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Baigorri R, González-Gaitano G, García-Mina JM. Thermodynamic and spectroscopic data suggesting hypothetical humic fractions evolution on carbon cycle in soils. Sci Total Environ 2023:163899. [PMID: 37211128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter is considered by soil scientists as the interlayer that connect alive with mineral sides of the soil. In addition, microorganisms have in soil organic matter a source of carbon as well as a source of energy. We can observe a duality that can be analyzed from a biological, physicochemical, or even thermodynamic sense. From this last point of view carbon cycle follows its evolution on burial soil, and under certain temperature and pression conditions, up to fossil fuels or coals through kerogen being humic substances the ending point of biologically linked structures. When biological aspects are minimized, physicochemical aspects are maximized and carbonaceous structures are a source of energy but resilient to microorganism actions. Under these premises, we have isolated, purified, and analyzed different humic fractions. Heat of combustion of these humic fractions here analyzed reflects this situation and fitted the list of evolution stage of carbonaceous materials that step by step accumulates energy. Theoretical value of this parameter calculated from studied humic fractions, and by combination of its biochemical macromolecules yielded an exaggerated value in comparison to the real and measured value indicating a complexity of these humic structures, more than simpler molecules. Heat of combustion and excitation-emission matrices by fluorescence spectroscopy of isolated and purified grey and brown humic materials revealed different values for each fraction. Grey fractions showed a higher heat of combustion values and shorter λexc/λem, whereas brown fractions showed a lower heat of combustion and a larger λexc/λem. These data together with previous chemical analysis indicated a deep structural differentiation that can be observed by the Pyrolysis MS-GC data of the studied samples. Authors hypothesized that this incipient distinction between aliphatic and aromatic cores could evolve independently up to fossil fuel on one hand and coals on the other hand but separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baigorri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Bioma Institute, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Gustavo González-Gaitano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - José María García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Bioma Institute, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Aranaz J, de Hita D, Olaetxea M, Urrutia O, Fuentes M, Baigorri R, Garnica M, Movila M, Zamarreño AM, Erro J, Baquero E, Gonzalez-Gaitano G, Alvarez JI, Garcia-Mina JM. The molecular conformation, but not disaggregation, of humic acid in water solution plays a crucial role in promoting plant development in the natural environment. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1180688. [PMID: 37206971 PMCID: PMC10190593 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1180688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown the capacity of soil humic substances (HS) to improve plant growth in natural ecosystems. This effect involves the activation of different processes within the plant at different coordinated molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels. However, the first event triggered by plant root-HS interaction remains unclear. Some studies suggest the hypothesis that the interaction of HS with root exudates involves relevant modification of the molecular conformation of humic self-assembled aggregates, including disaggregation, which might be directly involved in the activation of root responses. To investigate this hypothesis, we have prepared two humic acids. A natural humic acid (HA) and a transformed humic acid obtained from the treatment of HA with fungal laccase (HA enz). We have tested the capacity of the two humic acids to affect plant growth (cucumber and Arabidopsis) and complex Cu. Laccase-treatment did not change the molecular size but increased hydrophobicity, molecular compactness and stability, and rigidity of HA enz. Laccase-treatment avoided the ability of HA to promote shoot- and root-growth in cucumber and Arabidopsis. However, it does not modify Cu complexation features. There is no molecular disaggregation upon the interaction of HA and HA enz with plant roots. The results indicate that the interaction with plant roots induced in both HA and laccase-treated HA (HA enz), changes in their structural features that showed higher compactness and rigidity. These events might result from the interaction of HA and HA enz with specific root exudates that can promote intermolecular crosslinking. In summary, the results indicate that the weakly bond stabilized aggregated conformation (supramolecular-like) of HA plays a crucial role in its ability to promote root and shoot growth. The results also indicate the presence of two main types of HS in the rhizosphere corresponding to those non-interacting with plant roots (forming aggregated molecular assemblies) and those produced after interacting with plant root exudates (forming stable macromolecules).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Aranaz
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David de Hita
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Olaetxea
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oscar Urrutia
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Garnica
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Movila
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Erro
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Baquero
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Jose Ignacio Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Garcia-Mina
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose M. Garcia-Mina,
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Garnica M, Baigorri R, San Francisco S, Zamarreño AM, Garcia-Mina JM. Humic Acid Alleviates Fe Chlorosis in Graminaceous Plants Through Coordinated Fe-Dependent and Fe-Independent Mechanisms. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:803013. [PMID: 35185979 PMCID: PMC8849133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.803013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown the close relationship between the beneficial action of soil and sedimentary humic acids on the growth of plants cultivated in calcareous soils and their ability to improve Fe plant nutrition. These results have been ascribed to the humic acid (HA) capability to improve Fe solubility and bioavailability. However, other effects more related to a humic acid action on the specific mechanisms activated in roots of plants under Fe deficiency cannot be ruled out. Although this question has been studied in dicotyledonous plants, in graminaceous plants there are no specific studies. Here we investigate the ability of a humic acid extracted from peat (HA) to improve Fe nutrition in wheat plants cultivated under Fe deficient and sufficient conditions. The results show that HA can improve the physiological status of Fe deficient wheat plants by alleviating some of the deleterious consequences of Fe deficiency on plant development and increasing the plant ability to secrete phytosiderophores to the nutrient solution. This action of HA is associated with increases in the Fe-active pool in leaves that might be related to the mobilization of the Fe complexed by HA resulting from the interaction of HA with the phytosiderophores in the nutrient solution. The Fe translocation from the root to the shoot may be favored by the action of trans-Zeatin Riboside (tZR) since the leaf concentration of this phytohormone was enhanced by HA in Fe deficient plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garnica
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara San Francisco
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Garcia-Mina
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation (CMI) – Groupe Roullier, Saint-Maló, France
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Silva-Navas J, Conesa CM, Saez A, Navarro-Neila S, Garcia-Mina JM, Zamarreño AM, Baigorri R, Swarup R, Del Pozo JC. Corrigendum. New Phytol 2021; 232:957. [PMID: 34318938 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Olaetxea M, Mora V, Baigorri R, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM. The Singular Molecular Conformation of Humic Acids in Solution Influences Their Ability to Enhance Root Hydraulic Conductivity and Plant Growth. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010003. [PMID: 33374946 PMCID: PMC7792592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies have reported that the capacity of humic substances to improve plant growth is dependent on their ability to increase root hydraulic conductivity. It was proposed that this effect is directly related to the structural conformation in solution of these substances. To study this hypothesis, the effects on root hydraulic conductivity and growth of cucumber plants of a sedimentary humic acid and two polymers—polyacrylic acid and polyethylene glycol—presenting a molecular conformation in water solution different from that of the humic acid have been studied. The results show that whereas the humic acid caused an increase in root hydraulic conductivity and plant growth, both the polyacrylic acid and the polyethylene glycol did not modify plant growth and caused a decrease in root hydraulic conductivity. These results can be explained by the different molecular conformation in water solution of the three molecular systems. The relationships between these biological effects and the molecular conformation of the three molecular systems in water solution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Olaetxea
- Department of Environmental Biology, BIOMA Institut, Sciences School, University of Navarra, 31007 Pamplona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (J.M.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-680-70-82-59 (M.O.); +34-630-062-439 (J.M.G.-M.)
| | - Veronica Mora
- Plant Physiology and Plant-Microorganism Interaction Laboratory, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina;
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Department of Environmental Biology, BIOMA Institut, Sciences School, University of Navarra, 31007 Pamplona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, BIOMA Institut, Sciences School, University of Navarra, 31007 Pamplona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Jose M. García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, BIOMA Institut, Sciences School, University of Navarra, 31007 Pamplona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (J.M.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-680-70-82-59 (M.O.); +34-630-062-439 (J.M.G.-M.)
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Fuentes M, Baigorri R, Garcia-Mina JM. Maturation in composting process, an incipient humification-like step as multivariate statistical analysis of spectroscopic data shows. Environ Res 2020; 189:109981. [PMID: 32980031 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humification is a process that plant and microbiota residues experiment in natural or agronomic soils under microorganisms action and environmental conditions. Under this process natural biomolecules - such as protein, carbohydrates or lignin - experience secondary biochemical and chemical reactions yielding to the formation of new organic biomolecules normally known as soil humus or humic substances (HS). In parallel, composting of fresh organic residues may be seen as an artificial process that involves many microorganism-induced secondary biochemical reactions that are probably also included in the first steps of natural humification in soils. In this context, we have applied multivariate statistical analysis to diverse and complementary analytical techniques (UV-Visible, synchronous fluorescence, FTIR, 13C- NMR and pyrolysis GS/MS) to follow the structural evolution of three groups of organic material: (i) fresh organic matter materials, (ii) compost of the fresh organic matter materials, and (iii) humic and fulvic acids including standards and references from the International Humic Substances Society. In order to discriminate among the three groups of organic materials, the set of data obtained from each analytical technique was analyzed using complementary statistical techniques: Correlations, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed positive correlations between UV-visible and fluorescence indexes and aromatic structures determined by 13C- NMR and pyrolysis GS/MS. However, these indexes were negatively correlated with polysaccharides and amides determined by FTIR, and lipids determined by pyrolysis GS/MS. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test showed that E4/E6, ε600, EEt/EBz, ε280 from UV/Visible; A440 from synchronous fluorescence; 1040/1400 and 1515/1715 by FTIR and, LIP from pyrolysis GS/MS were able to discriminate the samples in two different groups. The group formed by the transformed organic substances (humic, fulvic and composted materials) on the one hand, and the raw (fresh) organic materials on the other. These results, considered along with those obtained from the PCA analysis of spectroscopic data, indicated that composting could share secondary reactions and processes with the first steps of natural humification occurring in soil. Likewise, the results show that the organic molecules present in humic and composted materials are chemically different from the biomolecules present in fresh, no-transformed- materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - José María Garcia-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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7
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Conesa CM, Saez A, Navarro-Neila S, de Lorenzo L, Hunt AG, Sepúlveda EB, Baigorri R, Garcia-Mina JM, Zamarreño AM, Sacristán S, del Pozo JC. Alternative Polyadenylation and Salicylic Acid Modulate Root Responses to Low Nitrogen Availability. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E251. [PMID: 32079121 PMCID: PMC7076428 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is probably the most important macronutrient and its scarcity limits plant growth, development and fitness. N starvation response has been largely studied by transcriptomic analyses, but little is known about the role of alternative polyadenylation (APA) in such response. In this work, we show that N starvation modifies poly(A) usage in a large number of transcripts, some of them mediated by FIP1, a component of the polyadenylation machinery. Interestingly, the number of mRNAs isoforms with poly(A) tags located in protein-coding regions or 5'-UTRs significantly increases in response to N starvation. The set of genes affected by APA in response to N deficiency is enriched in N-metabolism, oxidation-reduction processes, response to stresses, and hormone responses, among others. A hormone profile analysis shows that the levels of salicylic acid (SA), a phytohormone that reduces nitrate accumulation and root growth, increase significantly upon N starvation. Meta-analyses of APA-affected and fip1-2-deregulated genes indicate a connection between the nitrogen starvation response and salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Genetic analyses show that SA may be important for preventing the overgrowth of the root system in low N environments. This work provides new insights on how plants interconnect different pathways, such as defense-related hormonal signaling and the regulation of genomic information by APA, to fine-tune the response to low N availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Conesa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.C.); (S.N.-N.)
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroambiental y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Polictécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angela Saez
- DTD Development and Technical Department, Timac Agro Spain, 31580 Lodosa, Navarra, Spain; (A.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Sara Navarro-Neila
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.C.); (S.N.-N.)
| | - Laura de Lorenzo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA; (L.d.L.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Arthur G. Hunt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA; (L.d.L.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Edgar B. Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería CINVESTAV Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- DTD Development and Technical Department, Timac Agro Spain, 31580 Lodosa, Navarra, Spain; (A.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Jose M. Garcia-Mina
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, 31008 Navarra, Spain; (J.M.G.-M.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, 31008 Navarra, Spain; (J.M.G.-M.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Soledad Sacristán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroambiental y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Polictécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan C. del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.C.); (S.N.-N.)
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8
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Olaetxea M, Mora V, Bacaicoa E, Baigorri R, Garnica M, Fuentes M, Zamarreño AM, Spíchal L, García‐Mina JM. Root ABA and H +-ATPase are key players in the root and shoot growth-promoting action of humic acids. Plant Direct 2019; 3:e00175. [PMID: 31624800 PMCID: PMC6785783 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the ability of humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) to improve plant growth has been demonstrated, knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the direct effects of HA and FA on the promotion of plant growth is scarce and fragmentary. Our study investigated the causal role of both root PM H+-ATPase activity and ABA in the SHA-promoting action on both root and shoot growth. The involvement of these processes in the regulation of shoot cytokinin concentration and activity was also studied. Our aim was to integrate such plant responses for providing new insights to the current model on the mode of action of HA for promoting root and shoot growth. Experiments employing specific inhibitors and using Cucumis sativus L. plants show that both the root PM H+-ATPase activity and root ABA play a crucial role in the root growth-promoting action of SHA. With regard to the HA-promoting effects on shoot growth, two pathways of events triggered by the interaction of SHA with plant roots are essential for the increase in root PM H+-ATPase activity-which also mediates an increase in cytokinin concentration and action in the shoot-and the ABA-mediated increase in hydraulic conductivity (Lpr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Olaetxea
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Verónica Mora
- Plant Physiology and Plant‐Microorganism Interaction LaboratoryInstituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-CONICET) y Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC)CórdobaArgentina
| | - Eva Bacaicoa
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Technical and Development DepartmentTimac Agro EspañaLodosaSpain
| | - Maria Garnica
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Angel Maria Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics Palacký University, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacky´ UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - José María García‐Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
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9
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Silva-Navas J, Conesa CM, Saez A, Navarro-Neila S, Garcia-Mina JM, Zamarreño AM, Baigorri R, Swarup R, Del Pozo JC. Role of cis-zeatin in root responses to phosphate starvation. New Phytol 2019; 224:242-257. [PMID: 31230346 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) is an essential nutrient for all organisms. Roots are underground organs, but the majority of the root biology studies have been done on root systems growing in the presence of light. Root illumination alters the Pi starvation response (PSR) at different intensities. Thus, we have analyzed morphological, transcriptional and physiological responses to Pi starvation in dark-grown roots. We have identified new genes and pathways regulated by Pi starvation that were not described previously. We also show that Pi-starved plants increase the cis-zeatin (cZ) : trans-zeatin (tZ) ratio. Transcriptomic analyses show that tZ preferentially represses cell cycle and PSR genes, whereas cZ induces genes involved in cell and root hair elongation and differentiation. In fact, cZ-treated seedlings show longer root system as well as longer root hairs compared with tZ-treated seedlings, increasing the total absorbing surface. Mutants with low cZ concentrations do not allocate free Pi in roots during Pi starvation. We propose that Pi-starved plants increase the cZ : tZ ratio to maintain basal cytokinin responses and allocate Pi in the root system to sustain its growth. Therefore, cZ acts as a PSR hormone that stimulates root and root hair elongation to enlarge the root absorbing surface and to increase Pi concentrations in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Silva-Navas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, ZIP 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Conesa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, ZIP 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Saez
- Centro de Investigación en Producción Animal y Vegetal (CIPAV), Timac Agro Int-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, C/C n Degrees 32, ZIP 31160, Orcoyen, Spain
| | - Sara Navarro-Neila
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, ZIP 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Garcia-Mina
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, Pamplona, ZIP 31009, Navarra, Spain
| | - Angel M Zamarreño
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, Pamplona, ZIP 31009, Navarra, Spain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Centro de Investigación en Producción Animal y Vegetal (CIPAV), Timac Agro Int-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, C/C n Degrees 32, ZIP 31160, Orcoyen, Spain
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Juan C Del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, ZIP 28223, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Téllez-Robledo B, Manzano C, Saez A, Navarro-Neila S, Silva-Navas J, de Lorenzo L, González-García MP, Toribio R, Hunt AG, Baigorri R, Casimiro I, Brady SM, Castellano MM, Del Pozo JC. The polyadenylation factor FIP1 is important for plant development and root responses to abiotic stresses. Plant J 2019; 99:1203-1219. [PMID: 31111599 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Root development and its response to environmental changes is crucial for whole plant adaptation. These responses include changes in transcript levels. Here, we show that the alternative polyadenylation (APA) of mRNA is important for root development and responses. Mutations in FIP1, a component of polyadenylation machinery, affects plant development, cell division and elongation, and response to different abiotic stresses. Salt treatment increases the amount of poly(A) site usage within the coding region and 5' untranslated regions (5'-UTRs), and the lack of FIP1 activity reduces the poly(A) site usage within these non-canonical sites. Gene ontology analyses of transcripts displaying APA in response to salt show an enrichment in ABA signaling, and in the response to stresses such as salt or cadmium (Cd), among others. Root growth assays show that fip1-2 is more tolerant to salt but is hypersensitive to ABA or Cd. Our data indicate that FIP1-mediated alternative polyadenylation is important for plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Téllez-Robledo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion Manzano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Angela Saez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- DTD, Timac Agro Spain, Lodosa, 31580, Navarra, Spain
| | - Sara Navarro-Neila
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Silva-Navas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Lorenzo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | - Mary-Paz González-García
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - René Toribio
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arthur G Hunt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | | | - Ilda Casimiro
- Facultad de Ciencias, Department de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Baigorri R, Erro J, Urrutia Ó, Martinez JM, Mandado M, Martín-Pastor M, García-Mina JM. Both chemical and crystalline phase configuration influence the molecular features of humic acids in humic–calcium–phosphates fertilizers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25790-25796. [PMID: 35530108 PMCID: PMC9070043 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate–metal–humic complexes are very relevant in nature due to their crucial role in phosphate availability for plants and microorganisms. Synthetic phosphate–calcium–humic acid (HA) complexes have proven to be efficient sources of available phosphorus for crops. However, the current knowledge about their structure and molecular features is very poor. The structural implications of phosphate interaction with humic binding sites through calcium bridges, in both monocalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate is investigated by using molecular modeling, 31P-NMR, 1H-NMR and X-ray diffractometry. The conformational changes in the molecular configuration of the humic acid involved in the interaction resulting from the synthetic process is also studied by using HPSEC and synchronous fluorescence. The results obtained allow us to identify the phosphate type in the crystalline phase that is involved in the interaction of humic acid binding sites and the different forms of calcium phosphate. Synchronous fluorescence also shows that whereas the conformational configuration of the HA binding site is only partially affected in the monocalcium phosphate interaction, it changes in the case of dicalcium phosphate showing simpler molecular arrangements. These changes in the molecular conformation of the binding site in HA in solution may influence the biological activity of the humic acid. On the other hand, HPSEC studies show that the humic–calcium–phosphate interaction is accompanied by increases in the humic acid apparent size distribution. This effect is more intense in the case of monocalcium phosphate system probably due the influence of pH. Phosphate–metal–humic complexes are very relevant in nature due to their crucial role in phosphate availability for plants and microorganisms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baigorri
- Innovation & Development Department
- Timac Agro España S.A
- Roullier Group
- 31508 Lodosa
- Spain
| | - Javier Erro
- BACh Research Group
- Department of Environmental Biology
- University of Navarra
- Pamplona
- Spain
| | - Óscar Urrutia
- BACh Research Group
- Department of Environmental Biology
- University of Navarra
- Pamplona
- Spain
| | - José Manuel Martinez
- BACh Research Group
- Department of Environmental Biology
- University of Navarra
- Pamplona
- Spain
| | - Marcos Mandado
- Physical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Vigo
- Campus Universitario
- Vigo
| | - Manuel Martín-Pastor
- Departamento de NMR C.A.C.T.U.S
- University of Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela 15706
- Spain
| | - José M. García-Mina
- BACh Research Group
- Department of Environmental Biology
- University of Navarra
- Pamplona
- Spain
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12
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Garnica M, Bacaicoa E, Mora V, San Francisco S, Baigorri R, Zamarreño AM, Garcia-Mina JM. Shoot iron status and auxin are involved in iron deficiency-induced phytosiderophores release in wheat. BMC Plant Biol 2018; 18:105. [PMID: 29866051 PMCID: PMC5987636 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of phytosiderephores (PS) to the rhizosphere is the main root response to iron (Fe) deficiency in graminaceous plants. We have investigated the role of the Fe status in the shoot as well as of the signaling pathways controlled by three relevant phytoregulators - indolacetic acid (IAA), ethylene and nitric oxide (NO) - in the regulation of this root response in Fe-starved wheat plants. To this end, the PS accumulation in the nutrient solution and the root expression of the genes encoding the nicotianamine aminotransferase (TaNAAT) and ferritin (TaFER) have been evaluated in plants subjected to different treatments. RESULTS The application of Fe to leaves of Fe-deficient plants prevented the increase in both PS root release and TaNAAT gene expression thus showing the relevant role of the shoot to root communication in the regulation of PS root release and some steps of PS biosynthesis. Experiments with specific hormone inhibitors showed that while ethylene and NO did not positively regulate Fe-deficiency induced PS root release, auxin plays an essential role in the regulation of this process. Moreover, the application of IAA to Fe-sufficient plants promoted both PS root release and TaNAAT gene expression thus indicating that auxin might be involved in the shoot to root signaling network regulating Fe-deficiency root responses in wheat. CONCLUSIONS These results therefore indicate that PS root release in Fe-deficient wheat plants is directly modulated by the shoot Fe status through signaling pathways involving, among other possible effectors, auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garnica
- Department of Environmental Biology (BACh Group), School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Eva Bacaicoa
- Department of Environmental Biology (BACh Group), School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Veronica Mora
- Plant Physiology and Plant-Microorganism Laboratory, University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Cordoba Argentina
| | - Sara San Francisco
- Technical and Development Department, Timac Agro Spain, Lodosa, Navarra Spain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Department of Environmental Biology (BACh Group), School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra Spain
- Technical and Development Department, Timac Agro Spain, Lodosa, Navarra Spain
| | - Angel Mari Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology (BACh Group), School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Jose Maria Garcia-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology (BACh Group), School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra Spain
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13
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Urrutia O, Erro J, Zabini A, Hoshiba K, Blandin AF, Baigorri R, Martín-Pastor M, Alis Y, Yvin JC, García-Mina JM. New Amphiphilic Composite for Preparing Efficient Coated Potassium-Fertilizers for Top-Dressing Fertilization of Annual Crops. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:4787-4799. [PMID: 29677445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the efficiency of a new coating material for preparing granulated potassium-fertilizers with a potassium release to the soil solution sensitive to rainfall intensity. The composite is prepared by reaction of an alkyd-resin with cement in the absence of water. The complementary use of diverse analytical techniques showed that the presence of the cement fraction induced alkyd resin reticulation and gradual cement-resin hardening. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of micro and nanopores within cement-clusters, whose water permeability is affected by the resin reticulation and amphiphilic character. Potassium release was evaluated in water, soil-columns, and in soil-plant trials in pots and open-field. Agronomic results were consistent with potassium release rates obtained in water solution and soil columns. The composite-coated potassium fertilizer was more efficient than the noncoated one in providing plant available potassium, with this effect being dependent on water presence in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Urrutia
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology , University of Navarra , Irunlarrea No. 1 , 31008 , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Javier Erro
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology , University of Navarra , Irunlarrea No. 1 , 31008 , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Andre Zabini
- "Agronomico" , Laboratorio de Suelos y Consultoría, Edificio Azar , 2nd Piso, Av. Parana , 1617 , Hernandarias , Paraguay
| | - Kent Hoshiba
- Centro de R&D, Roullier Latino , Roullier Group , Minga Guaçu Km 5 , Alto Paraná 7420 , Paraguay
| | - Anne F Blandin
- Centre d'Etudes de Recherche Apliqueés "CERA" , Roullier Group , 55 Boulevard Jules Verger 35800 , Dinard , France
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Departamento de Desarrollo e Inovación Timac Agro España S.A. , Roullier Group , Barrio Feculas s/n , 31508 Lodosa , Spain
| | - Manuel Martín-Pastor
- Departamento de NMR C.A.C.T.U.S. , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela 15706 , Spain
| | - Yves Alis
- Centre d'Etudes de Recherche Apliqueés "CERA" , Roullier Group , 55 Boulevard Jules Verger 35800 , Dinard , France
| | - Jean C Yvin
- Centre Mondial d'Innovation CMI , Roullier Group , Atalante Saint-Malo, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt , 35400 , Saint Malo , France
| | - José M García-Mina
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology , University of Navarra , Irunlarrea No. 1 , 31008 , Pamplona , Spain
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14
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Manzano C, Pallero-Baena M, Silva-Navas J, Navarro Neila S, Casimiro I, Casero P, Garcia-Mina JM, Baigorri R, Rubio L, Fernandez JA, Norris M, Ding Y, Moreno-Risueno MA, Del Pozo JC. A light-sensitive mutation in Arabidopsis LEW3 reveals the important role of N-glycosylation in root growth and development. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:5103-5116. [PMID: 29106622 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots have the potential capacity to grow almost indefinitely if meristematic and lateral branching is sustained. In a genetic screen we identified an Arabidopsis mutant showing limited root growth (lrg1) due to defects in cell division and elongation in the root meristem. Positional cloning determined that lrg1 affects an alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase gene, LEW3, involved in protein N-glycosylation. The lrg1 mutation causes a synonymous substitution that alters the correct splicing of the fourth intron in LEW3, causing a mix of wild-type and truncated protein. LRG1 RNA missplicing in roots and short root phenotypes in lrg1 are light-intensity dependent. This mutation disrupts a GC-base pair in a three-base-pair stem with a four-nucleotide loop, which seems to be necessary for correct LEW3 RNA splicing. We found that the lrg1 short root phenotype correlates with high levels of reactive oxygen species and low pH in the apoplast. Proteomic analyses of N-glycosylated proteins identified GLU23/PYK10 and PRX34 as N-glycosylation targets of LRG1 activity. The lrg1 mutation reduces the positive interaction between Arabidopsis and Serendipita indica. A prx34 mutant showed a significant reduction in root growth, which is additive to lrg1. Taken together our work highlights the important role of N-glycosylation in root growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Manzano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pallero-Baena
- Facultad de Ciencias. Dept. de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología. Universidad de Extremadura. 06006-Badajoz, Spain
| | - J Silva-Navas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Navarro Neila
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilda Casimiro
- Facultad de Ciencias. Dept. de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología. Universidad de Extremadura. 06006-Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pedro Casero
- Facultad de Ciencias. Dept. de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología. Universidad de Extremadura. 06006-Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jose M Garcia-Mina
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Grupo BACh. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Navarra31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Grupo BACh. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Navarra 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Technical and Development Department, Timac Agro-Grupo Roullier, c/Barrio Féculas s/n, 31580 Lodosa, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rubio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Teatinos S/N. 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose A Fernandez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Teatinos S/N. 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Matthew Norris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yiliang Ding
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Miguel A Moreno-Risueno
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Olaetxea M, Mora V, García AC, Santos LA, Baigorri R, Fuentes M, Garnica M, Berbara RLL, Zamarreño AM, Garcia-Mina JM. Root-Shoot Signaling crosstalk involved in the shoot growth promoting action of rhizospheric humic acids. Plant Signal Behav 2016; 11:e1161878. [PMID: 26966789 PMCID: PMC4883868 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1161878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown the ability of humic substances to improve plant development. This action is normally reflected in an enhancement of crop yields and quality. However, the mechanisms responsible for this action of humic substances remain rather unknown. Our studies have shown that the shoot promoting action of sedimentary humic acids is dependent of its ability to increase root hydraulic conductivity through signaling pathways related to ABA, which in turn is affected in roots by humic acids in an IAA-NO dependent way. Furthermore, these studies also indicate that the primary action of humic acids in roots might also be physical, resulting from a transient mild stress caused by humic acids associated with a fouling-cleaning cycle of wall cell pores. Finally the role of alternative signal molecules, such as ROS, and corresponding signaling pathways are also discussed and modeled in the context of the above-mentioned framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Olaetxea
- a Department of Environmental Biology , Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra
| | - Verónica Mora
- a Department of Environmental Biology , Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra
| | - Andrés Calderin García
- b Department of Soil, Soil Biology Laboratory , Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ) , Brazil
| | - Leandro Azevedo Santos
- b Department of Soil, Soil Biology Laboratory , Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ) , Brazil
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- a Department of Environmental Biology , Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra
| | - Marta Fuentes
- a Department of Environmental Biology , Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra
| | - María Garnica
- a Department of Environmental Biology , Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra
| | - Ricardo Luis Louro Berbara
- b Department of Soil, Soil Biology Laboratory , Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ) , Brazil
| | - Angel Maria Zamarreño
- a Department of Environmental Biology , Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra
| | - Jose M Garcia-Mina
- a Department of Environmental Biology , Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra
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16
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Olaetxea M, Mora V, Bacaicoa E, Garnica M, Fuentes M, Casanova E, Zamarreño AM, Iriarte JC, Etayo D, Ederra I, Gonzalo R, Baigorri R, García-Mina JM. Abscisic Acid Regulation of Root Hydraulic Conductivity and Aquaporin Gene Expression Is Crucial to the Plant Shoot Growth Enhancement Caused by Rhizosphere Humic Acids. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:2587-96. [PMID: 26450705 PMCID: PMC4677878 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and metabolic mechanisms behind the humic acid-mediated plant growth enhancement are discussed in detail. Experiments using cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants show that the shoot growth enhancement caused by a structurally well-characterized humic acid with sedimentary origin is functionally associated with significant increases in abscisic acid (ABA) root concentration and root hydraulic conductivity. Complementary experiments involving a blocking agent of cell wall pores and water root transport (polyethylenglycol) show that increases in root hydraulic conductivity are essential in the shoot growth-promoting action of the model humic acid. Further experiments involving an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis in root and shoot (fluridone) show that the humic acid-mediated enhancement of both root hydraulic conductivity and shoot growth depended on ABA signaling pathways. These experiments also show that a significant increase in the gene expression of the main root plasma membrane aquaporins is associated with the increase of root hydraulic conductivity caused by the model humic acid. Finally, experimental data suggest that all of these actions of model humic acid on root functionality, which are linked to its beneficial action on plant shoot growth, are likely related to the conformational structure of humic acid in solution and its interaction with the cell wall at the root surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Olaetxea
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Verónica Mora
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Eva Bacaicoa
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - María Garnica
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Esther Casanova
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Angel M Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Juan C Iriarte
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - David Etayo
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Iñigo Ederra
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Ramón Gonzalo
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
| | - Jose M García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology (Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain (M.O., V.M., E.B., M.G., M.F., E.C., A.M.Z., R.B., J.M.G.-M.); andAntenna Group, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain (J.C.I., D.E., I.E., R.G.)
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17
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Silva-Navas J, Moreno-Risueno MA, Manzano C, Pallero-Baena M, Navarro-Neila S, Téllez-Robledo B, Garcia-Mina JM, Baigorri R, Gallego FJ, del Pozo JC. D-Root: a system for cultivating plants with the roots in darkness or under different light conditions. Plant J 2015; 84:244-55. [PMID: 26312572 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In nature roots grow in the dark and away from light (negative phototropism). However, most current research in root biology has been carried out with the root system grown in the presence of light. Here, we have engineered a device, called Dark-Root (D-Root), to grow plants in vitro with the aerial part exposed to the normal light/dark photoperiod while the roots are in the dark or exposed to specific wavelengths or light intensities. D-Root provides an efficient system for cultivating a large number of seedlings and easily characterizing root architecture in the dark. At the morphological level, root illumination shortens root length and promotes early emergence of lateral roots, therefore inducing expansion of the root system. Surprisingly, root illumination also affects shoot development, including flowering time. Our analyses also show that root illumination alters the proper response to hormones or abiotic stress (e.g. salt or osmotic stress) and nutrient starvation, enhancing inhibition of root growth. In conclusion, D-Root provides a growing system closer to the natural one for assaying Arabidopsis plants, and therefore its use will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in root development, hormonal signaling and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Silva-Navas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
- Dpto. de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel A Moreno-Risueno
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Concepción Manzano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pallero-Baena
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Sara Navarro-Neila
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Bárbara Téllez-Robledo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Jose M Garcia-Mina
- CIPAV (Centro de Investigación en Producción Animal y Vegetal), Timac Agro Int-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, C/C n 32, Orcoyen, 31160, Spain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- CIPAV (Centro de Investigación en Producción Animal y Vegetal), Timac Agro Int-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, C/C n 32, Orcoyen, 31160, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gallego
- Dpto. de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juan C del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
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18
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Kołodziej A, Fuentes M, Baigorri R, Lorenc-Grabowska E, García-Mina JM, Burg P, Gryglewicz G. Mechanism of adsorption of different humic acid fractions on mesoporous activated carbons with basic surface characteristics. ADSORPTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-014-9610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Vetvicka V, Vashishta A, Fuentes M, Baigorri R, Garcia-Mina JM, Yvin JC. The relative abundance of oxygen alkyl-related groups in aliphatic domains is involved in the main pharmacological-pleiotropic effects of humic acids. J Med Food 2013; 16:625-32. [PMID: 23875902 PMCID: PMC3719442 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the rather common presence of humic acid (HA), our full knowledge of its biological effect is still lacking. In this article, we first performed a physicochemical characterization of several HAs, and next, we evaluated their ability to affect interleukin-2 secretion, antibody secretion, wound healing (an in vitro model using HaCaT cells), cancer growth (the Lewis lung carcinoma model), and protection against hepatotoxicity. In all tested reactions, HA showed significant stimulation on immune reactions, including suppression of cancer growth and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity. These effects were dependent on its chemical properties. The pleiotropic effects of HA observed in this article suggest the possible role of these compounds in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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20
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Baigorri R, Urrutia O, Erro J, Mandado M, Pérez-Juste I, Garcia-Mina JM. Structural characterization of anion-calcium-humate complexes in phosphate-based fertilizers. ChemSusChem 2013; 6:1245-1251. [PMID: 23670945 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizers based on phosphate-metal-humate complexes are a new family of compounds that represents a more sustainable and bioavailable phosphorus source. The characterization of this type of complex by using solid (31)P NMR in several fertilizers, based on single superphosphate (SSP) and triple superphosphate (TSP) matrices, yielded surprising and unexpected trends in the intensity and fine structure of the (31)P NMR peaks. Computational chemistry methods allowed the characterization of phosphate-calcium-humate complexes in both SSP and TSP matrices, but also predicted the formation of a stable sulfate-calcium-humate complex in the SSP fertilizers, which has not been described previously. The stability of this complex has been confirmed by using ultrafiltration techniques. Preference towards the humic substance for the sulfate-metal phase in SSP allowed the explanation of the opposing trends that were observed in the experimental (31)P NMR spectra of SSP and TSP samples. Additionally, computational chemistry has provided an assignment of the (31)P NMR signals to different phosphate ligands as well as valuable information about the relative strength of the phosphate-calcium interactions within the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baigorri
- R&D Department, Timac Agro International, Polígono Arazuri-Orkoien, Orkoien, Navarra, Spain.
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21
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Fuentes M, Ortuño MF, Pérez-Sarmiento F, Bacaicoa E, Baigorri R, Conejero W, Torrecillas A, García-Mina JM. Efficiency of a new strategy involving a new class of natural hetero-ligand iron(III) chelates (Fe(III)-NHL) to improve fruit tree growth in alkaline/calcareous soils. J Sci Food Agric 2012; 92:3065-71. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
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22
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Erro J, Urrutia O, Baigorri R, Aparicio-Tejo P, Irigoyen I, Storino F, Mandado M, Yvin JC, Garcia-Mina JM. Organic complexed superphosphates (CSP): physicochemical characterization and agronomical properties. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:2008-17. [PMID: 22300509 DOI: 10.1021/jf204821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A new type of superphosphate (organic complexed superphosphate (CSP)) has been developed by the introduction of organic chelating agents, preferably a humic acid (HA), into the chemical reaction of single superphosphate (SSP) production. This modification yielded a product containing monocalcium phosphate complexed by the chelating organic agent through Ca bridges. Theoretically, the presence of these monocalcium-phosphate-humic complexes (MPHC) inhibits phosphate fixation in soil, thus increasing P fertilizer efficiency. This study investigateed the structural and functional features of CSP fertilizers produced employing diverse HA with different structural features. To this end were used complementary analytical techniques: solid-phase ³¹P NMR, ¹³C NMR, laser-confocal microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and molecular modeling. Finally, the agronomical efficiency of four CSP have been compared with that of SSP as P sources for wheat plants grown in both alkaline and acidic soils in greenhouse pot trials under controlled conditions. The results obtained from the diverse analytical studies showed the formation of MPHC in CSP. Plant-soil studies showed that CSP products were more efficient than SSP in providing available phosphate for wheat plants cultivated in various soils with different physicochemical features. This fact is probably associated with the ability of CSP complexes to inhibit phosphate fixation in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Erro
- Department of Chemistry and Soil Chemistry, University of Navarra , 31080 Pamplona, Spain
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Erro J, Baigorri R, Yvin JC, Garcia-Mina JM. 31P NMR characterization and efficiency of new types of water-insoluble phosphate fertilizers to supply plant-available phosphorus in diverse soil types. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:1900-1908. [PMID: 21254775 DOI: 10.1021/jf103962k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponic plant experiments demonstrated the efficiency of a type of humic acid-based water-insoluble phosphate fertilizers, named rhizosphere controlled fertilizers (RCF), to supply available phosphorus (P) to different plant species. This effect was well correlated to the root release of specific organic acids. In this context, the aims of this study are (i) to study the chemical nature of RCF using solid-state (31)P NMR and (ii) to evaluate the real efficiency of RCF matrix as a source of P for wheat plants cultivated in an alkaline and acid soil in comparison with traditional water-soluble (simple superphosphate, SSP) and water-insoluble (dicalcium phosphate, DCP) P fertilizers. The (31)P NMR study revealed the formation of multimetal (double and triple, MgZn and/or MgZnCa) phosphates associated with chelating groups of the humic acid through the formation of metal bridges. With regard to P fertilizer efficiency, the results obtained show that the RCF matrix produced higher plant yields than SSP in both types of soil, with DCP and the water-insoluble fraction from the RCF matrix (WI) exhibiting the best results in the alkaline soil. By contrast, in the acid soil, DCP showed very low efficiency, WI performed on a par with SSP, and RCF exhibited the highest efficiency, thus suggesting a protector effect of humic acid from soil fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Erro
- Department of Chemistry and Soil Chemistry, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
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24
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Abstract
Humic acids are compounds resulting from decomposition of organic matter. Despite their common presence, our knowledge of their biological effects is limited, and current findings are controversial. We decided to evaluate the immunological effects of two different types of humic acids, differing in source and biochemical characteristics. Using both components either alone or in combination with the well-established yeast-derived immunomodulator glucan, we measured their effects on both the cellular (phagocytosis and tumor suppression) and humoral (antibody production and cytokine secretion) branches of immune reactions. In summary, our results suggest that humic acids are biologically active immunodulators affecting both the humoral and cellular branches of immune reactions. In addition, the two humic acids studied here are working in synergy in stimulation of the immune reaction, supporting further studies of these natural immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Fuentes M, Baigorri R, González-Vila FJ, González-Gaitano G, García-Mina JM. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry identification of distinctive structures providing humic character to organic materials. J Environ Qual 2010; 39:1486-1497. [PMID: 20830935 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS) was used to study the structural transformations of humic fractions formed as a result of composting processes of diverse organic materials (solid wastes of wineries, solid olive-mill wastes, domestic wastes, ovine manures plus straw, and mixtures of animal manures). Sodium hydroxide-extracted total humic-like extracts (THE; humic plus fulvic acids) from the composted and the initial noncomposted wastes and several reference humic and fulvic acids from soils were analyzed. These results were compared with results from previous studies using 13C-cross polarization magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV-visible, and fluorescence emission spectroscopies. Alkylbenzenes and alkylphenols predominate in the pyrograms of the soil humic acids, whereas the fulvic acids showed higher contents of phenolic and polysaccharide-derived compounds. The pyrolysates of THE from the composted samples showed an increase in aromatic and nitrogenated structures and a decrease in polysaccharide-derived compounds. The aromatic contents as determined by Py-GC/MS and 13C-NMR were well correlated in the reference humic substances and THE from composted materials (r = 0.99 and 0.94, respectively; P < 0.01) but not in the case of THE from noncomposted materials, probably due to an aliphatic enhancement in the pyrolysates of these samples and other secondary reactions. The content in alkylbenzenes was consistent with the variations found previously for several UV-visible and fluorescence indexes as a function of the degree of humification, suggesting their involvement in structures that are a characteristic feature of the formation and evolution of humic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fuentes
- CIPAV-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, Calle C, No. 32, 31160 Orcoyen, Spain.
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26
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Baigorri R, Fuentes M, González-Gaitano G, García-Mina JM, Almendros G, González-Vila FJ. Complementary multianalytical approach to study the distinctive structural features of the main humic fractions in solution: gray humic acid, brown humic acid, and fulvic acid. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:3266-3272. [PMID: 19281175 DOI: 10.1021/jf8035353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the main fractions of humic substances (HS), gray humic acid (GHA), brown humic acid (BHA), and fulvic acid (FA), present different molecular patterns in water solution that are probably associated with specific structural features. However, the techniques used in these previous studies did not permit clarification of the principal qualitative characteristics of these structures. To study more in depth this subject several GHA, BHA, and FA have been analyzed through the complementary use of UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, (13)C NMR, thermogravimetry, and pyrolysis GC-MS. The results indicate that the studied humic fractions have different and distinctive structural features. Thus, large and nonpolar structural units (paraffins, olefins, terpenes) and aliphatic structures seem to accumulate in the gray fraction, whereas the smallest and more polar (furfural, phenols) and simpler structural units (sugar- and amino acid-related structures) are present in the fulvic one. BHA has a higher content in polycyclic aromatic moieties, S-containing compounds and aromatic structures, thus suggesting the presence of more condensed aromatic rings. Likewise, differences in both the presence of polar groups and the apparent molecular size explain the pattern of solubility as a function of pH and ionic strength (I) that defines each HS fraction. These results also indicate that the structural differences among the HS fractions are not only quantitative (the presence of the same type of structures differing in size and the concentration of functional groups) but also qualitative, because each fraction presented different and distinctive structural domains. These structural domains explain the molecular patterns associated with each HS fraction. Thus, the presence of smaller and more O-functionalized structural units including aromatic domains in FA explain their tendency to form molecular aggregates (hydrogen bridges, metal bridges, and hydrophobic interactions) in solution. This fact could also explain the presence of molecular aggregates in BHA, although to a lesser extent than in FA. Finally, the dominant aliphatic and less functionalized character of GHA may justify its lower tendency to form aggregates in solution at neutral and alkaline pH. Likewise, the results also indicate that the different structural domains associated with these fractions may be the consequence of diverse biosynthetic pathways involving different precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baigorri
- CIPAV-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orkoien, 31160 Orkoien, Spain.
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Aguirre E, Leménager D, Bacaicoa E, Fuentes M, Baigorri R, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM. The root application of a purified leonardite humic acid modifies the transcriptional regulation of the main physiological root responses to Fe deficiency in Fe-sufficient cucumber plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 2009; 47:215-223. [PMID: 19119016 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a well-characterized purified humic acid (non-measurable concentrations of the main plant hormones were detected) on the transcriptional regulation of the principal molecular agents involved in iron assimilation. To this end, non-deficient cucumber plants were treated with different concentrations of a purified humic acid (PHA) (2, 5, 100 and 250 mg of organic carbonL(-1)) and harvested 4, 24, 48, 76 and 92 h from the onset of the treatment. At harvest times, the mRNA transcript accumulation of CsFRO1 encoding for Fe(III) chelate-reductase (EC 1.16.1.7); CsHa1 and CsHa2 encoding for plasma membrane H+-ATPase (EC 3.6.3.6); and CsIRT1 encoding for Fe(II) high-affinity transporter, was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Meanwhile, the respective enzyme activity of the Fe(III) chelate-reductase and plasma membrane H+-ATPase was also investigated. The results obtained indicated that PHA root treatments affected the regulation of the expression of the studied genes, but this effect was transient and differed (up-regulation or down-regulation) depending on the genes studied. Thus, principally the higher doses of PHA caused a transient increase in the expression of the CsHa2 isoform for 24 and 48 h whereas the CsHa1 isoform was unaffected or down-regulated. These effects were accompanied by an increase in the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity for 4, 48 and 96 h. Likewise, PHA root treatments (principally the higher doses) up-regulated CsFRO1 and CsIRT1 expression for 48 and 72 h; whereas these genes were down-regulated by PHA for 96 h. These effects were associated with an increase in the Fe(III) chelate-reductase activity for 72 h. These effects were not associated with a significant decrease in the Fe root or leaf concentrations, although an eventual effect on the Fe root assimilation pattern cannot be ruled out. These results stress the close relationships between the effects of humic substances on plant development and iron nutrition. However, further studies are needed in order to elucidate if these effects at molecular level are caused by mechanisms involving hormone-like actions and/or nutritional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Aguirre
- CIPAV (Centro de Investigación en Producción Animal y Vegetal), Timac Agro Int-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, Calle C n Degrees 32, 31160 Orcoyen, Spain
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28
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Aguirre E, Leménager D, Bacaicoa E, Fuentes M, Baigorri R, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM. The root application of a purified leonardite humic acid modifies the transcriptional regulation of the main physiological root responses to Fe deficiency in Fe-sufficient cucumber plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 2009; 47:215-23. [PMID: 19119016 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a well-characterized purified humic acid (non-measurable concentrations of the main plant hormones were detected) on the transcriptional regulation of the principal molecular agents involved in iron assimilation. To this end, non-deficient cucumber plants were treated with different concentrations of a purified humic acid (PHA) (2, 5, 100 and 250 mg of organic carbonL(-1)) and harvested 4, 24, 48, 76 and 92 h from the onset of the treatment. At harvest times, the mRNA transcript accumulation of CsFRO1 encoding for Fe(III) chelate-reductase (EC 1.16.1.7); CsHa1 and CsHa2 encoding for plasma membrane H+-ATPase (EC 3.6.3.6); and CsIRT1 encoding for Fe(II) high-affinity transporter, was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Meanwhile, the respective enzyme activity of the Fe(III) chelate-reductase and plasma membrane H+-ATPase was also investigated. The results obtained indicated that PHA root treatments affected the regulation of the expression of the studied genes, but this effect was transient and differed (up-regulation or down-regulation) depending on the genes studied. Thus, principally the higher doses of PHA caused a transient increase in the expression of the CsHa2 isoform for 24 and 48 h whereas the CsHa1 isoform was unaffected or down-regulated. These effects were accompanied by an increase in the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity for 4, 48 and 96 h. Likewise, PHA root treatments (principally the higher doses) up-regulated CsFRO1 and CsIRT1 expression for 48 and 72 h; whereas these genes were down-regulated by PHA for 96 h. These effects were associated with an increase in the Fe(III) chelate-reductase activity for 72 h. These effects were not associated with a significant decrease in the Fe root or leaf concentrations, although an eventual effect on the Fe root assimilation pattern cannot be ruled out. These results stress the close relationships between the effects of humic substances on plant development and iron nutrition. However, further studies are needed in order to elucidate if these effects at molecular level are caused by mechanisms involving hormone-like actions and/or nutritional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Aguirre
- CIPAV (Centro de Investigación en Producción Animal y Vegetal), Timac Agro Int-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, Calle C n Degrees 32, 31160 Orcoyen, Spain
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29
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Baigorri R, Zamarreño AM, Fuentes M, González-Gaitano G, García-Mina JM, Almendros G, González-Vila FJ. Multivariate statistical analysis of mass spectra as a tool for the classification of the main humic substances according to their structural and conformational features. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:5480-5487. [PMID: 18558708 DOI: 10.1021/jf800507u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to explore the suitability of the complementary use of mass spectra and the corresponding statistical analysis (principal components-Pareto analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA)) of these spectra to differentiate diverse humic samples as a function of their structural and conformational features. To this end, the mass spectra of humic samples belonging to the main humic fraction types (gray humic acid, brown humic acid, and fulvic acid) were obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The results obtained showed that the application of PCA yielded a clear separation between blanks and humic samples. However, a clear differentiation among the humic fraction types was not achieved. The DA of PCA data, however, yielded a clear separation among the humic substances (HS) samples belonging to each HS fraction type considered: gray humic acids, brown humic acids, and fulvic acids. These results showed that the mass spectra of each humic sample include characteristic mass/charge (m/z) distribution values that can be considered as a "fingerprint" representative of its specific structural features. Our results also indicate that, although the m/z values principally corresponded to single-charged ions, we cannot identify these molecular weight distributions with those of humic samples, since sample molecular fragmentation, as well as partial molecular ionization, cannot be ruled out under our experimental and instrumental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baigorri
- CIPAV-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orkoien, 31160, Orkoien, Spain.
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Baigorri R, Fuentes M, Gonzalez-Gaitano G, García-Mina JM. Simultaneous Presence of Diverse Molecular Patterns in Humic Substances in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:10577-82. [PMID: 17696392 DOI: 10.1021/jp0738154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical and structural nature of humic substances (HS) is the object of an intense debate in the literature involving two main theoretical positions: the classical view defending the macromolecular pattern, and the new, more recent, view proposing a supramolecular pattern. In this study, we observe that both molecular patterns are present in different whole humic systems in solution. We also identify these molecular patterns with a specific fraction of HS. Thus, the HS family formed by the gray humic acids studied presented a clear macromolecular pattern, whereas the HS family formed by the fulvic acids studied presented the coexistence of supramolecular assemblies and individual molecules. The third HS family studied, the brown humic acids, presented both the macromolecular pattern and the supramolecular pattern. We also find that molecular aggregation-disaggregation has a strong influence in the fluorescence pattern of HS, thus indicating that the current concepts of HS structure derived from fluorescence studies need revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baigorri
- R&D-AFI Department, Inabonos-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, 31160 Orcoyen, Spain
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Baigorri R, Fuentes M, González-Gaitano G, García-Mina JM. Analysis of molecular aggregation in humic substances in solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Baigorri R, García-Mina JM, González-Gaitano G. Supramolecular association induced by Fe(III) in low molecular weight sodium polyacrylate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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