Differences in Glycerolipid Response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Starchless Mutant to High Light and Nitrogen Deprivation Stress Under Three Carbon Supply Regimes

Carbon source serves as a crucial factor for microalgal lipid biosynthesis. The supplied exogenous inorganic or organic carbon affects lipid accumulation in microalgae under stress conditions. However, the impacts of different carbon availability on glycerolipid metabolism, triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in particular, still remain elusive in microalgae. Chlamydomonas starchless mutant BAFJ5 has emerged as a model system to study TAG metabolism, due to its property of hyper-accumulating TAG. In this study, the glycerolipidomic response of the starchless BAFJ5 to high light and nitrogen-deprived (HL-N) stress was deciphered in detail to distinguish glycerolipid metabolism under three carbon supply regimes. The results revealed that the autotrophically and mixotrophically grown BAFJ5 cells aerated with air containing 2% CO2 presented similar changes in growth, photosynthetic activity, biochemical components, and glycerolipid metabolism under HL-N conditions. But the mixotrophically grown BAFJ5 aerated with air containing 0.04% CO2 exhibited more superior accumulation in TAG, which was esterified with a significantly higher proportion of C18:1n9 and prominently the lower proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, these cells increased the relative levels of C18:2n6 in the membrane lipids, i.e., monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), in priority, and decreased that of C18:3n3 and C18:4n3 in the betaine lipid, N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine diacylglycerol (DGTS), subsequently, to adapt to the HL-N stress conditions, compared to the cells under the other two conditions. Thus, it was suggested that C. reinhardtii starchless mutant appeared to present distinct metabolism for TAG biosynthesis involving membrane lipid remodeling under distinct carbon supply regimes. This study provides insights into how the different carbon supply regimes affect lipid metabolism in Chlamydomonas starchless cells, which will benefit the optimized production of storage lipids in microalgae.

[Applied research of ultrasound attenuation parameter in the diagnosis of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, establish a diagnostic model, and value of ultrasound attenuation parameters (UAP) to diagnose hepatic steatosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and its relevant disorders. Methods: 3770 cases were selected from the Health Examination Center of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University between October to December 2020. MAFLD diagnosis was based on the Asia-Pacific region MAFLD clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines. The degree of hepatic steatosis was divided into mild, moderate and severe according to ultrasound imaging. UAP, clinical characteristic indexes, serum biochemical indexes, characteristics of hepatic steatosis and related factors were compared and analyzed in MAFLD patients and healthy controls. Logistic regression method was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting the progression of hepatic steatosis in MAFLD to establish the diagnostic model. The clinical efficacy of UAP and the new model in diagnosing MAFLD was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). One-way ANOVA was used to compare means among multiple groups. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare non-normally distributed measurement data between the two groups, and rank-sum test was used to compare multiple groups. χ² test was used to compare count data between groups. Results: Among the 3 770 cases, 650 were MAFLD, with a prevalence rate of 17.24%, and the highest prevalence was 37.23% in the age group of 60-69. The prevalence rate was significantly higher in male than female (30.34% vs. 9.17%). Age-sex analysis showed that the prevalence rate in males aged 30-69 years was 38.26%, and that in females aged over 60 years was 31.94%. UAP was significantly higher in patients with MAFLD than healthy controls (278.55 dB/m vs. 220.90 dB/m, Z=-12.592, P＜0.001), and an increasing trend with increased degree of hepatic steatosis (mild:257.20 dB/m, moderate:286.20 dB/m, and severe: 315.00 dB/m) were observed. The cut-off values of UAP for the diagnosis of mild, moderate and severe hepatic steatosis were 243≤UAP＜258 dB/m, 258≤UAP＜293 dB/m, ≥293 dB/m in MAFLD. The sensitivity and specificity were 67.20%, 93.60%, 95.90%, and 82.10%, 72.00%, and 84.80%, respectively. UAP, alanine aminotransferase and fasting blood glucose were independent risk factors for the progression of hepatic steatosis in MAFLD. The combined MAFLD classification model (UAG model) was established. The AUC of mild, moderate and severe hepatic steatosis in MAFLD were 0.906, 0.907, and 0.946, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity were 76.50%, 82.10%, 98.00%, and 90.80%, 83.30% and 76.10%, respectively. Conclusion: MAFLD is a common disease in the general population, with a higher incidence in male and elderly female over 30 years of age. UAP can be used as a new noninvasive diagnostic technique to evaluate hepatic steatosis in MAFLD. The UAG model has a good diagnostic efficacy on MAFLD and its relevant disorders, and thus can be used as a guide for evaluating clinical diagnosis and prognosis.

Achieving Partial Nitrification-Anammox Process Dependent on Microalgal-Bacterial Consortia in a Photosequencing Batch Reactor

Partial nitrification coupled with anammox (PN/A) process is an energy-efficient approach for nitrogen removal from low C/N wastewater. In this study, PN/A was achieved with optimal oxygen supply from a green microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana. The PN process was first initiated within 35 days, and the following algae-intensified PN then reached the steady state within the next 32 days. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was gradually maintained at 0.6 mg L⁻¹via adjusting the photoperiod to 6-h light/18-h dark cycles, when the accumulation ratio of NO₂⁻-N and the removal ratio of NH₄⁺-N were both more than 90%. The nitrogen removal capability of anammox was acclimated via elevating the individual effluent NH₄⁺-N and NO₂⁻-N levels from 100 to 200, to 300 mg L⁻¹. After acclimation, the removal rates of NH₄⁺-N and total nitrogen (TN) reached more than 70 and 80%, respectively, and almost all the NO₂⁻-N was removed. Then, the algae-intensified PN/A, algammox biofilm system, was successfully started up. When the NH₄⁺-N level increased from 100 to 300 mg L⁻¹, the TN removal varied between 78 and 82%. In the photosequencing bioreactor, C. sorokiniana, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and anammox coexisted with an illumination of 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and a 6-h light/18-h dark cycles. The DO levels ranged between 0.4 and 0.5 mg L⁻¹. In addition, the microbial community analysis by Illumina MiSeq sequencing showed that the dominant functional bacteria in the algae-intensified PN/A reactors included Nitrosomonas (AOB) and Candidatus Brocadia (anammox), while Nitrospira and Nitrobacter (nitrite oxidizing bacteria), together with Denitratisoma (denitrifier) were largely inhibited. Further studies are required to optimize the microalgal–bacterial consortia system to achieve superior nitrogen removal rates under controllable conditions.

[The correlation between coagulation function and prognosis in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by extrapulmonary sepsis or pulmonary infection]

Objective: To explore the difference of coagulation function and its correlation with prognosis in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by extrapulmonary sepsis and pulmonary infection. Methods: ARDS patients caused by extrapulmonary sepsis and pulmonary infection admitted to the ICU were retrospectively analyzed at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from July 2017 to June 2019. The clinical characteristics were collected including sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), coagulation parameters [prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (Fib), D-Dimer (D-D), fibrinogen degradation product (FDP), antithrombin Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ), platelet (PLT)], duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay (LOS) in ICU and 28-day mortality. According to the risk factors, the patients were divided into extrapulmonary sepsis group and pulmonary infection group. The correlation analysis between coagulation parameters and the prognosis of ARDS patients were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 268 ARDS patients were screened and 28 cases were excluded. Finally, 240 ARDS patients were enrolled, including 145 caused by extrapulmonary sepsis and 95 by pulmonary infection. PT, INR and APTT in the extrapulmonary sepsis group were significantly higher than those in pulmonary infection group (P<0.05). AT-Ⅲ level was lower than that in pulmonary infection group (P<0.05). Ninty-three patients survived at 28 days in the non-pulmonary sepsis group, the mortality rate was 35.9% (52/145). PT, INR, APTT in patients who died at 28 days were significantly higher than those of the patients who survived (P<0.05), while AT-Ⅲ level was lower than those of the patients who survived (P<0.05). 49 patients survived at 28 days in the pulmonary infection group, the mortality rate was 48.4% (46/95). There was no significant difference in the coagulation parameters between two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that SOFA score without PLT(OR=1.210,95%CI 1.067-1.372,P=0.003) and INR (OR=2.408,95%CI 1.007-5.760,P=0.048) were independent risk factors for 28-day mortality in extrapulmonary sepsis group. Coagulation parameters are not independent risk factors for 28-day mortality in ARDS patients related to pulmonary infection. Conclusion: There are significant differences in coagulation function between ARDS patients caused by extrapulmonary sepsis or pulmonary infection. INR is an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality in extrapulmonary sepsis group.

Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by tomentosin in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and Huh7 cells

Tomentosin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is known to possess various biological activities. However, its anticarcinogenic activity against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells has not been investigated in detail. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the cytotoxic mechanism of tomentosin in human HCC cell lines HepG2 and Huh7. WST-1, cell counting, and colony formation assay results showed that treatment with tomentosin decreased the viability and suppressed the proliferation rate of HepG2 and Huh7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis revealed increased population of cells at the SubG1 and G2/M stage, and decreased population of cells at the G0/1 stage in HepG2 and Huh7 cells treated with tomentosin. Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining and TUNEL assay results showed increased apoptotic cell population and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 and Huh7 cells treated with tomentosin. Western blotting analysis results showed that tomentosin treatment significantly increased the expression level of Bax, Bim (short form), cleaved PARP1, FOXO3, p53, pSer15p53, pSer20p53, pSer46p53, p21, and p27, but decreased the expression of Bcl2, caspase3, caspase7, caspase9, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, CDK6, cyclinB1, cyclinD1, cyclinD2, cyclinD3, and cyclinE in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, this study revealed that tomentosin, which acted through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, may be a useful therapeutic option against HCC.

Maresin 1 Promotes Wound Healing and Socket Bone Regeneration for Alveolar Ridge Preservation

Tooth extraction results in alveolar bone resorption and is accompanied by postoperative swelling and pain. Maresin 1 (MaR1) is a proresolving lipid mediator produced by macrophages during the resolution phase of inflammation, bridging healing and tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of MaR1 on tooth extraction socket wound healing in a preclinical rat model. The maxillary right first molars of Sprague-Dawley rats were extracted, and gelatin scaffolds were placed into the sockets with or without MaR1. Topical application was also given twice a week until complete socket wound closure up to 14 d. Immediate postoperative pain was assessed by 3 scores. Histology and microcomputed tomography were used to assess socket bone fill and alveolar ridge dimensional changes at selected dates. The assessments of coded specimens were performed by masked, calibrated examiners. Local application of MaR1 potently accelerated extraction socket healing. Macroscopic and histologic analysis revealed a reduced soft tissue wound opening and more rapid re-epithelialization with MaR1 delivery versus vehicle on socket healing. Under micro-computed tomography analysis, MaR1 (especially at 0.05 μg/μL) stimulated greater socket bone fill at day 10 as compared with the vehicle-treated animals, resulting in less buccal plate resorption and a wider alveolar ridge by day 21. Interestingly, an increased ratio of CD206⁺:CD68⁺ macrophages was identified in the sockets with MaR1 application under immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis. As compared with the vehicle therapy, local delivery of MaR1 reduced immediate postoperative surrogate pain score panels. In summary, MaR1 accelerated extraction wound healing, promoted socket bone fill, preserved alveolar ridge bone, and reduced postoperative pain in vivo with a rodent preclinical model. Local administration of MaR1 offers clinical potential to accelerate extraction socket wound healing for more predictable dental implant reconstruction.

[Emotional and behavioral problems associated with sleep problems in preschool aged children]

Objective: To examine whether sleep problems are related to both emotional and behavioral problems in children aged 3-6 years. Methods: A large cross-sectional study was conducted in Anqing, Wuhu, Tongling and Yangzhou from March to June 2015. A total of 8 900 preschool aged children were included. Sleep problems were obtained by using adapted BISQ completed by the parents or the people who took care of children. Emotional and behavioral problems of the children were accessed by using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and multivariate logistic regression model was used for statistical analyses. Results: The detected rates of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems, total difficulties and prosocial behavior in preschool aged children were 9.0%, 13.9%, 18.9%, 25.5%, 13.6% and 16.2% respectively. All the detected rates were higher in boys than in girls except the higher rate of emotional symptoms. The proportions of children with high sleep quality, moderate sleep quality and poor or worse sleep quality were 3.9%, 52.9% and 43.2% respectively. After controlling the confounding factors of demographic variables, including gender, age, delivery mode, birth weight, birth height and patent's educational level, multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems, total difficulties and prosocial behavior in children with longer sleep duration was lower than that in children with shorter sleep duration, the ORs were 0.86 (95%CI: 0.77-0.95), 0.85 (95%CI: 0.78-0.93), 0.85 (95%CI: 0.79-0.92), 0.87(95%CI: 0.81-0.93), 0.83 (95%CI: 0.76-0.91) and 0.82 (95%CI: 0.76-0.89) respectively. Compared with the children with good sleep quality, the risk of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems, total difficulties and prosocial behavior were higher in children with poor or worse sleep quality, the ORs were 3.26 (95%CI: 2.40-4.42), 2.86 (95%CI: 2.16-3.78), 2.60 (95%CI: 2.00-3.38), 1.96 (95%CI: 1.52-2.54), 4.02 (95%CI: 3.06-5.27) and 2.56 (95%CI: 1.96-3.35) respectively. Conclusion: There was a negative impact of shorter sleep and poor or worse sleep on emotional and behavioral problems of preschool aged children.

[The value of brachial artery peak velocity variation during the Valsalva maneuver to predict fluid responsiveness]

Objective: To evaluate whether brachial artery peak velocity variation(ΔVp) during a Valsalva maneuver(VM) could predict fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients. Methods: Ninety-six patients required radial artery catheter for elective surgery of Ningbo Yinzhou People's Hospital from December 2014 to June 2016 were enrolled. The brachial artery Doppler signal was recorded to measure the ΔVp while the VM was performed.Then doing the volume expansion (VE) , the cardiac output variation (ΔCO) before and after VE were measured.Pearson correlational analyses were conducted between ΔVp and ΔCO. Also the sensitivity and specificity of ΔVp were determined in predicting fluid responsiveness by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Patients were classified as group responders (n=24) and group non-responders (n=72). Responder was defined as cardiac output increased≥15% after VE.The ΔVp correlated well with ΔCO (r=0.792, P<0.01). The area under ROC curve was 0.903, with the ΔVp cut-off of 33%, the sensitivity of 87% and the specificity of 82%(P<0.01). Conclusion: Brachial artery peak velocity variation during a valsalva maneuver is a feasible method for predicting fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients.

[Treatment strategies of complex lesions in patients with acute Stanford type A dissection of important branches involvement]

Acute Stanford type A aortic dissection with important branches involved is more complex, could lead to organ malperfusion syndrome even organ failure. The understanding of pathological anatomy, classification, staging, and the pathophysiological change has increasingly mature, but not complete. In addition, the treatment strategy for complex lesions is diversified, some questions may not reach consensus. Fully understanding of the anatomical and pathophysiology is very important for surgeons to choose reasonable treatment strategy. As the rapid development of the basic research, imaging techniques and the concept of surgery procedures, the manage technique of Stanfrod type A dissection and branch vessels at the same time is getting seriously, the related issues also need further discussions.

Grain Discoloration of Rice Caused by Pantoea ananatis (synonym Erwinia uredovora) in China

In the autumn of 2008, a new bacterial disease of rice was noted in paddy fields near Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. The disease caused severe discoloration of rice grains on cv. Zhong-zhe-you 1 (Oryza sativa L.). It often occurred at early flowering of hybrid rice. Initially, light, rusty, water-soaked lesions appeared on the lemma or palea and then turned brown. More immature and lighter grains were observed on panicles at harvest. No bacterial ooze was observed. Ten bacterial isolates were recovered from eight samples of discolored rice grains (1). Six isolates were selected for identification. They were similar to those of the reference strain of Pantoea ananatis (Serrano, synonym Erwinia uredovora) LMG 2665^T (ATCC 33244) from Belgium in phenotypic tests based on the Biolog Microbial Identification System, version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), pathogenicity tests, gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using the Microbial Identification System (MIDI Inc, Newark, DE) with the aerobic bacterial library (TAB 5.0), and electron microscopy (TEM,KYKY-1000B, Japan). All isolates were facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative rods that measured 1.6 to 2.5 × 0.5 to 0.7 μm and had three to six peritrichous flagella. Colonies on nutrient agar were yellow and raised with smooth margins. A hypersensitive reaction was observed on tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum cv. Benshi) 24 h after inoculation. All isolates were identified as P. ananatis with Biolog similarity indices of 0.716 to 0.852 and FAME similarity indices of 0.783 to 0.903. Further identification as P. ananatis was done by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Amplicons were produced from three strains using the universal primers (3) fD2: 5'-AGA GTT TGA TCA TGG CTC AG-3' forward primer and rP1: 5'-ACG GTT ACC TTG TTA CGA CTT-3' reverse primer and then sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. GU324769, GU324770, and GU338399). A BlastN search of GenBank revealed that they had 97 to 98% nt identity with P. ananatis strain 3Pe76 (GenBank Accession No. EF178449). Koch's postulates were completed by spray inoculating panicles of rice cv. Zhong-zhe-you 1 at booting stage, grown in pots, with cell suspensions containing 10⁸ CFU/ml of the six strains at 25 to 29°C. Three plants were inoculated with each strain, controls were sprayed with water, and the experiment was repeated once. Three weeks after inoculation, all strains produced symptoms on panicles similar to those observed in the field. Yellow pigmented bacteria were reisolated from symptomatic panicles and their identity was confirmed by FAMEs. These results indicate that the pathogen is P. ananatis (2), which also causes leaf blight and bulb decay of onion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of rice grain discoloration caused by P. ananatis in China. The disease cycle on rice and the control strategies in the regions are being further studied. References: (1) J. Y. Luo et al. Plant Dis. 91:1363, 2007. (2) H. G. Truper and L. de Clari. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:908, 1997. (3) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991.

Effects of yeast culture in broiler diets on performance and immunomodulatory functions

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental yeast culture (Diamond V XP Yeast Culture; YC) in broiler diets on performance, digestibility, mucosal development, and immunomodulatory functions. One-day-old Arbor Acres chicks (n = 960) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on corn and soybean meal and containing 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg of YC in the diet for 42 d. Each treatment consisted of 12 replicates of 20 broilers each. Nutrient digestibility was determined on d 15 and 35 by total fecal collection. On d 21 and 42, 12 birds per treatment were sacrificed to evaluate gut morphology and secretory IgA. Broilers were vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine by eye drop on d 7 and 28 and antibody titer was determined on d 14, 21, 35, and 42. Dietary supplemental YC at 2.5 g/kg improved average daily gain and feed conversion during grower and overall periods (P <or= 0.05). Yeast culture supplementation increased digestibility of Ca (linear and quadratic, P = 0.01) and P (linear, P = 0.01) on d 35, but did not affect (P > 0.05) protein retention and energy digestibility. Villus height to crypt depth ratios in the duodenum and jejunum (d 42) and ileum (d 21) were increased (P <or= 0.05) in broilers fed 2.5 g/kg of YC. Yeast culture increased antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus (linear, P <or= 0.05), serum lysozyme activity (linear and cubic, P <or= 0.05), and IgM (linear, P <or= 0.05) and secretary IgA concentrations in the duodenum (linear, P = 0.01). Results of this study indicate that dietary supplemental YC at 2.5 g/kg improved growth performance. Dietary YC affected immune functions, digestibility of Ca and P, and intestinal mucosal morphology of broilers. Growth performance was optimized at 2.5 g/kg of YC in the present study. Immune function could be modified with dietary YC supplementation.

Magnetoresistance anisotropy of a one-dimensional superconducting niobium strip

We investigated confinement effects on the resistive anisotropy of a superconducting niobium strip with a rectangular cross section. When its transverse dimensions are comparable to the superconducting coherence length, the angle dependent magnetoresistances at a fixed temperature can be scaled as R(theta,H) = R(H/Hctheta) where Hctheta =Hc0(cos2theta + gamma(-2)sin2theta)(-1/2) is the angular dependent critical field, gamma is the width to thickness ratio, and Hc0 is the critical field in the thickness direction at theta=0 degrees . The results can be understood in terms of the anisotropic diamagnetic energy for a given field in a one-dimensional superconductor.

Bacterial Stem Rot of Poinsettia Caused by a Dickeya sp. (Pectobacterium chrysanthemi) in China

In December 2006, a rot symptom of unknown etiology was observed on stems of plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima cv. Fu-xing) at a flower nursery in the Zhejiang Province of China where we had previously reported leaf spot of poinsettia caused by Xanthomonas campestris (2). Chlorotic spots anywhere along the stem and purplish black petioles were the first noticeable symptoms. The spots rapidly coalesced, forming large irregular chlorotic areas. Petioles turned black and shriveled and affected leaves wilted. Infected tissues were soft and water soaked. Ten bacterial strains were isolated from the diseased samples and five were selected for identification. They were similar to those of the standard reference strains of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.), LMG 2804 from Belgium and ZUPB20056 from China, in phenotypic tests based on the Biolog Microbial Identification System, version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), pathogenicity tests, gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using the Microbial Identification System (MIDI Inc, Newark, DE) with aerobic bacterial library (TABA50), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM,KYKY-1000B, Japan). All strains tested were gram-negative facultative anaerobic rods measuring 1.5 to 3.6 × 0.6 to 1.1 μm, with peritrichous flagella. Colonies were gray-white and slightly raised with smooth margins on nutrient agar. They were negative for trehalose and positive for phosphatase production and reducing substances from sucrose. A hypersensitive reaction was observed on tobacco cv. Benshi, 24 h after inoculation. All five isolates, LMG 2804, and ZUPB20056 were identified as P. chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.) with a Biolog similarity index of 0.58 to 0.83, 0.68, and 0.72 and a FAME similarity index of 0.52 to 0.80, 0.59, and 0.70, respectively. Identification as P. chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.) was confirmed by PCR with specific primers used by Nassar et al (3). Koch's postulates were completed with the inoculation of 12 4-month-old intact poinsettia plants of cv. Fu-xing with cell suspensions containing 10⁸ CFU/ml by a pinprick at the base of the stem. All five strains induced stem infection similar to those observed in natural infections. No symptoms were noted on the two control plants inoculated with sterilized distilled water by the same method. The bacterium was reisolated from symptomatic stems of poinsettia plants. P. chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.) was first reported in United States as the cause of bacterial stem rot of poinsettia in 1972 (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of poinsettia stem rot caused by P. chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.) in China. The disease cycle and the control strategies of the bacterial stem rot of poinsettia in the regions are being further studied. References: (1) H. A. J. Hoitink et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 56:480, 1972. (2) B. Li et al. Plant Pathol. 55:293, 2006. (3) A. A. Nassar et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2228, 1996.

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments

The biodegradability of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixture consisted of fluorene (Fl), phenanthrene (Phe) and pyrene (Pyr) by a bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments under sediment-free and sediment slurry conditions was investigated. The enriched consortium made up of three bacterial strains, namely Rhodococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp., had a good PAH degradation capability with 100% degradation of Fl and Phe in sediment-free liquid medium after 4 weeks of growth. The Fl and Phe degradation percentages in sediment slurry were higher than that in liquid medium. Autochthonous microorganisms in sediments also possessed satisfactory PAH degradation capability and all three PAHs were almost completely degraded after 4 weeks of growth. Bioaugumentation (inoculation of the enriched consortium to sediments) showed a positive effect on PAH biodegradation after 1 week of growth. Complete biodegradation of pyrene took longer time than that for Fl and Phe, indicating the enriched bacterial consortium had preference to utilize low-molecular weight PAHs.

Sarcoma and Sarcomatous Metaplastic Carcinoma of the Breast

PURPOSE

Primary sarcoma and SMC (sarcomatous metaplastic carcinoma) of the breast are very rare tumors, accounting for less than 1% of all breast malignancies. There are many controversies concerning the biological characteristics, prognosis and optimal treatment of these tumors owing to the rarity of incidence. The aims of this study were to elucidate the clinicopathologic characteristics of these tumors and to assist in elucidating the optimal treatment plan for the disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

13 cases of primary sarcoma and 10 cases of SMC that had been treated at KCCH between 1984 and 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Phyllodes tumors were excluded from our study.

RESULTS

Among the 13 cases of primary sarcoma included, stromal sarcoma occurred in 5 cases, osteosarcoma in 3 cases, angiosarcoma in 3 cases and spindle cell sarcoma in 2 cases. The mean age of the patients with primary sarcoma and SMC was 39.7 years and 55.1 years respectively (p=0.002). When survival rates were compared according to histologic types, size of tumor, histologic grade, type of surgery and use of adjuvant therapy, both size of tumor (p=0.0256) and histologic grade (p=0.0197) were shown to be prognostic factors.

CONCLUSION

There were no significantly different features between primary sarcoma and SMC in terms of biologic characteristics or survival rates, with the exception that patients with SMC were older than those with primary sarcoma. Histologic grade and size of tumor were significant prognostic factors of these tumors.

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol in monolayers spread from adsorbed films of pulmonary surfactant

Pulmonary surfactant forms a surface film that consists of a monolayer and a monolayer-associated reservoir. The extent to which surfactant components including the main component, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), are adsorbed into the monolayer, and how surfactant protein SP-A affects their adsorptions, is not clear. Transport of cholesterol to the surface region from dispersions of bovine lipid extract surfactant [BLES(chol)] with or without SP-A at 37 degrees C was studied by measuring surface radioactivities of [4-(14)C]cholesterol-labeled BLES(chol), and the Wilhelmy plate technique was used to monitor adsorption of monolayers. Results showed that transport of cholesterol was lipid concentration dependent. SP-A accelerated lipid adsorption but suppressed the final level of cholesterol in the surface. Surfactant adsorbed from a dispersion with or without SP-A was transferred via a wet filter paper to a clean surface, where the surface radioactivity and surface tension were recorded simultaneously. It was observed that 1) surface radioactivity was constant over a range of dispersion concentrations; 2) cholesterol and DPPC were transferred simultaneously; and 3) SP-A limited transfer of cholesterol. These results indicate that non-DPPC components of pulmonary surfactant can be adsorbed into the monolayer. Studies in the transfer of [1-(14)C]DPPC-labeled BLES(chol) to an equal or larger clean surface area revealed that SP-A did not increase selective adsorption of DPPC into the monolayer. Evaluation of transferred surfactant with a surface balance indicated that it equilibrated as a monolayer. Furthermore, examination of transferred surfactants from dispersions with and without prespread BLES(chol) monolayers revealed a functional contiguous association between adsorbed monolayers and reservoirs.

Suillusin, a unique benzofuran from the mushroom Suillus granulatus

A unique benzofuran named suillusin was isolated from the methanolic extract of the fruiting body of the mushroom Suillus granulatus. Its structure was assigned on the basis of various spectroscopic analyses as a highly substituted novel 1H-cyclopenta[b]benzofuran (1). Suillusin is suggested to be biogenerated from polyporic acid.

First Report of Strawberry Fruit Rot Caused by Alternaria tenuissima in Korea

A strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) fruit rot disease has been observed in several vinyl-house fields at Nonsan and Taejon, Chungnam district, Korea, especially following moist and cool conditions in the spring and again in September. Over the past 7 years, incidence of the disease has ranged from 0.2 to 2.0%. Early symptoms on fruits were characterized by small, irregular lesions, which were slightly sunken and appeared light green to black in color as sporulation began. Conidia were 25 to 55 μm long by 10 to 17 μm wide; beaks, when present, were 2 to 3 μm wide and up to 40 μm long; and conidiophores were 20 to 110 μm long by 3 to 5 μm wide. Older lesions were circular, largely sunken, firm, and dark-green to almost black because of abundant sporulation. The fungus isolated from infected fruit tissues was identified as Alternaria tenuissima (Fries) Wiltshire, based on the morphological characteristics of the conidia and conidiophores. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating slightly wounded, ripe (red) and immature (green) fruits with a conidial suspension (1 × 10⁶ conidia/ml). Twenty-four ripe and immature fruits were inoculated with each of six isolates in duplicate and placed in a moist chamber for 48 h at 25°C and then transferred to vinyl-house field. After 7 to 10 days fruit rot symptoms were visible on the inoculated fruits and appeared nearly identical to lesions observed in the field, although there were differences in aggressiveness among isolates. Control fruits sprayed with distilled water did not develop any symptoms. Green fruits were generally more resistant to infection than ripe ones. The causal fungus was easily reisolated from lesions on inoculated strawberries. Alternaria fruit rot of strawberries has been reported from the USA, UK, and West Germany (2). Howard and Albregts (1) first reported a strawberry fruit rot caused by A. tenuissima in Florida, but the disease is generally not considered important. However, occasionally losses from this disease have been extensive in Korea. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of strawberry fruit rot caused by Alternaria tenuissima in Korea. References: (1) C. M. Howard and E. E. Albregts. Phytopathology 63:638-639, 1973. (2) A. L. Snowdon. Pages 250-252 in: A Color Atlas of Post-Harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables. Vol. 1. 1990. Wolfe Scientific, London.

Molecular characterization of the NeIF2Bbeta gene encoding a putative eIF2B beta-subunit in Nicotiana tabacum

The NeIF2Bbeta cDNA encoding beta-subunit of the translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B-beta) was identified from Nicotiana tabacum through protein interaction with PRK1, a reproductive-organ-specific receptor-like kinase (Park et al., 2000). The eIF2B is a guanine nucleotide-exchange protein that consists of five subunits, which function in the regulation of translation in eukaryotic cells. The NeIF2Bbeta that shows a high homology in the amino acid sequence with other beta-subunits also exhibits sequence similarity to a and delta subunits of eIF2B from yeast and animals. The NeIF2Bbeta gene was expressed in all of the tissues examined, but the mRNA level was higher in reproductive tissues than in vegetative tissues. During anther development, the NeIF2Bbeta mRNA was detected in all stages with a slightly higher level in the earliest stage. The NeIF2Bbeta-GFP fusion protein was mainly localized in the cytosol.

Gene delivery into rat glomerulus using a mesangial cell vector

To develop an effective protocol of gene transfer into glomeruli, an ex vivo gene delivery system using rat mesangial cells (RMC) as a vector was examined. RMC genetically engineered with a retrovirus harboring the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene was used to estimate the efficacy of gene delivery and the location of the cells within the kidney. The RMC expressing beta-galactosidase, RMCLZ1, was cultured in vitro and the cells were injected into the left kidney through the renal artery of a normal Sprague Dawley rat. At least 1 x 10(6) RMCLZ1 was required for effective gene delivery into glomeruli. One hour and 1, 4, and 14 d after injection, glomeruli were isolated from the left kidneys injected with the cells and the expression of beta-galactosidase in each glomeruli was evaluated. One hour and 1 d after injection, more than 90 and 80%, respectively, of glomeruli from the left kidney showed strong beta-galactosidase activity, while no activity of beta-galactosidase was found in the glomeruli from the right kidneys. The number of glomeruli stained by X-gal and the intensity decreased with time. Fourteen days after injection, about 35% of the glomeruli retained the RMCLZ1. X-gal and periodic acid-Schiff staining of frozen sections obtained 14 d after injection allowed the estimation of the site where the mesangial cells injected were located. The mesangial cells were found mainly in two different locations, the glomerular capillary and the mesangium. The majority (about 90%) of the mesangial cells were located in the glomerular capillary and about 9% of the cells were in the mesangial area. Occasionally, the positive staining was found in proximal tubules and the interlobular artery. Although additional methods are required for the site-specific targeting of the mesangial area, the ex vivo gene transfer to glomeruli is feasible and may be a useful tool for future investigations in the pathological mechanisms of glomerular injury.

Interaction of PRK1 receptor-like kinase with a putative elF2B beta-subunit in tobacco

PRK1, a receptor-like kinase that is expressed in pollen, pollen tubes, and ovaries, has been shown to play important roles in pollen development and embryo sac development in Petunia inflata. We have used the kinase domain of PRK1 as a bait in the yeast two-hybrid system to identify PRK1-interacting proteins. The screening resulted in isolation of a cDNA encoding a protein highly homologous to the human and yeast beta-subunit of translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B-beta), which was designated NeIF2Bbeta. eIF2B is a guanine nucleotide exchange protein that functions in the regulation of translation in eukaryotic cells. Deletion mutants of NeIF2Bbeta were analyzed for their interaction with PRK1, and the results suggested that the N-terminal half of NeIF2Bbeta, especially the region between residue 103 and 235, is important for the interaction. This protein association was confirmed by in vitro binding assay of the recombinant NeIF2Bbeta and PRK1 proteins. Despite high sequence homology between NeIF2Bbeta and its yeast counterpart, the NeIF2Bbeta cDNA could not rescue the phenotype of the yeast mutant strain lacking the GCD7 gene encoding eIF2B-beta, when transferred into the mutant strain.

Intrahepatic mRNA expression of interferon-inducible antiviral genes in liver diseases: dsRNA-dependent protein kinase overexpression and RNase L inhibitor suppression in chronic hepatitis C

As a part of the defense mechanism of the host to viral infection, interferons induce the transcription of several genes. These interferon-inducible genes contribute to the eradication of the viruses. Whereas some studies suggested the participation of a dsRNA-dependent protein kinase in the host reaction to hepatitis C virus infection, the involvement of other interferon-inducible genes has not been evaluated. Furthermore, there has been no analysis on the expression profile of multiple interferon-inducible genes. The aim of this study was to clarify the hepatic mRNA expression profile of interferon-inducible genes with a special concern to chronic hepatitis C. A total of 76 liver biopsy samples (28 with chronic hepatitis C, 10 with chronic hepatitis B, 9 with alcoholic liver disease, 14 with autoimmune hepatitis, 10 with primary biliary cirrhosis, and 5 of normal liver) were enrolled. The expression of the following genes was quantified by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and was compared according to the etiology; dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2,5-AS), latent cellular endoribonuclease (RNase L), RNase L inhibitor, and MxA. As a result, PKR mRNA was significantly overexpressed in the liver of chronic hepatitis C compared with those of other etiologies (P =.0178), and it correlated significantly with serum alanine transaminase values (r =.51, P =.0054). Also, the expression of the RNase L inhibitor showed a significant reduction in chronic hepatitis C (P =.0184). The expressions of 2,5-AS, RNase L, and MxA were not different significantly irrespective to the etiology. In conclusion, hepatic overexpression of PKR and reduced expression of RNase L inhibitor seem to contribute to the anti-HCV mechanism characteristically.

A novel factor isolated from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans stimulates mouse B cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

A novel immunostimulating factor (ISTF) of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 29522 was isolated and characterized as inducing proliferation of mouse B cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This factor was isolated from the bacterial culture medium and purified by size exclusion chromatography, dye-ligand affinity chromatography, immunoaffinity chromatography using monoclonal antibodies, and preparative electrophoresis. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the purified ISTF migrated as a single band corresponding to a molecular mass of 13 kDa. ISTF was a proteinaceous material distinct from lipopolysaccharide; it directly induced the proliferation of B lymphocytes but had no effect on the proliferation of T lymphocytes, even in the presence of antigen-presenting cells. A B-lymphocyte-mitogenic activity of ISTF was also shown by flow cytometric analysis of responding cell subpopulations. Immunoblot analysis revealed that ISTF was a component of the outer membranes of bacteria, could exist as a soluble form, and was released by growing and/or lysed bacteria. These results suggest that ISTF produced by A. actinomycetemcomitans may play an important role in immunopathologic changes associated with A. actinomycetemcomitans infections.

[Hairy root induction and in vitro cultivation of Pueraria lobata willa. ohwi]

OBJECTIVE

To study the hairy root induction and hormone-free in vitro liquid cultivation of Pueraria lobata (Willd) Ohwi.

METHOD

Co-cultivation of super-virulent Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1601 with P. lobata leaves in vitro.

RESULTS

Hairy roots of rapid growth, high branches and plagiotropism developed vigorously on the surface of leaves, exhibiting rapid growth and resistance to kanamycin in hormone-free medium in vitro.

CONCLUSION

A method of hairy root induction with A. rhizogenes as well as a system hairy root liquid cultivation in vitro for P. lobata have been established.

Advanced glycation end products induce apoptosis and procoagulant activity in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Hyperglycemia and the late products of non-enzymatic glycosylation, called advanced glycation end products (AGEs), play an important role in the development of microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have reported that a high glucose environment triggered apoptotic changes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Therefore, we investigated whether AGEs contribute to the development of apoptosis and prothrombotic activity in HUVECs. After incubation of HUVECs with 0.2, 2.2, 22, 220 and 2200 nM of AGE-bovine serum albumin (BSA) from 6 to 48 h, we assayed the degree of apoptosis and procoagulant activity (PCA). There were no significant differences between HUVECs cultured for 48 h with 0.2, 2.2 or 22 nM of AGE-BSA and in controls in the proportion of apoptotic cells (3.5 +/- 0.8%, 3.9 +/- 1.5% and 5.2 +/- 1.1% vs. 2.5 +/- 0.6%). However, the proportion of apoptotic cells increased significantly to 36.7 +/- 9.8% in 220 nM of AGE-BSA, and 72.3 +/- 10.2% in 2200 nM of AGE-BSA (P < 0.001). PCA levels were 142 +/- 10 s after 6 h of exposure to 22 nM (P < 0.01), 131 +/- 5 s after 6 h of exposure to 220 nM (P < 0.001), and 106 +/- 4 s after 6 h of exposure to 2200 nM of AGE-BSA (P < 0.001). These values show that PCA was shortened significantly from the basal value of 161 +/- 6 s, and remained below the basal level until the end of the study. The amount of tissue factor was also significantly increased in 22 and 220 nM of AGE-BSA compared to the controls. In conclusion, this study showed that AGEs could induce apoptosis and increase procoagulant activity in cultured HUVECs. We suggest that AGEs can contribute to the development of microvascular complications through cell death of HUVECs and functional changes of the blood vessels.

Efficacy of endoscopic clipping for bleeding gastroduodenal ulcer: comparison with topical ethanol injection

OBJECTIVE

Although endoscopic clipping is used widely for the treatment of bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers, clinical trials on its efficacy are scarce. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of endoscopic clipping for hemostasis from bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers.

METHODS

The present study was designed as a retrospective study using historical controls. One hundred consecutive patients with bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers were treated by endoscopic clipping. The preceding 91 consecutive patients treated by endoscopic pure ethanol injection were regarded as controls. Forty-nine of the clipping group and 41 of the ethanol group had lesions at sites difficult to perform endoscopic manipulation. Hemostatic rates, rebleeding rates, amounts of blood transfusion, and durations of hospital stay were analyzed.

RESULTS

The hemostatic rate was 96% in both clipping and ethanol groups, whereas the rebleeding rate was lower (15% vs 29%, p = 0.023) in the former than the latter. In technically difficult cases, the hemostatic rate was comparable (96 vs 90%).

CONCLUSION

In patients with bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers, endoscopic clipping may be a choice of therapy because of a low rebleeding rate compared with pure ethanol injection.

Expression of ICAM-1 on the Hantaan virus-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells

OBJECTIVES

In HFRS, there is a varying degree of disseminated intravascular coagulation which was evident in the early phase of the illness. It is believed also that DIC would be the consequence, at least in part, of functional changes of endothelium resulting in kinin activation and clinical syndrome. This study investigated the role of adhesion molecule in the pathogenesis of Hantaan virus-related disease.

METHODS

The expression of ICAM-1 antigen on the cell membrane of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and ICAM-1 mRNA in the endothelial cells was assessed by in situ hybridization after Hantaan virus infection (2.6 x 10(4) PFU/mL) with the time course.

RESULTS

In immunohistochemistry, the number of ICAM-1 positive cells increased with time during the 12 or 24 hours after infection. 5 to 10% of HUVECs had been positive after 12-24 hours and the number of positive cells decreased abruptly after 24 hours. Hantaan antigen had been noticed after 12 hours focally on the HUVECs but continued to proliferate into day 7 post-infection when most of HUVECs were infected by Hantaan virus. In situ hybridization showed identical patterns of ICAM-1 mRNA expression after Hantaan virus infection.

CONCLUSION

It implies that the Hantaan virus infection on HUVECs would express more ICAM-1 on their surface and implicated in the pathogenesis of early clinical syndrome of HFRS.

Molecular cloning of a catalase cDNA from Nicotiana glutinosa L. and its repression by tobacco mosaic virus infection

Recent reports revealed that catalase has a role in the plant defense mechanism against a broad range of pathogens through being inhibited by salicylic acid (SA). During an effort to clone disease resistance-responsive genes, a cDNA encoding catalase (Ngcat1; Nicotiana glutinosa cat1) was isolated from a tobacco cDNA library. In N. glutinosa, catalase is encoded by a small gene family. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Ngcat1 cDNA has 98% homology with the cat1 gene of N. plumbaginifolia. The Ngcat1 expression is controlled by the circadian clock, and its mRNA level is the most abundant in leaves. Both the expression of Ngcat1 mRNA and its enzyme activity in the tobacco plant undergoing a hypersensitive response (HR) to TMV infection were repressed. The repression of the mRNA level was also observed following treatment with SA. These results imply that SA may act as an inhibitor of catalase transcription during the HR of tobacco. Cloning and expression of the Ngcat1 in tobacco following pathogen infection and SA treatment are presented.

Interactions of pulmonary surfactant protein SP-A with monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol: roles of SP-A domains

Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an oligomeric glycoprotein that binds dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Interactions of rat SP-A and recombinant SP-As with pure and binary monolayers of DPPC and cholesterol were studied using a rhomboid surface balance at 37 degrees C. A marked inflection at equilibrium surface tension (23 mN/m) in surface tension-area isotherm of a pure DPPC film was abolished by rat SP-A. The inflection was decreased and shifted to 18 mN/m with wild-type recombinant SP-A (SP-Ahyp). Both rat SP-A and SP-Ahyp decreased surface area reduction required for pure DPPC films to reach near zero surface tension from 30 to 25%. SP-Ahyp, E195Q,R197D, mutated in carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) known to be essential for SP-A-vesicle interactions, conveyed a detrimental effect on DPPC surface activity. SP-ADeltaG8-P80, with deletion of collagen-like domain, had little effect. Both SP-Ahyp, C6S (Ser substitution for Cys6) and SP-Ahyp,DeltaN1-A7 (N-terminal segment deletion) which appear mainly as monomers on non-reducing SDS-PAGE analysis, increased required surface area reduction for minimal surface tension. All SP-As reduced collapse surface tension of a pure cholesterol film from 27 to 23 mN/m in the presence of Ca2+. When mixed films were formed by successive spreading of DPPC/SP-A/cholesterol, rat SP-A, SP-Ahyp, or SP-ADeltaG8-P80 blocked the interaction of cholesterol with DPPC; SP-Ahyp,E195Q,R197D could not impede the interaction; SP-Ahyp,C6S or SP-Ahyp,DeltaN1-A7 only partially blocked the interaction, and cholesterol appeared to stabilize SP-Ahyp,C6S-DPPC association. These results demonstrate the importance of CRD and N-terminal dependent oligomerization in SP-A-phospholipid associations. The findings further indicate that SP-A-cholesterol interactions differ from SP-A-DPPC interactions and may be nonspecific.

Interaction of pulmonary surfactant protein A with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol at the air/water interface

Interaction of pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) with pure and binary mixed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and cholesterol (3.5 wt%) at the air/saline, 1.5 mM CaCl2 interface was investigated using a rhomboid surface balance at 37 degrees C. Surface tension-area isotherms were measured to access the surface active properties of the monolayers. The organization of DPPC and cholesterol in DPPC and DPPC/cholesterol mixed monolayers with or without SP-A at equilibrium surface tension (approximately 23 mN/N) was revealed by autoradiographs of Langmuir-Blodgett (L-B) films deposited from [14C]DPPC or [14C]cholesterol-labeled monolayers. The results showed that SP-A can interact with the polar head groups of DPPC monolayers and aggregate DPPC molecules. SP-A decreased the surface area reduction required for DPPC monolayers to achieve near zero surface tension from 30 to 25% of the area at equilibrium. SP-A also reduced the collapse surface tension of pure cholesterol from 27 to 23 mN/m. DPPC and cholesterol formed homogeneous mixed monolayers when both were dissolved in the spreading solvent prior to spreading, while separate cholesterol-rich domains appeared when DPPC and cholesterol were spread successively. Cholesterol resisted squeeze-out from either mixed monolayer through compression. Although SP-A could not promote the squeeze-out of cholesterol from homogeneous mixed monolayers, it facilitated that of cholesterol domains especially when SP-A had first interacted with DPPC. These results indicate that pulmonary surfactant protein A facilitates the squeeze-out of cholesterol domains from mixed monolayers by condensing DPPC and limiting lateral interactions of DPPC with cholesterol domains.

Nucleotide sequence variations in the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis C virus-1b: no association with efficacy of interferon therapy or serum HCV-RNA levels

The extreme 5'-proximal sequences of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome including the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) and the first 30 nucleotides of the core region are highly conserved, and serve as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that initiates the cap-independent translation of HCV polyprotein. Mutations in the IRES sequence have been shown to cause changes in the efficiency of protein translation in vitro. However, the significance of genetic variations in the IRES is not fully known in clinical settings. Pretreatment sera of 25 patients with HCV-1b infection who were treated with interferon were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the IRES sequence was directly sequenced. Correlation of interferon responses or other clinical features with IRES sequence variability was studied. Eleven of 25 patients were sustained responders (SR) of interferon treatment (negative serum HCV RNA and normal alanine transaminase levels for 6 months after the end of interferon treatment), and the other 14 patients were nonresponders ([NR], defined as any patient with positive serum HCV RNA within 6 months after the end of interferon therapy). In each patient, one to four nucleotide substitutions were found compared with the consensus sequence of HCV-1b genotype. There were no differences in the number of nucleotide substitutions between either SR and NR (mean, 1.8 in SR, 2.1 in NR; P = .30), and no specific variations associated with SR or NR were observed. Although NR had significantly higher serum levels of pretreatment HCV RNA than SR (median, 16 vs. <0.5 Meq/mL; P = .02), there was no correlation between the HCV-RNA level and the number of nucleotide substitutions in the IRES (mean, 1.9 nucleotide substitutions in 12 patients with HCV RNA <0.5 Meq/ mL vs. 2.1 nucleotide substitutions in 13 patients with HCV RNA >0.5 Meq/mL; P = .61). Sequence variability of the IRES has no influence on interferon efficacy or serum HCV-RNA concentrations in patients with chronic HCV-1b infection.

9-Hydroxycrisamicin A, a new cytotoxic isochromanquinone antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sp. SA246

9-Hydroxycrisamicin A, a new cytotoxic isochromanquinone antibiotic, was isolated from a soil microorganism SA246 which was identified as Micromonospora sp. The molecular formula of 9-hydroxycrisamicin A was determined as C32H22O13 based on the HRFAB-MS analysis, and the structure was determined by various NMR experiments. 9-Hydroxycrisamicin A showed weak antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and strong cytotoxic activity against some human cancer cell lines such as SK-OV-3 (ovarian), HCT15 (colon), SK-MEL-2 (melanoma), A549 (lung), XF498 (central nervous system) with ED50 of 0.47-0.65 microgram/ml.

Effect of pulmonary surfactant protein A and neutral lipid on accretion and organization of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in surface films

The effects of surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) on lipid adsorption to the air-water interface and accumulation of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in the surface region were investigated at 37 degrees C. Dispersions used were bovine pulmonary lipid extract surfactant with or without neutral lipid (NL). Lipid adsorption was examined with the Wilhelmy plate technique and DPPC accumulation by monitoring surface radioactivity from [14C]DPPC with a scintillation probe. SP-A enhanced the rate of lipid adsorption, while both SP-A and NL increased the extent of DPPC accumulation. At the specific radioactivity used [14C]DPPC monolayers were undetectable: the surface radioactivity arose from surface-associated DPPC beneath the monolayer. At the highest concentration studied (0.3 mg lipid/ml), NL greatly enhanced DPPC accumulation and SP-A attenuated this effect. Langmuir-Blodgett (L-B) films were prepared from [14C]DPPC-labeled dispersions (0.3 mg lipid/ml) at equilibrium surface tension. Autoradiographs of L-B films from lipid extract surfactant exhibited a diffuse misty appearance, while NL promoted formation of heterogeneous DPPC aggregates. Addition of SP-A to lipid extracts without NL generated DPPC aggregates; more uniform larger aggregates appeared in the presence of SP-A and NL. Radiation measurements confirmed that the L-B films were composed of more than monolayers. SP-A did not increase DPPC levels in films deposited from lipid extracts unless NL was present. These results indicate that neutral lipid cooperates with surfactant-associated protein A to organize dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in the surface films and enhance formation of a DPPC-rich reservoir below the air-water interface.

theta-adaptive neural networks: a new approach to parameter estimation

A novel use of neural networks for parameter estimation in nonlinear systems is proposed. The approximating ability of the neural network is used to identify the relation between system variables and parameters of a dynamic system. Two different algorithms, a block estimation method and a recursive estimation method, are proposed. The block estimation method consists of the training of a neural network to approximate the mapping between the system response and the system parameters which in turn is used to identify the parameters of the nonlinear system. In the second method, the neural network is used to determine a recursive algorithm to update the parameter estimate. Both methods are useful for parameter estimation in systems where either the structure of the nonlinearities present are unknown or when the parameters occur nonlinearly. Analytical conditions under which successful estimation can be carried but and several illustrative examples verifying the behavior of the algorithms through simulations are presented.

Infantile hookworm disease in China. A review

Hundreds of cases of infantile hookworm disease which shows bloody stools, melena, anorexia, listlessness and oedema, have been reported in China since the 1960s. Hookworm eggs were detected in due course in the faeces of the reported cases. With the exception of a single worm identified as Necator americanus, all the adult worms expelled following chemotherapy or examined at autopsy were Ancylostoma duodenale. Many children showed clinical manifestations and eggs in their faeces on day 1-26 after birth, and more cases occurred within 3 months of birth. Evidently, these infections were mostly transmitted from the mothers by transplacental and/or transmammary routes.

Soil-transmitted helminthiases: nationwide survey in China

A total of 2848 study sites, with about 500 people in each, were randomly sampled for this investigation which covered a total population of 1 477 742. By stool examinations using the Kato-Katz thick-smear and larval-culture techniques, overall prevalences of 47.0%, 18.8%, and 17.2% were obtained for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm infections, respectively. The number of infections due to Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworm was estimated as 531 million, 212 million, and 194 million, respectively. Egg counts showed that 75-95% of the subjects had light infections. Higher prevalences of ascariasis and trichuriasis were found in the age group of 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 years, and among adults for hookworm. Students, farmers (including vegetable growers) and fishermen were the occupational groups with high infection rates. The prevalence of helminthiases was found to be closely associated with climatic and geographical factors. In view of the morbidity and mortality due to these helminthiases, their control, particularly in schoolchildren, is very important.

Effect of pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) and calcium on the adsorption of cholesterol and film stability

The effect of exogenous cholesterol on the stability of surface films at 37 degrees C from various surfactants was studied with the pulsating bubble surfactometer. Addition of cholesterol (5%, w/w) to bovine lipid extract surfactant (bLES) or mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol /SP-B (7:3:1%) dispersed in 1.5 mM CaCl2/0.9% NaCl resulted in unstable surface films. Although 10% cholesterol only partially impaired the surface activity of bLES, it virtually abolished that of the reconstituted surfactant. The inhibitory effects of cholesterol were significantly repressed by SP-A (10%, w/w of lipid) and 3 mM CaCl2 or 5 mM CaCl2 without SP-A. Adsorption of cholesterol from various surfactants into the air/water interface was examined by measuring the surface radioactivity of [14C]cholesterol. Cholesterol alone dispersed in 1.5 mM CaCl2/0.9% NaCl could not adsorb to the interface, but it adsorbed readily when mixed with bLES. Cholesterol adsorption was markedly suppressed by SP-A in 3 mM CaCl2/0.9% NaCl or 5 mM CaCl2/0.9% NaCl without SP-A. Electron microscopy revealed striking ultrastructural differences between bLES/5% cholesterol/10% SP-A in 3 mM CaCl2/0.9% NaCl and bLES/5% cholesterol in 3 or 5 mM CaCl2/0.9% NaCl. The former exhibited large multilayer and small unilamellar vesicles, while the latter displayed condensed patches of aggregates. Adsorption studies showed aggregated patches adsorbed more rapidly than vesicles but attained lower equilibrium surface pressures. These results indicate SP-A and calcium limit the adsorption of surfactant cholesterol to the air-water interface.

Nationwide survey of human parasite in China

A nationwide survey of human parasites in China was conducted during 1988-1992, with a coverage of 30 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities (P/A/M). A total of 2,848 pilot sites in 726 counties were selected by random sampling, and 1,477,742 individuals residing on were surveyed by fecal examination. The status of paragonimiasis, hydatid diseases, cysticercosis and trichinellosis were summarized through data review. The overall infection rate of intestinal parasites was 62.6% whereas at provincial level, the highest infection rate (94.7%) was recovered in Hainan, and the lowest (17.5%) in Heilong-jiang. A high proportion (43.3%) of polyparasitism among the infected population (882,080) was revealed. Altogether 56 species of parasites comprising protozoa (19), trematode (16), cestodes (8), nematodes (12) and thorny-headed worm (1) were discovered. During the survey a new species and several new records were documented. The number of the population infected with common intestinal parasites was estimated. The diversities of parasite distribution were noted in different nationalities as well as in varied occupations.

Adsorption, compression and stability of surface films from natural, lipid extract and reconstituted pulmonary surfactants

A pulsating bubble surfactometer was used to study the surface activities and surface film stabilities of bovine pulmonary surfactants (10 mg/ml) and a reconstituted surfactant (10 mg/ml). Pulmonary surfactants were natural surfactant (NS), lipid extract surfactant [LES(chol)] and lipid extract surfactant without neutral lipids (LES). NS is composed of phospholipids, neutral lipids and surfactant-associated proteins (SP-A, SP-B and SP-C). Both LES(chol) and LES are organic solvent extracts of NS. LES(chol) retains all the components of NS except SP-A. Reconstituted surfactant was dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC): 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG): SP-B/7:3:1%. All three pulmonary surfactants attained the equilibrium surface tension almost instantaneously at 37 degrees C. The adsorption rates of NS and LES(chol) at 24 degrees C were similar to those at 37 degrees C, while LES exhibited a lower adsorption rate at 24 degrees C. Reconstituted surfactant adsorbed slower than any of the pulmonary surfactants. Film stability was studied by recording the spontaneous increase in the pressure gradient of a static bubble at the minimum size (Rmin) once near zero surface tension was attained. The order of surface film stabilities were: reconstituted surfactant > > NS > LES > LES(chol). Surface films of NS and LES could be stabilized by prolonged pulsation, while film stability of LES(chol) was only moderately affected by pulsation. These results indicate that SP-A in NS promotes formation of some unique structure, possibly tubular myelin, which induces selective adsorption of lipids into the surface.

[A preliminary experimental study on processing of peach kernel]

Contents of water, alcohol, ether soluble components and amygdalin of differently processed peach kernel (raw drug, scalded, stir-baked and steamed) were determined. The security of the decoctions from the four processed samples was compared. This paper provides a preliminary experimental basis for the rational utilization of peach kernel.

Structural analysis of the O-antigen side chain polysaccharides in the lipopolysaccharides of Klebsiella serotypes O2(2a), O2(2a,2b), and O2(2a,2c)

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Klebsiella serotype O2 is antigenically heterogeneous; some strains express multiple antigenic factors. To study this heterogeneity, we determined the structure of the O-antigen polysaccharides in isolates belonging to serotypes O2(2a), O2(2a,2b), and O2(2a,2c), by using composition analysis, methylation analysis, and both 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The repeating unit structure of the 2a polysaccharide was identified as the disaccharide [----3)-beta-D-Galf-(1----3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1----] and was identical to D-galactan I, one of two O polysaccharides present in the LPS of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1 (C. Whitfield, J. C. Richards, M. B. Perry, B. R. Clarke, and L. L. MacLean, J. Bacteriol. 173:1420-1431, 1991). LPS from serotype O2(2a,2b) also contained D-galactan I as the only O polysaccharide, suggesting that the 2b antigen is not an O antigen. The LPS of serotype O2(2a,2c) contained a mixture of two structurally distinct O polysaccharides and provides a second example of this phenomenon in Klebsiella spp. One polymer was identical to D-galactan I, and the other polysaccharide, the 2c antigen, was a polymer with a disaccharide repeating unit structure, [----3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----5)-beta-D-Galf-(1----]. The 2c structure does not resemble previously reported O polysaccharides from Klebsiella spp. Periodate oxidation confirmed that D-galactan I and the 2c polysaccharide are distinct glycans, rather than representing domains within a single polysaccharide chain. Monoclonal antibodies against the 2c antigen indicated that only LPS molecules with the longest O-polysaccharide chains contained the 2c epitope.

Targeted oncogene activation by site-specific recombination in transgenic mice

An efficient and accurate method for controlled in vivo transgene modulation by site-directed recombination is described. Seven transgenic mouse founder lines were produced carrying the murine lens-specific alpha A-crystallin promoter and the simian virus 40 large tumor-antigen gene sequence, separated by a 1.3-kilobase-pair Stop sequence that contains elements preventing expression of the large tumor-antigen gene and Cre recombinase recognition sites. Progeny from two of these lines were mated with transgenic mice expressing the Cre recombinase under control of either the murine alpha A-crystallin promoter or the human cytomegalovirus promoter. All double-transgenic offspring developed lens tumors. Subsequent analysis confirmed that tumor formation resulted from large tumor-antigen activation via site-specific, Cre-mediated deletion of Stop sequences.

Liver ultrasound findings in a low prevalence area of S. japonicum in China: comparison with history, physical examination, parasitological and serological results

The paper describes a study carried out in a community in Dongdian township, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. Medical history and the results of a physical examination, ultrasound investigation, parasitological and serological tests for Schistosoma japonicum infection were compared in 661 persons of 169 households. A lack of correlation between parasitological and serological indicators of infection and morbidity was observed in this area of low (6.4%) prevalence and intensity of infection. The prevalence of abnormal ultrasound findings in the liver in this population was high (56%), and was significantly higher than the prevalence of S. japonicum infection. The abnormal ultrasound findings correlated with a history of schistosomiasis, and the correlation increased significantly according to the number of times treated and the time since the last treatment, which suggested that past parenteral treatment has a role in the high rate of abnormal liver ultrasound findings. The significant correlation between the qualitative and quantitative serological results and abnormal ultrasound parenchymal patterns suggests that cross-reactivity between the etiology of the parenchymal disease and these tests is occurring. The presence of HBsAg correlated with the composite presence of ultrasound abnormalities of the liver parenchyma: increased echogenicity, periportal fibrosis and/or nodules and irregular fibrosis, whereas a normal ultrasound pattern was associated with the absence of HBV antigenemia.

Effect of pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B) and calcium on phospholipid adsorption and squeeze-out of phosphatidylglycerol from binary phospholipid monolayers containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

The pulsating bubble technique was used to study the surface activity of binary phospholipid mixtures containing dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and an unsaturated acidic phospholipid such as egg phosphatidylglycerol (egg PG), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-PG (POPG) or egg phosphatidic acid (egg PA) in the presence of surfactant-associated protein B (SP-B) and calcium. The relative surface activities were DPPC/egg PG/SP-B (7:3:1%) greater than DPPC/POPG/SP-B (7:3:1%) greater than DPPC/egg PA/SP-B (7:3:1%). The Wilhelmy surface plate technique was utilized to investigate the interaction between pure SP-B in the bulk phase (0.9% NaCl/1.5 mM CaCl2) and preformed DPPC or phosphatidylglycerol (PG) monolayers. Although SP-B injected into the bulk phase reduces the surface tension of a clean surface, no evidence was obtained for the insertion of SP-B into surface monolayers at equilibrium surface tension. Surface radioactivity measurements and the Wilhelmy surface plate technique were also used to study the potential interactions between liposomes of DPPC/POPG (7:3) with or without SP-B and surface monolayers of [14C]DPPC or [14C]POPG. No exchange of phosphatidylcholine (PC) or PG was found between the monolayer and liposomes. We also compared the adsorption of pure POPG or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and binary mixed liposomes with DPPC in the presence or absence of SP-B and calcium. DPPC/POPG/SP-B (7:3:1%) was found to be more surface active than pure POPG plus 1% SP-B in the presence of calcium. Injection of SP-B into the bulk phase promoted the adsorption of DPPC/POPG liposomes to a greater extent than POPG liposomes. The enhanced adsorption was dependent on the presence of calcium. In contrast to PG, DPPC/POPC/SP-B (7:3:1%) was less surface active than pure POPC plus 1% SP-B either in the presence or absence of calcium. Our findings suggested that the molecular composition and organization of mixed monolayers play an important role in the surface activity of the surfactant.