. Further, human peripheral mononuclear cells also produced adiponectin, but this was largely dependent upon T-cell activation.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose that the stimulation of adiponectin production by HIV can perturb adiponectin regulation, leading to substantially decreased levels upon viral suppression by antiretroviral therapy. These data suggest a potential molecular mechanism of adiponectin regulation in HIV-infected patients.

Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the brain-gut axis

Previous reports have indicated that vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) are found only in central neurons. We show that neurons in the gut, which also contain glutamate and markers of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, display VGLUT2 immunoreactivity in several species, including humans. Glutamatergic (VGLUT2-immunoreactive) varicosities, which often co-stored choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, were apposed to a subset of nerve cell bodies in the submucosal and myenteric plexus. Retrograde tracing with FluoroGold demonstrated that VGLUT2 is found in nodose and dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating the stomach. Thus, VGLUT2 is found in intrinsic and extrinsic primary afferent neurons, which suggests that glutamate is as primary afferent neurotransmitter that transfers information from the mucosa to the enteric plexuses and brain.

Folic acid supplements during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage

BACKGROUND

Although taking supplements that contain 400 microg of folic acid before and during early pregnancy reduces a woman's risk for having a baby with a neural-tube defect (NTD), the effects of such supplements on other pregnancy outcomes remain unclear. We examined whether the use of such supplements affects the occurrence of miscarriage.

METHODS

Participants were women in China who had taken part in a recent folic acid campaign to prevent NTDs and who had registered in this campaign before they became pregnant for the first time. We examined the risk for miscarriage among women who had confirmed pregnancies and who had or had not taken pills containing only 400 microg of folic acid before and during early pregnancy.

RESULTS

The overall rate of miscarriage was 9.1% (2155/23806). The rates of miscarriage among women who had and had not taken folic acid pills before and during the first trimester were 9.0% and 9.3%, respectively (risk ratio 0.97 [95% CI 0.84-1.12]). The distributions of gestational age at pregnancy diagnosis and at miscarriage were similar for both groups of women.

INTERPRETATION

In this population-based study of a cohort of women whose use of folic acid supplements while pregnant had been previously documented and who had been pregnant for the first time, we found no evidence that daily consumption of 400 microg of folic acid before and during early pregnancy influenced their risk for miscarriage.

Measurements and analysis of criteria pollutants in New Delhi, India

Ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and total suspended particulates (TSP) were measured from January 1997 to November 1998 in the center of downtown [the Income Tax Office (ITO) located on B.S.G. Marg] New Delhi, India. The data consist of 24-h averages of SO2, NOx, and TSP as well as 8 and 24-h averages of CO. The measurements were made in an effort to characterize air pollution in the urban environment of New Delhi and assist in the development of an air quality index. The yearly average CO, NOx, SO2, and TSP concentrations for 1997 and 1998 were found to be 4810+/-2287 and 5772+/-2116 microg/m3, 83+/-35 and 64+/-22 microg/m3, 20+/-8 and 23+/-7 microg/m3, and 409+/-110 and 365+/-100 microg/m3, respectively. In general, the maximum CO, SO2, NOx, and TSP values occurred during the winter with minimum values occurring during the summer, which can be attributed to a combination of meteorological conditions and photochemical activity in the region. The ratio of CO/NOx (approximately 50) indicates that mobile sources are the predominant contributors for these two compounds in the urban air pollution problem in New Delhi. The ratio of SO2/NOx (approximately 0.6) indicates that point sources are contributing to SO2 pollution in the city. The averaged background CO concentrations in New Delhi were also calculated (approximately 1939 microg/m3) which exceed those for Eastern USA (approximately 500 microg/m3). Further, all measured concentrations exceeded the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) except for SO2. TSP was identified as exceeding the standard on the most frequent basis.

Adipose tissue resistin expression is severely suppressed in obesity and stimulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists

Elevated levels of the hormone resistin, which is secreted by fat cells, are proposed to cause insulin resistance and to serve as a link between obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this report we show that resistin expression is significantly decreased in the white adipose tissue of several different models of obesity including the ob/ob, db/db, tub/tub, and KKA(y) mice compared with their lean counterparts. Furthermore, in response to several different classes of antidiabetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists, adipose tissue resistin expression is increased in both ob/ob mice and Zucker diabetic fatty rats. These data demonstrate that experimental obesity in rodents is associated with severely defective resistin expression, and decreases in resistin expression are not required for the antidiabetic actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists.

Apoptosis inducing effects of arsenic trioxide on human bladder cancer cell line BIU-87

OBJECTIVE

To explore the apoptosis inducing effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on human bladder cancer cells and elucidate possible mechanisms.

METHODS

After treatment with As2O3, the growth inhibition rates of human bladder cancer cell line BIU-87 were studied by MTT and cell counts methods. DNA synthesis rates were detected by 3H-TdR assay. The morphological changes of cancer cells were observed by light and electronic microscopy and cell apoptosis rates were detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). bcl-2 gene expression of BIU-87 cells was observed by strept avidin-biotin complex (SABC) immunohistochemical method.

RESULTS

As2O3 could effectively inhibit the growth of BIU-87 (P < 0.05), which were time and concentration dependent. The inhibition rate of 4.0 mumol/L As2O3 for DNA synthesis of cancer cells was 55.64% (P < 0.01). Partial cancer cells presented the characteristic morphological changes of apoptosis which depended on the time of exposure to drug (P < 0.05). bcl-2 expression of BIU-87 cells was decreased significantly (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

As2O3 can significantly induce apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by down-regulating the expression of the bcl-2 gene and inhibiting DNA synthesis. This provides a potentially effective method for prevention and cure of human bladder cancer.

Solution structure of BmP02, a new potassium channel blocker from the venom of the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch

BmP02 is a 28-amino acid residue peptide purified from the venom of the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch, which had been demonstrated to be a weak blocker of apamin-sensitive calcium-activated potassium channels. Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy techniques were used to determine the solution structure of BmP02. The results show that BmP02 formed a alpha/beta scorpion fold, the typical three-dimensional structure adopted by most short chain scorpion toxins whose structures have been determined. However, in BmP02 this alpha/beta fold was largely distorted. The alpha-helix was shortened to only one turn, and the loop connecting the helix to the first beta-strand exhibited conformational heterogeneity. The instability of BmP02 could be attributed to a proline at position 17, which is usually a glycine. Because the residue at this position makes intense contact with the alpha-helix, it was supposed that the bulky side chain of proline had pushed the helix away from the beta-sheet. This had a significant influence on the structure and function of BmP02. The alpha-helix rotated by about 40 degrees to avoid Pro17 while forming two disulfides with the second beta-strand. The rotation further caused both ends of the helix to be unwound due to covalent restrictions. According to its structure, BmP02 was supposed to interact with its target via the side chains of Lys11 and Lys13.

Function of GATA transcription factors in preadipocyte-adipocyte transition

Genes that control the early stages of adipogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we show that murine GATA-2 and GATA-3 are specifically expressed in white adipocyte precursors and that their down-regulation sets the stage for terminal differentiation. Constitutive GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression suppressed adipocyte differentiation and trapped cells at the preadipocyte stage. This effect is mediated, at least in part, through the direct suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. GATA-3-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit an enhanced capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, and defective GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression is associated with obesity. Thus, GATA-2 and GATA-3 regulate adipocyte differentiation through molecular control of the preadipocyte-adipocyte transition.

A new system for expressing heterologous gene in Escherichia coli regulated by oxygen consistence in the environment

The expression of Vitreosilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) is regulated by oxygen consistence in E. coli. The gene transcription is activated under the condition of limited oxygen. A new system for expressing heterologous gene in E. coli regulated by dissolved oxygen consistence was constructed. It includes a host bacteria GJ100, which contained T7 RNA polymerase gene controlled by vgb promoter, and an expression vector on which the heterologous gene was under the control of a T7 promoter. The results indicated that E. coli thioredoxin A, IgG binding domain of Staphylococcus protein A(ZZ), snake neurotoxin, salmon calcitonin hexa-polymer, human interleukinII (IL2) and human pro-urokinase genes could be expressed efficiently. Expression level was more than 30% of the total cellular protein.

Interaction of PIP(2) with the XIP region of the cardiac Na/Ca exchanger

The sarcolemmal Na/Ca exchanger undergoes an inactivation process in which exchange activity decays over several seconds following activation by the application of Na to the intracellular surface of the protein. Inactivation is eliminated by an increase in membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). Inactivation is also strongly affected by mutations to a basic 20-amino acid segment of the exchanger known as the endogenous XIP region. The hypothesis that PIP(2) directly interacts with the XIP region of the exchanger was tested. First, we investigated the ability of a peptide with the same sequence as the XIP region to bind to immobilized phospholipid vesicles. (125)I-labeled XIP bound avidly to vesicles containing only a low concentration (<3%) of PIP(2). The binding was specific, in that binding was not displaced by other basic peptides. The effects of altering the sequence of XIP peptides also indicated binding specificity. Second, we examined the functional response to PIP(2) of exchangers with mutated XIP regions. Outward Na/Ca exchange currents were measured using the giant excised patch technique. The mutated exchangers either had no inactivation or accelerated inactivation. In both cases, the exchangers no longer responded to PIP(2) or to PIP(2) antibodies. Overall, the data indicate that the affinity of the endogenous XIP region for PIP(2) is an important determinant of the inactivation process.

Preliminary study of the in vitro growth inhibition of human bladder cancer cell line BIU-87 by arsenic trioxide

To study the effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on the in vitro growth of human bladder cancer cells and the mechanisms. The growth inhibition rates of human bladder cancer cell line BIU-87 by various concentrations of As2O3 were detected by using MTT method. Cell apoptosis was detected by in situ terminally labeled transferase technique and bcl-2 gene expression of BIU-87 cells was observed by SABC immunohistochemical method. The results showed that As2O3 could inhibit the growth of BIU-87 effectively in a dose-dependent manner. After drug's action, the apoptotic bladder cancer cells were obviously increased, which depended on the prolongation of the action time and Bcl-2 expression of BIU-87 cells was decreased significantly. It was suggested that As2O3 could significantly inhibit the growth of bladder human cancer cells. Inducing cell apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of bcl-2 gene might be one of its action mechanisms.

Study on the correlation of plasma NO, ET-1 and ALT in the patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis

The levels of plasma nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and ALT in the patients with chronic hepatitis B and active cirrhosis and the correlation among them were observed and analyzed. NO3- was restored by using cadmium column assay and NO2- measured by heavy nitrogen assay. The primitive NO3- and total restored NO2- (NO3-/NO2-) in plasma of the patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Plasma ET-1 and ALT levels were determined by using radioimmunological assay and Lai's assay, respectively. Compared with normal control group, the plasma levels of NO2-/NO2- and ET-1 in the patients with chronic active hepatitis and active cirrhosis were significantly increased (P < 0.05-0.01). There was a positive correlation between NO and ALT, and ET-1 and ALT in the patients with chronic active hepatitis and active cirrhosis respectively. It was suggested that elevation of both NO and ET-1 levels were closely related with injury severity of liver function.

[Analysis of Parkinson's EEG based on the complexity measure]

EEG represents the electricy activity of neurons in human brain; it is of course repeatedly used for studying and analyzing the brain activity and the status of brain function. We analyzed the Parkinson's and normal persons' EEG, with the aid of Kc complexity and C1 complexity defined by Kolmogorov and Xujinhua respectively. The results of the analysis on the data from 200 patients and 200 normal persons indicate that the complexity of EEG can be regarded as a feature classifying the Parkinson's EEG and normal persons' EEG.