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Houghton FM, Adams SE, Ríos AS, Masino L, Purkiss AG, Briggs DC, Ledda F, McDonald NQ. Architecture and regulation of a GDNF-GFRα1 synaptic adhesion assembly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7551. [PMID: 37985758 PMCID: PMC10661694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial-cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) bound to its co-receptor GFRα1 stimulates the RET receptor tyrosine kinase, promoting neuronal survival and neuroprotection. The GDNF-GFRα1 complex also supports synaptic cell adhesion independently of RET. Here, we describe the structure of a decameric GDNF-GFRα1 assembly determined by crystallography and electron microscopy, revealing two GFRα1 pentamers bridged by five GDNF dimers. We reconsitituted the assembly between adhering liposomes and used cryo-electron tomography to visualize how the complex fulfils its membrane adhesion function. The GFRα1:GFRα1 pentameric interface was further validated both in vitro by native PAGE and in cellulo by cell-clustering and dendritic spine assays. Finally, we provide biochemical and cell-based evidence that RET and heparan sulfate cooperate to prevent assembly of the adhesion complex by competing for the adhesion interface. Our results provide a mechanistic framework to understand GDNF-driven cell adhesion, its relationship to trophic signalling, and the central role played by GFRα1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Houghton
- Signalling and Structural Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - S E Adams
- Signalling and Structural Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - A S Ríos
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Masino
- Structural Biology Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - A G Purkiss
- Structural Biology Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - D C Briggs
- Signalling and Structural Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - F Ledda
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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2
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Didier RA, Oliver ER, Rungsiprakarn P, Debari SE, Adams SE, Hedrick HL, Adzick NS, Khalek N, Howell LJ, Coleman BG. Decreased neonatal morbidity in 'stomach-down' left congenital diaphragmatic hernia: implications of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis for counseling and postnatal management. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021; 58:744-749. [PMID: 33724570 DOI: 10.1002/uog.23630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of stomach position on postnatal outcome in cases of left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) without liver herniation, diagnosed and characterized on prenatal ultrasound (US), by comparing those with ('stomach-up' CDH) to those without ('stomach-down' CDH) intrathoracic stomach herniation. METHODS Infants with left CDH who underwent prenatal US and postnatal repair at our institution between January 2008 and March 2017 were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective study. Detailed prenatal US examinations, fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, operative reports and medical records of infants enrolled in the pulmonary hypoplasia program at our institution were reviewed. Cases with liver herniation and those with an additional anomaly were excluded. Cases in which bowel loops were identified within the fetal chest on US while the stomach was intra-abdominal were categorized as having stomach-down CDH. Cases in which bowel loops and the stomach were visualized within the fetal chest on US were categorized as having stomach-up CDH. Prenatal imaging findings and postnatal outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS In total, 152 patients with left CDH were initially eligible for inclusion. Seventy-eight patients had surgically confirmed liver herniation and were excluded. Of the 74 included CDH cases without liver herniation, 28 (37.8%) had stomach-down CDH and 46 (62.2%) had stomach-up CDH. Of the 28 stomach-down CDH cases, 10 (35.7%) were referred for a suspected lung lesion. Sixty-eight (91.9%) cases had postnatal outcome data available for analysis. There was no significant difference in median observed-to-expected (o/e) lung-area-to-head-circumference ratio (LHR) between cases with stomach-down CDH and those with stomach-up CDH (41.5% vs 38.4%; P = 0.41). Furthermore, there was no difference in median MRI o/e total lung volume (TLV) between the two groups (49.5% vs 44.0%; P = 0.22). Compared with stomach-up CDH patients, stomach-down CDH patients demonstrated lower median duration of intubation (18 days vs 9.5 days; P < 0.01), median duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (495 h vs 223.5 h; P < 0.05), rate of supplemental oxygen requirement at 30 days of age (20/42 (47.6%) vs 3/26 (11.5%); P < 0.01) and rate of pulmonary hypertension at initial postnatal echocardiography (28/42 (66.7%) vs 9/26 (34.6%); P = 0.01). No neonatal death occurred in stomach-down CDH patients and one neonatal death was seen in a patient with intrathoracic stomach herniation. CONCLUSIONS In infants with left CDH without liver herniation, despite similar o/e-LHR and o/e-TLV, those with stomach-down CDH have decreased neonatal morbidity compared to those with stomach herniation. Progressive or variable physiological distension of the stomach over the course of gestation may explain these findings. Stomach-down left CDH is mistaken for a lung mass in a substantial proportion of cases. Accurate prenatal US characterization of CDH is crucial for appropriate prenatal counseling and patient management. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cephalometry
- Female
- Fetus/diagnostic imaging
- Fetus/pathology
- Head/diagnostic imaging
- Head/pathology
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/embryology
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/pathology
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/embryology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/pathology
- Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Lung/embryology
- Lung/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Morbidity
- Pregnancy
- Retrospective Studies
- Stomach/diagnostic imaging
- Stomach/embryology
- Stomach/pathology
- Ultrasonography, Prenatal
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Didier
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E R Oliver
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Rungsiprakarn
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S E Debari
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S E Adams
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H L Hedrick
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N S Adzick
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N Khalek
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L J Howell
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B G Coleman
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Timofeeva TA, Rudneva IA, Sadykova GK, Lomakina NF, Lyashko AV, Shilov AA, Voronina OL, Aksenova EI, Ryzhova NN, Kunda MS, Asatryan MN, Shcherbinin DN, Timofeeva EB, Kushch AA, Prilipov AG, Adams SE, Logunov DY, Narodisky BS, Gintsburg AL. Variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus H5N3 under immune pressure. Acta Virol 2020; 64:480-489. [PMID: 33151742 DOI: 10.4149/av_2020_415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mutations arising in influenza viruses that have undergone immune pressure may promote a successful spread of mutants in nature. In order to evaluate the variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus A/duck/Moscow/4182-C/2010(H5N3) and to determine the common epitopes between it and highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses (HPAIV), a set of escape mutants was selected due to action of MABs specific against A/chicken/Pennsylvania/8125/83(H5N2), A/Vietnam/1203/04(H5N1) and A/duck/Novosibirsk/56/05(H5N1) viruses. The complete genomes of escape mutants were sequenced and amino acid point mutations were determined in HA, NA, PA, PB1, PB2, M1, M2, and NP proteins. Comprehensive analysis of the acquired mutations was performed using the Influenza Research Database (https://www.fludb.org) and revealed that all mutations were located inside short linear epitopes, in positions characterized by polymorphisms. Most of the mutations found were characterized as substitutions by predominant or alternative amino acids existing in nature. Antigenic changes depended only on substitutions at positions 126, 129, 131, 145 and 156 of HA (H3 numbering). The positions 126, 145 and 156 were common for HA/H5 of different phylogenetic lineages of H5N1 HPAIV (arisen from A/goose/Guangdong/1/96) and low pathogenic American and Eurasian viruses. Additionally, mutation S145P increased the temperature of HA heat inactivation, compared to wild-type, as was proved by reverse genetics. Moreover, nonpathogenic A/duck/Moscow/4182-C/2010(H5N3) and H5N1 HPAI viruses have the same structure of short linear epitopes in HA (145-157) and internal proteins (PB2: 186-200, 406-411; PB1: 135-143, 538-546; PA: 515-523; NP: 61-68; M1: 76-84; M2: 45-53). These facts may indicate that H5 wild duck nonpathogenic virus could be used as vaccine against H5N1 HPAIV. Keywords: avian influenza virus; H5 hemagglutinin; escape mutants; genetic analysis; phenotypic properties; site-specific mutagenesis.
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Danzer E, Hoffman C, Miller JS, D'Agostino JA, Schindewolf EM, Gerdes M, Bernbaum J, Adams SE, Rintoul NE, Herkert LM, Taylor L, Schreiber J, Peranteau WH, Flake AW, Adzick NS, Hedrick HL. Autism spectrum disorder and neurodevelopmental delays in children with giant omphalocele. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:1771-1777. [PMID: 31196668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and identify risk factors of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and neurodevelopmental delays in giant omphalocele (GO) survivors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study cohort consists of 47 GO survivors enrolled in our follow-up program between 07/2004 and 12/2015. All patients underwent assessments at 2 years of age or older. Outcomes were assessed by either the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (prior 2006) or III (after 2006), or the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (children older than 4 years). ASD diagnosis was made based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (prior to 2014) or 5 criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of ASD in GO children is 16 times higher than the general population (P = 0.0002). ASD patients were more likely to be diagnosed with neurodevelopmental and neurofunctional delays, language disorders, and genetic abnormalities (P < 0.01). While 53.2% of GO children scored within the average range for all developmental domains, 19.1% scored within the mildly delayed and 27.7% in the severe delayed range in at least one domain. Prolonged respiratory support, pulmonary hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease, feeding problems, prolonged hospitalization, abnormal BAER hearing screen, presence of delayed motor coordination, and hypotonicity were associated with delayed scores (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant rate of ASD in GO survivors. Neurodevelopmental delays, language delays, and genetic abnormalities were strongly associated with ASD. Neurological impairments were present in nearly half of GO children. Surrogate markers of disease severity were associated with below average neurodevelopmental scores. Level of evidence Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Danzer
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia.
| | - Casey Hoffman
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Judith S Miller
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jo Ann D'Agostino
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Erica M Schindewolf
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Marsha Gerdes
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Judy Bernbaum
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Samantha E Adams
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Natalie E Rintoul
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Lisa M Herkert
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Lynne Taylor
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jane Schreiber
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - William H Peranteau
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Alan W Flake
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - N Scott Adzick
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Holly L Hedrick
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
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5
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Oliver ER, DeBari SE, Adams SE, Didier RA, Horii SC, Victoria T, Hedrick HL, Adzick NS, Howell LJ, Moldenhauer JS, Coleman BG. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia sacs: prenatal imaging and associated postnatal outcomes. Pediatr Radiol 2019; 49:593-599. [PMID: 30635693 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-018-04334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of a hernia sac in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has been reported to be associated with higher lung volumes and better postnatal outcomes. OBJECTIVE To compare prenatal imaging (ultrasound and MRI) prognostic measurements and postnatal outcomes of CDH with and without hernia sac. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed database searches from January 2008 to March 2017 for surgically proven cases of CDH with and without hernia sac. All children had a detailed ultrasound (US) examination and most had an MRI examination. We reviewed the medical records of children enrolled in our Pulmonary Hypoplasia Program. RESULTS Of 200 cases of unilateral CDH, 46 (23%) had hernia sacs. Cases of CDH with hernia sac had a higher mean lung-to-head ratio (LHR; 1.61 vs. 1.17; P<0.01), a higher mean observed/expected LHR (0.49 vs. 0.37; P<0.01), and on MRI a higher mean observed/expected total lung volume (0.53 vs. 0.41; P<0.01). Based on a smooth interface between lung and herniated contents, hernia sac or eventration was prospectively questioned by US and MRI in 45.7% and 38.6% of cases, respectively. Postnatally, hernia sac is associated with shorter median periods of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (45.0 days vs. 61.5 days, P=0.03); mechanical ventilation (15.5 days vs. 23.5 days, P=0.04); extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (251 h vs. 434 h, P=0.04); decreased rates of patch repair (39.0% vs. 69.2%, P<0.01); and pulmonary hypertension (56.1% vs. 75.4%, P=0.03). CONCLUSION Hernia sac is associated with statistically higher prenatal prognostic measurements and improved postnatal outcomes. Recognition of a sharp interface between lung and herniated contents may allow for improved prenatal diagnosis; however, delivery and management should still occur at experienced quaternary neonatal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Oliver
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Suzanne E DeBari
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samantha E Adams
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryne A Didier
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven C Horii
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Teresa Victoria
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Holly L Hedrick
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N Scott Adzick
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lori J Howell
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie S Moldenhauer
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beverly G Coleman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Adams SE, Robinson EJ, Miller DJ, Rizkallah PJ, Hallett MB, Allemann RK. Conformationally restricted calpain inhibitors. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6865-6871. [PMID: 28757975 PMCID: PMC5508670 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidised α-mercaptoacrylic acid derivatives are potent conformationally restricted calpain-I inhibitors that mimic the endogenous inhibitor calpastatin.
The cysteine protease calpain-I is linked to several diseases and is therefore a valuable target for inhibition. Selective inhibition of calpain-I has proved difficult as most compounds target the active site and inhibit a broad spectrum of cysteine proteases as well as other calpain isoforms. Selective inhibitors might not only be potential drugs but should act as tools to explore the physiological and pathophysiological roles of calpain-I. α-Mercaptoacrylic acid based calpain inhibitors are potent, cell permeable and selective inhibitors of calpain-I and calpain-II. These inhibitors target the calcium binding domain PEF(S) of calpain-I and -II. Here X-ray diffraction analysis of co-crystals of PEF(S) revealed that the disulfide form of an α-mercaptoacrylic acid bound within a hydrophobic groove that is also targeted by a calpastatin inhibitory region and made a greater number of favourable interactions with the protein than the reduced sulfhydryl form. Measurement of the inhibitory potency of the α-mercaptoacrylic acids and X-ray crystallography revealed that the IC50 values decreased significantly on oxidation as a consequence of the stereo-electronic properties of disulfide bonds that restrict rotation around the S–S bond. Consequently, thioether analogues inhibited calpain-I with potencies similar to those of the free sulfhydryl forms of α-mercaptoacrylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
| | - E J Robinson
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - D J Miller
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
| | - P J Rizkallah
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - M B Hallett
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - R K Allemann
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
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7
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Brailsford SR, Sheehy EC, Gilbert SC, Clark DT, Kidd EAM, Zoitopoulos L, Adams SE, Visser JM, Beighton D. The microflora of the erupting first permanent molar. Caries Res 2005; 39:78-84. [PMID: 15591739 DOI: 10.1159/000081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between microflora, eruption status and caries status in the first permanent molar of young children was investigated in 177 children aged 6-7 years. A significantly greater proportion of fully erupted teeth were classified as sound and plaque-free compared to partially erupted teeth. Fully erupted teeth yielded greater numbers and proportions of mutans streptococci compared with significantly greater numbers and proportions of Actinomyces israelii in partially erupted teeth. Logistical regression analysis showed significant associations between white spot lesions in partially erupted teeth and increased numbers of Streptococcus oralis, mutans streptococci and Streptococcus salivarius whereas the presence of Actinomyces naeslundii was associated with health. Significantly greater numbers and proportions of S. oralis and S. salivarius were isolated from partially erupted teeth with white spot lesions whereas Streptococcus mutans was isolated in significantly greater numbers and proportions from fully erupted molars with white spots. This study suggests that organisms other than mutans streptococci are associated with caries development in erupting permanent molar teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Brailsford
- Cariology Research Group, GKT Dental Institute, London, UK
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8
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Adams SE, Goodman JM, Kidd RJ, McNaught AD, Murray-Rust P, Norton FR, Townsend JA, Waudby CA. Experimental data checker: better information for organic chemists. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:3067-70. [PMID: 15505708 DOI: 10.1039/b411699m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An experimental data checker has been developed that reads, analyses, and cross-correlates experimental information copied and pasted from authors' manuscripts, which will be useful for authors, referees, editors and readers of papers reporting new molecular information, and which makes possible a quantification of the accuracy of journals' data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Adams SE, Lloyd AM, Naeeni MA, Cooper YL, Holt JS. The effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan on the glycolysis of plaque bacteria ex vivo after food intake. Int Dent J 2003; 53:391-7. [PMID: 14725384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an ex vivo plaque pH method to assess the efficacy of a new zinc citrate/Triclosan formulation. METHODS Study (1) focussed on method development. Study (2) examined the effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan on the pH of plaque after product use and consumption of pizza. Study (3) investigated the effect of the same formulation and a fluoride toothpaste on the pH of plaque without an 'eating occasion'. The pH of plaque samples was measured over 10 minutes in the presence of glucose. RESULTS The test product significantly reduced the amount of acid produced 30 minutes (p = 0.0035) and 3 hours (p = 0.0018) after brushing (study (2)). In study (3) use of the test product significantly reduced the amount of acid produced 3 hours after brushing (p = 0.0023). No significant benefit was found for the fluoride toothpaste. CONCLUSION An ex vivo plaque pH method has been developed which can detect changes in acid produced following brushing with different toothpastes. A toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan significantly reduced the total acid produced for at least 3 hours after product use. Moreover it has been demonstrated that this effect is detectable even after eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
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Adams SE, Theobald AJ, Jones NM, Brading MG, Cox TF, Mendez A, Chesters DM, Gillam DG, Hall C, Holt J. The effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan on bacterial viability and plaque growth in vivo compared to a toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan and 2% copolymer. Int Dent J 2003; 53:398-403. [PMID: 14725385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the antimicrobial efficacy and effect on plaque growth of a new silica-based fluoride toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/ 0.3% Triclosan with a silica-based fluoride toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan/2% copolymer. METHODS In Study 1, plaque was collected after one week's use of each toothpaste and assessed for bacterial viability, live/ dead ratio and microbial membrane integrity. In study 2, plaque was measured immediately and 18 hours after a single brushing with the specified toothpastes. RESULTS The 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan formulation significantly reduced the total number of viable aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (p = 0.0223 and p = 0.0443 respectively) compared to the 0.3% Triclosan/2% copolymer formulation. Both toothpastes increased the bacterial membrane permeability significantly. However, the proportion of live bacteria for the 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan product was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Study 2 showed significantly less plaque growth 18 hours after using the 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan toothpaste compared to the 0.3% Triclosan/2% copolymer toothpaste (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Regular use of a fluoride toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan, significantly reduced the viability of plaque bacteria compared to a fluoride toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan/ 2% copolymer 12 hours after brushing. In addition, a clinical plaque growth study confirmed that this anti-microbial efficacy leads to a significant reduction in plaque growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
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11
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Brailsford SR, Shah B, Simons D, Gilbert S, Clark D, Ines I, Adams SE, Allison C, Beighton D. The predominant aciduric microflora of root-caries lesions. J Dent Res 2001; 80:1828-33. [PMID: 11926242 DOI: 10.1177/00220345010800091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of root caries is not fully understood, and although mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and A. naeslundii have been implicated in its initiation and progression, this study was designed to determine the potential role of other microbial species and the nature of predominant aciduric microflora in the root caries process. We isolated the predominant aciduric microflora from root-caries lesions (n = 14) and sound root surfaces in subjects with (n = 13) or without (n = 10) root caries, using both a "most probable numbers" method and conventional plating methods. The predominant aciduric bacteria from root lesions were lactobacilli and A. israelii, while from sound root surfaces in subjects with root caries, A. gerencseriae comprised over 60% of aciduric isolates. Mutans streptococci were not among the aciduric isolates. Subjects without root caries harbored fewer bacteria, and S. anginosus (pH 4.8) and S. oralis (pH 5.2) were the predominant aciduric bacteria. The microbial etiology of root caries is more complex than was previously appreciated, and factors underlying the microbial succession occurring during the disease process are not known. Taxa with previously unrecognized aciduric characteristics have been isolated routinely, and the role of these organisms in the root caries process requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Brailsford
- Caries Research Group, GKT Dental Institute, Denmark Hill, London, England.
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12
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Sundaramoorthi R, Siedem C, Vu CB, Dalgarno DC, Laird EC, Botfield MC, Combs AB, Adams SE, Yuan RW, Weigele M, Narula SS. Selective inhibition of Src SH2 by a novel thiol-targeting tricarbonyl-modified inhibitor and mechanistic analysis by (1)H/(13)C NMR spectroscopy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1665-9. [PMID: 11425533 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Detailed analysis of Src SH2 binding by peptides containing a novel tricarbonyl-modified pTyr moiety is described. We envisaged that Src SH2 selectivity might be obtained by exploiting the thiol group of Cys188 present in the pTyr binding pocket of the protein at the betaC3 position. Peptidyl as well as non-peptidyl compounds 1-4 possessing a 4-alpha,beta-diketoester-modified pTyr mimic exhibited micromolar affinity to Src SH2. Furthermore, these tricarbonyl compounds were selective for Src SH2 to the extent they showed no significant affinity for either Cys188Ser or Cys188Ala Src SH2 mutants. Upon closer examination of the binding of these tricarbonyls to Src SH2 using NMR of 13C-labeled compounds (6a, 6b, and 6c), we found that after the initial binding event the molecule disproportionated in a 'retro-Claisen' fashion to provide benzoic acid 16 and, following hydrolysis of the methyl ester 17, the hemiketal adduct of glyoxalic acid 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sundaramoorthi
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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13
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Violette SM, Guan W, Bartlett C, Smith JA, Bardelay C, Antoine E, Rickles RJ, Mandine E, van Schravendijk MR, Adams SE, Lynch BA, Shakespeare WC, Yang M, Jacobsen VA, Takeuchi CS, Macek KJ, Bohacek RS, Dalgarno DC, Weigele M, Lesuisse D, Sawyer TK, Baron R. Bone-targeted Src SH2 inhibitors block Src cellular activity and osteoclast-mediated resorption. Bone 2001; 28:54-64. [PMID: 11165943 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(00)00427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Src, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, is an important regulator of osteoclast-mediated resorption. We have investigated whether compounds that bind to the Src SH2 domain inhibit Src activity in cells and decrease osteoclast-mediated resorption. Compounds were examined for binding to the Src SH2 domain in vitro using a fluorescence polarization binding assay. Experiments were carried out with compounds demonstrating in vitro binding activity (nmol/L range) to determine if they inhibit Src SH2 binding and Src function in cells, demonstrate blockade of Src signaling, and lack cellular toxicity. Cell-based assays included: (1) a mammalian two-hybrid assay; (2) morphological reversion and growth inhibition of cSrcY527F-transformed cells; and (3) inhibition of cortactin phosphorylation in csk-/- cells. The Src SH2 binding compounds inhibit Src activity in all three of these mechanism-based assays. The compounds described were synthesized to contain nonhydrolyzable phosphotyrosine mimics that bind to bone. These compounds were further tested and found to inhibit rabbit osteoclast-mediated resorption of dentine. These results indicate that compounds that bind to the Src SH2 domain can inhibit Src activity in cells and inhibit osteoclast-mediated resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Violette
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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14
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Rollins CT, Rivera VM, Woolfson DN, Keenan T, Hatada M, Adams SE, Andrade LJ, Yaeger D, van Schravendijk MR, Holt DA, Gilman M, Clackson T. A ligand-reversible dimerization system for controlling protein-protein interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:7096-101. [PMID: 10852943 PMCID: PMC16505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.100101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically induced dimerization provides a general way to gain control over intracellular processes. Typically, FK506-binding protein (FKBP) domains are fused to a signaling domain of interest, allowing crosslinking to be initiated by addition of a bivalent FKBP ligand. In the course of protein engineering studies on human FKBP, we discovered that a single point mutation in the ligand-binding site (Phe-36 --> Met) converts the normally monomeric protein into a ligand-reversible dimer. Two-hybrid, gel filtration, analytical ultracentrifugation, and x-ray crystallographic studies show that the mutant (F(M)) forms discrete homodimers with micromolar affinity that can be completely dissociated within minutes by addition of monomeric synthetic ligands. These unexpected properties form the basis for a "reverse dimerization" regulatory system involving F(M) fusion proteins, in which association is the ground state and addition of ligand abolishes interactions. We have used this strategy to rapidly and reversibly aggregate fusion proteins in different cellular compartments, and to provide an off switch for transcription. Reiterated F(M) domains should be generally useful as conditional aggregation domains (CADs) to control intracellular events where rapid, reversible dissolution of interactions is required. Our results also suggest that dimerization is a latent property of the FKBP fold: the crystal structure reveals a remarkably complementary interaction between the monomer binding sites, with only subtle changes in side-chain disposition accounting for the dramatic change in quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Rollins
- ARIAD Gene Therapeutics, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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15
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Lynch BA, Minor C, Loiacono KA, van Schravendijk MR, Ram MK, Sundaramoorthi R, Adams SE, Phillips T, Holt D, Rickles RJ, MacNeil IA. Simultaneous assay of Src SH3 and SH2 domain binding using different wavelength fluorescence polarization probes. Anal Biochem 1999; 275:62-73. [PMID: 10542110 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
pp60(c-src) is a prototypical nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and may play a role in diseases as diverse as cancer and osteoporosis. In Src, the SH3 domain (Src homology 3) binds proteins at specific, proline-rich sequences, while the SH2 domain (Src homology 2) binds phosphotyrosine-containing sequences. Inhibition of Src SH3 and SH2 domain function is of potential therapeutic value because of their importance in signaling pathways involved in disease states. We have developed dual-wavelength fluorescent peptide probes for both the Src SH3 and the Src SH2 domains, which allow the simultaneous measurement of compounds binding to each domain in assays based on the technique of fluorescence polarization. We demonstrate the utility of these probes in a dual-binding assay (suitable for high-throughput screening) to study the interactions of various peptides with these domains, including a sequence from the rat protein p130(CAS) which has been reported to bind simultaneously to both Src SH3 and SH2 domains. Utilizing this dual-binding assay, we confirm that sequences from p130(CAS) can simultaneously bind Src via both its SH3 and its SH2 domains. We also use the dual-binding assay as an internal control to identify substances which inhibit SH3 and SH2 binding via nonspecific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Lynch
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The tyrosine kinase pp60c.src has been implicated as being a potential therapeutic target in several human diseases including cancer and osteoporosis. An important region within this kinase is the SH2 domain (Src homology 2) which binds to phosphorylated tyrosine residues contained within specific peptide sequences. Homologous domains are found in a variety of cytoplasmic proteins and have been shown to be essential for controlling many important signaling pathways. Developing specific inhibitors of SH2 interactions would therefore be extremely useful for modulating a variety of signaling pathways and potentially be useful for the treatment of human disease. Current methodology for the development of organic molecules as drug leads requires the ability to test thousands of individual compounds or natural product extracts in biochemical assays. Such tests must be reproducible, simple, and versatile. This paper describes an assay based on fluorescence polarization for measuring the binding of compounds to the Src-SH2 domain. The assay is insensitive to changes in fluorescence intensity working even in solutions with moderate optical density and functions in the presence of up to 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. These features make it especially useful for high-throughput screening of both natural and synthetic compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Lynch
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Chandler S, Miller KM, Clements JM, Lury J, Corkill D, Anthony DC, Adams SE, Gearing AJ. Matrix metalloproteinases, tumor necrosis factor and multiple sclerosis: an overview. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 72:155-61. [PMID: 9042108 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of at least 14 zinc-dependent enzymes which are known to degrade the protein components of extracellular matrix. In addition, MMPs and related enzymes can also process a number of cell surface cytokines, receptors, and other soluble proteins. In particular we have shown that the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, from its membrane-bound precursor is an MMP-dependent process. MMPs are expressed by the inflammatory cells which are associated with CNS lesions in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) and in tissue from patients with the disease. MMP expression will contribute to the tissue destruction and inflammation in MS. Drugs which inhibit MMP activity are effective in animal models of MS and may prove to be useful therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandler
- British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Limited, Cowley, Oxford, UK
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18
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Harris SJ, Woodrow SA, Gearing AJ, Adams SE, Kingsman AJ, Layton GT. The effects of adjuvants on CTL induction by V3:Ty-virus-like particles (V3-VLPs) in mice. Vaccine 1996; 14:971-6. [PMID: 8873390 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(96)00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described the generation of HIV-1 V3-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) responses in BALB/c (H-2d) mice following immunization with Ty-virus-like particles carrying the V3 loop of gp120 (V3-VLPs) without adjuvant. In this study the effects of various adjuvants on CTL induction by V3-VLPs was examined. Mice immunized with V3-VLPs formulated in aqueous-based adjuvants, Detox, gamma-inulin, galactosaminylmuramyl dipeptide and Chemivax generated V3-specific CTL responses, although at reduced levels when compared to the no adjuvant group. V3-VLPs prepared in Alhydrogel, algamulin or as an oil emulsion in SAF-MF failed to generate V3-specific CTL responses. The mechanism whereby alum prevented the induction of a CTL response was investigated further. Immunization with V3-VLPs prepared in non-saturating doses of alum or alum plus EDTA primed for strong CTL responses, indicating that free VLPs do, but alum-bound VLPs do not enter the MHC class I processing pathway of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Furthermore, V3-VLPs with very low doses of alum led to an enhancement of the CTL response. The formulation of hybrid Ty-VLPs in oil based or precipitating adjuvants, therefore, inhibits access to the MHC class I processing pathway of APCs. The intact particulate structure of hybrid VLPs is therefore strictly necessary for CTL induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harris
- British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Cowley, Oxford, UK
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19
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Layton GT, Harris SJ, Myhan J, West D, Gotch F, Hill-Perkins M, Cole JS, Meyers N, Woodrow S, French TJ, Adams SE, Kingsman AJ. Induction of single and dual cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to viral proteins in mice using recombinant hybrid Ty-virus-like particles. Immunol Suppl 1996; 87:171-8. [PMID: 8698376 PMCID: PMC1384270 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.464539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to viral proteins is thought to be an essential component of protective immunity against viral infections. Methods for generating such responses in a reproducible manner would be of great value in vaccine development. We demonstrate here that the recombinant antigen-presentation system based on the yeast transposon (Ty) particle-forming p1 protein is a potent means of inducing CTL responses to a variety of viral CTL epitopes, including influenza virus nucleoprotein (two epitopes), Sendai virus and vesicular stomatitis virus nucleoproteins, and the V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) gp120. CTL were primed by hybrid Ty-virus-like particles (VLP) carrying the minimal epitope or as much as 19,000 MW of protein. Ty-VLP carrying two different epitopes (dual-epitope Ty-VLP) were capable of priming CTL responses in two different strains of mice or against two epitopes in the same individual. Furthermore, co-administration of a mixture of two different Ty-VLP carrying single epitopes could induce responses to both epitopes in the same individual. Ty-VLP appear to represent a reproducible and flexible system for inducing CTL responses in mice, and warrant further evaluation in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Layton
- British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Oxford, UK
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20
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Fowler WJ, Garcia-Valcarcel M, Hill-Perkins MS, Murphy G, Harper DR, Jeffries DJ, Burns NR, Adams SE, Kingsman AJ, Layton GT. Identification of immunodominant regions and linear B cell epitopes of the gE envelope protein of varicella-zoster virus. Virology 1995; 214:531-40. [PMID: 8553555 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1995.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The envelope proteins of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are highly immunogenic and one of the most abundant is glycoprotein E (gE). However, its immunodominant regions and epitopes have not been identified. In this study, using human sera from individuals with recent varicella or zoster infections, we have localized antigenic sequences of gE using recombinant hybrid Ty-virus-like particles (VLPs) carrying overlapping fragments of the gE protein. gE(1-134)-VLPs (particles carrying amino acids 1-134 of gE) and, to a lesser extent, gE(101-161)-VLPs were found to be the most antigenic when tested by Western blotting and ELISA. Other fragments of gE (spanning residues 161-623) showed weak or no antigenicity. Pepscan analysis of human sera on overlapping synthetic peptides representing residues 1-135 of gE revealed that the most antigenic region was between residues 50 and 135. Three immunodominant sequences (residues 86-105, 116-135, and, to a lesser extent, 56-75) were detected using sera from both varicella and zoster patients. All sera from varicella, but not zoster, patients reacted strongly with an epitope in peptide 66-85. Other epitopes were recognized weakly by some varicella or zoster sera. More sera need to be tested to assess the potential disease specificity of these epitopes. The neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) IF-B9 reacted with residues 71-90; however, another neutralizing MAb, SG1A, which bound to both gE(1-134)-VLPs and gE(101-161)-VLPs did not bind to any peptide. The identification of immunodominant sequences of gE will help toward the development of a subunit VZV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Fowler
- British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Narula SS, Yuan RW, Adams SE, Green OM, Green J, Philips TB, Zydowsky LD, Botfield MC, Hatada M, Laird ER. Solution structure of the C-terminal SH2 domain of the human tyrosine kinase Syk complexed with a phosphotyrosine pentapeptide. Structure 1995; 3:1061-73. [PMID: 8590001 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruitment of the intracellular tyrosine kinase Syk to activated immune-response receptors is a critical early step in intracellular signaling. In mast cells, Syk specifically associates with doubly phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) that are found within the IgE receptor. The mechanism by which Syk recognizes these motifs is not fully understood. Both Syk SH2 (Src homology 2) domains are required for high-affinity binding to these motifs, but the C-terminal SH2 domain (Syk-C) can function independently and can bind, in isolation, to the tyrosine-phosphorylated IgE receptor in vitro. In order to improve understanding of the cellular function of Syk, we have determined the solution structure of Syk-C complexed with a phosphotyrosine peptide derived from the gamma subunit of the IgE receptor. RESULTS The Syk-C:peptide structure is compared with liganded structures of both the SH2 domain of Src and the C-terminal SH2 domain of ZAP-70 (the 70 kDa zeta-associated protein). The topologies of these domains are similar, although significant differences occur in the loop regions. In the Syk-C structure, the phosphotyrosine and leucine residues of the peptide ligand interact with pockets on the protein, and the intervening residues are extended. CONCLUSIONS Syk-C resembles other SH2 domains in its peptide-binding interactions and overall topology, a result that is consistent with its ability to function as an independent SH2 domain in vitro. This result suggests that Syk-C plays a unique role in the intact Syk protein. The determinants of the binding affinity and selectivity of Syk-C may reside in the least-conserved structural elements that comprise the phosphotyrosine- and leucine-binding sites. These structural features can be exploited for the design of Syk-selective SH2 antagonists for the treatment of allergic disorders and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Narula
- Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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Brookes R, Bergmeier LA, Mitchell E, Walker J, Tao L, Klavinskis L, Meyers NJ, Layton G, Adams SE, Lehner T. Generation of diversity in the hierarchy of T-cell epitope responses following different routes of immunization with simian immunodeficiency virus protein. AIDS 1995; 9:1017-24. [PMID: 8527073 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199509000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether the route of immunization determines the hierarchy of T-cell epitope proliferative responses in macaques. DESIGN Macaques were immunized with a recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) p27 core protein by the intramuscular, male and female genital or rectal route, each of which was augmented by oral immunization, and by the novel targeted lymph-node immunization route. Overlapping peptides were used to identify the proliferative T-cell epitopes and to determine their hierarchy in the circulation, spleen and lymph nodes. METHODS T-cell epitope mapping of the proliferative responses was studied in short-term cell lines. Dendritic cells and macrophages were enriched by metrizamide gradient and adherence to plastic, respectively. RESULTS Intramuscular immunization elicited in the circulating T cells a hierarchy of T-cell epitopes within four peptides in the following descending order of frequency: peptides 121-140 (57.9%), 41-60 (28.9%), 61-80 (18.9%) and 101-120 (5.4%). The hierarchy of these four T-cell epitope responses differed significantly with each of the five routes of immunization, when circulating (P < 0.001), splenic (P < 0.02-< 0.001) or iliac lymph-node cells (P < 0.001) were analysed. The effect of antigen-presenting cells was then investigated and enriched dendritic cells were more effective than macrophages in processing and presenting the p27 antigen and the immunodominant (121-140) and 61-80 T-cell epitopes. CONCLUSIONS The route of immunization may determine the hierarchy of T-cell epitopes in the lymph nodes draining the mucosa in the circulating and splenic lymphocytes. The diversity of T-cell epitopes may affect the control of HIV at different anatomical sites, the administration route of the vaccine, and selection of polypeptides or recombinant antigens for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brookes
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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23
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether sound economic reasons exist for the wider introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Australia. DESIGN A retrospective survey of patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We compared time of hospital stay and time off work after laparoscopic cholecystectomy with data for open cholecystectomy. PATIENTS AND SETTING Seventeen participating surgeons in four Australian States allowed access to patients treated between May 1990 and November 1991 (1254 patients in all). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient acceptability of the procedure, average length of postoperative in-hospital stay, and the savings associated with earlier return to work compared with open cholecystectomy. RESULTS Almost 90% of patients (1127) replied and 1088 responses were considered appropriate for analysis. Serious complications were rare; 96% of patients thought the technique was successful. The mean length of in-hospital stay was 2.6 days (range, 1-120), compared with a mean of 8.7 days for open cholecystectomy. Among working patients, the mean time to return to work was 11.6 days (range, 10.7-13.1), an estimated 27 days sooner than after open cholecystectomy. Extrapolating from these results, replacing 95% of open cholecystectomies with laparoscopic procedures would have 133,285 hospital bed-days and 500,000 work-days each year. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and effective. Its wider use in Australia would result in savings to both the individual and the national economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Vandenbergh
- Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sydney Hospital, NSW
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24
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Abstract
The development of technologies to produce recombinant proteins for use in the pharmaceutical industry has made substantial advances, in particular in the area of generating antigens containing multiple copies of important immunological regions. One such antigen-carrier system is based on the ability of a protein encoded by the yeast retrotransposon, Ty, to self-assemble into virus-like particles. Ty-fusion proteins retain this ability to form particles, and a range of hybrid VLPs carrying a variety of heterologous antigens have been produced and shown to induce potent immune responses. In particular, hybrid VLPs carrying the core protein p24 of HIV (p24-VLPs) have been shown to induce antibody and T-cell proliferative responses in both experimental animals and human volunteers, and immunization of rabbits with VLPs carrying the principal neutralizing determinant of HIV (V3-VLPs) resulted in the induction of neutralizing antibody responses and T-cell proliferation. Further studies with V3-VLPs have shown that this particulate antigen stimulates enhanced V3-specific lymphoproliferative responses as compared to whole recombinant gp120 or to V3 peptide conjugated to albumin. The V3-VLPs also induce potent CTL responses following immunization of mice in the absence of adjuvant. These responses are MHC class I restricted and are mediated by CD8-positive cells. These observations therefore demonstrate that hybrid Ty-VLPs induce both humoral and cellular immune responses against HIV and suggest that these immunogens may be important in combatting AIDS and other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kingsman
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Abstract
We present an immunological characterization of the Ty1 virus-like particle (VLP). A panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were raised against the TYA particle-forming protein. Using these antibodies in epitope availability assays two N-terminal regions of the TYA protein were mapped projecting from or at the surface of the proteinaceous shell of the VLP. Two different C-termini of the TYA protein, corresponding to the C-terminus of the full-length and truncated forms, were seen to be buried within the particle core and not available for antibody binding. RNase accessibility studies demonstrated a difference in the porosity of the protein shell surrounding the Ty1 nucleic acid between different particle types, suggesting differences in subunit organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Brookman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lehner T, Bergmeier LA, Tao L, Panagiotidi C, Klavinskis LS, Hussain L, Ward RG, Meyers N, Adams SE, Gearing AJ. Targeted lymph node immunization with simian immunodeficiency virus p27 antigen to elicit genital, rectal, and urinary immune responses in nonhuman primates. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.4.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A s.c. route of immunization was developed in non-human primates, which targets the genitourinary-rectal associated lymphoid tissue. A vaccine consisting of rSIV gag p27, expressed as hybrid Ty virus-like particles (p27: Ty-VLP) was administered in the proximity of the internal iliac lymph nodes. Secretory IgA and IgG Abs to the p27 Ag were elicited in the vaginal, male urethral, rectal and seminal fluids, urine and serum. Two or more immunodominant B cell epitopes were identified within peptides 51-90 and 121-170 of the sequence of p27, using serum or biliary IgA and IgG Abs. CD4+ T cell proliferative responses to p27 were elicited predominantly in the targeted internal iliac, as well as the inferior mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen, but not in the unrelated lymph nodes. These cells were then studied for helper function in p27 specific B cell Ab synthesis. Specific IgA and IgG Abs were detected in the same lymphoid tissues as those that displayed proliferative responses. However, cross-over reconstitution experiments between splenic and iliac lymph node B and CD4+ T cells suggest that the iliac B cells are essential for specific IgA Ab synthesis, whereas splenic B cells preferentially synthesize IgG Ab. The targeted lymph node (TLN) route of immunization gave comparable B cell, proliferative T cell, and Th cell responses to the vaginal, male genitourinary, and rectal mucosal routes, which were augmented by oral immunization. However, the TLN route induced urinary and seminal fluid sIgA and IgG Abs in addition to genital and rectal Abs. Generating secretory IgA and IgG Abs at the mucosal surfaces, and T and B cell immunity in the regional draining lymph nodes, spleen and circulation by TLN immunization may prevent transmission of virus through the mucosa, dissemination of the virus, and the formation of a latent reservoir of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lehner
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - L A Bergmeier
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Tao
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Panagiotidi
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - L S Klavinskis
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Hussain
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - R G Ward
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - N Meyers
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - S E Adams
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - A J Gearing
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Lehner T, Bergmeier LA, Tao L, Panagiotidi C, Klavinskis LS, Hussain L, Ward RG, Meyers N, Adams SE, Gearing AJ. Targeted lymph node immunization with simian immunodeficiency virus p27 antigen to elicit genital, rectal, and urinary immune responses in nonhuman primates. J Immunol 1994; 153:1858-68. [PMID: 7519218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A s.c. route of immunization was developed in non-human primates, which targets the genitourinary-rectal associated lymphoid tissue. A vaccine consisting of rSIV gag p27, expressed as hybrid Ty virus-like particles (p27: Ty-VLP) was administered in the proximity of the internal iliac lymph nodes. Secretory IgA and IgG Abs to the p27 Ag were elicited in the vaginal, male urethral, rectal and seminal fluids, urine and serum. Two or more immunodominant B cell epitopes were identified within peptides 51-90 and 121-170 of the sequence of p27, using serum or biliary IgA and IgG Abs. CD4+ T cell proliferative responses to p27 were elicited predominantly in the targeted internal iliac, as well as the inferior mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen, but not in the unrelated lymph nodes. These cells were then studied for helper function in p27 specific B cell Ab synthesis. Specific IgA and IgG Abs were detected in the same lymphoid tissues as those that displayed proliferative responses. However, cross-over reconstitution experiments between splenic and iliac lymph node B and CD4+ T cells suggest that the iliac B cells are essential for specific IgA Ab synthesis, whereas splenic B cells preferentially synthesize IgG Ab. The targeted lymph node (TLN) route of immunization gave comparable B cell, proliferative T cell, and Th cell responses to the vaginal, male genitourinary, and rectal mucosal routes, which were augmented by oral immunization. However, the TLN route induced urinary and seminal fluid sIgA and IgG Abs in addition to genital and rectal Abs. Generating secretory IgA and IgG Abs at the mucosal surfaces, and T and B cell immunity in the regional draining lymph nodes, spleen and circulation by TLN immunization may prevent transmission of virus through the mucosa, dissemination of the virus, and the formation of a latent reservoir of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lehner
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Abstract
This article describes how pure Ty-VLPs (virus-like particles) can be prepared from hybrid Ty-VLPs. Many different hybrid Ty-VLPs have been produced and may be easily purified. Since the sedimentation properties of different hybrid Ty-VLPs are similar, a simple purification process can be used for any VLP. This fast, versatile, and easy process allows for the production of a variety of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Burns
- British Bio-Technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Purification of expressed proteins can be facilitated by expressing the recombinant protein as a fusion with a carrier protein that assembles into particulate structures. This article describes the use of expression vectors in producing a hybrid of the yeast retrotransposon Ty, which self-assembles into virus-like particles (VLPs). Hybrid VLPs can be used in such laboratory applications as the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, structure/function analyses, the detection of important antigenic determinants, and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- British Biotechnology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, UK
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Lehner T, Tao L, Panagiotidi C, Klavinskis LS, Brookes R, Hussain L, Meyers N, Adams SE, Gearing AJ, Bergmeier LA. Mucosal model of genital immunization in male rhesus macaques with a recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus p27 antigen. J Virol 1994; 68:1624-32. [PMID: 8107223 PMCID: PMC236620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.3.1624-1632.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be transmitted through infected seminal fluid or vaginal or rectal secretions during heterosexual or homosexual intercourse. To prevent mucosal transmission and spread to the regional lymph nodes, an effective vaccine may need to stimulate immune responses at the genitourinary mucosa. In this study, we have developed a mucosal model of genital immunization in male rhesus macaques, by topical urethral immunization with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus p27gag, expressed as a hybrid Ty virus-like particle (Ty-VLP) and covalently linked to cholera toxin B subunit. This treatment was augmented by oral immunization with the same vaccine but with added killed cholera vibrios. Polymeric secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IgG antibodies to p27 were induced in urethral secretions, urine, and seminal fluid. This raises the possibility that the antibodies may function as a primary mucosal defense barrier against SIV (HIV) infection. The regional lymph nodes which constitute the genital-associated lymphoid tissue contained p27-specific CD4+ proliferative and helper T cells for antibody synthesis by B cells, which may function as a secondary immune barrier to infection. Blood and splenic lymphocytes also showed p27-sensitized CD4+ T cells and B cells in addition to serum IgG and IgA p27-specific antibodies; this constitutes a third level of immunity against dissemination of the virus. A comparison of genito-oral with recto-oral and intramuscular routes of immunization suggests that only genito-oral immunization elicits specific sIgA and IgG antibodies in the urine, urethra, and seminal fluid. Both genito-oral and recto-oral immunizations induced T-cell and B-cell immune responses in regional lymph nodes, with preferential IgA antibody synthesis. The mucosal route of immunization may prevent not only virus transmission through the genital mucosa but also dissemination and latency of the virus in the draining lymph nodes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/urine
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Drug Administration Routes
- Epithelium/immunology
- Genitalia, Male/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin A/urine
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/urine
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Rectum/immunology
- Seminal Vesicles/immunology
- Seminal Vesicles/metabolism
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lehner
- Division of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Abstract
Vaccines need to activate antigen presenting cells, overcome genetic restriction in T-cell responses and elicit both T and B memory cells. In order to produce recombinant vaccines which can do this, considerable effort has been put into developing particulate antigen presentation systems to generate polyvalent, high molecular weight antigens which should maximally stimulate the immune system. One such antigen-carrier system is based on the ability of a protein encoded by the yeast retrotransposon, Ty, to self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs). Ty-fusion proteins retain this ability to form particles and a range of hybrid VLPs carrying a variety of heterologous antigens have been produced and shown to elicit potent immune responses. Hybrid VLPs carrying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens stimulate the three main components of the immune system, namely antibody synthesis, T-cell proliferative responses and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Oxford, U.K
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Martin SJ, Vyakarnam A, Cheingsong-Popov R, Callow D, Jones KL, Senior JM, Adams SE, Kingsman AJ, Matear P, Gotch FM. Immunization of human HIV-seronegative volunteers with recombinant p17/p24:Ty virus-like particles elicits HIV-1 p24-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. AIDS 1993; 7:1315-23. [PMID: 8267904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immune response to HIV-1 p24 generated in vivo by p17/p24:Ty virus-like particles (p17/p24:Ty-VLP) by examining the lymphoproliferative and antibody (Ab) responses to HIV-1 p24, as well as Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), in HIV-seronegative volunteers immunized with hybrid p17/p24:Ty-VLP. DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen HIV-seronegative volunteers were immunized with p17/p24:Ty-VLP at two dose levels (100 or 500 micrograms) and monitored for the following 48 weeks for production of anti-p24 and anti-p17 Ab, in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to HIV-1 p24 and p17, and in vitro CTL responses to HIV-1 Gag. RESULTS Twelve out of the 16 volunteers had significant p24-specific proliferative responses, with volunteers on the higher dose schedule exhibiting earlier proliferative responses than those on the lower dose schedule. Proliferative responses in both volunteer groups were similar in overall magnitude but appeared at different times during the immunization schedule. Anti-p24 Ab were detected in six out of the nine individuals in the lower dose group and in five out of the seven in the higher dose group. There was a good correlation between the presence of p24-specific Ab and the detection of lymphoproliferative responses to the p24 protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from the same individuals. Anti-p17 Ab were detected in five volunteers. No Gag-specific CTL responses were detected. CONCLUSION We conclude that hybrid HIV-1 p17/p24:Ty-VLP are capable of inducing both cellular and humoral immunity to HIV-1 Gag p17 and p24 components and are worthy of further study as a potential HIV immunotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- Department of Immunology, University College London Medical School, UK
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Layton GT, Harris SJ, Gearing AJ, Hill-Perkins M, Cole JS, Griffiths JC, Burns NR, Kingsman AJ, Adams SE. Induction of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo with hybrid HIV-1 V3:Ty-virus-like particles. J Immunol 1993; 151:1097-107. [PMID: 8335892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In general, it has proven difficult to induce CTL responses using simple proteins or peptides without resorting to specialized adjuvants. In this study we show that particulate polymeric Ag in the form of hybrid Ty virus-like particles carrying the V3 region of HIV-1 gp120/160 envelope protein (V3:Ty-VLP) induce V3-specific CTL in BALB/c mice in the absence of adjuvant or lipid vehicle. In vitro restimulation of splenocytes with V3 peptide was necessary in order to generate effector CTL. Th cell activation was not required for this in vitro restimulation phase. The CTL induced by the V3:Ty-VLP were CD8+ve, H-2d-restricted, and HIV-1 isolate-specific (IIIB or MN). Co-administration of IIIB V3:Ty-VLP and MN V3:Ty-VLP primed both IIIB and MN V3-specific CTL. However, only IIIB V3-specific CTL were primed by hybrid Ty-VLP carrying IIIB, MN, and RF V3 loop sequences on the same particle indicating that there is intra- but not intermolecular competition between CTL epitopes. In direct comparisons, V3:Ty-VLP were substantially more potent than rgp120. Rgp160 and a 40mer IIIB V3 peptide both failed to prime V3-specific CTL. These data suggest that the particulate nature of hybrid Ty-VLP facilitates uptake into APC with subsequent access to the MHC class I processing pathway and that they may be useful vaccine vehicles for inducing cytolytic immunity against HIV-1 and other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Layton
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, U.K
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35
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Layton GT, Harris SJ, Gearing AJ, Hill-Perkins M, Cole JS, Griffiths JC, Burns NR, Kingsman AJ, Adams SE. Induction of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo with hybrid HIV-1 V3:Ty-virus-like particles. The Journal of Immunology 1993. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.151.2.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In general, it has proven difficult to induce CTL responses using simple proteins or peptides without resorting to specialized adjuvants. In this study we show that particulate polymeric Ag in the form of hybrid Ty virus-like particles carrying the V3 region of HIV-1 gp120/160 envelope protein (V3:Ty-VLP) induce V3-specific CTL in BALB/c mice in the absence of adjuvant or lipid vehicle. In vitro restimulation of splenocytes with V3 peptide was necessary in order to generate effector CTL. Th cell activation was not required for this in vitro restimulation phase. The CTL induced by the V3:Ty-VLP were CD8+ve, H-2d-restricted, and HIV-1 isolate-specific (IIIB or MN). Co-administration of IIIB V3:Ty-VLP and MN V3:Ty-VLP primed both IIIB and MN V3-specific CTL. However, only IIIB V3-specific CTL were primed by hybrid Ty-VLP carrying IIIB, MN, and RF V3 loop sequences on the same particle indicating that there is intra- but not intermolecular competition between CTL epitopes. In direct comparisons, V3:Ty-VLP were substantially more potent than rgp120. Rgp160 and a 40mer IIIB V3 peptide both failed to prime V3-specific CTL. These data suggest that the particulate nature of hybrid Ty-VLP facilitates uptake into APC with subsequent access to the MHC class I processing pathway and that they may be useful vaccine vehicles for inducing cytolytic immunity against HIV-1 and other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Layton
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, U.K
| | - S J Harris
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, U.K
| | - A J Gearing
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - J S Cole
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - N R Burns
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, U.K
| | - A J Kingsman
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, U.K
| | - S E Adams
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, U.K
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Griffiths JC, Harris SJ, Layton GT, Berrie EL, French TJ, Burns NR, Adams SE, Kingsman AJ. Hybrid human immunodeficiency virus Gag particles as an antigen carrier system: induction of cytotoxic T-cell and humoral responses by a Gag:V3 fusion. J Virol 1993; 67:3191-8. [PMID: 8497047 PMCID: PMC237658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.6.3191-3198.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In attempts to increase the immunogenicity of recombinant antigens, a number of particulate antigen presentation systems have been developed. In this study, we used human immunodeficiency virus Gag particles as carriers for the human immunodeficiency virus envelope V3 region. Gag:V3 fusion proteins were expressed from baculovirus expression vectors; they migrated to the insect cell membrane and budded from the cells as hybrid particles. An immunization study carried out with rats showed that the particles elicited a strong anti-Gag antibody response and a weak antibody response to the V3 region. A strong anti-V3 cytolytic T-cell response was elicited in immunized mice. These data show that retroviral Gag particles can be used as antigen presentation vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Griffiths
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Cowley, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Harris SJ, Gearing AJ, Layton GT, Adams SE, Kingsman AJ. Enhanced proliferative cellular responses to HIV-1 V3 peptide and gp120 following immunization with V3:Ty virus-like particles. Immunology 1992; 77:315-21. [PMID: 1362183 PMCID: PMC1421720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of CD4+ T-helper (Th) cell responses is likely to be an important requirement of vaccine candidates designed to prevent or moderate human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. We have investigated the ability of hybrid Ty virus-like particles carrying the V3 loop region of the HIV-1 IIIB envelope gp120 (V3:Ty-VLP) to elicit V3-specific proliferative responses. Significant proliferation in response to stimulation in vitro with homologous IIIB V3 peptide was observed following immunization of mice with V3:Ty-VLP either as an aluminium hydroxide precipitate or without adjuvant. Responses to MN V3 peptide were also observed in certain mouse haplotypes. To assess the effect of presenting the V3 loop in this particulate form, we compared the responses induced by V3:Ty-VLP with those obtained with two non-particulate immunogens, recombinant gp120 (rgp120) and V3 peptide conjugated to albumin. V3-specific responses to V3 peptide in vitro were reproducibly higher following immunization with V3:Ty-VLP than with either rgp120 or V3-albumin coagulate (V3-alb). The data indicate that immunization with the V3 loop as a hybrid Ty-VLP results in enhanced proliferative responses to V3 peptide and recognition of rgp120 in vitro. Some cross-reactivity of Th cells for V3 sequences from different isolates was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harris
- British Bio-technology, Ltd, Cowley, Oxford
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38
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Burns NR, Saibil HR, White NS, Pardon JF, Timmins PA, Richardson SM, Richards BM, Adams SE, Kingsman SM, Kingsman AJ. Symmetry, flexibility and permeability in the structure of yeast retrotransposon virus-like particles. EMBO J 1992; 11:1155-64. [PMID: 1312462 PMCID: PMC556558 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus-like particles (VLPs) of the yeast retrotransposon Ty are genetically, structurally and functionally analogous to retroviral nucleocapsids or cores. Like retroviral cores Ty-VLPs package and possibly promote the enzyme activities for reverse transcription and integration, as well as encapsulating the RNA that is the intermediate in retrotransposition. Here we show that Ty-VLPs assemble into symmetrical structures across a broad distribution of particle sizes. This spread of sizes violates the principle of quasi-equivalent packing. In addition, RNase accessibility experiments suggest that these particles form an open structure that does not protect the encapsulated RNA. These features distinguish Ty-VLPs from typical spherical viral capsids in both structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Burns
- British Bio-technology Limited, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
The synthesis of recombinant proteins or protein domains in microbial, insect, or mammalian systems is now commonplace in molecular biology laboratories. The gene or gene fragment encoding the protein of interest is inserted into a specialized expression vector, flanked by efficient transcription and translation control sequences. The expression vector is then inserted into recipient cells and expression of the protein induced. The expressed protein then has to be purified from other cellular or medium components. Purification can be facilitated by expressing the recombinant protein as a fusion with a carrier protein that assembles into particulate structures. This approach has been developed using a protein encoded by the yeast retrotransposon Ty, which self-assembles into virus-like particles (VLPs) (1,2). Additional protein coding sequences can be fused to the carrier protein gene and expressed in yeast to produce hybrid Ty-VLPs (3,4). The physical characteristics of the VLPs have been exploited to produce a rapid purification procedure that is essentially generic for any hybrid construction. Hybrid VLPs can be used in many laboratory applications (see elsewhere in this vol), including the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, structure/function analyses, the detection of important antigenic determinants, and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Oxford, UK
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40
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Burns NR, Gilmour JE, Kingsman SM, Kingsman AJ, Adams SE. Production and Purification of Hybrid Ty-VLPs. Methods Mol Biol 1992; 8:277-285. [PMID: 21390720 DOI: 10.1385/0-89603-191-8:277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly properties of a protein encoded by the TYA gene of the yeast Ty element can be exploited to produce hybrid Ty-VLPs (virus-like particles) (1,2). There has been developed a series of expression vectors that allow the construction of Ty fusion genes containing protein coding sequences of interest (see Chapter 24 ). Many different hybrid Ty-VLPs have now been produced that carry additional proteins that range in size from 3 to 42 kDa. These include regions from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) env, pol, tat, rev, nef, and vif genes; influenza virus hemagglutinin; human α-interferon, feline leukemia virus env, and bovine papillomavirus El and E2 (1-5 and unpublished data).
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Burns
- British Bio-technology Ltd., Oxford, UK
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41
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Mills KH, Barnard AL, Williams M, Page M, Ling C, Stott EJ, Silvera P, Taffs F, Kingsman AS, Adams SE. Vaccine-induced CD4+ T cells against the simian immunodeficiency virus gag protein. Epitope specificity and relevance to protective immunity. J Immunol 1991; 147:3560-7. [PMID: 1719081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the induction and epitope specificity of T cells for the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag p27 protein in macaques immunized with either a recombinant SIV gag protein or an inactivated SIV vaccine. CD4+ MHC class II-restricted T cell lines and clones derived from five immunized macaques recognized a total of seven peptides in three immunodominant regions of p27. Two T cell clones generated from one of the lines, recognized a single 20 amino acid peptide that overlapped with a region previously shown to include a CTL epitope from SIV-infected macaques. Although this epitope is in a conserved region of the gag protein of SIV, its recognition by a CD4+ T cell clone was abrogated by sequence variation in the equivalent HIV protein. The specificity of the T cell lines for synthetic peptides demonstrated considerable overlap between T cells generated by immunization with the recombinant gag protein and inactivated SIV. However, in contrast to the protective efficacy of the whole virus vaccine in the syntex adjuvant formulation, immunization with the p27 protein with alum failed to generate a protective immune response. Furthermore, despite the consistent gag-specific T cell responses induced by the recombinant protein, there was no evidence of an enhanced antibody response to envelope (env) after live SIV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Mills
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
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42
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Mills KH, Barnard AL, Williams M, Page M, Ling C, Stott EJ, Silvera P, Taffs F, Kingsman AS, Adams SE. Vaccine-induced CD4+ T cells against the simian immunodeficiency virus gag protein. Epitope specificity and relevance to protective immunity. The Journal of Immunology 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.147.10.3560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have examined the induction and epitope specificity of T cells for the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag p27 protein in macaques immunized with either a recombinant SIV gag protein or an inactivated SIV vaccine. CD4+ MHC class II-restricted T cell lines and clones derived from five immunized macaques recognized a total of seven peptides in three immunodominant regions of p27. Two T cell clones generated from one of the lines, recognized a single 20 amino acid peptide that overlapped with a region previously shown to include a CTL epitope from SIV-infected macaques. Although this epitope is in a conserved region of the gag protein of SIV, its recognition by a CD4+ T cell clone was abrogated by sequence variation in the equivalent HIV protein. The specificity of the T cell lines for synthetic peptides demonstrated considerable overlap between T cells generated by immunization with the recombinant gag protein and inactivated SIV. However, in contrast to the protective efficacy of the whole virus vaccine in the syntex adjuvant formulation, immunization with the p27 protein with alum failed to generate a protective immune response. Furthermore, despite the consistent gag-specific T cell responses induced by the recombinant protein, there was no evidence of an enhanced antibody response to envelope (env) after live SIV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Mills
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - A L Barnard
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - M Williams
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - M Page
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - C Ling
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - E J Stott
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - P Silvera
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - F Taffs
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - A S Kingsman
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - S E Adams
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
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Noeller KR, Adams SE. Bilateral styloid fracture. A case report. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1991; 81:498-501. [PMID: 1748967 DOI: 10.7547/87507315-81-9-498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Styloid fractures are common, and their treatment is relatively straightforward. This case demonstrated delayed healing because of continuous pathologic motion aggravating the styloid fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Noeller
- Medical Service Corps, US Navy, Pendleton, CA
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44
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Abstract
The manipulation of retrotransposon and retroviral particles to carry biologically active molecules is becoming feasible. In addition, recent experiments suggest that it may be possible to target these engineered particles to specific cell types. This has implications for gene therapy, biological drug delivery and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kingsman
- Virus Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford, UK
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45
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Burns NR, Craig S, Lee SR, Richardsons MH, Stenner N, Adams SE, Kingsman SM, Kingsman AJ. Purification and secondary structure determination of simian immunodeficiency virus p27. J Mol Biol 1990; 216:207-11. [PMID: 2254920 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(05)80308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel method for the expression and purification of p27, the major core protein of simian immunodeficiency virus. Circular dichroism measurements of purified p27 were used to determine the relative amounts of alpha-helix, beta-sheet and unordered secondary structural elements. These empirically determined values appear to be inconsistent with previously published theoretical models based on homology comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Burns
- British Bio-technology Ltd, Oxford, U.K
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46
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Gilmour JE, Read SJ, Eglin R, Ryan C, Burns NR, Graff N, Stenner N, Kingsman SM, Kingsman AJ, Adams SE. Performance characteristics of a novel immunoassay based on hybrid Ty virus-like particles (Ty-VLPs): rapid differentiation between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. AIDS 1990; 4:967-73. [PMID: 2124493 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199010000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antigens containing all or parts of the HIV-1 proteins p24, Nef and gp41 and HIV-2 gp36 have been purified and used to develop a rapid immunoassay to detect and differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in a single test. The antigens were produced as particulate fusion proteins by exploiting the ability of a protein encoded by the yeast retrotransposon Ty to assemble into virus-like particles (Ty-VLPs). Hybrid HIV: Ty-VLPs carrying each of the antigens were applied to nitrocellulose strips at specified locations in a slot-blot format and then used to detect antibodies present in human serum and plasma samples of diverse geographical origin. Previously confirmed HIV-1- and HIV-2-positive samples were readily and reliably identified. The assay was used to identify a case of HIV-2 infection in an African woman who had been resident in the Oxford region for the last 3 years and to analyse the prevalence of anti-HIV antibodies in a longitudinal study of seroconverting patients. We also demonstrate that the assay works efficiently with whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gilmour
- British Bio-technology Ltd, Cowley, Oxford, UK
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47
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Mills KH, Kitchin PA, Mahon BP, Barnard AL, Adams SE, Kingsman SM, Kingsman AJ. HIV p24-specific helper T cell clones from immunized primates recognize highly conserved regions of HIV-1. J Immunol 1990; 144:1677-83. [PMID: 1689753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated Th cell recognition of the HIV core protein p24 by using CD4+ T cell clones derived from cynomolgus macaques immunized with hybrid HIV p24: Ty virus-like particles (VLP). T cell lines from two immunized animals responded to p24: Ty-VLP, control Ty-VLP, purified p24, and whole inactivated HIV, indicating the presence of T cells specific for p24 as well as the Ty carrier protein. The HIV determinants recognized by the T cell lines were identified by using a series of overlapping peptides synthesized according to the sequence of p24. Both T cell lines recognized peptide 11 (amino acids 235-249) and peptide 14 (amino acids 265-279). In addition, one T cell line also responded to peptide 9 (amino acids 215-229). Definitive identification of two T cell epitopes on p24 was confirmed at the clonal level: from a total of four T cell clones generated from one of the T cell lines, two respond specifically to peptide 11 and two to peptide 14. The T cell clones were CD4+ and MHC class II-restricted and secreted IL-2 in response to stimulation with purified p24, inactivated HIV or a single synthetic peptide. The specificity of the Th clones for variant peptides demonstrated cross-reactivity with two simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, but only limited responses to HIV-2 sequences. However, the Th cell epitopes identified on p24 are highly conserved between 12 HIV-1 isolates and were recognized by both of the immunized primates. These sequences may therefore be useful for priming a broadly reactive immune response to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Mills
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
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48
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Mills KH, Kitchin PA, Mahon BP, Barnard AL, Adams SE, Kingsman SM, Kingsman AJ. HIV p24-specific helper T cell clones from immunized primates recognize highly conserved regions of HIV-1. The Journal of Immunology 1990. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.144.5.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have investigated Th cell recognition of the HIV core protein p24 by using CD4+ T cell clones derived from cynomolgus macaques immunized with hybrid HIV p24: Ty virus-like particles (VLP). T cell lines from two immunized animals responded to p24: Ty-VLP, control Ty-VLP, purified p24, and whole inactivated HIV, indicating the presence of T cells specific for p24 as well as the Ty carrier protein. The HIV determinants recognized by the T cell lines were identified by using a series of overlapping peptides synthesized according to the sequence of p24. Both T cell lines recognized peptide 11 (amino acids 235-249) and peptide 14 (amino acids 265-279). In addition, one T cell line also responded to peptide 9 (amino acids 215-229). Definitive identification of two T cell epitopes on p24 was confirmed at the clonal level: from a total of four T cell clones generated from one of the T cell lines, two respond specifically to peptide 11 and two to peptide 14. The T cell clones were CD4+ and MHC class II-restricted and secreted IL-2 in response to stimulation with purified p24, inactivated HIV or a single synthetic peptide. The specificity of the Th clones for variant peptides demonstrated cross-reactivity with two simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, but only limited responses to HIV-2 sequences. However, the Th cell epitopes identified on p24 are highly conserved between 12 HIV-1 isolates and were recognized by both of the immunized primates. These sequences may therefore be useful for priming a broadly reactive immune response to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Mills
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - P A Kitchin
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - B P Mahon
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - A L Barnard
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - S E Adams
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - S M Kingsman
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
| | - A J Kingsman
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
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49
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Gilmour JE, Senior JM, Burns NR, Esnouf MP, Gull K, Kingsman SM, Kingsman AJ, Adams SE. A novel method for the purification of HIV-1 p24 protein from hybrid Ty virus-like particles (Ty-VLPs). AIDS 1989; 3:717-23. [PMID: 2559750 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-198911000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly properties of a protein encoded by the yeast retrotransposon Ty can be exploited to produce large amounts of recombinant, particulate fusion proteins as hybrid Ty virus-like particles (Ty-VLPs). This system has now been adapted to allow the release of the additional protein by incorporation of a protease cleavage site between the yeast carrier protein and the protein of interest. The purification of the additional protein is facilitated by exploiting the ease with which Ty-VLPs can be purified from other yeast cell components due to their particulate nature. We have used this modified system to produce hybrid particles containing the HIV-1 p24 protein downstream of the recognition sequence for the blood coagulation factor Xa. The p24 was released from the particles by proteolytic cleavage and rapidly separated from the residual particulate material using centrifugation and standard chromatography techniques. This procedure has been used to purify milligram quantities of HIV-1 p24 protein that reacts with anti-p24 sera and elicits the production of p24-specific antibodies in experimental animals.
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50
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Abstract
Replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) depends upon the viral TAT protein. TAT stimulates gene expression via a target response sequence (TAR) located within the HIV-1 LTR. As TAR is located in the transcribed region it could act as a signal in either the DNA, the RNA, or both. To test whether TAT acts on transcription and/or posttranscriptionally, we produced TAT in yeast and monitored its activity after microinjection into the nucleus or cytoplasm of Xenopus oocytes. The TAT protein stimulated TAR-dependent expression, but this activation was not inhibited by transcriptional inhibitors. Furthermore, TAR-containing RNA, produced in vitro, was "activated" by TAT after coinjection into oocytes. This activation only occurred, however, when the RNA was injected into the nucleus and not into the cytoplasm. Our data indicate, therefore, that in the Xenopus system TAT acts on presynthesized RNA and that the nucleus is involved in this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Braddock
- Virus Molecular Biology Group Department of Biochemistry, Oxford, England
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