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Outinen O, Bailey SA, Broeg K, Chasse J, Clarke S, Daigle RM, Gollasch S, Kakkonen JE, Lehtiniemi M, Normant-Saremba M, Ogilvie D, Viard F. Exceptions and exemptions under the ballast water management convention - Sustainable alternatives for ballast water management? J Environ Manage 2021; 293:112823. [PMID: 34044234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) aims to mitigate the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP) via ships' ballast water and sediments. The BWM Convention has set regulations for ships to utilise exceptions and exemptions from ballast water management under specific circumstances. This study evaluated local and regional case studies to provide clarity for situations, where ships could be excepted or exempted from ballast water management without risking recipient locations to new introductions of HAOP. Ships may be excepted from ballast water management if all ballasting operations are conducted in the same location (Regulation A-3.5 of the BWM Convention). The same location case study determined whether the entire Vuosaari harbour (Helsinki, Finland) should be considered as the same location based on salinity and composition of HAOP between the two harbour terminals. The Vuosaari harbour case study revealed mismatching occurrences of HAOP between the harbour terminals, supporting the recommendation that exceptions based on the same location concept should be limited to the smallest feasible areas within a harbour. The other case studies evaluated whether ballast water exemptions could be granted for ships using two existing risk assessment (RA) methods (Joint Harmonised Procedure [JHP] and Same Risk Area [SRA]), consistent with Regulation A-4 of the BWM Convention. The JHP method compares salinity and presence of target species (TS) between donor and recipient ports to indicate the introduction risk (high or low) attributed to transferring unmanaged ballast water. The SRA method uses a biophysical model to determine whether HAOP could naturally disperse between ports, regardless of their transportation in ballast water. The results of the JHP case study for the Baltic Sea and North-East Atlantic Ocean determined that over 97% of shipping routes within these regions resulted in a high-risk indication. The one route assessed in the Gulf of Maine, North America also resulted in a high-risk outcome. The SRA assessment resulted in an overall weak connectivity between all ports assessed within the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, indicating that a SRA-based exemption would not be appropriate for the entire study area. In summary, exceptions and exemptions should not be considered as common alternatives for ballast water management. The availability of recent and detailed species occurrence data was considered the most important factor to conduct a successful and reliable RA. SRA models should include biological factors that influence larval dispersal and recruitment potential (e.g., pelagic larval duration, settlement period) to provide a more realistic estimation of natural dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okko Outinen
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sarah A Bailey
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Katja Broeg
- Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joël Chasse
- Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Stacey Clarke
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft, Suffolk, England, UK
| | - Rémi M Daigle
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Jenni E Kakkonen
- Marine Services, Harbour Authority Building, Scapa, Orkney, KW15 1SD, Scotland, UK
| | - Maiju Lehtiniemi
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Normant-Saremba
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Institute of Oceanography, Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Al. M. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Dawson Ogilvie
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
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Bani R, Marleau J, Fortin M, Daigle RM, Guichard F. Dynamic larval dispersal can mediate the response of marine metapopulations to multiple climate change impacts. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ridouan Bani
- Dept of Biology, McGill Univ. Montréal QC Canada
| | | | - Marie‐Josée Fortin
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Rémi M. Daigle
- Bedford Inst. of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Darthmouth NS Canada
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie Univ. Halifax NS Canada
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3
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Fajardo P, Beauchesne D, Carbajal-López A, Daigle RM, Fierro-Arcos LD, Goldsmit J, Zajderman S, Valdez-Hernández JI, Terán Maigua MY, Christofoletti RA. Aichi Target 18 beyond 2020: mainstreaming Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge in the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal ecosystems. PeerJ 2021; 9:e9616. [PMID: 33585077 PMCID: PMC7852408 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) have inhabited coastal areas, the seas, and remote islands for millennia, and developed place-based traditional ancestral knowledge and diversified livelihoods associated with the biocultural use of marine and coastal ecosystems. Through their cultural traditions, customary wise practices, and holistic approaches to observe, monitor, understand, and appreciate the Natural World, IPLCs have been preserving, managing, and sustainably using seascapes and coastal landscapes, which has been essential for biodiversity conservation. The international community has more than ever recognized the central role of IPLCs in the conservation of biodiversity-rich ecosystems, in particular, for the achievement of the Global Biodiversity Targets determined by the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity to tackle biodiversity loss. However, much remains to be done to fully recognize and protect at national levels IPLCs' Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge (TBK), ways of life, and their internationally recognized rights to inhabit, own, manage and govern traditional lands, territories, and waters, which are increasingly threatened. At the 2018 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity held in Montréal, Canada, eight themed working groups critically discussed progress to date and barriers that have prevented the achievement of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets agreed for the period 2011-2020, and priority actions for the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Discussions in the "Application of Biodiversity Knowledge" working group focused on Targets 11 and 18 and the equal valuation of diverse Biodiversity Knowledge Systems (BKS). This Perspective Paper summarizes the 10 Priority Actions identified for a holistic biodiversity conservation, gender equality and human rights-based approach that strengthens the role of IPLCs as biodiversity conservation decision-makers and managers at national and international levels. Furthermore, the Perspective proposes a measurable Target 18 post-2020 and discusses actions to advance the recognition of community-based alternative conservation schemes and TBK to ensure the long-lasting conservation, customary biocultural use, and sustainable multi-functional management of nature around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Beauchesne
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
- Québec Océan, Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada - Canadian Healthy Oceans Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Rémi M. Daigle
- Québec Océan, Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada - Canadian Healthy Oceans Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - L. Denisse Fierro-Arcos
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Jesica Goldsmit
- Québec Océan, Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Institut Maurice Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC, Canada
| | - Sabine Zajderman
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - María Yolanda Terán Maigua
- Native American Studies Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque City, NM, USA
- Indigenous Women Network on Biodiversity from Latin America and the Caribbean (RMIB-LAC), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
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Daigle RM, Metaxas A, Balbar AC, McGowan J, Treml EA, Kuempel CD, Possingham HP, Beger M. Operationalizing ecological connectivity in spatial conservation planning with Marxan Connect. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi M. Daigle
- Department of Oceanography Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada
- Département de biologie Université Laval Québec QC Canada
| | - Anna Metaxas
- Department of Oceanography Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada
| | | | - Jennifer McGowan
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD Australia
- The Nature Conservancy Arlington VA USA
| | - Eric A. Treml
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Caitlin D. Kuempel
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD Australia
| | | | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
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Dreujou E, Carrier-Belleau C, Goldsmit J, Fiorentino D, Ben-Hamadou R, Muelbert JH, Godbold JA, Daigle RM, Beauchesne D. Holistic Environmental Approaches and Aichi Biodiversity Targets: accomplishments and perspectives for marine ecosystems. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8171. [PMID: 32140297 PMCID: PMC7047861 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to help safeguard biodiversity from global changes, the Conference of the Parties developed a Strategic Plan for Biodiversity for the period 2011-2020 that included a list of twenty specific objectives known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. With the end of that timeframe in sight, and despite major advancements in biodiversity conservation, evidence suggests that the majority of the Targets are unlikely to be met. This article is part of a series of perspective pieces from the 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity (May 2018, Montréal, Canada) to identify next steps towards successful biodiversity conservation in marine environments. We specifically reviewed holistic environmental assessment studies (HEA) and their contribution to reaching the Targets. Our analysis was based on multiple environmental approaches which can be considered as holistic, and we discuss how HEA can contribute to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in the near future. We found that only a few HEA articles considered a specific Biodiversity Target in their research, and that Target 11, which focuses on marine protected areas, was the most commonly cited. We propose five research priorities to enhance HEA for marine biodiversity conservation beyond 2020: (i) expand the use of holistic approaches in environmental assessments, (ii) standardize HEA vocabulary, (iii) enhance data collection, sharing and management, (iv) consider ecosystem spatio-temporal variability and (v) integrate ecosystem services in HEA. The consideration of these priorities will promote the value of HEA and will benefit the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Dreujou
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, University of Québec at Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jesica Goldsmit
- Department of Biology, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
| | - Dario Fiorentino
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Alfred Wagner Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Radhouane Ben-Hamadou
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jose H. Muelbert
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Jasmin A. Godbold
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Center, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rémi M. Daigle
- Department of Biology, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - David Beauchesne
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, University of Québec at Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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6
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Xuereb A, Benestan L, Normandeau É, Daigle RM, Curtis JMR, Bernatchez L, Fortin MJ. Asymmetric oceanographic processes mediate connectivity and population genetic structure, as revealed by RADseq, in a highly dispersive marine invertebrate (Parastichopus californicus). Mol Ecol 2019; 27:2347-2364. [PMID: 29654703 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine populations are typically characterized by weak genetic differentiation due to the potential for long-distance dispersal favouring high levels of gene flow. However, strong directional advection of water masses or retentive hydrodynamic forces can influence the degree of genetic exchange among marine populations. To determine the oceanographic drivers of genetic structure in a highly dispersive marine invertebrate, the giant California sea cucumber (Parastichopus californicus), we first tested for the presence of genetic discontinuities along the coast of North America in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Then, we tested two hypotheses regarding spatial processes influencing population structure: (i) isolation by distance (IBD: genetic structure is explained by geographic distance) and (ii) isolation by resistance (IBR: genetic structure is driven by ocean circulation). Using RADseq, we genotyped 717 individuals from 24 sampling locations across 2,719 neutral SNPs to assess the degree of population differentiation and integrated estimates of genetic variation with inferred connectivity probabilities from a biophysical model of larval dispersal mediated by ocean currents. We identified two clusters separating north and south regions, as well as significant, albeit weak, substructure within regions (FST = 0.002, p = .001). After modelling the asymmetric nature of ocean currents, we demonstrated that local oceanography (IBR) was a better predictor of genetic variation (R2 = .49) than geographic distance (IBD) (R2 = .18), and directional processes played an important role in shaping fine-scale structure. Our study contributes to the growing body of literature identifying significant population structure in marine systems and has important implications for the spatial management of P. californicus and other exploited marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Xuereb
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Benestan
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Normandeau
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Rémi M Daigle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janelle M R Curtis
- Pacific Biological Station, Ecosystem Sciences Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Xuereb A, D’Aloia CC, Daigle RM, Andrello M, Dalongeville A, Manel S, Mouillot D, Guichard F, Côté IM, Curtis JMR, Bernatchez L, Fortin MJ. Marine Conservation and Marine Protected Areas. Population Genomics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/13836_2018_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Daigle RM, Archambault P, Halpern BS, Stewart Lowndes JS, Côté IM. Incorporating public priorities in the Ocean Health Index: Canada as a case study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178044. [PMID: 28542394 PMCID: PMC5443542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ocean Health Index (OHI) is a framework to assess ocean health by considering many benefits (called 'goals') provided by the ocean provides to humans, such as food provision, tourism opportunities, and coastal protection. The OHI framework can be used to assess marine areas at global or regional scales, but how various OHI goals should be weighted to reflect priorities at those scales remains unclear. In this study, we adapted the framework in two ways for application to Canada as a case study. First, we customized the OHI goals to create a national Canadian Ocean Health Index (COHI). In particular, we altered the list of iconic species assessed, added methane clathrates and subsea permafrost as carbon storage habitats, and developed a new goal, 'Aboriginal Needs', to measure access of Aboriginal people to traditional marine hunting and fishing grounds. Second, we evaluated various goal weighting schemes based on preferences elicited from the general public in online surveys. We quantified these public preferences in three ways: using Likert scores, simple ranks from a best-worst choice experiment, and model coefficients from the analysis of elicited choice experiment. The latter provided the clearest statistical discrimination among goals, and we recommend their use because they can more accurately reflect both public opinion and the trade-offs faced by policy-makers. This initial iteration of the COHI can be used as a baseline against which future COHI scores can be compared, and could potentially be used as a management tool to prioritise actions on a national scale and predict public support for these actions given that the goal weights are based on public priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi M. Daigle
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Laval University, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Laval University, Québec, Canada
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Silwood Park, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Julia S. Stewart Lowndes
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Isabelle M. Côté
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Hundey EJ, Olker JH, Carreira C, Daigle RM, Elgin AK, Finiguerra M, Gownaris NJ, Hayes N, Heffner L, Roxanna Razavi N, Shirey PD, Tolar BB, Wood-Charlson EM. A Shifting Tide: Recommendations for Incorporating Science Communication into Graduate Training. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/lob.10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Around the world, governments are establishing Marine Protected Area (MPA) networks to meet their commitments to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. MPAs are often used in an effort to conserve biodiversity and manage fisheries stocks. However, their efficacy and effect on fisheries yields remain unclear. We conducted a case-study on the economic impact of different MPA network design strategies on the Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua) fisheries in Canada. The open-source R package that we developed to analyze this case study can be customized to conduct similar analyses for other systems. We used a spatially-explicit individual-based model of population growth and dispersal coupled with a fisheries management and harvesting component. We found that MPA networks that both protect the target species’ habitat and were spatially optimized to improve population connectivity had the highest net present value (i.e., were most profitable for the fishing industry). These higher profits were achieved primarily by reducing the distance travelled for fishing and reducing the probability of a moratorium event. These findings add to a growing body of knowledge demonstrating the importance of incorporating population connectivity in the MPA planning process, as well as the ability of this R package to explore ecological and economic consequences of alternative MPA network designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi M Daigle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Cristián J Monaco
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Ashley K Elgin
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Muskegon, Michigan, 49441, USA
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11
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Garant KA, Shmulevitz M, Pan L, Daigle RM, Ahn DG, Gujar SA, Lee PWK. Oncolytic reovirus induces intracellular redistribution of Ras to promote apoptosis and progeny virus release. Oncogene 2015; 35:771-82. [PMID: 25961930 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reovirus is a naturally oncolytic virus that preferentially replicates in Ras-transformed cells and is currently undergoing clinical trials as a cancer therapeutic. Ras transformation promotes reovirus oncolysis by enhancing virion disassembly during entry, viral progeny production, and virus release through apoptosis; however, the mechanism behind the latter is not well understood. Here, we show that reovirus alters the intracellular location of oncogenic Ras to induce apoptosis of H-RasV12-transformed fibroblasts. Reovirus infection decreases Ras palmitoylation levels and causes accumulation of Ras in the Golgi through Golgi fragmentation. With the Golgi being the site of Ras palmitoylation, treatment of target cells with the palmitoylation inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate (2BP), prompts a greater accumulation of H-RasV12 in the Golgi, and a dose-dependent increase in progeny virus release and subsequent spread. Conversely, tethering H-RasV12 to the plasma membrane (thereby preventing its movement to the Golgi) allows for efficient virus production, but results in basal levels of reovirus-induced cell death. Analysis of Ras downstream signaling reveals that cells expressing cycling H-RasV12 have elevated levels of phosphorylated JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and that Ras retained at the Golgi body by 2BP increases activation of the MEKK1/MKK4/JNK signaling pathway to promote cell death. Collectively, our data suggest that reovirus induces Golgi fragmentation of target cells, and the subsequent accumulation of oncogenic Ras in the Golgi body initiates apoptotic signaling events required for virus release and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Garant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M Shmulevitz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - L Pan
- Division of Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R M Daigle
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - D-G Ahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - S A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Strategy and Organizational Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - P W K Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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