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Che M, Moran SM, Smith RJ, Ren KYM, Smith GN, Shamseddin MK, Avila-Casado C, Garland JS. A case-based narrative review of pregnancy-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome/complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy. Kidney Int 2024; 105:960-970. [PMID: 38408703 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is a complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy caused by uncontrolled activation of the alternative complement pathway in the setting of autoantibodies to or rare pathogenic genetic variants in complement proteins. Pregnancy may serve as a trigger and unmask atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome/complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy (aHUS/CM-TMA), which has severe, life-threatening consequences. It can be difficult to diagnose aHUS/CM-TMA in pregnancy due to overlapping clinical features with other thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. However, the distinction among thrombotic microangiopathy etiologies in pregnancy is important because each syndrome has specific disease management and treatment. In this narrative review, we discuss 2 cases to illustrate the diagnostic challenges and evolving approach in the management of pregnancy-associated aHUS/CM-TMA. The first case involves a 30-year-old woman presenting in the first trimester who was diagnosed with aHUS/CM-TMA and treated with eculizumab from 19 weeks' gestation. Genetic testing revealed a likely pathogenic variant in CFI. She successfully delivered a healthy infant at 30 weeks' gestation. In the second case, a 22-year-old woman developed severe postpartum HELLP syndrome, requiring hemodialysis. Her condition improved with supportive management, yet investigations assessing for aHUS/CM-TMA remained abnormal 6 months postpartum consistent with persistent complement activation but negative genetic testing. Through detailed case discussion describing tests assessing for placental health, fetal anatomy, complement activation, autoantibodies to complement regulatory proteins, and genetic testing for aHUS/CM-TMA, we describe how these results aided in the clinical diagnosis of pregnancy-associated aHUS/CM-TMA and assisted in guiding patient management, including the use of anticomplement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Che
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah M Moran
- Department of Nephrology, Cork University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Richard J Smith
- University of Iowa Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kevin Y M Ren
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graeme N Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Khaled Shamseddin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmen Avila-Casado
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jocelyn S Garland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Scott J, White A, Walsh C, Aslett L, Rutherford MA, Ng J, Judge C, Sebastian K, O'Brien S, Kelleher J, Power J, Conlon N, Moran SM, Luqmani RA, Merkel PA, Tesar V, Hruskova Z, Little MA. Computable phenotype for real-world, data-driven retrospective identification of relapse in ANCA-associated vasculitis. RMD Open 2024; 10:e003962. [PMID: 38688690 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a relapsing-remitting disease, resulting in incremental tissue injury. The gold-standard relapse definition (Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score, BVAS>0) is often missing or inaccurate in registry settings, leading to errors in ascertainment of this key outcome. We sought to create a computable phenotype (CP) to automate retrospective identification of relapse using real-world data in the research setting. METHODS We studied 536 patients with AAV and >6 months follow-up recruited to the Rare Kidney Disease registry (a national longitudinal, multicentre cohort study). We followed five steps: (1) independent encounter adjudication using primary medical records to assign the ground truth, (2) selection of data elements (DEs), (3) CP development using multilevel regression modelling, (4) internal validation and (5) development of additional models to handle missingness. Cut-points were determined by maximising the F1-score. We developed a web application for CP implementation, which outputs an individualised probability of relapse. RESULTS Development and validation datasets comprised 1209 and 377 encounters, respectively. After classifying encounters with diagnostic histopathology as relapse, we identified five key DEs; DE1: change in ANCA level, DE2: suggestive blood/urine tests, DE3: suggestive imaging, DE4: immunosuppression status, DE5: immunosuppression change. F1-score, sensitivity and specificity were 0.85 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.92), 0.89 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.99) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.93 to 0.99), respectively. Where DE5 was missing, DE2 plus either DE1/DE3 were required to match the accuracy of BVAS. CONCLUSIONS This CP accurately quantifies the individualised probability of relapse in AAV retrospectively, using objective, readily accessible registry data. This framework could be leveraged for other outcomes and relapsing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Scott
- Trinity Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arthur White
- School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- ADAPT SFI centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathal Walsh
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louis Aslett
- Department of Mathematical Science, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | | | - James Ng
- School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Judge
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kuruvilla Sebastian
- Trinity Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sorcha O'Brien
- Trinity Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Kelleher
- Department of Statistics, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Power
- Vasculitis Ireland Awareness, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Conlon
- Department of Immunology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah M Moran
- Trinity Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Nephrology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Raashid Ahmed Luqmani
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science (NDORMs), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A Merkel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vladimir Tesar
- Department of Nephrology, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Hruskova
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark A Little
- Trinity Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- ADAPT SFI centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Mirioglu S, Daniel-Fischer L, Berke I, Ahmad SH, Bajema IM, Bruchfeld A, Fernandez-Juarez GM, Floege J, Frangou E, Goumenos D, Griffith M, Moran SM, van Kooten C, Steiger S, Stevens KI, Turkmen K, Willcocks LC, Kronbichler A. Management of adult patients with podocytopathies: an update from the ERA Immunonephrology Working Group. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2024; 39:569-580. [PMID: 38341276 PMCID: PMC11024823 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The histopathological lesions, minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are entities without immune complex deposits which can cause podocyte injury, thus are frequently grouped under the umbrella of podocytopathies. Whether MCD and FSGS may represent a spectrum of the same disease remains a matter of conjecture. Both frequently require repeated high-dose glucocorticoid therapy with alternative immunosuppressive treatments reserved for relapsing or resistant cases and response rates are variable. There is an unmet need to identify patients who should receive immunosuppressive therapies as opposed to those who would benefit from supportive strategies. Therapeutic trials focusing on MCD are scarce, and the evidence used for the 2021 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline for the management of glomerular diseases largely stems from observational and pediatric trials. In FSGS, the differentiation between primary forms and those with underlying genetic variants or secondary forms further complicates trial design. This article provides a perspective of the Immunonephrology Working Group (IWG) of the European Renal Association (ERA) and discusses the KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases focusing on the management of MCD and primary forms of FSGS in the context of recently published evidence, with a special emphasis on the role of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, supportive treatment options and ongoing clinical trials in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Mirioglu
- Division of Nephrology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lisa Daniel-Fischer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilay Berke
- Division of Nephrology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Syed Hasan Ahmad
- Department of Renal Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingeborg M Bajema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Bruchfeld
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and CLINTEC Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eleni Frangou
- Department of Nephrology, Limassol General Hospital, Limassol, Cyprus; University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dimitrios Goumenos
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Patras University Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Megan Griffith
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M Moran
- Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Division of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kate I Stevens
- Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kultigin Turkmen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Lisa C Willcocks
- Department of Renal Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Frangou E, Bruchfeld A, Fernandez-Juarez GM, Floege J, Goumenos D, Moran SM, Steiger S, Stevens KI, Turkmen K, Kronbichler A. EULAR 2023 recommendations for SLE treatment: synopsis for the management of lupus nephritis - the European Renal Association (ERA) - Immunonephrology Working Group (ERA-IWG) perspective. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023:gfad230. [PMID: 37881002 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Frangou
- Department of Nephrology, Limassol General Hospital, Limassol, Cyprus; University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Annette Bruchfeld
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and CLINTEC Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gema M Fernandez-Juarez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Unversitatio La Paz, Madrid, Spain. Instituto de Investigacion la Paz. IDIPaZ
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Goumenos
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Patras University Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Sarah M Moran
- Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Kate I Stevens
- Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kultigin Turkmen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Scott J, Nic an Ríogh E, Al Nokhatha S, Cowhig C, Verrelli A, Fitzgerald T, White A, Walsh C, Aslett L, DeFreitas D, Clarkson MR, Holian J, Griffin MD, Conlon N, O’Meara Y, Casserly L, Molloy E, Power J, Moran SM, Little MA. ANCA-associated vasculitis in Ireland: a multi-centre national cohort study. HRB Open Res 2022; 5:80. [PMID: 37251362 PMCID: PMC10213823 DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13651.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare multisystem autoimmune disease. There is a need for interoperable national registries to enable reporting of real-world long-term outcomes and their predictors in AAV. Methods: The Irish National Rare Kidney Disease (RKD) registry was founded in 2012. To date, 842 patients with various forms of vasculitis have been recruited across eight nephrology, rheumatology and immunology centres. We focus here on patient- and disease- characteristics, treatment and outcomes of the 397 prospectively recruited patients with AAV. Results: Median age was 64 years (IQR 55-73), 57.9% were male, 58.9% had microscopic polyangiitis and 85.9% had renal impairment. Cumulative one- and five-year patient survival was 94% and 77% respectively. Median follow-up was 33.5 months (IQR 10.7-52.7). After controlling for age, baseline renal dysfunction (p = 0.04) and the burden of adverse events (p <0.001) were independent predictors of death overall. End-stage-kidney-disease (ESKD) occurred in 73 (18.4%) patients; one- and five-year renal survival was 85% and 79% respectively. Baseline severity of renal insufficiency (p = 0.02), urine soluble CD163 (usCD163) (p = 0.002) and "sclerotic" Berden histological class (p = 0.001) were key determinants of ESKD risk. Conclusions: Long-term outcomes of Irish AAV patients are comparable to other reported series. Our results emphasise the need for personalisation of immunosuppression, to limit treatment toxicity, particularly in those with advanced age and renal insufficiency. Baseline usCD163 is a potential biomarker for ESKD prediction and should be validated in a large independent cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Scott
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Eithne Nic an Ríogh
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Shamma Al Nokhatha
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Cliona Cowhig
- Department of Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, D09 V2N0, Ireland
| | - Alyssa Verrelli
- Department of Nephrology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - Ted Fitzgerald
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Department of Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, D09 V2N0, Ireland
| | - Arthur White
- Department of Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Cathal Walsh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Louis Aslett
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Declan DeFreitas
- Department of Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, D09 V2N0, Ireland
| | | | - John Holian
- Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, D04 T6F4, Ireland
| | - Matthew D. Griffin
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, H91 YR71, Ireland
| | - Niall Conlon
- Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, D08 NHY1, Ireland
| | - Yvonne O’Meara
- Department of Nephrology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, D07 R2WY, Ireland
| | - Liam Casserly
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, V94 F858, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Molloy
- Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, D04 T6F4, Ireland
| | - Julie Power
- Vasculitis Ireland Awareness, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah M. Moran
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Department of Nephrology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - Mark A. Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
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6
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Vlasschaert C, McNaughton AJ, Chong M, Cook EK, Hopman W, Kestenbaum B, Robinson-Cohen C, Garland J, Moran SM, Paré G, Clase CM, Tang M, Levin A, Holden R, Rauh MJ, Lanktree MB. Association of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential with Worse Kidney Function and Anemia in Two Cohorts of Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:985-995. [PMID: 35197325 PMCID: PMC9063886 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is an inflammatory premalignant disorder resulting from acquired genetic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells. This condition is common in aging populations and associated with cardiovascular morbidity and overall mortality, but its role in CKD is unknown. METHODS We performed targeted sequencing to detect CHIP mutations in two independent cohorts of 87 and 85 adults with an eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73m2. We also assessed kidney function, hematologic, and mineral bone disease parameters cross-sectionally at baseline, and collected creatinine measurements over the following 5-year period. RESULTS At baseline, CHIP was detected in 18 of 87 (21%) and 25 of 85 (29%) cohort participants. Participants with CHIP were at higher risk of kidney failure, as predicted by the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE), compared with those without CHIP. Individuals with CHIP manifested a 2.2-fold increased risk of a 50% decline in eGFR or ESKD over 5 years of follow-up (hazard ratio 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.8) in a Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, sex, and baseline eGFR. The addition of CHIP to 2-year and 5-year calibrated KFRE risk models improved ESKD predictions. Those with CHIP also had lower hemoglobin, higher ferritin, and higher red blood cell mean corpuscular volume versus those without CHIP. CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory analysis of individuals with preexisting CKD, CHIP was associated with higher baseline KFRE scores, greater progression of CKD, and anemia. Further research is needed to define the nature of the relationship between CHIP and kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy J.M. McNaughton
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Chong
- Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elina K. Cook
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilma Hopman
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Kestenbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jocelyn Garland
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah M. Moran
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine M. Clase
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mila Tang
- St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel Holden
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J. Rauh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew B. Lanktree
- Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Kidney homeostasis is highly dependent upon the correct functioning of myeloid cells. These cells form a distributed surveillance network throughout the kidney, where they play an integral role in the response to organ threat. Dysregulation of resident proinflammatory and profibrotic macrophages leads to kidney structural damage and scarring after kidney injury. Fibrosis throughout the kidney parenchyma contributes to the progressive functional decline observed in CKD, independent of the etiology. Circulating myeloid cells bearing intrinsic defects also affect the kidney substructures, such as neutrophils activated by autoantibodies that cause GN in ANCA-associated vasculitis. The kidney can also be affected by disorders of myelopoiesis, including myeloid leukemias (acute and chronic myeloid leukemias) and myelodysplastic syndromes. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential is a common, newly recognized premalignant clinical entity characterized by clonal expansion of hyperinflammatory myeloid lineage cells that may have significant kidney sequelae. A number of existing therapies in CKD target myeloid cells and inflammation, including glucocorticoid receptor agonists and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. The therapeutic indications for these and other myeloid cell-targeted treatments is poised to expand as our understanding of the myeloid-kidney interface evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M. Moran
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J. Rauh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Moran SM, Scott J, Clarkson MR, Conlon N, Dunne J, Griffin MD, Griffin TP, Groarke E, Holian J, Judge C, Wyse J, McLoughlin K, O’Hara PV, Kretzler M, Little MA. The Clinical Application of Urine Soluble CD163 in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2920-2932. [PMID: 34518279 PMCID: PMC8806104 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 70% of patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) develop GN, with 26% progressing to ESKD. Diagnostic-grade and noninvasive tools to detect active renal inflammation are needed. Urinary soluble CD163 (usCD163) is a promising biomarker of active renal vasculitis, but a diagnostic-grade assay, assessment of its utility in prospective diagnosis of renal vasculitis flares, and evaluation of its utility in proteinuric states are needed. METHODS We assessed a diagnostic-grade usCD163 assay in (1) a real-world cohort of 405 patients with AAV and 121 healthy and 488 non-AAV disease controls; (2) a prospective multicenter study of 84 patients with potential renal vasculitis flare; (3) a longitudinal multicenter cohort of 65 patients with podocytopathy; and (4) a cohort of 29 patients with AAV (with or without proteinuria) and ten controls. RESULTS We established a diagnostic reference range, with a cutoff of 250 ng/mmol for active renal vasculitis (area under the curve [AUC], 0.978). Using this cutoff, usCD163 was elevated in renal vasculitis flare (AUC, 0.95) but remained low in flare mimics, such as nonvasculitic AKI. usCD163's specificity declined in patients with AAV who had nephrotic-range proteinuria and in those with primary podocytopathy, with 62% of patients with nephrotic syndrome displaying a "positive" usCD163. In patients with AAV and significant proteinuria, usCD163 normalization to total urine protein rather than creatinine provided the greatest clinical utility for diagnosing active renal vasculitis. CONCLUSIONS usCD163 is elevated in renal vasculitis flare and remains low in flare mimics. Nonspecific protein leakage in nephrotic syndrome elevates usCD163 in the absence of glomerular macrophage infiltration, resulting in false-positive results; this can be corrected with urine protein normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Moran
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Scott
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Matthew D. Griffin
- REMEDI at CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,Department of Nephrology, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tomas P. Griffin
- REMEDI at CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - John Holian
- St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Judge
- Department of Nephrology, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jason Wyse
- Discipline of Statistics and Information Systems, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark A. Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Beaumont Kidney Centre, Dublin, Ireland,Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Moran SM, Barbour S, Dipchand C, Garland JS, Hladunewich M, Jauhal A, Kappel JE, Levin A, Pandeya S, Reich HN, Thanabalasingam S, Thomas D, Ma JC, White C. Management of Patients With Glomerulonephritis During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recommendations From the Canadian Society of Nephrology COVID-19 Rapid Response Team. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2020; 7:2054358120968955. [PMID: 33294202 PMCID: PMC7705766 DOI: 10.1177/2054358120968955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF PROGRAM This article will provide guidance on how to best manage patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. SOURCES OF INFORMATION We reviewed relevant published literature, program-specific documents, and guidance documents from international societies. An informal survey of Canadian nephrologists was conducted to identify practice patterns and expert opinions. We hosted a national webinar with invited input and feedback after webinar. METHODS The Canadian Society of Nephrology (CSN) Board of Directors invited physicians with expertise in GN to contribute. Specific COVID-19-related themes in GN were identified, and consensus-based recommendations were made by this group of nephrologists. The recommendations received further peer input and review by Canadian nephrologists via a CSN-sponsored webinar. This was attended by 150 kidney health care professionals. The final consensus recommendations also incorporated review by Editors of the Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease. KEY FINDINGS We identified 9 areas of GN management that may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) clinic visit scheduling, (2) clinic visit type, (3) provision of multidisciplinary care, (4) blood and urine testing, (5) home-based monitoring essentials, (6) immunosuppression, (7) other medications, (8) patient education and support, and (9) employment. LIMITATIONS These recommendations are expert opinion, and are subject to the biases associated with this level of evidence. To expedite the publication of this work, a parallel review process was created that may not be as robust as standard arm's length peer review processes. IMPLICATIONS These recommendations are intended to provide optimal care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our recommendations may change based on the evolving evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Moran
- Division of Nephrology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Barbour
- Division of Nephrology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Michelle Hladunewich
- Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Renal Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Joanne E. Kappel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Executive Director, BC Renal Programme, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Heather N. Reich
- Division of Nephrology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christine White
- Division of Nephrology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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10
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White CA, Kappel JE, Levin A, Moran SM, Pandeya S, Thanabalasingam SJ. Management of Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Suggestions From the Canadian Society of Nephrology COVID-19 Rapid Response Team. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2020; 7:2054358120939354. [PMID: 32733692 PMCID: PMC7372621 DOI: 10.1177/2054358120939354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF PROGRAM To provide guidance on the management of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) not requiring kidney replacement therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Program-specific documents, pre-existing, and related to COVID-19; documents from national and international kidney agencies; national and international webinars, including webinars that we hosted for input and feedback; with additional information from formal and informal review of published academic literature. METHODS Challenges in the care of patients with advanced CKD during the COVID-19 pandemic were highlighted within the Canadian Senior Renal Leaders Forum discussion group. The Canadian Society of Nephrology (CSN) developed the COVID-19 rapid response team (RRT) to address these challenges. They identified a lead with expertise in advanced CKD who identified further nephrologists and administrators to form the workgroup. A nation-wide survey of advanced CKD clinics was conducted. The initial guidance document was drafted and members of the workgroup reviewed and discussed all suggestions in detail via email and a virtual meeting. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. The document was reviewed by the CSN COVID-19 RRT, an ethicist and an infection control expert. The suggestions were presented at a CSN-sponsored interactive webinar, attended by 150 kidney health care professionals, for further peer input. The document was also sent for further feedback to experts who had participated in the initial survey. Final revisions were made based on feedback received until April 28, 2020. Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease (CJKHD) editors reviewed the parallel process peer review and edited the manuscript for clarity. KEY FINDINGS We identified 11 broad areas of advanced CKD care management that may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) clinic visit scheduling, (2) clinic visit type, (3) provision of multidisciplinary care, (4) bloodwork, (5) patient education/support, (6) home-based monitoring essentials, (7) new referrals to multidisciplinary care clinic, (8) kidney replacement therapy, (9) medications, (10) personal protective equipment, and (11) COVID-19 risk in CKD. We make specific suggestions for each of these areas. LIMITATIONS The suggestions in this paper are expert opinion, and subject to the biases associated with this level of evidence. To expedite the publication of this work, a parallel review process was created that may not be as robust as standard arms' length peer-review processes. IMPLICATIONS These suggestions are intended to provide guidance for advanced CKD directors, clinicians, and administrators on how to provide the best care possible during a time of altered priorities and reduced resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adeera Levin
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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11
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Dekkema GJ, Abdulahad WH, Bijma T, Moran SM, Ryan L, Little MA, Stegeman CA, Heeringa P, Sanders JSF. Urinary and serum soluble CD25 complements urinary soluble CD163 to detect active renal anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis: a cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 34:234-242. [PMID: 29506265 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early detection of renal involvement in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is of major clinical importance to allow prompt initiation of treatment and limit renal damage. Urinary soluble cluster of differentiation 163 (usCD163) has recently been identified as a potential biomarker for active renal vasculitis. However, a significant number of patients with active renal vasculitis test negative using usCD163. We therefore studied whether soluble CD25 (sCD25), a T cell activation marker, could improve the detection of renal flares in AAV. Methods sCD25 and sCD163 levels in serum and urine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 72 patients with active renal AAV, 20 with active extrarenal disease, 62 patients in remission and 18 healthy controls. Urinary and blood CD4+ T and CD4+ T effector memory (TEM) cell counts were measured in 22 patients with active renal vasculitis. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated and recursive partitioning was used to calculate whether usCD25 and serum soluble CD25 (ssCD25) add utility to usCD163. Results usCD25, ssCD25 and usCD163 levels were significantly higher during active renal disease and significantly decreased after induction of remission. A combination of usCD25, usCD163 and ssCD25 outperformed all individual markers (sensitivity 84.7%, specificity 95.1%). Patients positive for sCD25 but negative for usCD163 (n = 10) had significantly higher C-reactive protein levels and significantly lower serum creatinine and proteinuria levels compared with the usCD163-positive patients. usCD25 correlated positively with urinary CD4+ T and CD4+ TEM cell numbers, whereas ssCD25 correlated negatively with circulating CD4+ T and CD4+ TEM cells. Conclusion Measurement of usCD25 and ssCD25 complements usCD163 in the detection of active renal vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerjan J Dekkema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wayel H Abdulahad
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Bijma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Moran
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Ryan
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Coen A Stegeman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Stephan F Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Moran SM, Monach PA, Zgaga L, Cuthbertson D, Carette S, Khalidi NA, Koening CL, Langford CA, McAlear CA, Moreland L, Pagnoux C, Seo P, Specks U, Sreih A, Wyse J, Ytterberg SR, Merkel PA, Little MA. Urinary soluble CD163 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the identification of subtle renal flare in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:283-291. [PMID: 30380100 PMCID: PMC8205505 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior work has shown that urinary soluble CD163 (usCD163) displays excellent biomarker characteristics for detection of active renal vasculitis using samples that included new diagnoses with highly active renal disease. This study focused on the use of usCD163 in the detection of the more clinically relevant state of mild renal flare and compared results of usCD163 testing directly to testing of urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (uMCP-1). METHODS Patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV, n = 88) were identified within a serially sampled, longitudinal and multicentre cohort. Creatinine-normalized usCD163 and uMCP-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and, both alone and in combination, were compared between times of active renal AAV and during remission and/or active non-renal AAV. RESULTS Samples from 320 study visits included times of active renal vasculitis (n = 39), remission (n = 233) and active extrarenal vasculitis (n = 48). Median creatinine levels were 0.9 mg/dL [interquartile range (IQR) 0.8-1.2] in remission and 1.4 mg/dL (IQR 1.0-1.8) during renal flare. usCD163 levels were higher in patients with active renal vasculitis compared with patients in remission and those with active extrarenal vasculitis, with median values of 162 ng/mmol (IQR 79-337), 44 (17-104) and 38 (7-76), respectively (P < 0.001). uMCP-1 levels were also higher in patients with active renal vasculitis compared with patients in remission and those with active extrarenal vasculitis, with median values of 10.6 pg/mmol (IQR 4.6-23.5), 4.1 (2.5-8.4) and 4.1 (1.9-6.8), respectively (P < 0.001). The proposed diagnostic cut-points for usCD163 and uMCP-1 were 72.9 ng/mmol and 10.0 pg/mmol, respectively. usCD163 and uMCP-1 levels were marginally correlated (r2 = 0.11, P < 0.001). Combining novel and existing biomarkers using recursive tree partitioning indicated that elevated usCD163 plus either elevated uMCP-1 or new/worse proteinuria improved the positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of active renal vasculitis to 19.2. CONCLUSION A combination of usCD163 and uMCP-1 measurements appears to be useful in identifying the diagnosis of subtle renal vasculitis flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Moran
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul A Monach
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Rheumatology Section, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lina Zgaga
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Cuthbertson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Simon Carette
- Division of Rheumatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nader A Khalidi
- Division of Rheumatology, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Curry L Koening
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Carol A McAlear
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Larry Moreland
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Philip Seo
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ulrich Specks
- Division of Pulmonology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Antoine Sreih
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason Wyse
- Discipline of Statistics, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven R Ytterberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Peter A Merkel
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Pepper RJ, McAdoo SP, Moran SM, Kelly D, Scott J, Hamour S, Burns A, Griffith M, Galliford J, Levy JB, Cairns TD, Gopaluni S, Jones RB, Jayne D, Little MA, Pusey CD, Salama AD. A novel glucocorticoid-free maintenance regimen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 58:260-268. [PMID: 30239910 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a mainstay of treatment for patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) but are associated with significant adverse effects. Effective remission induction in severe AAV using extremely limited GC exposure has not been attempted. We tested an early rapid GC withdrawal induction regimen for patients with severe AAV. Methods Patients with active MPO- or PR3-ANCA vasculitis or ANCA-negative pauci-immune glomerulonephritis were included. Induction treatment consisted of two doses of rituximab, 3 months of low-dose CYC and a short course of oral GC (for between 1 and 2 weeks). Clinical, biochemical and immunological outcomes as well as adverse events were recorded. Results A total of 49 patients were included, with at least 12 months of follow-up in 46. All patients achieved remission, with decreases observed in creatinine, proteinuria, CRP, ANCA level and BVAS. Three patients requiring dialysis at presentation became dialysis independent. Two patients required the introduction of maintenance GC for treatment of vasculitis. Overall outcomes were comparable to those of two matched cohorts (n = 172) from previous European Vasculitis Society (EUVAS) trials, but with lower total exposure to CYC and GCs (P < 0.001) and reduced rates of severe infections (P = 0.02) compared with the RITUXVAS (rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in AAV) trial. We found no new cases of diabetes in the first year compared with historic rates of 8.2% from the EUVAS trials (P = 0.04). Conclusion Early GC withdrawal in severe AAV is as effective for remission induction as the standard of care and is associated with reduced GC-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Pepper
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen P McAdoo
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah M Moran
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dearbhla Kelly
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Scott
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally Hamour
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Aine Burns
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Megan Griffith
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jack Galliford
- Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeremy B Levy
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas D Cairns
- Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel B Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Jayne
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan D Salama
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Moran
- Toronto Glomerulonephritis Registry Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel C Cattran
- Toronto Glomerulonephritis Registry Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the world's commonest primary glomerular disease with variable clinical presentation and progression rates that are dependent on clinical-pathologic phenotype and duration of follow-up. Overall 4-40% of patients progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) by 10 years. Treatment decisions remain a challenge due to these variations. The ultimate goal of management is to prevent progression to ESKD and of vital importance is the potential reversible early detection of active glomerular inflammation prior to scarring. IgAN is globally, is the most common biopsy proven glomerulonephritis and a leading cause of ESKD. The Oxford pathological classification was devised by a collaborative pathology and nephrology network to provide an evidence-based scoring system with reproducible independent pathology features of predictive value. Clinical variables that alter prognosis include male sex, increasing age, increased body weight, smoking, Pacific Asian ethnicity, hypertension, proteinuria, and complement deficiency. Excellent conservative therapy is the cornerstone of therapy with tight blood control, renin-angiotensin system inhibition, and statin therapy. The role of immunosuppressive therapy including corticosteroids in IgAN remains open with ongoing clinical trials of low dose oral corticosteroids and enteric coated budesonide. Complement activation contributes to the pathogenic process of IgAN with evidence from genetic, serological, histological and in-vitro studies. This knowledge has translated to clinical trials of investigational agents directly targeting the alternative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Moran
- The Toronto Glomerulonephritis Registry and Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Trinity Health Kidney Center, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel C Cattran
- The Toronto Glomerulonephritis Registry and Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada - .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Pepper RJ, McAdoo SP, Moran SM, Kelly D, Scott J, Hamour S, Burns A, Griffith M, Galliford J, Levy JB, Cairns TD, Gopaluni S, Jones RB, Jayne D, Little MA, Pusey CD, Salama AD. A novel glucocorticoid-free maintenance regimen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody–associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 58:373. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Pepper
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen P McAdoo
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah M Moran
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dearbhla Kelly
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Scott
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally Hamour
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Aine Burns
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Megan Griffith
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jack Galliford
- Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeremy B Levy
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas D Cairns
- Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel B Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Jayne
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Vasculitis Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan D Salama
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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18
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Oomatia A, Moran SM, Kennedy C, Sequeira R, Hamour S, Burns A, Little MA, Salama AD. Prolonged Duration of Renal Recovery Following ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol 2016; 43:112-9. [PMID: 27003681 DOI: 10.1159/000444925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As renal biopsies are not routinely repeated to monitor treatment response in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis, serum creatinine (SC) and proteinuria assessed by urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPCR) measurements are relied upon to provide a non-invasive estimate of disease activity within the kidney. However, sparse information exists about the time to achieve maximal improvement in these parameters, which has important implications for treatment decisions and disease-scoring systems. METHODS We analysed patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis and renal impairment from cohorts in the United Kingdom and Ireland, with the primary objective of determining actuarial time to nadir SC and UPCR. Time to disappearance of haematuria was analysed as a secondary objective. RESULTS Ninety-four patients fulfilled our selection criteria, with 94 (100%) and 66 (70%) having reached their nadir SC and UPCR respectively during the follow-up period. Nadir SC was achieved after a median of 88 days (95% CI 74-102), UPCR at 346 days (95% CI 205-487). Those of Indo-Asian ethnic origin reached their nadir SC faster (34 days) than other ethnicities (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in time to nadir SC or UPCR on the basis of gender, clinical diagnosis, ANCA positivity or renal biopsy findings. CONCLUSION In this retrospective study, nadir creatinine and proteinuria occur later than other signs of clinical remission, suggesting that ongoing renal recovery continues for a significant time after diagnosis. It may benefit disease-scoring systems to take into account SC levels beyond the initial assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Oomatia
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free, London, UK
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19
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O'Reilly VP, Wong L, Kennedy C, Elliot LA, O'Meachair S, Coughlan AM, O'Brien EC, Ryan MM, Sandoval D, Connolly E, Dekkema GJ, Lau J, Abdulahad WH, Sanders JSF, Heeringa P, Buckley C, O'Brien C, Finn S, Cohen CD, Lindemeyer MT, Hickey FB, O'Hara PV, Feighery C, Moran SM, Mellotte G, Clarkson MR, Dorman AJ, Murray PT, Little MA. Urinary Soluble CD163 in Active Renal Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2906-16. [PMID: 26940094 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A specific biomarker that can separate active renal vasculitis from other causes of renal dysfunction is lacking, with a kidney biopsy often being required. Soluble CD163 (sCD163), shed by monocytes and macrophages, has been reported as a potential biomarker in diseases associated with excessive macrophage activation. Thus, we hypothesized that urinary sCD163 shed by crescent macrophages correlates with active glomerular inflammation. We detected sCD163 in rat urine early in the disease course of experimental vasculitis. Moreover, microdissected glomeruli from patients with small vessel vasculitis (SVV) had markedly higher levels of CD163 mRNA than did those from patients with lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, or nephrotic syndrome. Both glomeruli and interstitium of patients with SVV strongly expressed CD163 protein. In 479 individuals, including patients with SVV, disease controls, and healthy controls, serum levels of sCD163 did not differ between the groups. However, in an inception cohort, including 177 patients with SVV, patients with active renal vasculitis had markedly higher urinary sCD163 levels than did patients in remission, disease controls, or healthy controls. Analyses in both internal and external validation cohorts confirmed these results. Setting a derived optimum cutoff for urinary sCD163 of 0.3 ng/mmol creatinine for detection of active renal vasculitis resulted in a sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 96%, and a positive likelihood ratio of 20.8. These data indicate that urinary sCD163 level associates very tightly with active renal vasculitis, and assessing this level may be a noninvasive method for diagnosing renal flare in the setting of a known diagnosis of SVV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Louise A Elliot
- Department of Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane O'Meachair
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wayel H Abdulahad
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colm Buckley
- Department of Renal Histopathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathal O'Brien
- Labmed Directorate, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Finn
- Labmed Directorate, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindemeyer
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Conleth Feighery
- Department of Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Michael R Clarkson
- Department of Renal Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - Anthony J Dorman
- Department of Renal Histopathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Kelly YP, Moran SM, Kelly DM, Wong L, Little MA, Clarkson MR. FP161ANCA AND ANTI−GBM DOUBLE POSITIVITY: A CASE SERIES. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv171.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Moran SM, Fitzgerald N, Pope M, Madden M, Vaughan CJ. Warfarin anticoagulation: a survey of patients' knowledge of their treatment. Ir J Med Sci 2011; 180:819-22. [PMID: 21706192 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-011-0726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Warfarin is used for the treatment of thromboembolic disease. It requires careful and sustained monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic index and potentially life-threatening complications. Patient education and knowledge is, therefore, vital. AIMS To assess, in a specialised anticoagulation clinic, the extent of patients' knowledge of their warfarin treatment. METHODS Ethical approval was obtained. All patients, aged over 18 years, attending our anticoagulation clinic during our study period were asked to participate. RESULTS We enrolled 181 patients, 47.9% of respondents were unaware of any potential drug interactions, 57.7% of patients were unaware of any potential side effects, 20% of patients had experienced side effects, 10.9% of patients had been hospitalised due to side effects, 58% of which were due to Haemorrhage and 79% of patients kept a personal record of their INR. CONCLUSIONS Patients' understanding of warfarin treatment was poor, despite their high level of compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moran
- Department of Cardiology, Mercy University Hospital, Grenville Place, Cork, Ireland.
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Hogenesch JB, Gu YZ, Moran SM, Shimomura K, Radcliffe LA, Takahashi JS, Bradfield CA. The basic helix-loop-helix-PAS protein MOP9 is a brain-specific heterodimeric partner of circadian and hypoxia factors. J Neurosci 2000; 20:RC83. [PMID: 10864977 PMCID: PMC6772280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PAS (PER, ARNT, SIM) proteins play important roles in adaptation to low atmospheric and cellular oxygen levels, exposure to certain environmental pollutants, and diurnal oscillations in light and temperature. In an attempt to better understand how organisms sense environmental changes, we have characterized a novel member of the PAS superfamily, MOP9 (member of PAS superfamily), that maps to human chromosome 12p11.22-11.23. This protein displays significant homology to the Drosophila circadian factor CYCLE and its putative mammalian ortholog MOP3/bMAL1. Like its homologs, MOP9 forms a transcriptionally active heterodimer with the circadian CLOCK protein, the structurally related MOP4, and hypoxia-inducible factors, such as HIF1alpha. In a manner consistent with its role as a biologically relevant partner of these proteins, MOP9 is coexpressed in regions of the brain such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and amygdala. Importantly, MOP9 is coexpressed with CLOCK in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of the master circadian oscillator in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Hogenesch
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Brown LJ, Stoffel M, Moran SM, Fernald AA, Lehn DA, LeBeau MM, MacDonald MJ. Structural organization and mapping of the human mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding gene and pseudogene. Gene 1996; 172:309-12. [PMID: 8682323 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (mtGPD) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the glycerol phosphate shuttle, which is thought to play an important role in cells that require an active glycolytic pathway. Abnormalities in mtGPD have been proposed as a potential cause for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To facilitate genetic studies, we have isolated genomic clones containing the coding regions of the human mtGPD-encoding gene (GPDM). The gene contains 17 exons and is estimated to span more than 80 kb. All splice junctions contain GT/AG consensus sequences. Introns interrupt the sequences encoding the leader peptide, the FAD-binding site, the calcium-binding regions, and a conserved central element postulated to play a role in glycerol phosphate binding. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to map this gene to chromosome 2, band q24.1. A retropseudogene was identified and mapped to chromosome 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Brown
- University of Wisconsin Children's Diabetes Center, Madison 53706, USA
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Abstract
A composite 3945-bp cDNA that encodes rat pyruvate carboxylase (PC) has been constructed from clones isolated from a rat liver cell cDNA library and the nucleotide sequence has been determined. The rat cDNAs open reading frame encodes a protein of 1178 amino acids that is 98.6% identical (99.0% similar) to that of mouse PC and 96.0% identical (97.8% similar) to that of human PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Lehn
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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MacDonald MJ, Moran SM, Simonson GD. The amino acid sequence of the pancreatic islet mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase is not unique and the enzyme is not thyroid or glucose responsive. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995; 319:305-8. [PMID: 7771800 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1995.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) is one of several proteins that are abundant in the pancreatic islet. Hormonal and nutritional influences confer tissue-specific patterns of expression on many of these proteins and the primary amino acid sequence of these proteins in the islet often differs from those in other tissues. However, the deduced amino acid sequence of the rat islet mGPD was identical to that of testis and liver. (The islet mGPD also possesses calmodulin-like calcium-binding sequences.) Islet mGPD activity and amount of protein were not changed by culturing islets at various concentrations of the insulin secretagogues, glucose, leucine, glutamine, or methyl succinate, which are conditions that alter the amounts of other enzymes in the islet. Unlike mGPD in tissues, such as liver, where mGPD activity is low, the high amount of islet mGPD was not further induced in hyperthyroid rats or by adding T3 to cultured islets or rat insulinoma cells. This suggests that the islet mGPD is under different regulation than the enzyme in tissues where its activity is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J MacDonald
- University of Wisconsin, Childrens Diabetes Center, Madison 53706, USA
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Abstract
Mammalian pre-pro-vasoactive intestinal peptide (pre-proVIP) gives rise to the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI). The cDNA encoding chicken VIP was cloned and sequenced. The region of chicken pre-proVIP homologous to the mammalian PHI region is not followed by an amidation signal. This unusual feature suggests that processing of the precursor may be different in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R McFarlin
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706, USA
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Abstract
A 2618-bp cDNA that encodes the human mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has been isolated from a HeLa cell cDNA library and the nucleotide sequence determined. An open reading frame encodes a protein of 727 amino acids that is 96% similar to the rat protein and, like the rat protein, contains sites homologous to the Ca(2+)-binding sites of calmodulin, as well as FAD- and putative glycerol-phosphate-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Lehn
- University of Wisconsin Childrens Diabetes Center, Madison 53706
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Brown LJ, MacDonald MJ, Lehn DA, Moran SM. Sequence of rat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase cDNA. Evidence for EF-hand calcium-binding domains. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:14363-6. [PMID: 8182039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The FAD-dependent, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5) is an essential component of the glycerol phosphate shuttle and is abundant in the pancreatic insulin cell, skeletal muscle, and brain. Although DNA clones for this enzyme and its homologues have been isolated from bacteria and yeast, it has never been cloned from a higher eukaryote. We have cloned and sequenced cDNAs encoding the rat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The longest cDNA (2337 base pairs) encodes a deduced protein of 727 amino acids that shows strong homology to the yeast and bacterial FAD-dependent glycerol phosphate dehydrogenases. The amino terminus of the purified mature protein was sequenced and shows identity with the deduced amino acid sequence beginning with residue 43. The 42 preceding amino acids are consistent with a mitochondrial leader peptide. A highly conserved FAD-binding domain and conserved regions possibly involved with glycerol phosphate binding are present. An unexpected finding was the homology of the deduced protein to calmodulin. Analysis of the deduced protein sequence shows a region near the carboxyl terminus containing two sequences homologous to "EF-hand" calcium-binding domains that are not present in the shorter yeast and bacterial homologues. The second of these domains appears to have features compatible with considerable affinity for calcium, whereas the first does not. The finding of a potential calcium-binding region is consistent with the known enhancement by calcium of the mammalian enzyme activity at low substrate concentrations and the lack of a requirement for calmodulin. This is the first report of EF-hands in a metabolic enzyme or in a mitochondrial protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Brown
- University of Wisconsin Childrens Diabetes Center, Madison 53706
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Fabrega AJ, Blanchard J, Rivas PA, Moran SM, Pollak R. Prolongation of rat heart allograft survival using cyclosporine and enisoprost, a prostaglandin E1 analog. Transplantation 1992; 53:1363-4. [PMID: 1604492 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199206000-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Fabrega
- Division of Transplantation, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612
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Abstract
We have studied the growth effects of conditioned media, interleukin-2 and PGE prostaglandin analogs on the glucocorticoid-sensitive human leukemic T-cell clone, CEM-C7. After 4 days, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone at approximately 10 nM kills 50% of CEM-C7 cells. To test the hypothesis that glucocorticoid-mediated lymphocytolysis was due to suppression of lymphokine expression only, we attempted to protect CEM-C7 cells from lysis by provision of lymphokine(s). Conditioned media from interleukin-2 secreting Jurkat T-cells as well as the glucocorticoid-insensitive, but receptor positive clone, CEM-C1, failed to prevent lymphocytolysis; exogenous interleukin-2 also did not provide protection. There were complex, biphasic interactions between dexamethasone and the synthetic PGEs, enisoprost and enisoprost free acid. Low doses of enisoprost alone (0.01 to 1 microgram/ml) stimulated growth, and in combinations completely reversed the growth inhibitory effects of 10 nM dexamethasone. Higher concentrations of enisoprost were inherently lethal and were additive to the steroid effect. Thus the glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis in this human leukemic T-cell line may be modified biphasically by PGE prostaglandins, depending on their concentration. However, interleukin-2 or components in the conditioned media assayed had no effect in ameliorating the lethal response to glucocorticoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Johnson
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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MacDonald MJ, Kaysen JH, Moran SM, Pomije CE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase. Sites of pretranslational regulation by glucose of glucose-induced insulin release in pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:22392-7. [PMID: 1939263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown previously that glucose-induced insulin release is completely absent in rat pancreatic islets that had been cultured for 1 day at low glucose (1 mM) and that it is restored by culturing islets for a 2nd day at high (20 mM) glucose (MacDonald, M. J., Fahien, L. A., McKenzie, D. I., and Moran, S. M. (1991) Am. J. Physiol. 259, E548-E554). It has been suggested that the incapacitation of glucose's insulinotropism is due to down-regulation of the synthesis of enzymes that process glucose's metabolic signal for insulin release. In the current study, results of metabolic, enzymic, and molecular biologic experiments were each consistent with (an) intramitochondrial site(s) of down-regulation in islets cultured at low glucose. Glucose metabolism was inhibited 80% in islets cultured at 1 mM glucose. The suppression of release of 14CO2 from [6-14C]glucose greater than from [U-14C]glucose greater than [3,4-14C]glucose greater than from [1-14C]glucose in islets cultured at low glucose indicated a mitochondrial site of down-regulation because C-6 of glucose can only be converted to CO2 in the citric acid cycle, whereas C-1 can be released as CO2 in the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase [corrected] reaction, and C-6 of glucose dwells in the citric acid cycle longer than carbons 2-5 of glucose. Since carbons 3 and 4 of glucose can be decarboxylated in the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction, incomplete suppression of CO2 formation from these carbons is consistent with suppression of pyruvate carboxylation as well as decarboxylation. Formation of 3HOH from [5-3H]glucose was equal in the two groups of islets, indicating that glycolysis as far as phosphoenolpyruvate was intact. This idea was supported by assays which showed that activities of enzymes of the glycolytic pathway between glucokinase/hexokinase and pyruvate kinase were equal in both types of islets. Additional studies indicated that regulation by glucose was at transcription of genes coding for some mitochondrial enzymes. Glucokinase, malic enzyme, and fumarase mRNAs were not affected by glucose, whereas the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit and pyruvate carboxylase mRNAs were decreased 85-90% in islets cultured at 1 mM glucose. Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was decreased to a similar extent in these islets. About 24 h was required for maximal (de)induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha and pyruvate carboxylase mRNAs, and the amounts of transcripts were proportional to the concentrations of glucose between 1 and 20 mM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M J MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706
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MacDonald MJ, McKenzie DI, Kaysen JH, Walker TM, Moran SM, Fahien LA, Towle HC. Glucose regulates leucine-induced insulin release and the expression of the branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit gene in pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:1335-40. [PMID: 1985951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Much evidence has accumulated to support the idea that leucine can stimulate insulin release by allosterically activating glutamate dehydrogenase thus enhancing glutamate metabolism. It is less clear how the metabolism of leucine itself contributes to the signal for insulin release. We recently found that culturing pancreatic islets for 1 day at low glucose (1 mM) suppressed glucose-induced insulin release, but preserved leucine-induced insulin release. When islets were cultured at high glucose (20 mM), glucose-induced insulin release was preserved, but leucine-induced insulin release was suppressed (MacDonald, M. J., Fahien, L. A., McKenzie, D. I., and Moran, S. M. (1990) Am. J. Physiol., 259, E548-E554). The suppression of leucine-induced insulin release can be explained by glucose's suppression of the synthesis of the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of leucine metabolism, branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDH). High glucose suppressed the enzyme activity of the E1 component of the BCKDH complex, as well as the total activity of the BCKDH complex, to usually negligible levels in islets and decreased by an average of 90% the mRNA which encodes E1 alpha, the catalytic subunit of the E1 component of BCKDH, in islets and rat insulinoma cells. Time course studies showed that about 24 h in culture was required to maximally induce or suppress the expression of BCKDH E1 alpha. Culture at high glutamine with or without leucine mimicked to a lesser and more variable degree the effects of high glucose on leucine-induced insulin release and BCKDH E1 alpha mRNA. Leucine-plus-glutamine-induced insulin release was present after culture of islets with glucose and with or without any other secretagogue. Also, glutamate dehydrogenase transcripts and enzyme activity were not significantly altered by varying the concentration of glucose in the culture medium. Thus, leucine's insulinotropism via activation of glutamate dehydrogenase is constitutive. Preproinsulin mRNA levels were markedly increased at high glucose and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase transcripts were either unaffected or slightly increased by glucose. Glutamine did not significantly effect the expression of genes other than BCKDH E1 alpha, and leucine had little or no effect on the expression of any of the four genes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M J MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706
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MacDonald MJ, McKenzie DI, Kaysen JH, Walker TM, Moran SM, Fahien LA, Towle HC. Glucose regulates leucine-induced insulin release and the expression of the branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit gene in pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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MacDonald MJ, Fahien LA, McKenzie DI, Moran SM. Novel effects of insulin secretagogues on capacitation of insulin release and survival of cultured pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol 1990; 259:E548-54. [PMID: 2221056 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1990.259.4.e548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Agents that stimulate insulin release from fresh pancreatic islets were tested for their ability to capacitate pancreatic islets to secrete insulin and to support beta-cell survival in tissue culture. Capacitation was defined as the ability to release insulin after 24 h in culture in the presence of an insulinotropic concentration of a secretagogue. Viable islets that lose glucose-induced insulin release gradually regain it during culture for 24 h in 20 mM glucose. Survival was defined as the ability to regain glucose-induced insulin release. To measure insulin release after culture, islets were incubated with various secretagogues in Krebs-Ringer buffer for 1 h. Examples of the diverse patterns of responses included the following. Glucose was the only secretagogue that capacitated glucose-induced release. Leucine-, leucine plus glutamine-, and glyceraldehyde-induced release remained capacitated after culture with no secretagogue. Culture at high glucose completely inhibited leucine-induced release. Culture at low glucose (1 mM) or at both high leucine and glutamine abolished glucose-induced release. Only leucine and glutamine capacitated monomethyl succinate-induced release. All agents including subinsulinotropic glucose (1 mM), except D-glyceraldehyde, permitted islet survival. Thus the metabolic pathways for initiation, capacitation, and survival are not identical between and within secretagogues. There is a reciprocal relationship between leucine and glucose with respect to capacitation. Capacitation follows a time course, which suggests that it is regulated by enzyme induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706
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Abstract
A sample of 261 elderly patients, most with a diagnosis of dementia, consecutively admitted to a geriatric psychiatry assessment ward, was assessed using the cognitive assessment scale (CAS) and behaviour rating scale (BRS) of CAPE. Scores of patients alive at four follow-up intervals were compared with those of non-survivors. On CAS, survivors scored significantly better at 18- and 48-month follow-up; and better, but not significantly so, at nine- and 36-month follow-up. On BRS, survivors scored significantly better at all four follow-up intervals. Only at 36-month follow-up did the scales predict survival of individual patients more efficiently than did base rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moran
- Tayside Area Clinical Psychology Department, Royal Dundee Liff Hospital, UK
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Abstract
Postischemic acute renal failure (ARF) induced by cardiac surgery is commonly prolonged and may be irreversible. To examine whether persistence of postischemic, tubular cell injury accounts for delayed recovery from ARF, we studied 10 patients developing protracted (36 +/- 4 d) ARF after cardiac surgery. The differential clearance and excretion dynamics of probe solutes of graded size were determined. Inulin clearance was depressed (5.0 +/- 1.7 ml/min), while the fractional urinary clearance of dextrans (radii 17-30 A) were elevated above unity. Employing a model of conservation of mass, we calculated that 44% of filtered inulin was lost via transtubular backleak. The clearance and fractional backleak of technetium-labeled DTPA ([99mTc]DTPA, radius = 4 A) were identical to those of inulin (radius 15 A). The time at which inulin or DTPA excretion reached a maximum after an intravenous bolus injection was markedly delayed when compared with control subjects with ARF of brief duration, 102 vs. 11 min. Applying a three-compartment model of inulin/DTPA kinetics (which takes backleak into account) revealed the residence time of intravenously administered inulin/DTPA in the compartment occupied by tubular fluid and urine to be markedly prolonged, 20 vs. 6 min in controls, suggesting reduced velocity of tubular fluid flow. We conclude that protracted human ARF is characterized by transtubular backleak of glomerular ultrafiltrate, such that inulin clearance underestimates true glomerular filtration rate by approximately 50%, and by sluggish tubular fluid flow, which strongly suggests the existence of severe and generalized intraluminal tubular obstruction. Because all patients also exhibited extreme hyperreninemia (16 +/- 2 ng/ml per h) that was inversely related to inulin clearance (r value = -0.83) and urine flow (r value = -0.70), we propose that persistent, angiotensin II-mediated renal vasoconstriction may have delayed healing of the injured tubular epithelium.
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Abstract
A computerized model of creatinine kinetics was developed to predict the relationship between creatinine clearance [G(t)] and plasma creatinine concentration [C(t)] in patients with postischemic acute renal failure (ARF). A comparison of predicted to measured values in 35 episodes of ARF in 27 patients revealed three patterns of declining G(t) following an ischemic insult. Pattern A, characterized by an abrupt step decrement in G(t) following an isolated renal ischemic episode lasting minutes or hours, was observed in nine patients. It was followed invariably by an immediate ramp increment in G(t), despite which C(t) continued to increase for several days. Urinary indices during the period of increasing azotemia were consistent with the resolving stage of ARF. Patterns B (N = 15) and C (N = 11) were associated with persistent renal ischemia of long (days to weeks) duration and were respectively characterized by prolonged ramp or exponential decrements in G(t). A concurrent increase in C(t) was associated with urinary indices typical of the maintenance or sustained stage of ARF. Recovery of G(t) was observed in only two-thirds of patterns B and C cases and took the form of a ramp or exponential increment. Because G(t) and total body water were changing rapidly in ARF, changes in measured plasma creatinine levels alone failed to identify these patterns of deteriorating or improving renal function. However, when the computerized model was used in conjunction with daily measured values of C(t) and body weight and occasional estimates of G(t), the course and prognosis of ARF in individual patients were illuminated.
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Moran SM, Jamison RL. The variable hyponatremic response to hyperglycemia. West J Med 1985; 142:49-53. [PMID: 3976219 PMCID: PMC1305926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia may lower the plasma sodium concentration. Theoretical analyses have suggested that elevations in glucose concentration produce an invariant hyponatremic response. We propose, however, that change in plasma sodium concentration in response to hyperglycemia is variable and depends on (1) the distribution of total body water and solute, (2) the relationship between the gain of extracellular glucose and the loss of intracellular solute and (3) the intake and loss of solute and water. These factors are incorporated into a formulation of the relationship between the plasma sodium and glucose concentrations.
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Abstract
Inadequately treated syphilis predisposes the patient to the long-term complications of his disease. Neuropathic arthropathy (the Charcot joint), especially when axial or spinal, is critical to diagnosis, but is sometimes overlooked. We have reported a patient with syphilis, both neurologic and joint disease, and included the first computed tomographic views of vertebral syphilitic osteitis.
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Moran SM. The spectrum of lymphocytopenia. J Okla State Med Assoc 1981; 74:327-33. [PMID: 7200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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