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Plamondon KM, Shahram SZ. Defining equity, its determinants, and the foundations of equity science. Soc Sci Med 2024; 351:116940. [PMID: 38761454 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Advancing equity as a priority is increasingly declared in response to decades of evidence showing the association between poorer health outcomes and the unfair distribution of resources, power, and wealth across all levels of society. Quandries present, however, through incongruence, vagueness and disparate interpretations of the meaning of equity dilute and fragment efforts across research, policy and practice. Progress on reducing health inequities is, in this context, unsurprisingly irresolute. In this article, we make a case for equity science that reimagines the ways in which we (as researchers, as systems leaders, as teachers and mentors, and as citizens in society) engage in this work. We offer a definition of equity, its determinants, and the paradigmatic foundations of equity science, including the assumptions, values, and processes., and methods of this science. We argue for an equity science that can more meaningfully promote coherent alignment between intention, knowledge and action within and beyond the health sciences to spark a more equitable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Plamondon
- Equity Science Lab, Faculty of Health & Social Development, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, ART360, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
| | - Sana Z Shahram
- Equity Science Lab, Faculty of Health & Social Development, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, ART360, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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Shahram SZ. Five ways 'health scholars' are complicit in upholding health inequities, and how to stop. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:15. [PMID: 36658523 PMCID: PMC9851581 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-022-01763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Health scholars have been enthusiastic in critique of health inequities, but comparatively silent on the ways in which our own institutions, and our actions within them, recreate and retrench systems of oppression. The behaviour of health scholars within academic institutions have far reaching influences on the health-related workforce, the nature of evidence, and the policy solutions within our collective imaginations. Progress on health equity requires moving beyond platitudes like 'equity, diversity and inclusion' statements and trainings towards actually being and doing differently within our day-to-day practices. Applying complex systems change theory to identify, examine and shift mental models, or habits of thought (and action), that are keeping us stuck in our efforts to advance health equity is a promising approach. This paper introduces five common mental models that are preventing meaningful equity-oriented systems transformation within academia and offers ideas for shifting them towards progressively more productive, and authentic, actions by health scholars to advance health equity across systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Z. Shahram
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830School of Nursing, Faculty of Health & Social Development, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus Syilx Okanagan Nation Territory 1147 Research Road, V1V 1V7, P. 250 807 8685 Kelowna, BC Canada ,grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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Shahram SZ, Smith ML, Ben‐David S, Feddersen M, Kemp TE, Plamondon K. Promoting "Zest for Life": A Systematic Literature Review of Resiliency Factors to Prevent Youth Suicide. J Res Adolesc 2021; 31:4-24. [PMID: 33665921 PMCID: PMC7986824 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth globally. In this critical interpretive synthesis, we examined literature on resiliency factors and suicidality. Systematic searches identified 474 articles, 37 of which were included. Results revealed internal (positive self-appraisal, zest for life, personal traits, and coping skills) and external factors (social support system and inclusive environments) contribute to resilience among youth, with age, sex and gender, and Indigenous identity as important intersecting considerations. Findings validated fostering resilience as primary suicide prevention among youth, with little explanation for how these factors may work to protect youth from suicidality. Continued research in this area requires a focus on how to promote resilience at the community and systems levels.
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Prescott C, Shahram SZ, Ogilvie G, Hassam N, Franks AS, Pauly B. Applying a health equity tool to assess a public health nursing guideline for practice in sexually transmitted infection assessment in British Columbia. Can J Public Health 2020; 111:610-616. [PMID: 32086774 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-019-00285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SETTING There is a multitude of health equity tools but little guidance on how to effectively use these tools in public health nursing practice. In BC, public health nurses who are certified in sexually transmitted infection care utilize guidelines authorized by the nursing regulatory body. INTERVENTION As part of the Equity Lens in Public Health (ELPH) research project, an assessment of the nursing guideline, Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Assessment Decision Support Tool, was undertaken using the Assessing Equity in Clinical Practice Guidelines health equity assessment tool. The chosen tool is intended for use by health care providers, is broadly applicable to clinical practice guidelines, can be used retrospectively, and falls within the category of equity checklists and audits. OUTCOMES Overall, the tool was useful in assessing the inclusion and omission of an equity focus in the guideline. However, there were several challenges: the identification of an appropriate health equity tool; the absence of an evaluation of the chosen tool; the tool's focus on chronic disease versus communicable disease; and the difficulty of obtaining client perspectives. IMPLICATIONS For an improved equity lens in the STI Assessment Decision Support Tool, future revisions should be equity focused and include perspectives from affected populations, an emphasis on the determinants of health that perpetuate inequities for populations who experience a disproportionate burden of STI, information on provincially available resources, and service delivery models that improve timely and equitable access to treatment and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Prescott
- Sexual Health and Blood Borne Infections, Population Public Health, Fraser Health Authority, 400 - 13450 - 102nd Avenue, Surrey, BC, V3T 0H1, Canada
| | - Sana Z Shahram
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research (CISUR), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Gina Ogilvie
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, British Columbia Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Noorjean Hassam
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Bernie Pauly
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research (CISUR), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Shahram SZ, Bottorff JL, Oelke ND, Dahlgren L, Thomas V, Spittal PM. Correction to: The Cedar Project: Using Indigenous-specific determinants of health to predict substance use among young pregnant-involved Indigenous women in Canada. BMC Womens Health 2017; 17:122. [PMID: 29187170 PMCID: PMC5706164 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Z Shahram
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada. .,Present Address: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
| | - Joan L Bottorff
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, and School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nelly D Oelke
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Leanne Dahlgren
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Patricia M Spittal
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Pauly BM, Shahram SZ, Dang PTH, Marcellus L, MacDonald M. Health Equity Talk: Understandings of Health Equity among Health Leaders. AIMS Public Health 2017; 4:490-512. [PMID: 30155500 PMCID: PMC6111274 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2017.5.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reducing health inequities is a stated goal of health systems worldwide. There is widespread commitment to health equity among public health leaders and calls for reorientation of health systems towards health equity. As part of the Equity Lens in Public Health (ELPH) program of research, public health decision makers and researchers in British Columbia collaborated to study the application of a health equity lens in a time of health system renewal. We drew on intersectionality, complexity and critical social justice theories to understand how participants construct health equity and apply a health equity lens as part of public health renewal. METHODS 15 focus groups and 16 individual semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 55 health system leaders. Data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis to explore how health equity was constructed in relation to understandings and actions. RESULTS Four main themes were identified in terms of how health care leaders construct health equity and actions to reduce health inequities: (1) population health, (2) determinants of health, and (3) accessibility and (4) challenges of health equity talk. The first three aspects of health equity talk reflect different understandings of health equity rooted in vulnerability (individual versus structural), determinants of health (material versus social determinants), and appropriate health system responses (targeted versus universal responses). Participants identified that talking about health equity in the health care system, either inside or outside of public health, is a 'challenging conversation' because health equity is understood in diverse ways and there is little guidance available to apply a health equity lens. CONCLUSIONS These findings reflect the importance of creating a shared understanding of health equity within public health systems, and providing guidance and clarity as to the meaning and application of a health equity lens. A health equity lens for public health should capture both the production and distribution of health inequities and link to social justice to inform action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette M. Pauly
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Sana Z. Shahram
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Phuc T. H. Dang
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lenora Marcellus
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marjorie MacDonald
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Shahram SZ, Bottorff JL, Oelke ND, Kurtz DLM, Thomas V, Spittal PM, And For The Cedar Project Partnership. Mapping the social determinants of substance use for pregnant-involved young Aboriginal women. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2017; 12:1275155. [PMID: 28140776 PMCID: PMC5328333 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2016.1275155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of knowledge about the social determinants of substance use among young pregnant-involved Indigenous women in Canada from their perspectives. As part of life history interviews, 17 young pregnant-involved Indigenous women with experiences with substances completed a participant-generated mapping activity CIRCLES (Charting Intersectional Relationships in the Context of Life). As women created their maps, they discussed how different social determinants impacted their experiences with pregnancy and substance use. The social determinants identified and used by women to explain determinants of their substance use were grouped into 10 themes: traumatic life histories; socioeconomic status; culture, identity and spirituality; shame and guilt; mental wellness; family connections; romantic and platonic relationships; strength and hope; mothering; and the intersections of determinants. We conclude that understanding the context and social determinants of substance use from a woman-informed perspective is paramount to informing effective and appropriate programs to support young Indigenous women who use substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Z Shahram
- a Faculty of Health and Social Development , University of British Columbia , Kelowna , Canada
| | - Joan L Bottorff
- b Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, and School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development , University of British Columbia , Kelowna , Canada.,c Faculty of Health Sciences , Australian Catholic University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Nelly D Oelke
- d School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development , University of British Columbia , Kelowna , Canada
| | - Donna L M Kurtz
- d School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development , University of British Columbia , Kelowna , Canada
| | | | - Patricia M Spittal
- f School of Population and Public Health , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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Shahram SZ, Bottorff JL, Oelke ND, Dahlgren L, Thomas V, Spittal PM. The Cedar Project: Using Indigenous-specific determinants of health to predict substance use among young pregnant-involved Indigenous women in Canada. BMC Womens Health 2017; 17:84. [PMID: 28915868 PMCID: PMC5603064 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous women in Canada have been hyper-visible in research, policy and intervention related to substance use during pregnancy; however, little is known about how the social determinants of health and substance use prior to, during, and after pregnancy intersect. The objectives of this study were to describe the social contexts of pregnant-involved young Indigenous women who use substances and to explore if an Indigenous-Specific Determinants of Health Model can predict substance use among this population. METHODS Using descriptive statistics and hierarchical logistic regression guided by mediation analysis, the social contexts of pregnant-involved young Indigenous women who use illicit drugs' lives were explored and the Integrated Life Course and Social Determinants Model of Aboriginal Health's ability to predict heavy versus light substance use in this group was tested (N = 291). RESULTS Important distal determinants of substance use were identified including residential school histories, as well as protective factors, such as sex abuse reporting and empirical evidence for including Indigenous-specific determinants of health as important considerations in understanding young Indigenous women's experiences with pregnancy and substance use was provided. CONCLUSIONS This analysis provided important insight into the social contexts of women who have experiences with pregnancy as well as drug and/or alcohol use and highlighted the need to include Indigenous-specific determinants of health when examining young Indigenous women's social, political and historical contexts in relation to their experiences with pregnancy and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Z. Shahram
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7 Canada
- Present Address: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, STN CSC Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
- 15890 Greenhow Road, Oyama, BC V4V 2E6 Canada
| | - Joan L. Bottorff
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, and School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7 Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nelly D. Oelke
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7 Canada
| | - Leanne Dahlgren
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1190 Hornby Street 4th Floor, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K5 Canada
| | | | - Patricia M. Spittal
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - For the Cedar Project Partnership
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7 Canada
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, and School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7 Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7 Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1190 Hornby Street 4th Floor, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K5 Canada
- Wuikinuxv Nation, The Cedar Project, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Present Address: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, STN CSC Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
- 15890 Greenhow Road, Oyama, BC V4V 2E6 Canada
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Shahram SZ, Bottorff JL, Kurtz DLM, Oelke ND, Thomas V, Spittal PM. Understanding the Life Histories of Pregnant-Involved Young Aboriginal Women With Substance Use Experiences in Three Canadian Cities. Qual Health Res 2017; 27:249-259. [PMID: 27401489 DOI: 10.1177/1049732316657812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite attention paid to substance use during pregnancy, understandings of young Aboriginal women's experiences based on their perspectives have been virtually absent in the published literature. This study's objective was to understand the life experiences of pregnant-involved young Aboriginal women with alcohol and drugs. Semi-structured interviews to gather life histories were conducted with 23 young Aboriginal women who had experiences with pregnancy, and alcohol and drug use. Transcribed interviews were analyzed for themes to describe the social and historical contexts of women's experiences and their self-representations. The findings detail women's strategies for survival, inner strength, and capacities for love, healing, and resilience. Themes included the following: intersectional identities, life histories of trauma (abuse, violence, and neglect; intergenerational trauma; separations and connections), the ever-presence of alcohol and drugs, and the highs and lows of pregnancy and mothering. The findings have implications for guiding policy and interventions for supporting women and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Z Shahram
- The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joan L Bottorff
- The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donna L M Kurtz
- The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nelly D Oelke
- The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Community Health Services, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victoria Thomas
- Wuikinuxv Nation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Cedar Project, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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