1
|
Padhani ZA, Rahman AR, Lakhani S, Yasin R, Khan MH, Mirani M, Jamali M, Ali Khan Z, Khatoon S, Partab R, Ul Haq A, Kampalath V, Hosseinalipour SM, Blanchet K, Das JK. COVID-19 vaccine coverage, determinants and inequity amongst refugees and migrants in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080954. [PMID: 38684252 PMCID: PMC11086489 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Migrants and refugees are at a disadvantage in accessing basic necessities. The objective of this study is to assess the inequity in access, needs and determinants of COVID-19 vaccination among refugees and migrant populations in Pakistan. DESIGN We conducted a mixed-method study comprising a cross-sectional survey and a qualitative study. In this paper, we will only report the findings from the cross-sectional survey. SETTING This survey was conducted in different cities of Pakistan including Quetta, Karachi and Hyderabad. PARTICIPANTS A total of 570 participants were surveyed including refugees and migrants, both in regular and irregular situations. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome of the study was to estimate the proportion of refugees and migrants, both in regular and irregular situations vaccinated against COVID-19 and assess the inequity. The χ2 test and Fisher's exact test were used to determine the significant differences in proportions between refugees and migrants and between regions. RESULTS The survey showed that only 26.9% of the refugee and migrant population were tested for COVID-19, 4.56% contracted coronavirus, and 3.85% were hospitalised due to COVID-19. About 66% of the refugees and migrants were fully vaccinated including those who received the single-dose vaccine or received all two doses, and 17.6% were partially vaccinated. Despite vaccination campaigns by the government, 14.4% of the refugee and migrant population remained unvaccinated mostly because of vaccines not being offered, distant vaccination sites, limited access, unavailability of COVID-19 vaccine or due to a difficult registration process. Vaccination rates varied across provinces, genders and migrant populations due to misconceptions, and several social, cultural and geographical barriers. CONCLUSION This study highlights the COVID-19 vaccine coverage, access and inequity faced by refugees and migrants during the pandemic. It suggests early prioritisation of policies inclusive of all refugees and migrants and the provision of identification documents to ease access to basic necessities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ali Padhani
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Abdu R Rahman
- Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Lakhani
- Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rahima Yasin
- Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Hameed Khan
- Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaque Mirani
- Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamali
- Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ali Khan
- Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sana Khatoon
- Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Riya Partab
- Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ul Haq
- Youth Association for Development, Quetta, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Karl Blanchet
- Global Health Development, University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jai K Das
- Institute for Global Health and Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Das JK, Lakhani S, Rahman AR, Siddiqui F, Ali Padhani Z, Rashid Z, Mahmud O, Naqvi SK, Amir Naseem H, Jehanzeb H, Kumar S, Beg MA. Malaria in pregnancy: Meta-analyses of prevalence and associated complications. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e39. [PMID: 38347721 PMCID: PMC10945947 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aims to assess the prevalence of malaria in pregnancy during antenatal visits and delivery, species-specific burden together with regional variation in the burden of disease. It also aims to estimate the proportions of adverse pregnancy outcomes in malaria-positive women. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, a thorough and systematic search was conducted in July 2023 across two electronic databases (including PubMed and CENTRAL). Forest plots were constructed for each outcome of interest highlighting the effect measure, confidence interval, sample size, and its associated weightage. All the statistical meta-analysis were conducted using R-Studio version 2022.07. Sensitivity analyses, publication bias assessment, and meta-regression analyses were also performed to ensure robustness of the review. According to the pooled estimates of 253 studies, the overall prevalence of malaria was 18.95% (95% CI: 16.95-21.11), during antenatal visits was 20.09% (95% CI: 17.43-23.06), and at delivery was 17.32% (95% CI: 14.47-20.61). The highest proportion of malarial infection was observed in Africa approximating 21.50% (95% CI: 18.52-24.81) during ANC and 20.41% (95% CI: 17.04-24.24) at the time of delivery. Our analysis also revealed that the odds of having anaemia were 2.40 times (95% CI: 1.87-3.06), having low birthweight were 1.99 times (95% CI: 1.60-2.48), having preterm birth were 1.65 times (95% CI: 1.29-2.10), and having stillbirths were 1.40 times (95% CI: 1.15-1.71) in pregnant women with malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai K. Das
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Lakhani
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdu R. Rahman
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faareha Siddiqui
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Ali Padhani
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zainab Rashid
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Omar Mahmud
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Kanza Naqvi
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hamna Amir Naseem
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Asim Beg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Broderick L, Tuohy G, Solymos O, Lakhani S, Staunton B, Ennis P, Clark N, Moppett IK, Chalissery A, Kilbride RD, Sweeney KJ, O'Brien D, O'Hare A, Harvey A, Larkin CM. Management of vagus nerve simulation therapy in the peri-operative period: Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists: Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia 2023; 78:747-757. [PMID: 37096456 DOI: 10.1111/anae.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation is a well-established treatment option for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and has an expanding range of other clinical indications. Side effects of vagus nerve stimulation therapy include: cough; voice changes; vocal cord adduction; rarely, obstructive sleep apnoea; and arrhythmia. Patients with implanted vagus nerve stimulation devices may present for unrelated surgery and critical care to clinicians who are unfamiliar with their function and safe management. These guidelines have been formulated by multidisciplinary consensus based on case reports, case series and expert opinion to support clinicians in the management of patients with these devices. The aim is to provide specific guidance on the management of vagus nerve stimulation devices in the following scenarios: the peri-operative period; peripartum period; during critical illness; and in the MRI suite. Patients should be aware of the importance of carrying their personal vagus nerve stimulation device magnet with them at all times to facilitate urgent device deactivation if necessary. We advise that it is generally safer to formally deactivate vagus nerve stimulation devices before general and spinal anaesthesia. During periods of critical illness associated with haemodynamic instability, we also advise cessation of vagus nerve stimulation and early consultation with neurology services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - G Tuohy
- Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O Solymos
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Lakhani
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - P Ennis
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Clark
- Bristol Children's Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A O'Hare
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Harvey
- Royal Cornwall Hospital Trust, Cornwall, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Das JK, Chee HY, Lakhani S, Khan MH, Islam M, Muhammad S, Bhutta ZA. COVID-19 Vaccines: How Efficient and Equitable Was the Initial Vaccination Process? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010011. [PMID: 36679856 PMCID: PMC9862832 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With nearly 11 billion doses of the COVID-19 vaccine being administered, stark differences in the vaccination rates persist. Vaccine distribution initiatives such as COVAX and African Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT) were formed to ensure equitable vaccine delivery. This review evaluates the initial COVID-19 vaccination efforts and the impact of different vaccine distribution initiatives on equitable vaccination coverage in the early phase. We conducted a descriptive and trend analysis with sub-groups by various context parameters of data on COVID-19 vaccination from December 2020 till February 2022, from four public databases including UNICEF, WHO, COVID-19 Task Force and Our World in Data to examine COVID-19 vaccine distribution progress and the contributions of vaccine procurement initiatives. We found that High Income Countries (HICs) had much higher vaccination rate (78.4%) than Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) (55.5%) and Low-Income Countries (LICs) (10.9%). Large differentials (>80% to <10%) in the vaccination rates of eligible population of adults in LMICs and LICs existed. Differentials in the total vaccine doses delivered to each country ranged from 355.6% to 4.8% of the total population. In LICs, 53.3% of the total doses were obtained via COVAX, 30.9% by bilateral/multilateral agreements, 6.5% by donations and 3.8% by AVAT. In LMICs, 56.4% of total vaccines procured were via bilateral/multilateral agreements, 21.4% by COVAX, 4.2% by donations and 0.5% by AVAT. COVAX delivered 1 billion doses by January 2022 which constituted 53.2% and 21.4% of procured doses in LICs and LMICs. In LICs and LMICs, 6.5% and 4.2% of total doses were acquired through donations while 30.9% and 56.4% of doses were purchased. Despite global efforts, significant disparities were present in COVID-19 vaccination efforts amongst countries of different income groups. Future efforts should focus on addressing vaccine inequities explicitly and in improving global vaccine distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai K. Das
- Institute of Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
| | - Hsien Yao Chee
- Global Health Research Center and Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China
- Center of Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Sohail Lakhani
- Institute of Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Hameed Khan
- Institute of Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Islam
- Center of Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Sajid Muhammad
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Institute of Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
- Center of Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: (+1)-416-813-7654-x-328532
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wasay M, Taimuri B, Lakhani S, Javed M, Garg D, Aggarwal V, Mehndiratta M. Air pollution and cerebrovascular disorders with special reference to asia: An overview. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:S3-S8. [PMID: 36213100 PMCID: PMC9540828 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_491_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among the primary environmental issues affecting global health, air pollution is considered the leading cause of concern. Globally, around 800,000 deaths were attributed to air pollution according to WHO. Evidence suggests that there has been a strong association of air pollution with stroke. Approximately, 25% of stroke mortality was due to air pollution according to a study in 2013. Objective: The aim of this review was to analyze the association between stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage and air pollution and its burden globally with a special focus on South Asia along with its association with the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: There is growing research data linking air pollution to cardiovascular disorders including stroke. Short-term and long-term air pollution exposures have been shown to increase stroke incidence in epidemiological data. Air pollution, both gaseous and particle, show a strong and tight temporal relationship with stroke hospitalizations and death. The link between ICH and SAH to air pollution is less strong and less well studied as compared to ischemic stroke. Stroke and air pollution both are highly prevalent in South Asia. It is possible that the high prevalence of stroke in south Asia may be linked to the high frequency of air pollution in addition to other conventional risk factors. Decreased stroke admissions and mortality and reduced cardiovascular mortality reported during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID) lockdown may be attributable to decreased levels of air pollution. Conclusion: Even though air pollution poses a significant threat to human health, a great number of countries still fail to achieve internationally agreed air quality standards. Air pollution should be recognized among the most significant controllable risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Introduction Therapist led interventions form a core element in the management of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in India. COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted several aspects of ASD management. Objectives This study aims to understand the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on ASD therapies from a therapist perspective. Methods An online survey was conducted using a google form questionnaire disseminated among ASD therapists. The form was open for response between 23rd of June and 23rd of July 2020. The responses were extracted into an excel sheet and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results 41 out of 75 therapists with mean age of 44 years (21 – 58 years) responded to the survey. 48% were women. Majority of them were either special educators (49%) or ASD therapists (32%) with professional experience of >5 years (63%). Majority of the therapists felt that there is significant disruption during the pandemic with reduction in conventional therapies (63% to 17%) and increase in online therapies (15% to 61%). They also felt that this disruption had moderate to severe impact on child’s learning (73%) and parents emotional and psychological well being (85%). Only 22% of therapists were using digital based therapy (DBT) before the pandemic. Although 51% of the therapists were not entirely sure whether DBT augments parents and therapists’ efforts, majority (65%) were willing to use them. Conclusions COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted ASD therapy in India. Willingness to use online and digital based therapies could open up a new dimension. Reliable and effective Artificial-Intelligence based therapies are the need of the day. Disclosure Medical advisor for CognitiveBotics
Collapse
|
7
|
Pang JM, Castles B, Byrne D, Button P, Lakhani S, Sivasubramaniam V, Cooper W, Armes J, Millar E, Raymond W, Roberts-Thomson S, Kumar B, Burr M, Selinger C, Harvey K, Chan C, Beith J, O'Toole S, Fox S. 297P SP142 immunohistochemistry (IHC) PD-L1 inter- and intra-pathologist agreement in triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC). Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
8
|
Lakhani S, Martin K. Oncology patient support. Br Dent J 2020; 228:902. [PMID: 32591676 PMCID: PMC7319192 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-1799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
9
|
Simpson P, McCart Reed A, Kutasovic J, Coorey C, Kuo L, Nguyen H, Pei W, Ong J, Sokolova A, Evans E, Porter A, Lakhani S. 52P Characterising clinicopathological and biological parameters predictive of outcome for patients diagnosed with invasive lobular carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
10
|
Simpson P, Nones K, Johnson J, Newell F, Patch AM, Thorne H, Kazakoff S, De Luca X, Parsons M, Ferguson K, Reid L, McCart Reed A, Srihari S, Lakis V, Davidson A, Mukhopadhyay P, Holmes O, Xu Q, Wood S, Leonard C, Beasley J, Degasperi A, Nik-Zainal S, Ragan M, Spurdle A, Khanna KK, Lakhani S, Pearson J, Chenevix-Trench G, Waddell N. Abstract P5-10-01: Using whole genome sequencing and somatic mutation signatures to unravel insight into familial breast cancer aetiology. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p5-10-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Approximately 10-15% of breast cancers are associated with a strong family history of disease. Pathogenic variants in BRCA1, BRCA2 or other moderate to highly penetrant susceptibility genes (e.g. TP53, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2 and PTEN) account for a number of breast cancer families. However, for over 50% of families the underlying genetic contribution to their risk remains unknown (termed here as non-BRCA1/2). This has a profound impact for how individuals and their families are managed in the clinic. We applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) to determine whether somatic mutation analysis can reveal insight into the aetiology of familial breast cancer. The full repertoire of somatic mutations was evaluated in 26 BRCA1, 22 BRCA2 and 32 non-BRCA1/2 tumours; including SNPs, indels, copy number changes and structural rearrangements, and mutational signatures. Genomes were also analysed using the HRD Index and HRDetect, as predictors of homologous recombination deficiency. BRCA1, BRCA2 and non-BRCA1/2 tumours exhibited a different burden of mutations, a different spectrum of mutational signatures and different telomere length. Based on collective patterns of mutation signatures, tumours were classified as 'BRCA1-like', 'BRCA2-like' or 'non-BRCA1/2-like' with a 15% rate of tumour re-classification from their original clinical BRCA status. The results demonstrate the power of WGS to differentiate between BRCA1 and BRCA2 driven tumours; in the identification of double-pathogenic germline mutation carriers based on the resulting somatic mutation signature; and in the interpretation of BRCA unclassified variants. WGS of tumour genomes reveals fascinating insights into tumour aetiology and could compliment current genetic testing of breast cancer families.
Citation Format: Simpson P, Nones K, Johnson J, Newell F, Patch A-M, Thorne H, Kazakoff S, De Luca X, Parsons M, Ferguson K, Reid L, McCart Reed A, Srihari S, Lakis V, Davidson A, Mukhopadhyay P, Holmes O, Xu Q, Wood S, Leonard C, Beasley J, Degasperi A, Nik-Zainal S, Ragan M, Spurdle A, Khanna KK, Lakhani S, Pearson J, Chenevix-Trench G, Waddell N. Using whole genome sequencing and somatic mutation signatures to unravel insight into familial breast cancer aetiology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-10-01.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Simpson
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Nones
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Johnson
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - F Newell
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A-M Patch
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - H Thorne
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Kazakoff
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - X De Luca
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Parsons
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Ferguson
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Reid
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A McCart Reed
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Srihari
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - V Lakis
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Davidson
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - P Mukhopadhyay
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - O Holmes
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Q Xu
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Wood
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Leonard
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Beasley
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Degasperi
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Nik-Zainal
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Ragan
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Spurdle
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - KK Khanna
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Lakhani
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Pearson
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - G Chenevix-Trench
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Waddell
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Earl DE, Loriaux DB, Lakhani S, Spector AR. 0497 Physical Traits are More Predictive than Symptoms of Moderate-to-Severe Sleep Apnea in Men. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D E Earl
- Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC
| | | | - S Lakhani
- Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The effect of a surgical day unit (SDU) on the waiting lists of a busy district general hospital is reported over a 4-year period. During this time, 18 (15%) of the general surgical beds were closed for financial reasons. A real saving rather than an apparent one is reported due to the work expansion in the SDU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhani
- Kingston Hospital, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Northwood K, Saunus J, Milevskiy M, Lakhani S, Brown M. Abstract P1-04-05: RNA immunoprecipitation reveals lncRNA-protein interactions in basal-like breast cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p1-04-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Interactions between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and proteins contribute to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, and defects in such interactions have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer. Basal-like breast cancer accounts for approximately 15% of all breast cancer and is a major clinical problem given its poor survival and lack of responsiveness to targeted breast cancer treatments. DNA methylation is non-random and is much more pronounced in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) compared to other molecular subtypes of breast cancer, raising the possibility that hypermethylation could be important in the genesis of BLBCs. LncRNAs are aberrantly expressed in multiple subtypes of breast cancer, including BLBC, and are considered to have significant prognostic potential. In order to explore the potential roles of DNA methylation and lncRNAs in BLBC, we investigated lncRNA-protein interactions using bioinformatics and molecular techniques, focusing on proteins that actively perform DNA methylation - the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family. Our novel bioinformatic methods revealed that BLBC may be sub-classified according to methylation profile in a way that could predict disease survival. We then identified candidate lncRNAs that are over-expressed in BLBC and statistically predicted to interact with DNMT proteins. Using RNA immunoprecipitation of BLBC cell lines, we have identified potential lncRNA-protein interactions that may be involved in epigenetic remodelling in BLBC. The role of these lncRNAs in epigenetic gene regulation and BLBC is currently being explored.
Citation Format: Northwood K, Saunus J, Milevskiy M, Lakhani S, Brown M. RNA immunoprecipitation reveals lncRNA-protein interactions in basal-like breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-04-05.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Northwood
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine and UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Saunus
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine and UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Milevskiy
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine and UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Lakhani
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine and UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Brown
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine and UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lal S, McCart Reed A, Nones K, Wockner L, Song S, Lakhani S, Simpson P. Abstract P1-05-16: An integrated molecular analysis of invasive lobular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p1-05-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the most commonly diagnosed special histological type of breast cancer, accounting for up to 15% of all cases. Accumulating data suggests the biology and clinical features of ILC differ to those of the more commonly diagnosed Invasive Carcinoma of No Special Type (IC-NST), including evidence of there being an overall worse long term outcome associated with ILC. Several large-scale molecular profiling studies have recently been published regarding ILC, highlighting molecular heterogeneity and important drivers of tumour behaviour. We hypothesize that an integrative analysis of gene expression and DNA copy number data will identify novel drivers, and prognostic and predictive biomarkers of lobular phenotype.
Methods: Gene expression and copy number data from ILC tumours profiled in-house (n=25), METABRIC (n=125) and TCGA (n=145) were assembled and analysed. Integration of genome and transcriptome data was performed using two methods. Firstly, by Spearman correlation with a meta-analysis by combining gene level correlation coefficients from each study using a random effects model, weighting each study with inverse variance. Secondly using ANOVA, followed by combining gene level p-values across studies using Stouffers Z-score. Disease specific survival was examined at an individual gene level and using all genes simultaneously (via a Cox Boost analysis) to identify gene expression changes that are associated with poor outcome.
Results: DNA copy number profiling identified recurrent gains (1q, 8q, 16p), losses (11q, 16q) and amplifications (1q32, 8p12-p11.2, 11q13). 11q13 amplifications were prevalent at a higher frequency in patients with poor outcome compared to patients with better outcome. The integrative analysis identified 1928 candidate genes whose expression was associated with gene copy number; as expected being enriched from genome regions highlighted above. One hundred and sixty of these genes were of prognostic significance in the METABRIC ILC cohort, several are known cancer drivers (e.g. PBX1, CCND1) and five new candidates are being investigated as novel prognostic biomarkers by immunohistochemistry.
Conclusions: An integrated molecular analysis of ILC has identified a large number of gene expression changes that are dictated by gene copy number in ILC. Some of these are expected to influence tumour behavior and to highlight aggressive cancers with poor prognosis.
Citation Format: Lal S, McCart Reed A, Nones K, Wockner L, Song S, Lakhani S, Simpson P. An integrated molecular analysis of invasive lobular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-05-16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lal
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A McCart Reed
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Nones
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - L Wockner
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Song
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Lakhani
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P Simpson
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Musani SA, Essani RR, Khowaja RM, Alwani NR, Lakhani S, Zafar A. P286: Decreasing nosocomial exposures of tuberculosis to healthcare workers at emergency department in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013. [PMCID: PMC3688037 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-2-s1-p286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
|
16
|
Teo W, Nair R, McFarland A, Ye S, Mellick A, Lakhani S, Swarbrick A. 153 Dissecting the Role of the Inhibitor of Differentiation 1 in Breast Cancer Metastasis and Characterization of Pathways Controlling Breast Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)70853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Flanagan JM, Kugler S, Waddell N, Johnstone CN, Marsh A, Henderson S, Simpson P, da Silva L, Khanna K, Lakhani S, Boshoff C, Chenevix-Trench G. DNA methylome of familial breast cancer identifies distinct profiles defined by mutation status. Breast Cancer Res 2010. [PMCID: PMC2875560 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
19
|
Grigoriadis A, Caballe O, Hoek K, da Silva L, Chen Y, Shin S, Jungbluth A, Miller L, Cebon J, Old L, Lakhani S, Simpson A, Neville M. Distinctive Expression of Cancer/Testis-X Antigens in a Subset of ER Negative Breast Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Cancer/testis-X antigens are a multigene family that are predominantly expressed in human germ line cells, with little or no expression in somatic adult tissues, but become aberrantly activated in various malignancies. Some such CT-X antigens represent ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy and have already been used in clinical testing. In contrast to melanomas, bladder, lung, ovarian and hepatocellular carcinomas which show higher levels of CT-X antigen expression, the reports in breast cancers have been inconclusive to date and a comprehensive gene expression and clinicopathological analysis has yet to be performed.Material and Methods: Using sequencing data as well as nine publicly available gene expression data sets, we analyzed the expression of Cancer/testis-X antigens in more than 1900 primary breast cancers. Complementary analysis was performed on three tissue microarrays comprising a total of 201 primary breast carcinomas and 53 brain metastases. Clinical information on the ER-, PR-, HER2, Ki67, p53, EGFR and basal markers was available for statistical analysis.Results: A significantly higher expression of Cancer/testis-X antigens was found in ER negative breast carcinomas over different data sets with a concordant gene expression pattern of several Cancer/testis-X antigens. Members of the MAGEA family and NY-ESO-1/CTAG1B were consistently the most prevalent. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed a significant correlation of MAGEA family and NY-ESO-1/CTAG1B with ER negative (pValue < 0.0001), PR negative (pValue < 0.01) and Ki67 staining (pValue < 0.0001). Many of these tumors were also positive for basal markers.Discussion: Previous studies of Cancer/testis-X antigens in breast have focused on ER positive cancers, in smaller subsets and provided inconclusive results. Using comprehensive gene expression data sets and tissue microarrays, we have demonstrated a significant association of MAGEA family and NY-ESO-1/CTAG1B with ER/PR negative breast cancer. Since these cancers represent a subgroup for which less therapeutic modalities are available, we propose the use of MAGEA and NY-ESO-1/CTAG1B cancer vaccines in the adjuvant setting as an approach to restricting tumor growth and metastases. Clinical trails using MAGEA and NY-ESO-1/CTAG1B are warranted.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 3139.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - O. Caballe
- 2Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, NY,
| | - K. Hoek
- 3University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L. da Silva
- 4UQ Centre for Clinical Research and The School of Medicine, Australia
| | - Y. Chen
- 5Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY,
| | - S. Shin
- 5Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY,
| | | | - L. Miller
- 6Wake Forest Univ. School of Medicine,
| | | | - L. Old
- 2Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, NY,
| | - S. Lakhani
- 4UQ Centre for Clinical Research and The School of Medicine, Australia
| | - A. Simpson
- 2Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, NY,
| | - M. Neville
- 1Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, NY,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Subarachnoid haemorrhage due to rupture of cerebral aneurysms is a multisystem disease. Treatment of the condition in the past has relied on craniotomy and clipping of the aneurysm to prevent a recurrent haemorrhage. There is now emerging evidence to suggest that endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms may reduce the morbidity associated with open surgery. The anaesthetic management of interventional neuroradiology also creates new challenges due to the novel approach to treatment. Anaesthetists need to be familiar with this procedure and the management of potential complications. This review provides an overview such considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhani
- Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Anaesthesia, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gui GPH, Joubert DJ, Reichert R, Ward A, Lakhani S, Osin P, Nerurkar A, A'Hern R, Benson K, Underwood SR. Continued axillary sampling is unnecessary and provides no further information to sentinel node biopsy in staging breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31:707-14. [PMID: 15993028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become increasingly accepted as a diagnostic method to stage the axilla in breast cancer, selecting women with a positive sentinel node for completion axillary clearance. As SLNB became established, many surgeons supplemented SLNB to sample a minimum of four lymph nodes, on the assumption that the four-node technique is supported by randomised trial data. We hypothesised that the practice of undirected sampling to supplement SLNB adds little information to the status of the residual axilla. METHODS One hundred and sixty-five patients with early breast cancer were studied. Following successful identification of the sentinel node, 84 women had completion axillary dissection and 81 women had an axillary sample with at least four nodes available for pathological assessment. RESULTS Following successful identification of the sentinel node in 165 patients, the false negative rate (FNR) was 2/44=4.5% (95% CI 0.6-15.5), sensitivity 42/44=95.5% (84.5-99.4) and negative predictive value (NPV) 121/123=98.4% (94.2-99.8). In the axillary dissection cohort, the FNR was 2/26=7.7% (0.9-25.1), sensitivity 24/26=92.3% (74.9-99.1) and NPV 58/60=96.7% (88.5-100). In the axillary sample group, the FNR was 0/18=0% (0-18.5), sensitivity 18/18=100% (81.5-100) and NPV 63/63=100% (94.3-100). The SLNB was the only positive node in 12/26 (46.2%) in the axillary dissection group and 10/18 (55.6%) in the axillary sampling group. There was no patient in the axillary sampling group where the sample node was positive and the sentinel node negative. CONCLUSION Once SLNB is validated within the multidisciplinary unit, undirected sampling of the axilla following identification of the sentinel node(s) is unnecessary. The additional sampling of non-sentinel nodes has no role to play either in the assessment of a potential false negative SLNB nor as predictive information on the status of the residual axillary nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P H Gui
- Academic Surgery and Breast Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 203, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Leach MO, Eeles RA, Turnbull LW, Dixon AK, Brown J, Hoff RJC, Coulthard A, Dixon JM, Easton DF, Evans DGR, Gilbert FJ, Hawnaur J, Hayes C, Kessar P, Lakhani S, Liney G, Moss SM, Padhani AP, Pointon LJ, Sydenham M, Walker LG, Warren RML, Haites NE, Morrison P, Cole T, Rayter Z, Donaldson A, Shere M, Rankin J, Goudie D, Steel CM, Davidson R, Chu C, Ellis I, Mackay J, Hodgson SV, Homfray T, Douglas F, Quarrell OW, Eccles DM, Gilbert FG, Crothers G, Walker CP, Jones A, Slack N, Britton P, Sheppard DG, Walsh J, Whitehouse G, Teh W, Rankin S, Boggis C, Potterton J, McLean L, Gordon PAL, Rubin C. The UK national study of magnetic resonance imaging as a method of screening for breast cancer (MARIBS). J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2002; 21:107-14. [PMID: 12585664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The UK national study of magnetic resonance imaging as a method of screening for breast cancer (MARIBS) is in progress. The study design, accrual to date, and related research projects are described. Revised accrual rates and expected recruitment are given. 15 cancers have been detected to date, from a total of 1236 screening measurements. This event rate and the tumour grades reported are compared with recent reports from other studies in women at high risk of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M O Leach
- Section of Magnetic Resonance, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Dosanjh A, Lakhani S, Elashoff D, Chin C, Hsu V, Hilman B. A comparison of microbiologic flora of the sinuses and airway among cystic fibrosis patients with maxillary antrostomies. Pediatr Transplant 2000; 4:182-5. [PMID: 10933317 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3046.2000.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The placement of maxillary antrostomies among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has been used as a treatment to allow localized antibiotic lavage of infected sinus passages. This procedure is increasingly recommended by lung transplantation centers as a prerequisite prior to accepting a CF patient as a candidate for transplantation. Our study attempts to define the degree of identity between sinus, endotracheal and sputum cultures from 35 patients. The samples (n = 137) were collected within two weeks of each other. An analysis of the microbiologic type, strain, and antibiotic resistance patterns was undertaken. Randomization analysis was performed and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. The results indicated a high degree of correlation between sinus-sputum pairs (n = 55) and endotracheal samples (p < 0.008). This study provides evidence that there is a potential for cross-infection between sinus passages and the lower airway. The localized irrigation of CF sinus cavities post-transplantation may be warranted in an attempt to reduce bacterial counts and potential direct infection of the allograft. However, it is unlikely that this will eliminate this risk because bacterial colonization continues and the CF trachea is another source of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dosanjh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bigio IJ, Bown SG, Briggs G, Kelley C, Lakhani S, Pickard D, Ripley PM, Rose IG, Saunders C. Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results. J Biomed Opt 2000; 5:221-8. [PMID: 10938787 DOI: 10.1117/1.429990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1999] [Revised: 12/22/1999] [Accepted: 01/19/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first stages of a clinical study designed to test elastic-scattering spectroscopy, mediated by fiberoptic probes, for three specific clinical applications in breast-tissue diagnosis: (1) a transdermal-needle (interstitial) measurement for instant diagnosis with minimal invasiveness similar to fine-needle aspiration but with sensitivity to a larger tissue volume, (2) a hand-held diagnostic probe for use in assessing tumor/resection margins during open surgery, and (3) use of the same probe for real-time assessment of the "sentinel" node during surgery to determine the presence or absence of tumor (metastatic). Preliminary results from in vivo measurements on 31 women are encouraging. Optical spectra were measured on 72 histology sites in breast tissue, and 54 histology sites in sentinel nodes. Two different artificial intelligence methods of spectral classification were studied. Artificial neural networks yielded sensitivities of 69% and 58%, and specificities of 85% and 93%, for breast tissue and sentinel nodes, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis yielded sensitivities of 67% and 91%, and specificities of 79% and 77%, for breast tissue and sentinel nodes, respectively. These values are expected to improve as the data sets continue to grow and more sophisticated data preprocessing is employed. The study will enroll up to 400 patients over the next two years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I J Bigio
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Payne J, Jones C, Lakhani S, Kortenkamp A. Improving the reproducibility of the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay for the detection of xenoestrogens. Sci Total Environ 2000; 248:51-62. [PMID: 10807042 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The MCF-7 cell proliferation assay is potentially a simple and highly reproducible tool for the identification of estrogenic compounds. However, its widespread use has been complicated by the lack of a standardised protocol, resulting in considerable inter-laboratory variability. We have explored the sources of variability both in relation to cell lines and test regimens and report on optimised procedures for the identification of estrogenic agents. Two supposedly identical MCF-7 parent cell lines (designated UCL and SOP), and the BUS subline were cultured according to an existing protocol, and responses to 17-estradiol (E2) assessed. Despite yielding almost identical EC50 values, the proliferative response varied widely between cell lines from 0.98-fold over controls (UCL) to 8.9-fold (BUS) indicating major differences between them. The underlying causes may be genetic, and to assess this we used comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH), a technique which allows the detection of DNA sequence copy number changes on a genome-wide scale. Although numerous similarities existed between the different cell lines, the least oestrogen-responsive line (MCF-7/UCL) exhibited the greatest number of cytogenetic changes, many of which were not seen in MCF-7/SOP cells. We suggest that care must be taken, therefore, when choosing a cell line for MCF-7 cell-based experiments. Selecting the MCF-7/SOP line for further work, we carried out a thorough and systematic optimisation of the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay, finding that a 72-h period in oestrogen-free medium before treatment strongly influenced the cells response to E2. With 1 nM E2, proliferation increased from 1.5-fold to 6.5-fold relative to vehicle-treated controls, a response similar to that seen with MCF-7/BUS cells in the E-SCREEN protocol devised by Soto et al. With parent MCF-7 cells, other laboratories have reported only 4.5-fold increases as maximal. Here we present evidence that the choice of cell line and culture conditions are crucial in determining test outcomes, and once chosen and adhered to the assay yields reproducible results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Payne
- The Centre for Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cox ME, Deeble PD, Lakhani S, Parsons SJ. Acquisition of neuroendocrine characteristics by prostate tumor cells is reversible: implications for prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 1999; 59:3821-30. [PMID: 10447001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) cells occur as scattered foci within prostatic adenocarcinoma, similar to their distribution within ductal epithelial cells of the normal prostate. However, the density of NE cells is often greater in prostate carcinomas than in normal tissue, and the frequency of NE cells correlates with tumor grade, loss of androgen sensitivity, autocrine/paracrine activity, and poor prognosis. Although NE cells are nonmitotic, proliferating cells are found in direct proximity to them, suggesting that NE cells provide paracrine stimuli for surrounding carcinoma cells. In vitro, differentiation of the LNCaP and PC3M prostatic tumor cell lines to a NE phenotype can be induced by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (cAMP), suggesting that physiological agents that increase intracellular concentrations of cAMP might regulate NE differentiation in vivo. Indeed, we demonstrate in this report that LNCaP cells acquire NE characteristics in response to treatment with physiological and pharmacological agents that elevate intracellular cAMP, agents such as epinephrine, isoproterenol, forskolin, and dibutyryl cAMP. The androgen-independent LNCaP-derived cell line C4-2 also responded to these agents, indicating that cells representing later stages of tumor progression are also capable of differentiation. The NE phenotype in this study was monitored by the appearance of dense core granules in the cytoplasm, the extension of neuron-like processes, loss of mitogenic activity, and expression of the NE markers neuron-specific enolase, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, neurotensin, serotonin, and chromogranin A. However, contrary to previous reports, we observed rapid loss of the NE phenotype in both LNCaP and C4-2 cells upon withdrawal of inducing agents. Withdrawal also resulted in a rapid, dramatic increase in tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase activities, suggesting that activation of these intracellular signaling enzymes may be important for reentry into the cell cycle. Together, these results indicate that chronic cAMP-mediated signaling is required to block proliferation of prostate tumor cells and to induce NE differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Cox
- Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- S C Stern
- South West Thames Regional Renal Unit, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lakhani S, Khanna NC, Tewari KK. Nascent transcript-binding protein of the pea chloroplast transcriptionally active chromosome. Plant Mol Biol 1993; 23:963-979. [PMID: 8260634 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the nascent RNA-binding protein of the pea chloroplast transcriptional complex. The protein has been identified by photoaffinity labelling of the transcriptionally active chromosome (TAC) which utilizes the endogenous plastid DNA as template. UV irradiation of lysed chloroplast or the isolated TAC under conditions optimized for transcription photocross-links nascent radiolabelled transcripts (up to 250 nucleotides in length) to a 48 kDa protein. The photoaffinity labelling of the transcript-binding protein is dependent on UV irradiation, is maximal after about 30 min of irradiation, and is completely dependent on transcriptional activity; no cross-linkage has been observed with pre-synthesized RNA. Cross-linkage is influenced by salts and inhibitors in accordance with their effects on transcription. The photoconjugate is composed of protein and RNA moieties, and can be hydrolysed by several proteases. However, the cross-linked transcript is protected from nucleases until the protein is removed. Manganese enhances photoaffinity labelling of the transcript-binding protein, and this is paralleled by an increase in total transcriptional activity of TAC. This protein was isolated by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the sequence of 15 amino acid residues at the amino terminus was determined. The nascent transcript-binding protein appears to be involved in the transcription of all three classes of chloroplast genes. We also found a polypeptide of identical molecular weight to get cross-linked to nascent transcripts in chloroplasts isolated from other legumes such as Cicer arietenum, Vigna radiata and Phaseolus vulgaris, and monocots like Zea mays, Oryza sativa and Pennisetum americanum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Her JH, Lakhani S, Zu K, Vila J, Dent P, Sturgill TW, Weber MJ. Dual phosphorylation and autophosphorylation in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation. Biochem J 1993; 296 ( Pt 1):25-31. [PMID: 7504457 PMCID: PMC1137650 DOI: 10.1042/bj2960025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
p42mapk [mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase; extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)] is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by dual tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation in response to diverse agonists. Both the tyrosine and threonine phosphorylations are necessary for full enzymic activity. A MAP kinase activator recently purified and cloned has been shown to be a protein kinase (MAP kinase kinase) that is able to induce the dual phosphorylation of MAP kinase on both the regulatory tyrosine and threonine sites in vitro. In the present paper we have utilized MAP kinase mutants altered in the sites of regulatory phosphorylation to show, both in vivo and in vitro, that phosphorylation of the tyrosine and the threonine can occur independently of one another, with no required order of phosphorylation. We also utilized kinase-defective variants of MAP kinase with mutations in either the ATP-binding loop or the catalytic loop, and obtained data suggesting that the activity or structure of the catalytic loop of MAP kinase plays an important role in its own dual phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Her
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stratton MR, Collins N, Lakhani S, Sloane J. Molecular analyses of in situ breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993; 2 Suppl 3:123. [PMID: 7905313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M R Stratton
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nirdosh I, Lakhani S, Yunus M. Sulphate analysis in uranium leach iron(III) chloride solutions by inductively coupled Argon Plasma Spectrometry. Talanta 1993; 40:179-83. [DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(93)80319-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1992] [Revised: 06/02/1992] [Accepted: 06/03/1992] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Lakhani S, Khanna NC, Tewari KK. Two distinct transcriptional activities of pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts share immunochemically related functional polypeptides. Biochem J 1992; 286 ( Pt 3):833-41. [PMID: 1417745 PMCID: PMC1132980 DOI: 10.1042/bj2860833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An RNA polymerase activity has been purified from pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplast extracts with a distinct transcriptional specificity for a chloroplast messenger gene. This activity (ms-RNA pol) differs from the pea RNA polymerase preparation reported by Sun, Shapiro, Wu & Tewari [(1986) Plant Mol. Biol. 6, 429-439], which specifically transcribes only the rRNA gene (rb-RNA pol). The specificity of transcription has been assessed by the synthesis in vitro of discrete transcripts of predicted sizes using cloned promoter regions of the chloroplast psbA and 16 S rRNA genes. The ms-RNA pol preparation, with polypeptides ranging in apparent molecular mass from 22 to 180 kDa, correctly initiates transcription from recombinant plasmids containing the psbA promoter and does not support 16 S rRNA promoter-directed transcription. The two activities differ also in their response to Mn2+ ions. To investigate whether the two transcriptional activities share common functional polypeptides, monoclonal antibodies were developed against the rb-RNA pol preparation. Three clones were selected on the basis of their ability to inhibit transcription in vitro of the 16 S rRNA gene by rb-RNA pol. The antibodies from these clones independently recognized three polypeptides with molecular masses of 27, 90 and 95 kDa on immunoblots. Antibodies cross-reacting with the 90 kDa polypeptide completely eliminated the specific retardation of an end-labelled 16 S rRNA promoter fragment in a mobility-shift assay, whereas the antibodies against the 95 kDa polypeptide resulted in the formation of a ternary complex (enzyme-DNA-antibody). The antibodies cross-reacting with the 27 kDa polypeptide, however, did not alter the mobility of the retarded DNA-enzyme complex on the gel. These antibodies also inhibited transcription in vitro of the psbA gene by ms-RNA pol and recognized polypeptides of identical molecular masses in the ms-RNA pol. These results show that the three polypeptides are functional components of the chloroplast transcriptional complex and appear to be involved in the transcription of both rRNA and mRNA genes. Transcriptional specificity is probably conferred by ancillary transcription factor(s) which remain to be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhani
- Department of Histopathology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bolo-Deoku J, Basu S, Lakhani S, Dunne F, Ratcliffe WA, Clarke M, Barron JL. Parathyroid hormone related protein in hypercalcaemia of Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45:541-2. [PMID: 1624608 PMCID: PMC495236 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.45.6.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHRP) as a humoral mediator of hypercalcaemia was investigated in a patient with lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin's disease during an episode of hypercalcaemia, using an immunohistochemical staining technique for PTHRP on the tumour tissue and an immunoradiometric (IRMA) assay for PTHRP1-86 on the patient's plasma. The plasma PTHRP was less than 0.23 pmol/l in the range found in normocalcaemic controls, and the immunohistochemical staining was not positive for protein. PTHRP did not have a role in the pathogenesis of hypercalcaemia in this patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bolo-Deoku
- Department of Chemical Pathology & Metabolism, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
We have identified the template-binding polypeptide in the pea chloroplast transcriptional complex by photoaffinity labelling. This polypeptide has an apparent molecular weight of about 150 kDa and binds to both, chloroplast ribosomal (16S rRNA) and messenger (psbA) promoters. The 16S rRNA and psbA promoters were amplified from chloroplast DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and labelled with a photoactive analogue of TTP, 5-bromodeoxy UTP, as well as with alpha-32P-dCTP. Using the filter-binding assay, the conditions for binding of the RNA polymerase complex to chloroplast promoters were optimized. The polypeptide directly interacting with the template was photo-crosslinked to it and resolved by denaturing gel electrophoresis. The photoaffinity labelling of the 150 kDa polypeptide was dependent on photoactivation by UV irradiation, and the presence of chloroplast promoters. Competition experiments showed that the protein formed a strong interaction with the plastid promoters which could not be displaced by lambda-phage DNA or synthetic polynucleotides. The photo-crosslinked and nuclease-treated promoter-polypeptide complex was resistant to further digestion with DNase and RNase, but could be hydrolyzed by Proteinase K. Binding of the promoters by the 150 kDa polypeptide could not be surpressed by transcription inhibitors like rifampicin and alpha-amanitin. However, heparin (0.001%) inhibited the formation of the enzyme-promoter complex, and interfered with the photoaffinity labelling of the 150 kDa polypeptide. The extent of photoaffinity labelling of 150 kDa polypeptide exhibits some degree of correlation to total transcriptional activity under various salt concentrations. The results demonstrate that the 150 kDa polypeptide is a functional template binding polypeptide of the pea chloroplast transcription complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Khanna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- G J Tildsley
- Department of Histopathology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
We have used photoaffinity labelling to examine the chloroplast RNA polymerase components which come into contact with nascent transcripts during the in vitro transcription of plastid DNA. The transcripts were synthesized in the presence of a photoactive analogue (4-thio UTP) and alpha-32P-ATP, using enriched pea chloroplast RNA polymerase preparation and a recombinant plasmid containing the plastid 16S rRNA promoter. Brief irradiation of the transcriptional complex crosslinked the photoactive nascent RNA to proximal proteins. Labelling of the transcriptional complex was dependent on 4-thio UTP and template DNA. Two polypeptides of 51 and 54 kDa were consistently crosslinked to the nascent transcripts; about 60% of the total radioactivity of the crosslinked RNA was associated with these polypeptides. In some experiments, two additional polypeptides of 38 and 75 kDa were also found to be associated with about 13% and 17% of the total crosslinked RNA radioactivity, respectively. The UV-crosslinked transcriptional complexes were stable to either DNase or S1 nuclease hydrolysis but partially sensitive to RNase T1. Insensitivity of the complex to hydrolysis with RNase H suggested that the nascent transcripts were not crosslinked to the template. The complexes could also be hydrolysed by proteinase K and thermolysin. No crosslinkage was observed when labelled RNA molecules containing 4-thio UMP residues were added after synthesis to the polymerase preparation. This suggested that the method identified only those polypeptides which came into close contact with the transcript during its synthesis. Antibodies raised against the RNA-protein complex confirmed the presence of the polypeptides in the chloroplast RNA polymerase preparation on Western blots. Preincubation of these antibodies with the chloroplast RNA polymerase inhibited plastid DNA transcription. These data showed that the transcript-binding polypeptides were functional components of the chloroplast transcriptional complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Khanna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shaheedjit Singh Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhani
- Department of Histopathology, St George's Hospital, London
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Graham MD, Lakhani S, Gazet JC. Breast conserving surgery in the management of in situ breast carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 1991; 17:258-64. [PMID: 1646128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In a retrospective review of 73 patients with in situ breast carcinoma seen in the Combined Breast Clinic at the Royal Marsden and St. George's Hospitals between 1969 and 1988, 20 (27%) were found to have in situ lobular and 53 (73%) in situ intraduct carcinoma. Of 19 patients with in situ lobular carcinoma treated by breast conserving surgery alone there were three (16%) recurrences of in situ lobular carcinoma and one (5%) of infiltrating carcinoma after a mean follow-up period of 65.8 months. Of 53 patients with in situ intraduct carcinoma, 37 were treated by breast conserving surgery alone and in this group there were 14 (38%) recurrences, of which seven (19%) were in situ intraduct and seven (19%) were infiltrating carcinoma, after a mean follow-up of 96.5 months. Following successful salvage there were no breast cancer related deaths in either group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Graham
- Breast Research Unit, St. George's Hospital, Tooting, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nirdosh I, Lakhani S, Baird MHI. Calculation of Mass Transfer Coefficients in the System Sulphate in Chloride Solution/Anion Exchanger in the Chloride Form. CHEM-ING-TECH 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.330621216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
42
|
Jones AL, Millar JL, Millar BC, Powell B, Selby P, Winkley A, Lakhani S, Gore ME, McElwain TJ. Enhanced anti-tumour activity of carmustine (BCNU) with tumour necrosis factor in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 1990; 62:776-80. [PMID: 2245169 PMCID: PMC1971510 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1990.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects on experimental melanoma of a combination of recombinant human tumour necrosis factor alpha (rhTNF alpha) and carmustine (BCNU) were studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, BCNU alone was cytotoxic to murine B16 melanoma cells, and at all concentrations of BCNU this toxicity was increased by the addition of TNF. In vivo, BCNU and TNF, when given separately, caused tumour growth delay of B16 melanoma and of human melanoma xenografts in immune-deprived mice. The combination of TNF at low dose 2.5 x 10(5) U kg-1 = 122 ng kg-1) with BCNU (35 mg kg-1) resulted in significant growth delay (compared with either drug alone) in B16 melanoma (P = 0.005). There was no significant increase in toxicity as assessed by weight loss and peripheral blood counts. Experiments with human melanoma xenografts yielded similar results (P = 0.001) but only at higher doses of TNF (1 x 10(6) U kg-1 = 489 ng kg-1). The enhancement of BCNU cytotoxicity by TNF may be important if it can be translated into patients with melanoma. A randomised study is now underway to investigate the clinical potential of this observation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Jones
- Section of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhani
- Department of Histopathology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lakhani S, Hangartner JR, Dilly SA. Choroid plexus papillomas: immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 1990; 16:419-20. [PMID: 2361658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1990.tb01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
45
|
Lakhani S, Selby P, Bliss JM, Perren TJ, Gore ME, McElwain TJ. Chemotherapy for malignant melanoma: combinations and high doses produce more responses without survival benefit. Br J Cancer 1990; 61:330-4. [PMID: 1690022 PMCID: PMC1971420 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1990.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In a consecutive series of studies, 164 patients with symptomatic and/or visceral metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with single agent vindesine, high dose melphalan with autologous bone marrow transplantation (AMBT), high dose BCNU with ABMT or the BOLD (bleomycin, vincristine, CCNU and DTIC) combination. The high dose treatments and the combination chemotherapy resulted in significantly higher response rates but no prolongation of survival. Factors associated with longer survival included the absence of visceral metastases, the absence of bulky disease and good performance status. For all treatments, life table estimates of survival at 1 and 2 years were only 10% and 4% respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhani
- Section of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Banerjee AK, Lakhani S, Vincent M, Selby P. Dose-dependent acute hepatitis associated with administration of high dose methotrexate. Hum Toxicol 1988; 7:561-2. [PMID: 3229766 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Banerjee
- Section of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Forgeson GV, Selby P, Lakhani S, Zulian G, Viner C, Maitland J, McElwain TJ. Infused vincristine and adriamycin with high dose methylprednisolone (VAMP) in advanced previously treated multiple myeloma patients. Br J Cancer 1988; 58:469-73. [PMID: 3207601 PMCID: PMC2246797 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty-five patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma received continuous infusions of vincristine (0.4 mg total dose daily for 4 days) and adriamycin (9 mg m-2 daily for 4 days) with a high dose of methylprednisolone (1 g m-2 i.v. or p.o. daily by 1 h infusion), the VAMP regimen. Sixteen (36%) responded, with a median duration of remission of 11 months and median survival of 20 months. Major toxicities encountered were infective and cardiovascular. Two smaller groups of myeloma patients were treated with high dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) alone, or VAMP plus weekly low dose cyclophosphamide (Cyclo-VAMP). HDMP produced short responses in 25% of patients with less toxicity than VAMP. Cyclo-VAMP was used in a highly selected group of patients who had previously responded to high dose melphalan. It was well tolerated and produced responses in 61% of this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G V Forgeson
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lakhani S, Jones PW. Amoebic colitis--an often misdiagnosed disease. Practitioner 1987; 231:1431-2. [PMID: 3505678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
49
|
Haroon TS, Qureshi AS, Alvi KH, Khan HZ, Lakhani S, Sherali A. A study of skin disease in Chitral. J PAK MED ASSOC 1987; 37:247-50. [PMID: 3121877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
50
|
Lakhani S, Jansen AA, Gemert W. Growth of middle-income urban African infants. East Afr Med J 1987; 64:38-95. [PMID: 3691356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|