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Sehovic E, Zellers SM, Youssef MK, Heikkinen A, Kaprio J, Ollikainen M. DNA methylation sites in early adulthood characterised by pubertal timing and development: a twin study. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:181. [PMID: 37950287 PMCID: PMC10638786 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Puberty is a highly heritable and variable trait, with environmental factors having a role in its eventual timing and development. Early and late pubertal onset are both associated with various diseases developing later in life, and epigenetic characterisation of pubertal timing and development could lead to important insights. Blood DNA methylation, reacting to both genotype and environment, has been associated with puberty; however, such studies are relatively scarce. We investigated peripheral blood DNA methylation profiles (using Illumina 450 K and EPIC platforms) of 1539 young adult Finnish twins associated with pubertal development scale (PDS) at ages 12 and 14 as well as pubertal age (PA). RESULTS Fixed effect meta-analysis of the two platforms on 347,521 CpGs in common identified 58 CpG sites associated (p < 1 × 10-5) with either PDS or PA. All four CpGs associated with PA and 45 CpGs associated with PDS were sex-specific. Thirteen CpGs had a high heritability (h2: 0.51-0.98), while one CpG site (mapped to GET4) had a high shared environmental component accounting for 68% of the overall variance in methylation at the site. Utilising twin discordance analysis, we found 6 CpG sites (5 associated with PDS and 1 with PA) that had an environmentally driven association with puberty. Furthermore, genes with PDS- or PA-associated CpGs were consistently linked to various developmental processes and diseases such as breast, prostate and ovarian cancer, while methylation quantitative trait loci of associated CpG sites were enriched in immune pathways developing during puberty. CONCLUSIONS By identifying puberty-associated DNA methylation sites and examining the effects of sex, environment and genetics, we shed light on the intricate interplay between environment and genetics in the context of puberty. Through our comprehensive analysis, we not only deepen the understanding of the significance of both genetic and environmental factors in the complex processes of puberty and its timing, but also gain insights into potential links with disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Sehovic
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10100, Turin, Italy
- Cancer Genomics Lab, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Stephanie M Zellers
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus K Youssef
- Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aino Heikkinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ross JM, Karoly HC, Zellers SM, Ellingson JM, Corley RP, Iacono WG, Hewitt JK, McGue M, Vrieze S, Hopfer CJ. Addendum to "Evaluating substance use outcomes of recreational cannabis legalization using a unique co-twin control design". Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2023; 49:684. [PMID: 38014892 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2252573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
An earlier version of this article was published in error. Our prior publication was missing reference to a prior study on this topic. Our prior research has not found an association between recreational cannabis legalization (RCL) and negative psychosocial and psychiatric outcomes. We reported significant associations between RCL with greater cannabis frequency and fewer alcohol use disorder symptoms. The current study expands on our previous research by using a cross-sectional design and different measures of problems from cannabis and alcohol use and including additional substance use variables. The current study found similar results to our previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Megan Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | | | - Jarrod M Ellingson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | - Christian J Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
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Ross JM, Karoly HC, Zellers SM, Ellingson JM, Corley RP, Iacono WG, Hewitt JK, McGue M, Vrieze S, Hopfer CJ. Evaluating substance use outcomes of recreational cannabis legalization using a unique co-twin control design. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2023; 49:630-639. [PMID: 37262386 PMCID: PMC10689567 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2163177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: As more states pass recreational cannabis legalization (RCL), we must understand how RCL affects substance use.Objectives: The current study aims to examine the effect of RCL on lifetime and past-year use of cannabis, alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, frequency of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use, co-use of cannabis with alcohol and tobacco, and consequences from cannabis and alcohol use.Methods: We used a unique, co-twin control design of twin pairs who were discordant for living in a state with RCL between 2018 and 2021. The sample consisted of 3,830 adult twins (41% male), including 232 twin pairs discordant for RCL. Problems from alcohol and cannabis use were assessed via the Brief Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire and the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire.Results: Results indicated that the twin living in an RCL state was more likely to endorse past-year cannabis use (OR = 1.56, p = .009), greater number of cannabis use days in the past 6 months (β = 0.47, p = .019), but not more negative consequences from cannabis use (β = 0.21, p = .456) compared to their co-twin in a non-RCL state. There were no differences within-twin pairs in frequency of alcohol use (β=-0.05, p = .601), but the RCL twin reported fewer negative consequences from alcohol use (β=-0.29, p = .016) compared to their co-twin in a non-RCL state. We did not observe any other differences within-twin pairs on other outcomes.Conclusion: These results suggest that living in an RCL state is associated with greater cannabis frequency but not more negative consequences from cannabis use than living in a non-RCL state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Megan Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hollis C. Karoly
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Alexander JD, Freis SM, Zellers SM, Corley R, Ledbetter A, Schneider RK, Phelan C, Subramonyam H, Frieser M, Rea-Sandin G, Stocker ME, Vernier H, Jiang M, Luo Y, Zhao Q, Rhea SA, Hewitt J, Luciana M, McGue M, Wilson S, Resnick P, Friedman NP, Vrieze SI. Evaluating longitudinal relationships between parental monitoring and substance use in a multi-year, intensive longitudinal study of 670 adolescent twins. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1149079. [PMID: 37252134 PMCID: PMC10213319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1149079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parental monitoring is a key intervention target for adolescent substance use, however this practice is largely supported by causally uninformative cross-sectional or sparse-longitudinal observational research designs. Methods We therefore evaluated relationships between adolescent substance use (assessed weekly) and parental monitoring (assessed every two months) in 670 adolescent twins for two years. This allowed us to assess how individual-level parental monitoring and substance use trajectories were related and, via the twin design, to quantify genetic and environmental contributions to these relationships. Furthermore, we attempted to devise additional measures of parental monitoring by collecting quasi-continuous GPS locations and calculating a) time spent at home between midnight and 5am and b) time spent at school between 8am-3pm. Results ACE-decomposed latent growth models found alcohol and cannabis use increased with age while parental monitoring, time at home, and time at school decreased. Baseline alcohol and cannabis use were correlated (r = .65) and associated with baseline parental monitoring (r = -.24 to -.29) but not with baseline GPS measures (r = -.06 to -.16). Longitudinally, changes in substance use and parental monitoring were not significantly correlated. Geospatial measures were largely unrelated to parental monitoring, though changes in cannabis use and time at home were highly correlated (r = -.53 to -.90), with genetic correlations suggesting their relationship was substantially genetically mediated. Due to power constraints, ACE estimates and biometric correlations were imprecisely estimated. Most of the substance use and parental monitoring phenotypes were substantially heritable, but genetic correlations between them were not significantly different from 0. Discussion Overall, we found developmental changes in each phenotype, baseline correlations between substance use and parental monitoring, co-occurring changes and mutual genetic influences for time at home and cannabis use, and substantial genetic influences on many substance use and parental monitoring phenotypes. However, our geospatial variables were mostly unrelated to parental monitoring, suggesting they poorly measured this construct. Furthermore, though we did not detect evidence of genetic confounding, changes in parental monitoring and substance use were not significantly correlated, suggesting that, at least in community samples of mid-to-late adolescents, the two may not be causally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D. Alexander
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Samantha M. Freis
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Zellers
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robin Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Amy Ledbetter
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Rachel K. Schneider
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Chanda Phelan
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Maia Frieser
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Gianna Rea-Sandin
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michelle E. Stocker
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Helen Vernier
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sally Ann Rhea
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - John Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Monica Luciana
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Matt McGue
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Paul Resnick
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Scott I. Vrieze
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Zellers SM, Ross JM, Saunders GRB, Ellingson JM, Walvig T, Anderson JE, Corley RP, Iacono W, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, McGue MK, Vrieze S. Recreational cannabis legalization has had limited effects on a wide range of adult psychiatric and psychosocial outcomes. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1-10. [PMID: 36601811 PMCID: PMC10319916 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causal impacts of recreational cannabis legalization are not well understood due to the number of potential confounds. We sought to quantify possible causal effects of recreational cannabis legalization on substance use, substance use disorder, and psychosocial functioning, and whether vulnerable individuals are more susceptible to the effects of cannabis legalization than others. METHODS We used a longitudinal, co-twin control design in 4043 twins (N = 240 pairs discordant on residence), first assessed in adolescence and now age 24-49, currently residing in states with different cannabis policies (40% resided in a recreationally legal state). We tested the effect of legalization on outcomes of interest and whether legalization interacts with established vulnerability factors (age, sex, or externalizing psychopathology). RESULTS In the co-twin control design accounting for earlier cannabis frequency and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms respectively, the twin living in a recreational state used cannabis on average more often (βw = 0.11, p = 1.3 × 10-3), and had fewer AUD symptoms (βw = -0.11, p = 6.7 × 10-3) than their co-twin living in an non-recreational state. Cannabis legalization was associated with no other adverse outcome in the co-twin design, including cannabis use disorder. No risk factor significantly interacted with legalization status to predict any outcome. CONCLUSIONS Recreational legalization was associated with increased cannabis use and decreased AUD symptoms but was not associated with other maladaptations. These effects were maintained within twin pairs discordant for residence. Moreover, vulnerabilities to cannabis use were not exacerbated by the legal cannabis environment. Future research may investigate causal links between cannabis consumption and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Zellers
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Megan Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Tasha Walvig
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jacob E. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - William Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Matt K. McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Zellers SM, Ross JM, Saunders GRB, Ellingson JM, Anderson JE, Corley RP, Iacono W, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, McGue MK, Vrieze S. Impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use: a longitudinal discordant twin study. Addiction 2023; 118:110-118. [PMID: 36002928 PMCID: PMC10086942 DOI: 10.1111/add.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the effect of recreational legalization on cannabis use frequency and sources of variance across legal environments. DESIGN Longitudinal discordant twin and gene-environment interaction models in twins recruited from birth records and assessed prospectively. SETTING The United States, including states with different recreational cannabis policies before and after 2014, when recreational cannabis was first legalized. PARTICIPANTS Two longitudinal, prospectively assessed samples of American twins aged 24-47 (n = 1425 in legal states, n = 1996 in illegal states), including 111 monozygotic pairs discordant for residence. MEASUREMENTS Current cannabis use frequency (measured continuously and ordinally) was the primary outcome, and the predictor was recreational status of cannabis (legal/illegal) in the participant's state of residence at the time of assessment. Covariates include age, sex and cannabis use frequency prior to 2014. FINDINGS Accounting for pre-2014 use, residents of legal states used cannabis more frequently than residents of illegal states (b = 0.21, P = 8.08 × 10-5 ). Comparing 111 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for residence confirmed the effect (b = 0.18, P = 0.014). There was inconclusive evidence for genetic influences on cannabis use frequency that were specific to the legal environment [χ2 = 2.9 × 10-9 , degrees of freedom (d.f.) = 1, P > 0.999]. Existing genetic influences were moderated by the legal environment, as the genetic correlation between marijuana use before and after legalization was lower in states that legalized (rgenetic = 0.24) compared with states that did not (rgenetic = 0.78, Pdifference = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS In the United States, there appears to be a ~ 20% average increase in cannabis use frequency attributable to recreational legalization, consistent across increasingly rigorous designs. In addition, the heritability of cannabis use frequency appears to be moderated by legalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Megan Ross
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | | | - Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - William Iacono
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Matt K. McGue
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
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Zellers SM, Iacono WG, McGue M, Vrieze S. Developmental and etiological patterns of substance use from adolescence to middle age: A longitudinal twin study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109378. [PMID: 35248999 PMCID: PMC8957537 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common liability to addiction framework suggests the tendency to use substances is largely a general heritable liability, but little is known about how expression of liability varies across development. We evaluated average developmental trajectories and covariation underlying commonly used substances using a genetically informative prospective design spanning three decades. METHODS Using a sample of 3762 twins across seven waves of assessment spanning ages 14-40, we modeled these relationships using two complementary approaches: piecewise latent growth and common factor modeling on four measures of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use RESULTS: Average use increased across adolescence and either stabilized (alcohol frequency) or declined (all others) in adulthood. Trajectories were heritable (~.35-.75), and genetically correlated with one another (~.40-.80). The random intercepts, centered at age 16, exhibited shared environmental correlations across substances. We found moderate to large phenotypic (rp~.3-.9) and genetic correlations (rg~.3-1) among the longitudinally varying common factors loading on use of each substance at each age. The factor loadings declined with age, reflecting waning influence of common etiology in substance use. CONCLUSIONS Trajectories of substance use were strongly correlated with each other and influenced primarily by genetic and non-shared environment. A heritable common factor accounted for co-occurring substance use from mid-adolescence to mid-adulthood, and greater substance specificity emerged with maturation. These results extend and reinforce prior work examining consumption and problem use, providing new evidence over a broad age range showing that substance use behaviors are influenced by a more general liability in adolescence and specificity increases across development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, USA
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Buck JR, Zellers SM, Opar ME. Control error statistics. Ergonomics 2000; 43:1-16. [PMID: 10661689 DOI: 10.1080/001401300184620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Control in general, and manual control in particular, are traditional topics in ergonomics. Numerous studies on these topics have focused on vehicular control or tracking, as experimenters have attempted to describe control performance in terms of control errors, typically using the 'root-mean-square' (RMS) error. The authors of this study believe that this and related statistics are not well understood by the ergonomics community and that additional or alternative performance measurements would be more appropriate as measurements of the particular criteria of concern. Accordingly, this paper shows some background of the RMS and similar statistics of control error, some new statistics, and their interrelationships. This development is intended as a guide to selection of criteria for use in tracking and manual control and their measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Buck
- Department of Industrial Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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