Common Variants in One-Carbon Metabolism Genes (MTHFR, MTR, MTHFD1) and Depression in Gynecologic Cancers

We investigated the association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (gene MTHFR 677C>T, rs1801133), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR 2756A>G, rs1805087), and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 1 (gene MTHFD1 1958G>A, rs2236225)-well-studied functional variants involved in one-carbon metabolism-and gynecologic cancer risk, and the interaction between these polymorphisms and depression. A total of 200 gynecologic cancer cases and 240 healthy controls were recruited to participate in this study. Three single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) (rs1801133, rs1805087, rs2236225) were genotyped using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Depression was assessed in all patients using the Hamilton Depression Scale. Depression was statistically significantly more frequent in women with gynecologic cancers (69.5% vs. 34.2% in controls, p < 0.001). MTHFD1 rs2236225 was associated with an increased risk of gynecologic cancers (in dominant OR = 1.53, p = 0.033, and in log-additive models OR = 1.37, p = 0.024). Moreover, an association was found between depression risk and MTHFR rs1801133 genotypes in the controls but not in women with gynecologic cancers (in codominant model CC vs. TT: OR = 3.39, 95%: 1.49-7.74, p = 0.011). Cancers of the female reproductive system are associated with the occurrence of depression, and ovarian cancer may be associated with the rs2236225 variant of the MTHFD1 gene. In addition, in healthy aging women in the Polish population, the rs1801133 variant of the MTHFR gene is associated with depression.

The role of factors associated with the course of pregnancy and childbirth in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

OBJECTIVES

Assessment of the prevalence of risk factors associated with the course of pregnancy and childbirth and the condition of the child after birth in agroup of children and adolescents with ADHD and a control group.

METHODS

205 unrelated children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and 106 primary and secondary school students aged 7-17. Method. Mothers of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD, and those from the control group, were asked to provide a medical history in order to obtain data to supplement the Pregnancy and perinatal history questionnaire.

RESULTS

Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were demonstrated for the incidence rates of factors related to the course of pregnancy and childbirth such as: the occurrence of maternal diseases during pregnancy, especially in the I/II trimester, and other problems during pregnancy; exposure to stress and taking medication during pregnancy; smoking during pregnancy; mother's age at childbirth, i.e., < 25 years or > 35 years; use of pain reducing substances during labor and problems with the child during the delivery;an APGAR score in the range of 5-7 points; the occurrence of neonatal jaundice necessitating treatment, especially replacement transfusion; physical anomalies or other congenital problems in the newborn, as well as adaptive problems necessitating neonatal oxygen administration or placement in an incubator.

CONCLUSIONS

Significantly more frequent occurrence of risk factors related to the course of pregnancy, childbirth and the child's condition after birth in the ADHD group may indicate their potential role in the etiology of ADHD.

Overweight in Boys With ADHD Is Related to Candidate Genes and Not to Deficits in Cognitive Functions

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship of overweight, the polymorphisms of selected candidate genes, and deficits in the executive functions among children with ADHD.

METHOD

We examined 109 boys with ADHD aged between 7 and 17 years. The study indicated variants of 14 polymorphisms in eight candidate genes. We applied seven neuropsychological tests to evaluate the executive functions. Overweight was diagnosed on the basis of the guidelines of the International Obesity Task Force.

RESULTS

Analyses revealed significant association between DRD4 rs1800955, SNAP25 rs363039 and rs363043, 5HTR2A rs17288723, and overweight in boys with ADHD. There were no significant differences in the level of neuropsychological test results between patients with overweight and without overweight.

CONCLUSION

Overweight in boys with ADHD is associated with polymorphisms in three candidate genes: DRD4, SNAP25, and 5HTR2A, but not through conditioning deficits in cognitive functions.

Use of oral contraceptives for management of acne vulgaris and hirsutism in women of reproductive and late reproductive age

Hormonal contraception in both reproductive and late reproductive age, as well as contraceptive action, is used also for other indications like dysmenorrhoea, menstrual disorders, endometriosis, acne vulgaris, and hirsutism. Acne vulgaris and hirsutism are important signs related to hyperandrogenaemia and present a serious medical problem for the patients and a challenge for medical doctors in terms of effective treatment. The application of hormonal contraception to treat acne vulgaris and hirsutism requires knowledge of the mechanism of antiandrogenic actions and the possible contraindications and complications. These data are presented in this review.

Genomic markers of ovarian adenocarcinoma and its relevancy to the effectiveness of chemotherapy

Ovarian cancer is the eighth most common cancer and the seventh highest cause of cancer-associated mortality in women worldwide. It is the second highest cause of mortality among female reproductive malignancies. The current standard first-line treatment for advanced ovarian cancer includes a combination of surgical debulking and standard systemic platinum-based chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Although a deeper understanding of this disease has been attained, relapse occurs in 70% of patients 18 months subsequent to the first-line treatment. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a novel drug that effectively affects ovarian cancer, particularly tumors that are resistant to current chemotherapy. The aim of the present study was to identify genes whose expression may be used to predict survival time or prognosis in ovarian cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Gene or protein expression is an important issue in chemoresistance and survival prediction in ovarian cancer. In the present study, the research group consisted of patients treated at the Surgical Clinic of the Gynecology and Obstetrics Gynecological Clinical Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences (Poznan, Poland) between May 2006 and November 2014. Additional eligibility criteria were a similar severity (International Federation of Gynecolgy and Obstetrics stage III) at the time of diagnosis, treatment undertaken in accordance with the same schedule, and an extremely good response to treatment or a lack of response to treatment. The performance of the OncoScan^® assay was evaluated by running the assay on samples obtained from the four patients and by following the recommended protocol outlined in the OncoScan assay manual. The genomic screening using Affymetrix OncoScan Arrays resulted in the identification of large genomic rearrangements across all cancer tissues. In general, chromosome number changes were detected in all examined tissues. The OncoScan arrays enabled the identification of ~100 common somatic mutations. Chemotherapy response in ovarian cancer is extremely complex and challenging to study. The present study identified specific genetic alterations associated with ovarian cancer, but not with response for treatment.

The improvement of hirsutism and the decrease of testosterone concentration in the peripheral blood serum after removing an endometrioid ovarian cyst

The study describes the case of a patient, in which as a result of removing an endometrioid ovarian cyst, there was an improvement as regards hirsutism and the decrease of testosterone concentration in the serum of peripheral blood.

The MAOA, COMT, MTHFR and ESR1 gene polymorphisms are associated with the risk of depression in menopausal women

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was assessment of a possible relationship between the polymorphisms of the candidate genes participating in the etiology of some neurological and psychiatric disorders and the risk of depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

METHODS

A total of 167 (54 perimenopausal and 113 postmenopausal) Caucasian women from western Poland, aged 42-67, were recruited as the patient group in the study because of depressive symptoms, and another 321 healthy women (102 perimenopausal and 219 postmenopausal) served as the controls. All study participants were evaluated for climacteric and depressive disorders according to the Kupperman index and Hamilton rating scale for depression (HRSD), respectively. The following candidate genes were selected for the study: 5HTR2A, 5HTR1B, 5HTR2C, TPH1, TPH2, MAOA, COMT, NET, GABRB1, ESR1, MTHFR, MTR and MTHFD1. In each group the frequencies of the polymorphisms were determined using PCR-RFLP analysis.

RESULTS

After correcting for Bonferroni multiple tests, we found associations between the MAOA c.1460C>T (SNP 1137070), COMT c.472G>A (SNP 4680), MTHFR c.677C>T (SNP 1801133) and ESR1 454(-351) A>G (SNP 9340799) polymorphisms to mild and moderate depressive symptoms in menopausal women. In the perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, genotype association of the MAOA c.1460 CT and c.1460 CT+TT (OR=1.83; pcorr=0.009 and OR=1.85; pcorr=0.003, resp.), and of the MTHFR c.677 TT and c.677 CT+TT (OR=3.52; pcorr=0.00009 and OR=2.06; pcorr=0.0006, resp.), as well as of the COMT c.472 GA and COMT c.472 GA+AA genotypes (OR=2.23; pcorr=0.03 and OR=2.17; pcorr=0.027, resp.) in the postmenopausal women revealed significantly higher frequencies of these variants in depressed female patients than in controls, whereas the ESR1 454(-351) AG and 454(-351) AG+GG genotypes were associated with lower risk of depression in postmenopausal women (OR=0.48; pcorr=0.012, and OR=0.52; pcorr=0.015, resp.).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study substantiates the involvement of the MAOA and MTHFR polymorphisms in climacteric depression and offers evidence that the COMT and ESR1 genes may also play a role in the susceptibility to depressive mood in postmenopausal women.

Depressive symptoms and hormonal profile in climacteric women

OBJECTIVES

The aims of the study were: evaluation of depressive symptoms in climacteric women, comparison of depressive symptoms between peri- and post-menopausal women, and assessment of a possible relationship between the presence of depressive symptoms and the hormonal profile of the studied women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 45 peri-menopausal and 95 post-menopausal women admitted to the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznafi University of Medical Sciences, because of climacteric symptoms. The following parameters were evaluated in all studied women: intensity of climacteric symptoms (Kupperman Index), intensity of depressive symptoms (Hamilton depression scale), serum concentrations of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormones (FSH, LH, 17β-estradiol), prolactin (PRL) and androgens [total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)]. FSH, LH, 17β-estradiol, PRL, and total testosterone were evaluated by the immunoenzymatic methods and DHEAS was measured by the radioimmunological method.

RESULTS

Psychic and somatic manifestations of anxiety and fear, shallow sleep, and general somatic symptoms were the most frequent depressive symptoms in both studied groups. Both investigated groups differed in relation to the incidence and intensity of symptoms from the genital system (observed more often in post-menopausal women) and hypochondria (noted more frequently in peri-menopausal women). Numerous relationships between the incidence and intensity of certain symptoms and serum concentrations of the investigated hormones were found in both groups. The correlations were different in peri- and post-menopausal subjects.

Pregnancy after ovarian wedge resection in a polycystic ovarian patient after laparoscopic ovarian cauterization

The authors present a case of a pregnancy after ovarian wedge resection by laparotomy after unsuccessful ovarian drilling. A 28-year- old patient was admitted to the present outpatient clinic because of infertility, secondary amenorrhea, and hirsutism. Three years prior she had undergone laparoscopic ovarian drilling with no effect on menstrual pattern and fertility. After clinical and ultrasonographic ex- aminations, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) was diagnosed and consequently laparotomy with ovarian wedge resection was de- cided upon. Six weeks later patient was diagnosed with an early pregnancy.

Serum prolactin concentration and severity of depression symptoms in climacteric women

OBJECTIVE

The study was conducted to elucidate the problem of prolactin (PRL) serum concentration in menopausal women and its possible relations with climacteric and depressive symptoms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 202 women aged 40-65 years admitted to the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, because of climacteric symptoms. The authors assessed the intensity of climacteric and depressive symptoms with the Kupperman index and the Hamilton depression scale, measured BMI index, serum PRL, FSH, LH, 17β-estradiol, total testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels in all studied women.

RESULTS

They found a correlation between serum PRL concentration and result of M. Hamilton depression scale (R = 0.21; p = 0.005) and a between serum PRL concentration and serum 17β-estradiol concentration (R = 0.21; p = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

The authors concluded that serum PRL concentration is related to severity of depressive symptoms in menopausal women.

Pregnancy in a patient with premature ovarian failure

BACKGROUND

Premature ovarian failure (POF) occurs in about one in 100 women under 40 years of age. The authors report a case of a POF patient who conceived during hormonal replacement therapy (HRT).

CASE

A 24-year-old woman with confirmed POF conceived spontaneously during HRT.

CONCLUSION

Pregnancy is possible in women with POF.

The c.1460C>T polymorphism of MAO-A is associated with the risk of depression in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was an evaluation of possible relationships between polymorphisms of serotoninergic system genes and the risk of depression in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

We studied 332 women admitted to our department because of climacteric symptoms. The study group included 113 women with a diagnosis of depressive disorder according to the Hamilton rating scale for depression; the controls consisted of 219 women without depression. Serum 17β-estradiol concentrations were evaluated using radioimmunoassay, while polymorphisms in serotoninergic system genes: serotonin receptors 2A (HTR2A), 1B (HTR1B), and 2C (HTR2C); tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) and 2 (TPH2), and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction.

RESULTS

We found that the 1460T allele of MAO-A c.1460C>T (SNP 1137070) appeared with a significantly higher frequency in depressed female patients than in the control group (P = 0.011) and the combined c.1460CT + TT genotypes were associated with a higher risk of depression (P = 0.0198). Patients with the 1460TT genotype had a significantly higher 17β-estradiol concentration than patients with the 1460CT genotype (P = 0.0065) and 1460CC genotype (P = 0.0018).

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that depression in postmenopausal women is closely related to the genetic contribution of MAO-A.

Bilateral androblastoma (Sertoli-stromal cell tumor) of the ovary: a rare cause of virilization in a teenager

A case of a 17-year-old patient diagnosed with bilateral androblastoma of the ovary is presented. The patient was admitted because of secondary amenorrhea, hirsutism and acne. After clinical, ultrasonographic and hormonal examinations an androgen-producing ovarian tumor was suspected and consequently laparotomy with right ovarian tumor excision and left ovary exploration was carried out. During surgery the right ovarian tumor was excised and exploration of the left ovary revealed an ovarian tumor with a diameter of 10 mm, which was then also excised. The pathologic diagnosis was a bilateral androblastoma of the ovary measuring 40 mm x 30 mm x 20 mm in the right ovary and 10 mm in diameter in the left ovary. We concluded that androblastomas, in spite of their low incidence, are a possibility that should always be considered in women of all ages presenting with signs of virilization.

Comparison of fibrinolytic and metabolic system parameters in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and women with simple obesity

The present study aimed to assess the fibrinolytic and metabolic system parameters in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to compare them in obese PCOS patients and women with simple obesity. We studied 19 obese women with PCOS (age: 25.1 +/- 4.6 years, body mass index (BMI): 34.7 +/- 3.9 kg/m2; mean +/- standard deviation) and 20 age- and BMI-matched ovulatory controls. We measured blood levels of 17beta-estradiol, testosterone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), glucose and insulin. The following fibrinolytic tests were also performed: euglobulin clot lysis time, plasminogen level, alpha2-antiplasmin activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity, fibrinogen concentration and estimated fibrinolytic activity. Testosterone and LH levels were significantly higher in obese women with PCOS (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). The groups did not differ with regard to 17beta-estradiol, prolactin, FSH, DHEAS, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose and insulin. All of the fibrinolysis parameters with the exception of plasminogen were comparable between the two groups. Serum plasminogen level was lower in obese PCOS patients than in women with simple obesity (p < 0.05). Euglobulin clot lysis time was positively correlated with insulin (r = 0.88, p < 0.05) in both groups. Our results show that fibrinolysis is not suppressed in women with PCOS and that there is no difference in fibrinolytic activity between obese patients with PCOS and women with simple obesity.

[Genetic aspects of premature ovarian failure]

Among the causes of premature ovarian failure (POF) two groups of factors are reported: factors which lead to decrease of follicular number and factors which stimulate follicular atresia. In the first group genetic factors are the most important whereas in the second: enzymatic autoimmunological, iatrogenic, toxins and infections are reported. In 1986 familiar POF on the background of long arm of chromosome X deletion was reported. Other chromosomes which are important for normal ovarian function are: chromosome 21 (AIRE gene), chromosome 11 (gene of beta FSH, ATM gene), chromosome 3 (gene responsible for BEPS syndrome) and chromosome 2 (genes of FSH and LH receptors). In this review the role of these genes and results of several epidemiological studies are reported.

[Relationship between climacteric symptoms and serum neuropeptide Y level in postmenopausal women]

The aim of this study was to determine circulating levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in postmenopausal women with climacteric symptoms in comparison with regularly menstruating women in reproductive age and to assess the relationship between serum NPY levels and the presence of climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We studied 41 postmenopausal patients attending the Clinic of Gynecological Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań because of climacteric complaints. The controls were 20 regularly menstruating women in reproductive age. In the study group the severity of climacteric symptoms was assessed using the Kupperman index. Serum 17 beta-estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and NPY concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in both groups.

RESULTS

The mean value of the Kupperman index in the study group was 23.4 points (SD +/- 10.4 points); 17 beta-estradiol serum concentration was lower than 0.014 ng/ml in 30 women from the study group and the mean serum estradiol level for the remaining group was 0.023 ng/ml (SD +/- 0.03 ng/ml); the mean serum FSH concentration in the study group was 98.2 Ul/l (SD +/- 11.8 IU/l), the mean serum NPY concentration in the study group was 18.4 ng/ml (SD +/- 8.3 ng/ml). The mean serum NPY concentration in the control group was 12.9 ng/ml (SD +/- 6.3 ng/ml) and was lower than in the study group (t-test: p < 0.05). The difference between serum NPY concentration in patients with a particular climacteric symptom and patients without was not statistically significant for any symptom (t-test: p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Serum NPY level is higher in postmenopausal women than regularly menstruating women in reproductive age an may be responsible for climacteric symptoms presence.

Relationship between climacteric symptoms and serum serotonin levels in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible relationship between climacteric symptoms and serum serotonin concentrations in postmenopausal women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We studied 39 women who attended the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology in Poznan because of climacteric complaints. We evaluated climacteric symptom severity with the use of the Kupperman scale and we measured 17beta-estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and serotonin serum concentrations by radioimmunoassay.

RESULTS

The mean serum serotonin concentration in the studied women was 48.9 ng/ml (standard deviation, SD +/- 24.1 ng/ml). The mean serum serotonin concentration in the group of patients with mild climacteric symptoms was 97.7 ng/ml (SD +/- 16.6 ng/ml), and in the group of patients with moderate and severe climacteric symptoms was 36.2 ng/ml (SD +/- 24.1 ng/ml). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05). There was no difference in serum serotonin concentrations between patients with or without specific symptoms (Mann-Whitney test, p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Serum serotonin concentrations in postmenopausal women are related to the severity of climacteric symptoms.

The concentration of galanin in postmenopausal women before and after application of hormone replacement therapy compared to women of reproductive age

BACKGROUND

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during menopause exerts an essential impact on neuroendocrine regulation within the hypothalamic-pituitary system. The sex steroids, especially estrogens, are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, such as galanin, neuropeptide Y, the opioid peptides, dopamine, serotonin, and others. The purpose of our research was to evaluate the concentration of galanin in postmenopausal women before and after the application of HRT, and to compare these values to the concentrations found in women of reproductive age.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experimental group consisted of 20 women (average age 53 +/- 5.2). The average time elapsed since the last menstruation in these women was 5.3 year I 1.4.

RESULTS

The differences in the concentrations of galanin before (8.24 +/- 3.62 pg/ml) and after (5.63 +/- 2.75) the application of HRT were not statistically significant. These values were significantly lower, however (p<0.05), than the galanin concentrations in women of reproductive age (22.03 +/- 12.02 pg/ml). The concentrations of estradiol prior to the administration of HRT (0.021 +/- 0.02 ng/ml) were significantly lower (p.<0.001) than after the application of hormone replacement therapy (0.09 +/- 0.156 ng/ml). The concentrations of estradiol in the control group averaged 0.070 +/- 0.04 ng/ml, significantly higher than in the group of post-menopausal women given HRT (p.<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the galanin concentration in women of reproductive age and in postmenopausal women using HRT.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research results indicate that serum galanin in postmenopausal women is significantly lower than in women of reproductive age. The application of hormone replacement therapy does not restore galanin concentrations to levels typical for women of reproductive age.

Estimation of hormone replacement therapy influence on serum galanin level in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of exogenous hormones (estradiol and progestogen) used in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the serum galanin level in postmenopausal women with normal body weight.

METHODS

We studied 20 postmenopausal patients (mean age 52.3 +/- 5.2 years) before and after 1 year of HRT. The mean duration of amenorrhea in these patients was 5.3 +/- 4.1 years. In all cases, body mass index was in the normal range (between 20 and 25 kg/m2). Serum galanin and estradiol concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay before and after 1 year of treatment. Results were statistically analyzed with the use of specialist computer software.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant difference in serum galanin concentration before (8.24 +/- 3.63 pg/ml) and after (5.63 +/- 2.75 pg/ml) 1 year of HRT. Following HRT the serum estradiol level (0.09 +/- 0.015 ng/ml) was significantly higher than before starting therapy (0.021 +/- 0.018 ng/ml) (p < 0.001). Also, after HRT the mean serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level (32.9 +/- 28.0 IU/l) was significantly lower than before starting therapy (91.7 +/- 38.5 IU/l) (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The study results suggest that HRT in postmenopausal women does not restore galanin levels to values typical of those in women of reproductive age.

[Primary amenorrhea caused by impaired cervical development: report of 3 cases]

We report 3 cases of primary amenorrhea accompanied by cyclic abdominal pain. In presented cases primary amenorrhea was caused by the absence of normally developed cervix. We applied surgical treatment--hysterectomy. In 1 case before hysterectomy we tried to reconstruct cervical canal. This effort was unsuccessfull.

[Androblastoma in a female patient with the signs of virility: a clinical-morphological and genetic study]

We report a case of 24 year old patient with secondary amenorrhea, virilization and elevated serum testosterone concentration, in which cystic-solid tumor in right ovary was found. Surgical treatment was applied--adnexectomy. Histopathologic examination supported suspicion of androblastoma. After treatment regulation of menses and serum testosterone level was obtained.

[Primary amenorrhea in patient with persistent communicating hydrocephalus]

We report a case of primary amenorrhea caused by persistent communicating hydrocephalus. Patient referred to our outpatient clinic because of primary amenorrhea. With the use of computer tomography diagnosis of hydrocephalus was established. After treatment: implantation of ventriculo-peritoneal valvue spontaneous regular menses occurred.

[Ovarian gonadal tumors in materials of the clinic of gynecological endocrinology of the Medical Academy in Poznań (1970-1998)]

11 patients with ovarian gonadal tumors were treated at Clinic of Endocrinological-Gynecology of Academy of Medicine in Poznań. All presented symptoms of hormonal ovetproduction. In 9 cases we performed adnexectomy, only in 1 case (patient after menopause) hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy.

[Assessment of the bone mass density in young women with secondary amenorrhea]

Analisys of results of bone mass density among 120 patients of Gynecological Endocrinology Clinic AM Poznań was presented. Endocrinological background of lowered bone mass density was viewed.

[Risks for atherosclerosis in post-menopausal women and in women with hormonal replacement therapy]

The aim of our study was the evaluation of atherogenesis in postmenopausal women and after HRT in correlation with BMI, IGF-I and lipid profile. We have found unfavourable changes in lipid profile in positive correlation with BMI, after three months treatment we have found decrease in concentration of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol between women with proper BMI.