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Yoon IS, Li PP, Siu KP, Kennedy JL, Cooke RG, Parikh SV, Warsh JJ. Altered IMPA2 gene expression and calcium homeostasis in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:678-83. [PMID: 11673796 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2000] [Revised: 02/07/2001] [Accepted: 02/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reduced inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) activity and elevated basal intracellular calcium levels ([Ca(2+)](B)) have been reported in B lymphoblast cell lines (BLCLs) from bipolar I affective disorder (BD-I) patients, which may reflect cellular endophenotypes of this disorder. As the PI cycle couples to intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, these two putative endophenotypes may be related. Using an RT-PCR assay, mRNA levels were estimated for IMPA1 and 2 genes encoding human IMPase 1 and 2, respectively, in BLCLs phenotyped on [Ca(2+)](B), from patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of BD-I (n = 12 per phenotype) and from age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (n = 12). IMPA2 mRNA levels were significantly lower in BLCLs from male BD-I patients with high [Ca(2+)](B) (n = 6) compared with healthy male subjects (n = 5) (-52%, P = 0.013), male BD-I patients with normal BLCL [Ca(2+)](B) (n = 8) (-42%, P = 0.003) and female BD-I patients with high [Ca(2+)](B) (n = 6) (-59%, P = 0.0004). A significant negative correlation was observed between IMPA2 mRNA levels and [Ca(2+)](B) in BLCLs from male (P = 0.046), but not female BD-I patients. Sex-dependent differences were also evident in postmortem temporal cortex IMPA2 mRNA levels which, in contrast to BLCLs, were significantly higher in male BD-I subjects compared with male controls (P = 0.025, n = 4/group). Collectively, these observations suggest a potential sex-dependent link between abnormalities in IMPA2 expression and calcium homeostasis in the pathophysiology of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Yoon
- Section of Biochemical Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND As altered storage-operated calcium (Ca(2+)) entry (SOCE) may affect Ca(2+) homeostasis in bipolar disorder (BD), we determined whether changes occur in the expression of TRPC7 and SERCA2s, proteins implicated or known to be involved in SOCE, in B lymphoblast cell lines (BLCLs) from BD-I patients and comparison subjects. METHODS mRNA levels were determined in BLCL lysates from BD-I, BD-II, and major depressive disorder patients, and healthy subjects by comparative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and BLCL basal intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]B) was determined by ratiometric spectrophotometry using Fura-2, in aliquots of the same cell lines, at 13-16 passages in culture. RESULTS TRPC7 mRNA levels were significantly lower in BLCLs from BD-I patients with high BLCL [Ca(2+)]B compared with those showing normal [Ca(2+)]B (-33%, p =.017) and with BD-II patients (-48%, p =.003), major depressive disorder patients (-47%, p =.049) and healthy subjects (-33%, p =.038). [Ca(2+)]B also correlated inversely with TRPC7 mRNA levels in BLCLs from the BD-I group as a whole (r = -.35, p =.027). CONCLUSIONS Reduced TRPC7 gene expression may be a trait associated with pathophysiological disturbances of Ca(2+) homeostasis in a subgroup of BD-I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Yoon
- Section of Biochemical Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health-Clarke Site, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Corson TW, Li PP, Kennedy JL, Macciardi F, Cooke RG, Parikh SV, Warsh JJ. Association analysis of G-protein beta 3 subunit gene with altered Ca(2+) homeostasis in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:125-6. [PMID: 11317211 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kennedy SH, Eisfeld BS, Cooke RG. Quality of life: an important dimension in assessing the treatment of depression? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001; 26 Suppl:S23-8. [PMID: 11590966 PMCID: PMC2553258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Quality of life is used to assess the overall impact of medical treatments from the patient's perspective. Because depression affects a person's ability to function at work and at home, the evaluation of various treatments must include an assessment of patients' physical, social and psychological status. This paper classifies and evaluates a variety of widely used health-related quality-of-life questionnaires that have potential value as outcome measures in the treatment of depression. The paper also outlines how these measures have been beneficial in the assessment of depressed patients. They reveal differences between patients with depression and control groups, are sensitive to change in status during treatment, have predictive value for outcome measures and provide additional information about timelines for improvement in psychosocial functioning, which may occur at a different rate than changes in other depressive symptoms. Despite the limitations of these questionnaires, they provide an important additional dimension to the evaluation of treatment with antidepressant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kennedy
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although bipolar disorder is associated with substantial levels of disability, efforts to investigate the correlates of impairment have been meagre. METHODS Sixty-one euthymic patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder were administered a variety of quality of life measures, including a measure of community functioning entitled the Occupational Performance Questionnaire (OPQ). This measure included a Community Functioning Scale (CFS) that provides a rating of adaptive level of functioning that was compared with other clinical and functional indices. RESULTS The OPQ was found responsive to the assessment of community functioning among euthymic patients, as about one third of the patients did not meet the criteria for adequate level of community functioning. Moreover, a positive history for alcoholism or alcohol abuse and reported current levels of high anxiety were associated with the impairment in community functioning. LIMITATIONS This study relied on self-report data derived from a measure of community functioning developed specifically for this study. CONCLUSION Despite the preliminary nature of these findings, further investigation of the functional impairments associated with bipolar disorder is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kusznir
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Division 250 College Street, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between number of episodes and inter-episode functioning in bipolar disorder. METHOD Sixty-four euthymic subjects with bipolar affective disorder completed the Medical Outcomes Questionnaire Short Form and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Goodness-of-fit models were used to define the relation between episode number and level of function. RESULTS Non-linear logarithmic and power relations best described the association between number of episodes and outcome. Number of past depressions was a stronger determinant of outcome than past manias. CONCLUSION Strategies to minimize the number of episodes experienced by patients with bipolar illness must be pursued aggressively if function is to be maintained, with particular attention given to minimizing episodes of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M MacQueen
- Mood Disorders Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in inpatient subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) and to examine the clinical characteristics of BD subjects with OCD. METHOD The sample consisted of 143 inpatient subjects with DSM-III-R BD-I and BD-NOS (BD-II), recovered from a current episode of either depression or mania. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained on the day of admission. Current comorbid conditions including OCD were determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Ifollowing recovery from the acute affective episode. RESULTS The frequency of current OCD was 7% (N = 10). All BD subjects with OCD were BD-II, were male, and had a diagnosis of current dysthymia. They had fewer episodes and a higher incidence of prior suicide attempts than bipolar subjects without OCD. None of the bipolar subjects with OCD fulfilled criteria for cyclothymia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that BD-II, OCD, dysthymia, and suicidality cluster together in some subjects with BD. We discuss the clinical implications of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krüger
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Division, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Cooke RG, Ahmad N. Suppression of oxytocin-induced prostaglandin F2alpha release after intra-uterine nordihydroguariaretic acid administration in ewes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2000; 60:27-33. [PMID: 10680773 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(99)00047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine administration of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguariaretic acid (NDGA; 5 mg, bid) on Days 9-14 of the ovine estrous cycle (estrus = Day 0) delayed luteolysis and extended the duration of the estrous cycle (20+/-1, SD, vs. 16+/-1 days; P < 0.01). In control ewes, plasma concentrations of 13,14,dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha increased significantly (P < 0.001) following i.v. administration of oxytocin (10 i.u.) on Day 14; in the nordihydroguariaretic acid-treated ewes, however, there was no such increase. In addition, concentrations of endometrial oxytocin receptors were significantly less (P < 0.01) in the nordihydroguariaretic acid-treated ewes (218+/-60 vs. 579+/-66 fmol/mg tissue). These results suggest that 5-lipoxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism may be involved in the control of ovine luteal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinrary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
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Cooke RG, Nothnick WB, Komar C, Burns P, Curry TE. Collagenase and gelatinase messenger ribonucleic acid expression and activity during follicular development in the rat ovary. Biol Reprod 1999; 61:1309-16. [PMID: 10529279 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod61.5.1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteinases are members of a family of proteinases that remodel the extracellular matrix throughout the body. To test the hypothesis that metalloproteinases are regulated by gonadotropin-induced changes during follicular growth, rats were injected with eCG (20 IU, s.c.), and ovaries and serum were collected at the time of eCG administration (0 h) and at 6, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h later for analysis of metalloproteinase mRNA expression, metalloproteinase activity, and steroidogenesis. Serum estradiol levels increased from 18.9 pg/ml at 0 h to 503.8 pg/ml at 48 h. Analysis of mRNA expression was performed for collagenase-3, 72-kDa gelatinase, and 92-kDa gelatinase (n = 3-4). For collagenase-3, eCG stimulated a 32-fold increase in collagenase-3 mRNA at 48 h after eCG injection as compared to that in ovaries collected at the time of eCG administration (i.e., 0-h control). The mRNA levels for 72-kDa gelatinase were 2.8-fold compared to 0 h at 36 h after eCG treatment and returned to control levels by 48 h after gonadotropin treatment. Levels of the 92-kDa mRNA expression peaked at 24 h (4. 2-fold compared to 0 h) and returned to control levels by 36 h. Gel zymography revealed 3 gelatinolytic bands corresponding to the gelatinases of approximately 72 kDa, 92 kDa, and 105 kDa. Analysis of metalloproteinase activity as the degradation of collagen or gelatin per ovary showed an increase in gelatinolytic and collagenolytic activity between 12 and 48 h after eCG treatment. In summary, these findings demonstrate that the gonadotropin induction of folliculogenesis results in changes in the metalloproteinases that may be responsible for extracellular matrix remodeling associated with follicular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0293, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the family-of-origin characteristics of patients with bipolar disorder relative to those of control subjects. METHOD Fifty-six euthymic patients meeting research diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder and 21 control subjects completed the Family Environment Scale (FES) for the family they grew up with. RESULTS The 2 groups showed strikingly similar profiles on 10 indices of family functioning or structure. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support the hypothesis that specific family attributes contribute to the development of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario.
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Abstract
Intrauterine administration of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (5 mg, bid. NDGA), an inhibitor of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, on days 10-14 of the oestrous cycle, maintained luteal function and delayed oestrus in the ewe. The duration (mean +/- SD) of the oestrous cycle in the treatment group (n = 4) was 24 +/- 1 days, which was significantly (P < 0.001) longer than that of 16 +/- 1 days in vehicle-treated controls (n = 4); plasma progesterone concentrations were also significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the treatment group. On days 13 and 14 of the cycle (oestrus = Day 0) in the control group large pulses of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) were evident, with mean (+/- SD) maximum concentrations of 232.5 +/- 66 and 415 +/- 309 pg ml(-1), respectively. In the treatment group, however, concentrations of PGFM were below detection level (< 50 pg ml(-1)). Similarly, in the control group, oxytocin release was highly pulsatile, with mean (+/- SD) peak concentrations of 21.8 +/- 5 and 18.5 +/- 6 pg ml(-1) on days 13 and 14, respectively; these were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than values of 7.6 +/- 3 and 6.1 +/- 3 pg ml(-1) in NDGA-treated ewes, where pulses were of relatively low amplitude. These results suggest that 5-lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism may be involved in the positive feedback mechanism between luteal oxytocin and uterine PGF2alpha during luteolysis in the ewe.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, South Wirral, Cheshire, UK.
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Abstract
The effects of close intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine and adrenalin on ovarian secretion of progesterone and oxytocin were examined on Day 10 of the estrous cycle in goats (estrus = Day 0). Acetylcholine (15 micrograms/min) was without effect, but adrenalin (10 micrograms/min) significantly (P < 0.001) raised both progesterone and oxytocin concentrations in ovarian vein plasma. These results show that luteal hormone secretion is enhanced in the goat by beta-adrenergic stimulation and suggest that, as in the sheep and cow, there may be neuroendocrine involvement in the regulation of caprine luteal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Robb JC, Young LT, Cooke RG, Joffe RT. Gender differences in patients with bipolar disorder influence outcome in the medical outcomes survey (SF-20) subscale scores. J Affect Disord 1998; 49:189-93. [PMID: 9629948 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of gender on the course and outcome in bipolar disorder (BD) has been widely acknowledged. The limited data suggest that the prevalence is similar between sexes but that the course of illness may be different. This study investigated gender differences in a clinic sample of patients with BD including a measure of subjects' perception of well-being and functioning. METHODS Euthymic outpatients attending a mood disorders clinic were systematically assessed. Measurements obtained included SADS-LV, Hamilton Depression Ratings scores, Young Mania Rating scores, and Medical Outcome Survey Short Form 20 items and Global Assessment of Functioning. RESULTS Women with BD have a later onset of mania, are more likely to have a rapid cycling course, experience mixed episodes, experience more depressive episodes and report more overall impairment in all MOS subscale scores with significant impairment in physical health and pain. CONCLUSIONS Further investigation and replication of these differences need to be addressed including non-euthymic patients and during a longer period of systematic follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Robb
- McMaster University Department of Psychiatry and the Hamilton Psychiatric Hospital, ON, Canada.
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Cooke RG, Ahmad N, Nicholson T. Suppression of ovarian oxytocin secretion after intra-luteal administration of the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BWA4C in the ewe. Res Vet Sci 1998; 64:263-4. [PMID: 9690615 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an intra-luteal injection of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitor BWA4C (2 mg in 50 microl DMSO) on the secretion of oxytocin (OT) from the corpus luteum in response to a close-arterial infusion of prostaglandin (PG)-F2alpha (5 ng min(-1)) was examined in anaesthetised sheep. Within 30 minutes of administration both basal (pre-infusion) and PGF2alpha-stimulated OT release into the posterior vena cava were significantly (P<0.01) reduced. These results are consistent with the proposition that 5-LO products of arachidonic acid may modulate OT secretion from the ovine corpus luteum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, South Wirral, Cheshire
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Abstract
The effects of jugular infusions of adrenalin and the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol on plasma concentrations of progesterone and oxytocin were examined at 2 different stages of the caprine estrous cycle. Adrenalin (25 micrograms.kg-1h-1) significantly (P < 0.05) increased oxytocin secretion on Day 3 and Day 10 of the cycle (estrus = Day 0); progesterone concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated on Day 10 alone. Propranolol had no effect on progesterone secretion yet significantly (P < 0.05) reduced oxytocin concentrations on Day 3. These results suggest that there may be neuroendocrine involvement in the regulation of luteal oxytocin secretion in the goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Payne
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare psychotic and nonpsychotic bipolar patients on demographic and outcome measures. Sixty two patients with bipolar disorder were divided into groups on the basis of psychosis during an index episode of mania. Groups were compared on demographic, clinical and outcome measures. Psychotic patients were more symptomatic during the index episode, but they did not differ from nonpsychotic patients on ratings of function and well being when euthymic. Psychosis occurring within the context of an exacerbation of mania does not seem to predict a poorer outcome when patients return to the euthymic state. A limitation of the present study is that it involves short-term outcome, but the data can be used to inform patients and family about the possibility of full recovery even in the psychotic form of mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M MacQueen
- Dept. of Psychiatry, McMaster University, HSC-3G57, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The objective was to assess the extent and pattern of illness intrusiveness, one measure of quality of life, in subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) and to determine whether specific illness variables had influenced the degree of intrusiveness experienced. To compare findings from BD subjects relative to published findings for subjects with chronic medical conditions. The study involved the administration of a self-report assessment tool to euthymic outpatients with BD attending a university based hospital clinic. Of the 155 eligible participants, 112 completed a standardized psychiatric interview (SADS-L) and 87 of these met study criteria for euthymia and were approached to participate in the study. Sixty-eight completed self-report measures were returned. The main outcome measure was the Illness Intrusiveness Rating Scale (IIRS) which was analysed along with a composite measure of life events. It resulted that individuals' with BD experience significant illness intrusiveness into a number of life domains even after controlling for negative life events. Factors such as type of BD, the presence of a depressive episode in the preceding year and current Hamilton depression rating scale score contributed to the total illness intrusiveness. The degree of total illness intrusiveness experienced by individuals with BD was similar to that of subjects with multiple sclerosis and greater than subjects with end stage renal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. It seems apparent that quality of life, as determined by illness intrusiveness, is compromised in subjects with BD even during periods of euthymia. BD is at least as intrusive as several chronic medical conditions. Those with a type II BD report greater impairment in all domains compared with type I. Future research should determine specific psychosocial interventions aimed at reducing the impact of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Robb
- Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bagby RM, Bindseil KD, Schuller DR, Rector NA, Young LT, Cooke RG, Seeman MV, McCay EA, Joffe RT. Relationship between the five-factor model of personality and unipolar, bipolar and schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res 1997; 70:83-94. [PMID: 9194202 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(97)03096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine personality differences among three different Axis I disorders-recovered patients with unipolar depression (n = 62), euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (n = 34), and patients with schizophrenia in the residual phase of their illness (n = 41) using the five-factor model of personality (FFM). The dimensions of the FFM-Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), Openness (O), Agreeableness (A), and Conscientiousness (C)-were measured with composite scores derived from the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI) and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). While no group differences emerged on N or C, the bipolar patients scored significantly higher on the Positive Emotion facet (subscale) of E than the unipolar patients. The schizophrenic patients scored lower on the Feelings, Values and Actions facets of O than did the unipolar and bipolar patients. The unipolar patients scored higher on A than the schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bagby
- Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Bagby RM, Young LT, Schuller DR, Bindseil KD, Cooke RG, Dickens SE, Levitt AJ, Joffe RT. Bipolar disorder, unipolar depression and the Five-Factor Model of personality. J Affect Disord 1996; 41:25-32. [PMID: 8938202 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(96)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined differences between personality characteristics of euthymic bipolar disorder patients (BD) (n = 34) and recovered unipolar depressed patients (UD) (n = 74) using the taxonomy of the Five-Factor Model of personality (FFM) as measured by composite scales derived from the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI) and the revised NEO PI (NEO PI-R). Euthymic BD patients scored significantly higher on the Openness (O) dimension and the Positive Emotions facet of the E dimension than did recovered UD patients. For O, euthymic BD patients scored higher on the Feelings facet. These results suggest not only that euthymic BD patients are more likely to experience positive affects than recovered UD patients, but also that euthymic BD patients are more receptive to their positive and negative feelings than are recovered UD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bagby
- University of Toronto, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Canada.
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Abstract
Two brief patient-rated scales, the Internal State Scale (ISS) and the Self-Report Manic Inventory (SRMI), have been shown to reliably diagnose mania. In the current study we further evaluated the utility of these scales relative to each other and to the observer-rated Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), for quantifying the severity of manic/hypomanic symptoms cross-sectionally and over time, in 20 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. The self-report scales correlated well with each other and with the YMRS, but each covered a somewhat different domain of the manic syndrome. The SRMI and the ISS were more sensitive than the YMRS to the mood fluctuations in the euthymic to hypomanic range observed in our subjects. Used in tandem, the two self-report scales may find application in clinical research with outpatients with bipolar disorder, and as an adjunct to clinical monitoring in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Sixty-eight euthymic outpatients diagnosed with bipolar disorder according to Research Diagnostic Criteria, based on structured assessment, completed the 20-item short form of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) questionnaire (SF-20). Patients' mean scores on the 6 SF-20 subscales fell within or below the range of mean scores reported for patients with chronic medical illness and major depression in the MOS. Thus, BD, even in clinical remission, is associated with marked reductions in self-reported functioning and well-being, confirming the importance of the disorder as a major public health problem, meriting substantial resources for research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors examined the prevalence of binge eating disorder (BED), partial binge eating syndrome, and night binge eating syndrome in subjects with bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD Sixty-one subjects in whom BD was established using DSM-III-R criteria received a semistructured clinical interview including a detailed description of binge eating behavior and of night binge eating. Frequencies were compared to prevalence estimates in community samples. RESULTS Eight subjects (13%) met DSM-IV criteria for the diagnosis of BED. An additional 15 subjects (25%) exhibited a partial binge eating syndrome. These two otherwise identical groups of binge eaters were separated only by the DSM-IV frequency criterion. The rates found were higher than rates found in community samples. Ten subjects reported night binge eating in addition to their usual binge eating behavior. This occurred consistently between 2:00 and 4:00 a.m. CONCLUSIONS Possible underlying mechanisms for the high frequency of binge eating among bipolar subjects are discussed including a model of serotonin-mediated self-modulation of mood. The finding of two groups of binge eaters separated only by the frequency criterion raises questions as to whether the frequency criterion as presently defined in DSM-IV is valid or should be modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krüger
- Westfälisches Zentrum für Psychiatrie, University of Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Serum Mg2+ has been implicated in the symptom severity and pathophysiology of mood disorders. Furthermore, the recent findings of blunted signalling through the G-protein-coupled adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway in major depressive disorder (MDD) and the importance of Mg2+ in G-protein/AC function led us to reexamine in a large sample whether serum Mg2+ concentrations were decreased in MDD patients. In 145 drug-free MDD patients compared with 2 control groups: (a) patients with bipolar disorder (n = 33) and (b) non-mood-disordered patients (n = 47), there were no differences in Mg2+ levels or Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios. Neither of these measures differed when comparing responders and nonresponders to antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Young
- Mood Disorders Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont, Canada
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Young LT, Bagby RM, Cooke RG, Parker JD, Levitt AJ, Joffe RT. A comparison of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire dimensions in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res 1995; 58:139-43. [PMID: 8570765 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02684-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The harm avoidance (HA) personality dimension has been hypothesized to be a vulnerability factor for unipolar depression (UD) but not for bipolar disorder (BD). The reported difference on HA scores between these diagnostic groups may have been compromised by the assessment of BD patients who had not fully recovered. To test the diagnostic specificity of elevated HA scores and to elucidate whether assumptions about differences between patients with UD or BD might be attributed to the lingering effects of mood state, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) was administered to recovered patients with either BD or UD and a nonpatient comparison group. Both patient groups scored higher on the HA dimension than the nonpatient comparison group, but the patient groups did not differ from one another on this dimension. Moreover, novelty seeking (NS) scores were elevated in subjects with BD compared with both UD patients and nonpatient subjects. These results suggest that high HA scores may be associated with a mood disorder diagnosis, whereas high NS scores may be associated with the BD subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Young
- Mood Disorders Clinic, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Young
- Mood Disorders Program, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The comorbidity of OCD and bipolar disorder has not been systematically examined. Therefore, we determined the frequency of patients meeting DSM-III criteria for OCD syndrome in a sample of 149 inpatients with DSM-III major affective disorder who had received a clinically reviewed structured diagnostic interview. The frequency of OCD syndrome was not significantly different between subjects with major depression (35.2%, n = 105) and bipolar disorder (35.1%, n = 37). This suggests that OCD is equally common in bipolar as in unipolar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krüger
- Westfalisches Zentrum für Psychiatrie, University of Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha, in the dose range 1-10(4) nM, failed to elicit oxytocin secretion in vitro from ovine luteal tissue on day 12 of the estrous cycle (estrus = Day 0), during a 60 minute period. Preincubation of luteal slices for 6 hours prior to treatment suggested that tissue desensitization due to the release of endogenous prostaglandins by tissue preparation is not responsible for this lack of response. However, in luteal tissue collected on day 6 of the ovine estrous cycle, PGF2 alpha stimulated oxytocin release in a dose-dependent manner. This apparent change in sensitivity of the ovine corpus luteum in vitro may be due to a combination of a reduction in the luteal oxytocin available for release and saturation of PGF2 alpha receptors in the more mature tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral, U.K
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Abstract
The relationship between Grade II subclinical hypothyroidism and mixed affective states were examined in a cohort of 66 patients with bipolar affective disorder. The overall frequency of Grade II subclinical hypothyroidism was 20%. There was no difference in frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism or in mean thyroid hormone levels between the mixed state and non-mixed-state group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Joffe
- Mood Disorders Program, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cooke RG, Ahmad N. Potential role for lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid in prostaglandin F2 alpha-stimulated oxytocin release from the ovine corpus luteum. J Endocrinol 1994; 142:47-52. [PMID: 7964283 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1420047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine administration of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) will maintain luteal function in sheep and also suppress the release of both oxytocin and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) suggesting that 5-lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid may be involved in ovine luteolysis. During luteolysis, uterine PGF2 alpha is considered to be the major stimulus for the secretion of luteal oxytocin, and we report the effects of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition, via intrauterine NDGA administration, on the ability of PGF2 alpha to effect such secretion. In the NDGA-treated ewes, luteal function was maintained and oestrus delayed, the duration of the oestrous cycle (20 +/- 1 days; mean +/- S.D.; n = 9) being significantly (P < 0.01) longer than in intact controls (15 +/- 1 days, n = 4). Jugular infusions of PGF2 alpha did not stimulate luteal secretion of oxytocin, the effects being comparable with those in ovariectomized ewes. In intact ewes receiving intrauterine infusions of vehicle only, PGF2 alpha produced marked increases in luteal secretion of oxytocin. Also, preinfusion or basal concentrations of oxytocin in this group of ewes (6.6 +/- 1.9 pg/ml) were significantly (P < 0.01) greater than in either the NDGA-treated (3.1 +/- 1.1 pg/ml) or ovariectomized (3.0 +/- 0.6 pg/ml) ewes. The results suggest involvement of 5-lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid in the release of oxytocin from the ovine corpus luteum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station, South Wirral, Cheshire, UK
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Abstract
Increased peripheral plasma concentrations of testosterone were detected in goats on days 13 and 14 of the oestrous cycle (oestrus = day 0), at the onset of luteolysis. Subcutaneous administration of spironolactone (10 mg kg-1 day-1) on days 10 to 19 inhibited the increases in testosterone, delayed luteolysis and suppressed plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha and oxytocin. These results suggest that testosterone of follicular or luteal origin, possibly via aromatisation to oestrogens, is needed to expedite luteolysis and induce oestrus in the goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station, Leahurst, South Wirral, Cheshire
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Payne JH, Nicholson T, Cooke RG. Insensitivity of dispersed caprine luteal cells to β-adrenergic agonists and other putative transmitter substances. Theriogenology 1993; 40:859-63. [PMID: 16727367 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(93)90221-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1991] [Accepted: 07/02/1993] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adrenaline (10(-6)-10(-4)M), serotonin (10(-6)-10(-4)M), and several other potential steroidogenic agonists failed to enhance either basal or LH-stimulated progesterone production from dispersed caprine luteal cells from Day 10 of the estrous cycle. The caprine corpus luteum (CL) would appear to be more refractory to exogenous stimulation than either the ovine or bovine CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Payne
- Veterinary Preclinical Sciences University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station South Wirral, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Eighty-one outpatients with bipolar disorder (BD) were grouped by SADS anxiety symptom scores (high vs. low) or diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, and/or panic disorder. BD patients with high anxiety scores were more likely to have suicidal behaviour (44% vs. 19%), alcohol abuse (28% vs. 6%), cyclothymia (44% vs. 21%) and an anxiety disorder (56% vs. 25%) with a trend toward lithium non-responsiveness. Diagnosis of an anxiety disorder was related only to high anxiety and lower GAS scores. Thus, anxiety may have similar clinical relevance in BD as it does in unipolar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Young
- Mood Disorders Program, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
On days 13 and 14 after oestrus (day 0) oxytocin and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha (PGFM) concentrations were measured in jugular plasma of hysterectomised sheep with or without systemic treatment with the PG cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (4 mg kg-1 three times a day on days 12, 13 and 14 subcutaneously. Pulsatile increases of oxytocin were observed in both untreated and treated sheep with mean (+/- SD) peak heights of 18.4 +/- 9.6 pg ml-1 (n = 11) and 23.5 +/- 9.4 pg ml-1 (n = 8), respectively; these means were not significantly different. Plasma concentrations of PGFM remained consistently low in both groups (under 100 pg ml-1) with no significant peaks observed. The data suggest that PGF2 alpha may not be the only stimulus for the release of luteal oxytocin, or that there may be a contribution by the posterior pituitary to oxytocin secretion during the luteal phase of the ovine oestrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Payne
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral
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Affiliation(s)
- J Payne
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station, Cheshire, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Hasey
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Arias TD, Barrantes R, Jorge LF, Azofeifa J, Carles M, Cooke RG. ["Cholos de Coclé": determination of their racial mixture and genetic origins]. Rev Med Panama 1992; 17:180-7. [PMID: 1439003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have found, in this first genetic study of a supposedly admixed Panamanian population, that the cultural group known as "cholos of Coclé" constitute a trihybrid mixture, whose genetic pool has the following composition: 44% Amerindian, 38% Caucasoid and 18% Negroid. Similarly, we have detected Amerindian genes, such as LDHB--Gua and TFchi, in proportions that relate this population with the extant Ngawbé (Guaymí). Nevertheless, the very high frequency of variant PEPA--KUN seems to indicate the genetic contribution of Amerindian populations from Eastern Panama, possibly from the extinct indigenous group cueva. This variant is frequently found among the present-day Kuna, but has not been detected among Nagawbé and Buglé.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Arias
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá
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Cooke RG, Payne JH. The effects of adrenaline and atropine on oxytocin-induced estrus in the goat. Theriogenology 1992; 37:761-7. [PMID: 16727077 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(92)90039-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/1991] [Accepted: 12/12/1991] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin-induced luteolysis in goats was associated with significant increases in peripheral plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) (PGFM). This effect was not inhibited by concomitant administration of adrenaline (1 mg), although increases of PGFM were both delayed and diminished. Administration of atropine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, inhibited the effect of oxytocin in three out of five goats. In these animals, increases in PGFM were inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston South Wirral, Cheshire, L64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Cooke RG, Joffe RT, Levitt AJ. T3 augmentation of antidepressant treatment in T4-replaced thyroid patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53:16-8. [PMID: 1737734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicians may not consider using the thyroid hormone liothyronine sodium (levorotary isomer of triiodothyronine [T3]) for augmentation of antidepressant drugs in depressed patients who are also receiving the precursor hormone levothyroxine (levorotary isomer of thyroxine [T4]) for thyroid disease. We now report on the successful use of T3 augmentation therapy in seven of nine depressed patients who were also receiving T4 for thyroid disease. METHOD Following an earlier single case report, we prescribed T3 augmentation therapy for eight depressed patients who had not responded to an adequate antidepressant drug trial and who were receiving T4 therapy for thyroid disease. T3 was prescribed in open-label fashion, and response was judged by the clinician, whose assessment was supplemented by the use of standardized rating scales. RESULTS Seven of the nine patients were judged to respond to T3 augmentation. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with a report of differential effects for T3 versus T4 augmentation in depressed patients free of thyroid disease. The results have implications for the treatment of depression in the presence of thyroid disease and for the mechanism of thyroid hormone potentiation of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cooke RG, Payne JH, Homeida AM. Effect of oxytocin on plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the goat. Prostaglandins 1991; 42:201-9. [PMID: 1780442 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(91)90110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of subcutaneous oxytocin on plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha (PGFM) was examined in the goat at various periods during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. 100 i.u. oxytocin was administered daily for 4 day, the dose being divided and given at 0900 and 2100 h; PGFM concentrations were assessed after the first treatment of each day. On days 3-6 (oestrus, day 0) PGFM concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.001) within 15 minutes and both non-pregnant and mated goats exhibited oestrus behaviour by day 7. Significant (P less than 0.01) increases in PGFM were also produced on days 7-10, in both non-pregnant and pregnant goats, but the responses diminished from day 7 to day 10; only one goat (non-pregnant) came into oestrus. There was a marked difference in response between groups, however, during days 12-15. In non-pregnant goats significant (P less than 0.05) increases in PGFM were detected on days 13-15, but in pregnant animals oxytocin was without effect. Similarly, oxytocin did not increase PGFM concentrations on days 17-20 of pregnancy. However, uterine responsiveness reappeared in pregnant goats with significant (P less than 0.01) increases in PGFM on days 24 and 25.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station Leahurst, South Wirral, Cheshire
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Cooke RG. The psychiatrist and chronic fatigue syndrome. Can Dis Wkly Rep 1991; 17 Suppl 1E:13-5. [PMID: 1669347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Epidemiologic data on multiple sclerosis (MS) in the Faroe Islands have been interpreted by the original investigators as supporting a particular infectious disease model. They suggest that MS occurs as a late consequence of extended exposure to an infectious agent which cannot be transmitted to subjects younger than 11 years of age. However, the Faroes data may better fit an alternate model, in which MS results from delayed primary exposure to an infectious agent which more commonly produces benign illness and protection against MS in subjects who are exposed in infancy or early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cooke RG, Warsh JJ, Stancer HC, Hasey GM, Jorna T, Langlet F. Effect of concurrent medical illness on dexamethasone suppression test results in depressed inpatients. Can J Psychiatry 1990; 35:31-5. [PMID: 2317731 DOI: 10.1177/070674379003500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective evaluation of the clinical records of 138 depressed patients, who received the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) as part of a standardized physical and psychiatric assessment protocol, revealed that 60 had acute, chronic (mild or severe), stable or remitted medical conditions. The proportion of DST nonsuppressors did not differ between depressed subjects with medical conditions (45% nonsuppressors) and those without (34.6% nonsuppressors; p greater than 0.2). However, all of the six subjects with acute or chronic-severe medical conditions were found to be nonsuppressors (p = 0.003). These results may help clarify the medical exclusion criteria for the clinical application of the DST.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario
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45
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Abstract
Jugular administration of 200 micrograms PGI-2 salt significantly reduced spontaneous uterine activity in ovariectomized, oestrogen-primed goats; the effect was acute and persisted for about 3 h. Peripheral plasma concentrations of 6-keto-PGF-1 alpha, the stable metabolite of PGI-2, decreased to 50% of initial values after 30 min; but at the start of uterine recovery were in excess of 2 ng.ml-1. Uterine reactivity to both oxytocin and PGF-2 alpha after PGI-2 administration was unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station, South Wirral, Cheshire, UK
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46
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Abstract
Doses of 0.005-1.0 mg of ACTH1-24 given intravenously, intramuscularly or as an intramuscular depot injection caused increases in cortisol concentrations within 15 min in the plasma of ewes. There was, however, considerable animal-to-animal variation in maximum concentrations achieved. A curvilinear dose-response relationship to ACTH1-24 was obtained which was similar for each route of administration when expressed in terms of maximum cortisol concentrations. However, for a given dose, more prolonged release of cortisol occurred after i.m. injection compared to i.v., with maximum concentrations occurring 6 h after the depot formulation injection. Five repeated daily doses of 1.0 mg depot ACTH1-24 resulted in no diminution of cortisol response indicating considerable synthesizing capacity of the adrenals in clinically normal ewes. Comparison of cortisol concentrations after an acute stressor (shearing) suggests that doses of ACTH1-24 greater than 0.25 mg are excessive for simulation of stress-induced adrenal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Essawy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, South Wirral, Cheshire, UK
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Abstract
Increased peripheral concentrations of testosterone were detected on Days 12 and 13 of the estrous cycle (estrus=Day 0), at the onset of luteolysis in goats. In pregnant goats no increases in testosterone occurred between Days 10 and 18 after mating, and luteal regression was inhibited. It is suggested that testosterone is required for luteolysis in goats, and that the absence of any increase in testosterone concentrations is another manifestation of the mechanisms involved in the maternal recognition of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, South Wirral, Cheshire, L64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Abstract
We hypothesize that psychiatric patients suffering from the major affective disorders (depression and manic-depressive illness) may commonly also suffer from a chronic active infection with the Epstein-Barr virus. This infection would be a consequence of the immune dysfunction known to be associated with these disorders of mood. According to this hypothesis, the increased medical morbidity and mortality reported in these psychiatric patients would be attributable in part to diseases in which Epstein-Barr virus is implicated or suspected as a cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Arias TD, Inaba T, Cooke RG, Jorge LF. A preliminary note on the transient polymorphic oxidation of sparteine in the Ngawbé Guaymí Amerindians: a case of genetic divergence with tentative phylogenetic time frame for the pathway. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44:343-52. [PMID: 3416554 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1988.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of sparteine was studied in a total of 121 Ngawbé Guaymí volunteers in Panama, 97 of whom were unrelated. When presented in a frequency histogram, the results of the log10 of the metabolic ratios (LMR) indicated the existence of two modes, the largest of which exhibited a normal distribution (alpha = 0.05; chi 2 = 5.46). A preliminary assignment of an antimode for this population sample is proposed, located within the region of LMR 0.65 to 0.85 vs LMR of 1.3 for white subjects, and results in five poor metabolizers (PMs) (5.2%). This is in contrast to the absence of PMs (0/210) we have reported for the Cuna Amerindians. The microevolution of the sparteine route, corresponding to a tenfold change in the frequency of PMs, is likely to have occurred within their genetic divergence time. These observations of the divergence of a metabolic route of therapeutic importance and the proposal of a time frame for its microevolution constitute the first cases in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Arias
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Drug Quality Control, University of Panama, República de Panamá
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50
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Cooke RG, Benhaj KM. A possible role for testosterone during luteolysis in the ewe. Res Vet Sci 1988; 45:222-4. [PMID: 3194591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased peripheral plasma concentrations of testosterone were detected at the commencement of luteolysis and at oestrus in sheep. Daily subcutaneous administration of spironolactone (10 mg kg-1) between days 10 and 16 of the oestrous cycle suppressed testosterone secretion and delayed luteolysis and oestrus. In pregnant ewes no increases in testosterone concentrations occurred between days 10 to 16 after mating and luteal regression, monitored by peripheral progesterone concentrations, was inhibited. It is suggested that aromatisation of testosterone to oestrogens is needed for luteolysis in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Liverpool
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