Clinical Spectrum and Treatment of Odontogenic Myxoma: Analysis of 37 Cases

Background

Odontogenic myxoma is one of the benign mesenchymal odontogenic tumours with aggressive behaviour and showed slow and asymptomatic expansion, the second until the third decade of life is the most targeted age group. With high female preponderance, about the management, surgical management is the only option concerning this odontogenic pathology with a variety of treatment options. This study aims to analyse a series of 37 patients with odontogenic myxoma treated in a single institution.

Materials and method

In total, 37 patients with odontogenic myxoma were treated at KTDH in Sudan and were retrospectively reviewed. With the analysis of medical records of all patients diagnosed with odontogenic myxoma and the related variables, data were analysed using the SPSS statistical program (version 23).

Results

Most of the cases were females (26 patients 70.27%), and males were about (11 patients 29.73%). In most of the cases maxilla was affected more than the mandible (25 cases, 67.57%) mostly in its posterior segment (32 cases, 86.49). The most age group affected was the group of cases (0-20) which were about 18 cases (48.65%). In total, 35 of the cases noticed swelling (94.59%), while 14 noticed tooth mobility (37.84%) and paraesthesia was a positive finding in just one case (2.70%). In total, 12 patients (32.43%) had a positive history of tooth extraction related to the lesion, and recurrence was positive in (64, 86%).

Conclusion

Odontogenic myxoma is locally aggressive. There is no gold standard protocol for surgical treatment so choosing the most suitable and reliable treatment option relay on the operator taking into consideration the characteristic of each case and the recurrence rate with the associated postoperative impairments.

Mental Health Impact among Survivors from COVID 19 Pneumonia, Almoosa Hospital Experience

Introduction

COVID-19 is associated with mental manifestations, Anxiety and depression appear to be common amongst people hospitalized for COVID-19.

Objectives

evaluate the emotional stress resulting from infection and assess its impact on the mental health of patients who recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia.

Methods

It is a cross-sectional study, The mental health assessment tool DASS2 (Arabic version) was applied in collecting the data for the study. Demographic characteristics, chronic disease status, COVID 19 pneumonia, oxygen saturation level were recorded at the follow-up visit, soon after the psychiatric evaluation. Psychological distress was assessed An Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to assess the mental health status. Statistical analysis by (SPSS, version 25).

Results

466 patients were consented prior to enrollment in the study, out of the total respondents; (53.2%) were females, anxiety rate was found in (18%), stress in (17%), and depression in (14%) of the patients, significantly elevated blood levels of the inflammatory marker in patients with depression and anxiety, increase in the rates of depression with male gender, increasing age and longer duration of ICU stay respectively, with non-significant p-values. There was also a small increase in the period stayed in ICU among those who developed depression and anxiety. Reduced oxygen saturation in COVID-19 patients with depression was 4 times those with no depression.

Conclusions

prolonged ICU stays and reduced oxygen saturation was associated with a high rate of depression in patients with COVID-19, as well as elevated levels of the inflammatory marker D-dimer with depression and anxiety.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

511 Organising A Surgical Conference During The COVID-19 Pandemic – Is It ‘Virtually’ The Same?

Introduction

Surgical conferences are invaluable events for healthcare professionals; they provide opportunities to engage with upcoming scientific discoveries, network professionally with peers as well as expand learning through lectures and workshops. For medical students, conferences provide an opportunity to expand understanding beyond the undergraduate curriculum in an interactive manner. COVID-19 has caused disruption to the organisation and attendance of in-person conferences (IPCs). Virtual conferences (VCs) offer a viable solution, allowing delegates to attend from the comfort of their own homes.

Method

The aim of our study was to evaluate an organised VC and explore the perceived benefits and limitations of VCs compared to IPCs. A virtual one-day trauma & orthopaedics (T&O) conference was organised involving lectures, workshops, poster, and oral presentations. Anonymous questionnaire forms were distributed to delegates following the conference to assess the aims of our paper.

Results

From 106 responses, 96.2% rated the conference as ‘Excellent’ or ‘Good’ with 92.5% stating that it increased their passion for T&O surgery. Based on a five-point Likert scale (5= strongly agree, 1= strongly disagree), mean score of agreement for preferring VCs to IPCs was 3.30(± 1.24). Key advantages of the VC were a lower cost (70.8%) and not having to travel (77.4%), whereas the main limitation was the inability to participate in hands-on workshops (84.9%).

Conclusions

Despite the success of our VC, delegate feedback indicates a mixed response comparing VCs to IPCs. We share our findings to encourage similar events to be organised and for other specialties.

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on time to angiography and outcomes in patients presenting with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on healthcare service delivery. Acute cardiovascular care however remains a priority despite the pandemic. Patients presenting with non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) have been poorly characterised during the pandemic.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with NSTEMI during the peak of the pandemic between April-May 2020 at our tertiary centre in the UK. Data was collected from electronic patient clinical records including time from admission to angiography, length of stay, mortality, prescription of secondary prevention pharmacotherapy and referral to cardiac rehabilitation. We compared this data to the same time period in 2019.

Results

As can be seen from Table 1, in 2020, the mean age, median time to angiography and length of stay were all significantly lower than the control period of 2019. Prescription of secondary prevention medication (Aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitor, Beta-blocker, Statin and ACEi/ARB) and referral to cardiac rehabilitation also improved in 2020, however neither was statistically significant.

During the 2020 period, 1 patient died due to late presentation NSTEMI and multi-organ failure. There were 3 deaths in 2019: complications following coronary bypass surgery, upper GI bleed and a subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Conclusion

Our results show that the mean age of the patients presenting with NSTEMI during the peak of Covid-19 pandemic was younger suggesting that elderly patients failed to present. Compared to 2019, there was significant improvement in patient treatment times with a significantly shorter stay in hospital, probably as a result of the reduction in elective activity allowing un-restrained access to the catheter labs.  We also saw improvement in prescription for secondary prevention and referral to cardiac rehabilitation services during this time suggesting that there may have been improved focus on these aspects of care again.

A234 EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF STOOL SUPERNATANTS FROM IBS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS ON THE EXCITABILITY OF DRG NEURONS

Background

Abdominal pain is commonly described in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but the underlying mechanisms are currently unclear. The stool metabolomic and microbiota profiles of IBS and healthy patients have shown distinct differences. Additionally, IBS stool supernatants have previously been demonstrated to induce hypersensitivity of nociceptive nerves in the ex vivo mouse colon, suggesting that mediators in the stool can sensitize nociceptors. However, the effects of healthy control (HC) or IBS patient stool supernatants on the excitability of DRG neurons have not been clarified.

Aims

To evaluate the effect of HC and IBS supernatant on DRG neurons.

Methods

HC (n=8 patients) or IBS (n=10 patients) stool was collected, dissolved and homogenized with bicarbonate-buffered Krebs solution at 37°C in a 1/10 dilution. DRG neurons from C57BL/6 mice were dissociated and incubated overnight with HC or IBS supernatant in a Krebs dissolution. Changes in DRG neuronal excitability were recorded using perforated patch-clamp techniques to measure the rheobase (amount of current needed to elicit an action potential). The effect of the IBS and HC stool supernatants on the resting membrane potential (RMP) was also recorded.

Results

Overnight incubations with supernatant of HC stool diluted in Krebs solution (n=28 neurons) did not significantly decrease the rheobase compared to control neurons (n=22) (62.7 ± 3.9 pA vs 64.2 ± 2.7 pA). In a parallel experiment, we evaluated the effect of IBS stool supernatants diluted in Krebs (n=52 neurons) and found that they significantly decreased the rheobase compared to the supernatant of HC diluted in Krebs and control neurons (52.3 ± 2.3; p<0.05). The data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Incubations with IBS supernatant decreased the RMP compared to HC supernatant (-42.6 ± 0.6 mV vs. -46.0 ± 0.9 mV; p<0.01), which was calculated with an unpaired t-test.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that mediators in IBS stool increase the excitability of DRG neurons compared to HC stool supernatant, and thus may contribute to pain signaling in IBS patients.

Funding Agencies

CIHR

Dengue, chikungunya and Zika in GeoSentinel surveillance of international travellers: a literature review from 1995 to 2020

INTRODUCTION

GeoSentinel is a global surveillance network of travel medicine providers seeing ill-returned travellers. Much of our knowledge on health problems and infectious encountered by international travellers has evolved as a result of GeoSentinel surveillance, providing geographic and temporal trends in morbidity among travellers while contributing to improved pre-travel advice. We set out to synthesize epidemiological information, clinical manifestations and time trends for dengue, chikungunya and Zika in travellers as captured by GeoSentinel.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed on international travellers who presented with dengue, chikungunya or Zika virus infections to GeoSentinel sites around the world from 1995 until 2020.

RESULTS

Of 107 GeoSentinel publications, 42 articles were related to dengue, chikungunya and/or Zika. The final analyses and synthesis of and results presented here are based on the findings from 27 original articles covering the three arboviral diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

Dengue is the most frequent arboviral disease encountered in travellers presenting to GeoSentinel sites, with increasing trends over the past two decades. In Southeast Asia, annual proportionate morbidity increased from 50 dengue cases per 1000 ill returned travellers in non-epidemic years to an average of 159 cases per 1000 travellers during epidemic years. The highest number of travellers with chikungunya virus infections was reported during the chikungunya outbreak in the Americas and the Caribbean in the years 2013-16. Zika was first reported by GeoSentinel already in 2012, but notifications peaked in the years 2016-17 reflecting the public health emergency in the Americas at the time.

Awareness and Preparedness of Field Epidemiology Training Program Graduates to Respond to COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

The Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) is a 2-year training program in applied epidemiology. FETP graduates have contributed significantly to improvements in surveillance systems, control of infectious diseases, and outbreak investigations in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).

OBJECTIVE

Considering the instrumental roles of FETP graduates during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis, this study aimed to assess their awareness and preparedness to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in three EMR countries.

METHODS

An online survey was sent to FETP graduates in the EMR in March 2020. The FETP graduates were contacted by email and requested to fill out an online survey. Sufficient number of responses were received from only three countries-Jordan, Sudan, and Yemen. A few responses were received from other countries, and therefore, they were excluded from the analysis. The questionnaire comprised a series of questions pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of the epidemiology of COVID-19, and preparedness to respond to COVID-19.

RESULTS

This study included a total of 57 FETP graduates (20 from Jordan, 13 from Sudan, and 24 from Yemen). A total of 31 (54%) graduates had attended training on COVID-19, 29 (51%) were members of a rapid response team against COVID-19, and 54 (95%) had previous experience in response to disease outbreaks or health emergencies. The vast majority were aware of the main symptoms, mode of transmission, high-risk groups, and how to use personal protective equipment. A total of 46 (81%) respondents considered themselves well prepared for the COVID-19 outbreak, and 40 (70%) reported that they currently have a role in supporting the country's efforts in the management of COVID-19 outbreak.

CONCLUSIONS

The FETP graduates in Jordan, Sudan, and Yemen were fully aware of the epidemiology of COVID-19 and the safety measures required, and they are well positioned to investigate and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, they should be properly and efficiently utilized by the Ministries of Health to investigate and respond to the current COVID-19 crisis where the needs are vastly growing and access to outside experts is becoming limited.

The Role of the Global Health Development/Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network and the Eastern Mediterranean Field Epidemiology Training Programs in Preparedness for COVID-19

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020. Countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) have a high vulnerability and variable capacity to respond to outbreaks. Many of these countries addressed the need for increasing capacity in the areas of surveillance and rapid response to public health threats. Moreover, countries addressed the need for communication strategies that direct the public to actions for self- and community protection. This viewpoint article aims to highlight the contribution of the Global Health Development (GHD)/Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET) and the EMR’s Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETPs) to prepare for and respond to the current COVID-19 threat. GHD/EMPHNET has the scientific expertise to contribute to elevating the level of country alert and preparedness in the EMR and to provide technical support through health promotion, training and training materials, guidelines, coordination, and communication. The FETPs are currently actively participating in surveillance and screening at the ports of entry, development of communication materials and guidelines, and sharing information to health professionals and the public. However, some countries remain ill-equipped, have poor diagnostic capacity, and are in need of further capacity development in response to public health threats. It is essential that GHD/EMPHNET and FETPs continue building the capacity to respond to COVID-19 and intensify support for preparedness and response to public health emergencies.

Obsessive compulsive Personality Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder Traits in the Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Clinic

Introduction

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) is a common, highly co-morbid disorder. Subjected to comparatively little research, OCPD shares aspects of phenomenology and neuropsychology with obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A greater understanding of this interrelationship would provide new insights into its diagnostic classification and generate new research and treatment heuristics.

Aims

To investigate the distribution of OCPD traits within a cohort of OCD patients. To evaluate the clinical overlap between traits of OCPD, OCD and ASD, as well as level of insight and treatment resistance.

Method

We interviewed 73 consenting patients from a treatment seeking OCD Specialist Service. We evaluated the severity of OCPD traits (Compulsive Personality Assessment Scale; CPAS), OCD symptoms (Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; Y-BOCS), ASD traits (Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient; AQ) and insight (Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale; BABS).

Results

Out of 67 patients, 24 (36%) met DSM-IV criteria for OCPD, defined using the CPAS. Using Pearson's test, CPAS scores significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with total AQ and selected AQ domains but not with BABS. Borderline significant correlation was observed with Y-BOCS (P = 0.07). OCPD was not over-represented in a highly resistant OCD subgroup.

Conclusion

Disabling OCPD traits are common in the OCD clinic. They strongly associate with ASD traits, less strongly with OCD severity and do not appear related to poor insight or highly treatment-resistant OCD. The impact of OCPD on OCD treatment outcomes requires further research.

Disclosure of interest

This work did not receive funding from external sources. Over the past few years, Dr. Fineberg has received financial support in various forms from the following: Shire, Otsuka, Lundbeck, Glaxo-SmithKline, Servier, Cephalon, Astra Zeneca, Jazz pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Medical Research Council (UK), National Institute for Health Research (UK), Wellcome Foundation, European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, UK College of Mental Health Pharmacists, British Association for Psychopharmacology, International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders, International Society for Behavioural Addiction, World Health Organization, Royal College of Psychiatrists.

A130 RETROGRADE TRACING ANALYSIS OF THE SENSORY INNERVATION OF THE MOUSE COLON

Background

Visceral pain is a primary symptom of many gastrointestinal diseases. One feature of visceral pain is its vague localization. We hypothesized that overlap in the receptive fields of spinal primary afferent neurons that innervate the gut may contribute to this vague localization. Many studies have confirmed that the proximal and distal colon are mainly innervated by spinal afferent neurons with cell bodies in thoraco-lumbar and lumbo-sacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG), respectively. However, no murine studies have examined whether individual DRG neurons simultaneously innervate both proximal and distal colon.

Aims

To determine the extent of overlap in receptive fields of colon-projecting DRG neurons.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice (n=8) were anesthetized, and two retrograde neuronal tracers with distinct fluorescence emission spectra (Fast blue and DiI) were injected separately into the smooth muscle layers of proximal and distal colon. Mice were left for 10–13 days for dye transport, before being euthanized. Thoraco, lumbar and lumbo-sacral DRGs (T8-13, L1-4, L5-S2) were dissected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight. 12μm cryostat sections were obtained and analyzed using a fluorescent microscope equipped with filter cubes that detect Fast blue and DiI.

Results

When DiI was injected into the proximal colon, we observed labelling to be highest in T8-13 DRG with 12.6 +/- 4.5% of cell bodies labelled, followed by L1-4 was (8.2 +/- 1.4%) and in L5-S2 (6.5 +/- 0.8%). DiI injections into the distal colon resulted in labelling of similar numbers of neurons labelled in T8-13 and L1-4 ganglia, whereas half as many neurons were labelled in L5-S2 ganglia. This data shows that the majority of spinal afferent innervation of the colon originates in thoracolumbar DRG. Most importantly, 26.4% and 17.6% of thoracolumbar and lumbo-sacral DRG neurons labelled by Fast blue injection into the proximal colon were also double-labelled by DiI injected into the distal colon. Similarly, 16.6% and 13.8% of neurons in thoracolumbar and lumbosacral DRG labelled by Fast blue injection into the distal colon were double-labelled by DiI injected into the proximal colon.

Conclusions

These data reveal a surprisingly large number of DRG neurons that innervate the colon have receptive fields that cover both the proximal and distal colon, which may contribute to the poor spatial localization of pain emanating from the colon.

Funding Agencies

CCC, CIHR

Issues in halal food product labelling: a conceptual paper

The paper was aimed to uncover the issues encountered on Halal Food Product labelling to prevent the misuse of Islamic attributes in food products labelling and to ensure the appropriate trademarks, terms, and label used on the packaging and marketing strategy. The method used for this conceptual paper was from literature reviews from journal articles, thesis, proceedings and conferences, books, and online news, which are related to the keywords and research area. Trademarks and labels are among the crucial elements in marketing, which enable the consumer to differentiate the quality, the ingredients and will affect the consumers’ buying choice. Recently there is a trend of using Islamic attributes in food product labelling as trademarks to attract Muslim consumers. The issues encountered on halal food product labelling are the use of Quranic verses on the drink, the term “Sunnah food”, using Islamic terms such as “Masjid”, “Mukmin”, and others in food products’ trademark and label. The consumers were deceived into thinking that these products have extra benefits as compared to others due to Islamic attributes they have. Thus, there is a need for an in-depth study on these issues since there is no clear and specific guideline on this matter.

Overlap of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder traits among OCD outpatients: an exploratory study

Background: Whereas the phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) shows similarities to that of obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) as well as with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the relationship between these disorders is poorly understood.Aims: Within a clinical sample, we aimed to investigate the distribution of OCD, OCPD and ASD symptoms and traits and their interrelationship, as well as to evaluate insight and treatment refractoriness.Methods: Consecutive adult OCD outpatients were assessed for OCPD traits (Compulsive Personality Assessment Scale (CPAS)), OCD symptoms (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)), ASD traits (Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)), insight (Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS)) and treatment resistance (clinical records). Those scoring highly on the AQ underwent a diagnostic interview for ASD.Results: Sixty-seven consenting individuals completed the CPAS, BABS and AQ, and 65 completed the Y-BOCS. Twenty-four patients (35.8%) were diagnosed with OCPD. Patients with OCPD were less likely to be employed (p=.04). They demonstrated elevated AQ scores (p=.004) and rates of ASD diagnosis (54.2%) (p <.001). OCPD traits (CPAS) showed a highly significant correlation with ASD traits (AQ) (p<.001), and no association with Y-BOCS, BABS or treatment resistance.Conclusions: In an OCD cohort limited by small size, OCPD associated strongly with unemployment and ASD, with implications for diagnosis, treatment and outcome.KEY POINTSClinicians should exercise a high level of vigilance for OCPD and ASD in patients presenting with obsessive compulsive symptoms.The presence of OCPD may indicate a likelihood of disabling ASD traits, including cognitive inflexibility, poor central coherence and poor social communication.These neuropsychological factors may require separate clinical intervention strategies.

OC 8716 ENHANCING RESEARCH ETHICS REVIEW CAPACITY IN SUDAN

Background

In Sudan, there is an increase in health research in a situation of scarce resources and limited counteractive quality assurance in research ethics. The aim of this project was to enhance the ethical review system in Sudan.

Methods

Our framework for enhancing the ethical review capacity was based on the context of Sudan with emphasis on governance, coordination, feasibility, efficiency and sustainability. Activities conducted to achieve our goals included reviewing the guidelines that govern human subjects research, enhancing the governance of national authorities (National Health Research Ethics Committee and National Medicine and Poisons Board), improving coordination between the national authorities by developing a consensus clarifying their roles and functions, capacity building for the oversight bodies and institutional ethical review committees (RECs) as well as establishing a network of research ethics committees.

Results

The guidelines that govern human subjects research in Sudan were reviewed and updated. In addition, a consensus document was endorsed to clarify the roles of the national regulatory authorities creating channels of coordination and cooperation between them and institutional RECs. Thirty-nine RECs from different parts of Sudan have been trained and the results of the pre/post test have shown an increase in the knowledge score among trainees (p<0.05). The project has also provided a platform for sharing experiences and maintaining partnerships with regional and international institutes in addition to provision of technical support for newly established RECs.

Conclusion

We believe that the array of activities conducted through this project had enhanced the governance, coordination, feasibility and, efficiency of the ethical review system in Sudan.

Critical care usage after major gastrointestinal and liver surgery: a prospective, multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND

Patient selection for critical care admission must balance patient safety with optimal resource allocation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between critical care admission, and postoperative mortality after abdominal surgery.

METHODS

This prespecified secondary analysis of a multicentre, prospective, observational study included consecutive patients enrolled in the DISCOVER study from UK and Republic of Ireland undergoing major gastrointestinal and liver surgery between October and December 2014. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore associations between critical care admission (planned and unplanned) and mortality, and inter-centre variation in critical care admission after emergency laparotomy.

RESULTS

Of 4529 patients included, 37.8% (n=1713) underwent planned critical care admissions from theatre. Some 3.1% (n=86/2816) admitted to ward-level care subsequently underwent unplanned critical care admission. Overall 30-day mortality was 2.9% (n=133/4519), and the risk-adjusted association between 30-day mortality and critical care admission was higher in unplanned [odds ratio (OR): 8.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.51-19.97) than planned admissions (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.43-3.85). Some 26.7% of patients (n=1210/4529) underwent emergency laparotomies. After adjustment, 49.3% (95% CI: 46.8-51.9%, P<0.001) were predicted to have planned critical care admissions, with 7% (n=10/145) of centres outside the 95% CI.

CONCLUSIONS

After risk adjustment, no 30-day survival benefit was identified for either planned or unplanned postoperative admissions to critical care within this cohort. This likely represents appropriate admission of the highest-risk patients. Planned admissions in selected, intermediate-risk patients may present a strategy to mitigate the risk of unplanned admission. Substantial inter-centre variation exists in planned critical care admissions after emergency laparotomies.

Effects of the Razor Clam Tagelus plebeius on the Fate of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: A Mesocosm Experiment

The relationship between organisms and contaminants may be a two-way interaction: contaminants affecting the biota and the biota affecting the environmental fate and distribution of the contaminants. This may be especially so for sediment-dwelling organisms, because their burrowing and feeding can drastically influence sediment characteristics. The present study looked at the influence of the suspension-feeding stout razor clam Tagelus plebeius on the distribution of crude oil and pyrene in greenhouse mesocosm experiments. Water column turbidity and sediment redox also were monitored during the 15- to 30-day exposures to provide information on the influence of hydrocarbons and the razor clams on environmental conditions. For the experiment with crude oil, sediment was taken from the mesocosms at the end of the experiment, and the hydrocarbon-degradation potential was assessed in incubations with ¹⁴C-naphthalene. The experiments used four treatments: hydrocarbons present/absent and razor clams present/absent. Hydrocarbon dosing levels were relatively low (1 mL of oil or 30 mg of pyrene per mesocosm with 22 L of natural sediment and 11 L of seawater). The presence of the razor clams resulted in hydrocarbon concentrations at the sediment surface being 25% lower than in mesocosms without clams. No consistent effects were noted for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the water column or in subsurface sediment. The naphthalene-degradation potential was elevated for sediment from mesocosms dosed with oil, but the presence of the clams did not affect this potential. The presence of the razor clams resulted in a lowering of water column turbidity, but no effect on sediment redox. The hydrocarbon addition had no effect on turbidity, but sediment redox was lowered. While results show that the presence of the razor clams resulted in a loss of hydrocarbons from the surface sediment, the other results do not provide a clear picture of the underlying mechanisms and the fate of the PAHs lost from the sediment surface. We hypothesize that the loss of surface sediment PAHs was due to burial of surface sediment and possibly bioaccumulation by the clams. While additional research is needed for further insights into underlying mechanisms, the present work demonstrates that the presence of sediment-burrowing suspension feeders decreases hydrocarbon levels in surface sediment. This means that assessments of the impact of an oil spill should pay attention to effects on these organisms and to their influence on the fate and distribution of the spilled oil.

Transitions into puberty and access to sexual and reproductive health information in two humanitarian settings: a cross-sectional survey of very young adolescents from Somalia and Myanmar

Background

Very young adolescents (VYA) in humanitarian settings are largely neglected in terms of sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This study describes the characteristics of VYA aged 10-14 years in two humanitarian settings, focusing on transitions into puberty and access to SRH information.

Methods

Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey with Somali VYA residing in the Kobe refugee camp in Ethiopia (N = 406) and VYA from Myanmar residing in the Mae Sot and Phop Phra migrant communities in Thailand (N = 399). The average age was 12 years (about half were girls) in both communities. Participants were recruited using multi-stage cluster-based sampling with probability proportional to size in each site. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sociodemographic, family, peer, and schooling characteristics and to explore transitions into puberty and access to SRH information.

Results

Most VYA in both sites reported living with both parents; nine in ten reported feeling that their parents/guardians care about them, and over half said that their parents/guardians monitor how and with whom they spend their free time. High proportions in both sites were currently enrolled in school (91.4% Somali, 87.0% from Myanmar). Few VYA, particularly those aged 10-12, reported starting puberty, although one in four Somali indicated not knowing whether they did so. Most girls from Myanmar who had started menstruating reported access to menstrual hygiene supplies (water, sanitation, cloths/pads). No Somali girls reported access to all these supplies. While over half of respondents in both sites reported learning about body changes, less than 20% had learnt about pregnancy and the majority (87.4% Somali, 78.6% from Myanmar) indicated a need for more information about body changes. Parents/guardians were the most common source of SRH information in both sites, however VYA indicated that they would like more information from friends, siblings, teachers and health workers.

Conclusions

This study highlights gaps in SRH information necessary for healthy transitions through puberty and supplies for menstrual hygiene in two humanitarian settings. VYA in these settings expressed closeness to their parents/guardians and the majority were in school. Introducing early SRH interventions that involve parents and educational centers may thus yield promising results, providing VYA with the necessary skills for understanding and dealing with their pubertal and sexual development.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13031-017-0127-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Prevalence of Wrist Ganglia in an Asymptomatic Population: Magnetic Resonance Evaluation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on the wrists of 103 asymptomatic volunteers. The images were evaluated independently by two musculoskeletal radiologists and one orthopaedic surgeon. Wrist ganglia were identified in 53 out of the 103 wrists. The average long and short axes measurements were 8 mm (range 3–22) and 3 mm (range 2–10), respectively. Seventy per cent of the ganglia originated from the palmar capsule in the region of the interval between the radioscaphocapitate ligament and the long radiolunate ligament. Fourteen per cent of the ganglia were dorsal and originated from the dorsal, distal fibres of the scapholunate ligament. Two ganglia had surrounding soft tissue oedema and one had an associated intraosseous component. Unlike previous surgical and pathological series, our study showed that palmar wrist ganglia are more common than dorsal wrist ganglia. The vast majority of these asymptomatic ganglia occur without associated ligamentous disruption, soft tissue oedema or intraosseous communication.

Computed tomography in diagnosis and staging of the retroperitoneal tumors

The main role of retroperitoneal tumor diagnosis is the imaging examination. Diagnostic imaging is essential for describing and predicting lesion integrity limits adjacent organs.

Methods. The results are based on a sample of 53 patients admitted in the Urology Clinic and investigated during the period 1 January 2005 - 31 December 2014. Results. CT scan for retroperitoneal tumor: vascular tumors are diagnosed in 100% of cases, while endocrine tumors and lymphomas values are between 50-66.67% in terms of a positive diagnosis. In 54.71% of cases studied was identified retroperitoneal tumor invasion into adjacent structures (29 patients), and for 12 cases (22.64%) CT scan was not conclusive enough. CT scan investigation to identify metastasis has statistical significance (p <0.01) according to the different types of retroperitoneal tumors, there were on average 35% for highlighting values of peritumoral lymph nodes and 13% for metastases. The relationship between retroperitoneal tumor size detected by CT (coefficient R =0.736) than those found intraoperative CT examination reveals that tends to underestimate the retroperitoneal tumor size.

Conclusions. Imaging diagnosis is mainframe of positive diagnosis for retroperitoneal tumors. CT scanning bring data not only on tumor location, but also about the nature of injuries (cystic or solid), presence or absence of necrosis, invasion of adjacent structures and abdominal metastases.

Radiation doses in chest, abdomen and pelvis CT procedures

Computed tomography (CT) scanning is recognised as a high-radiation dose modality and estimated to be 17 % of the radiological procedure and responsible for 70 % of medical radiation exposure. Although diagnostic X rays provide great benefits, their use involves some risk for developing cancer. The objectives of this study are to estimate radiation doses during chest, abdomen and pelvis CT. A total of 51 patients were examined for the evaluation of metastasis of a diagnosed primary tumour during 4 months. A calibrated CT machine from Siemens 64 slice was used. The mean age was 48.0 ± 18.6 y. The mean patient weight was 73.8 ± 16.1 kg. The mean dose-length product was 1493.8 ± 392.1 mGy cm, Volume CT dose index (CTDI vol) was 22.94 ± 5.64 mGy and the mean effective dose was 22.4 ± 5.9 mSv per procedure. The radiation dose per procedure was higher as compared with previous studies. Therefore, the optimisation of patient's radiation doses is required in order to reduce the radiation risk.

Clinico-Radiologic Profile of Spinal Cord Multiple Sclerosis in Adults

MRI is extremely useful for the assessment of initial disease burden and to identify the dissemination of the multiple sclerosis (MS) in time and space. Though MRI of the spinal cord is not used to establish the diagnosis of MS, spinal cord is frequently involved in this disease and there has been increasing emphasis of the spinal imaging in making clinical decision in the management of MS. We undertook a retrospective study of patients with diagnosed MS: 1) to identify radiologic pattern of spinal cord involvement in MS and 2) to correlate radiologic findings with clinical presentation. We reviewed radiologic records from 2004 to 2009 of patients with abnormal T2 signal intensity of the spinal cord with radiologic concern of demyelinating disease. Patients in this cohort who met the Revised McDonald MS Diagnostic Criteria were included in this study. 166 patients were included in the study. There was preference for cervical spinal cord particularly posterior aspect of the spinal cord. Enhancement of the lesions was rare (4.1%). Mean lesion length was 18.2 mm. The average number of lesions per patient was 2.04. Sensory symptoms were predominating and most of the patients had relapsing-remitting course. Patients with sensory symptoms, bladder and bowel involvement and motor symptoms had almost equally distributed lesions among anterior, posterior and central spinal cord. However, all of the patients presented with posterior column signs and gait abnormality had involvement of the posterior spinal cord. Radiologic manifestation of spinal cord MS is extremely variable and can involve the entire length of the spinal cord. Clinical symptoms may or may not be associated with radiologic presentation of the lesions.