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Majeed QAH, Alnomasy SF, Shater AF, Alanazi AD. High Efficacy of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Treatment of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Through Their Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Potency. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-024-00845-8. [PMID: 38634986 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The present experimental survey designed to green synthesis, characterization, as well as in vitro and in vivo anti-Toxplasma gondii activity of silver nanoparticles (SLN) green synthesized by Lupinus arcticus extract. SLN were green synthesized based on the reducing by L. arcticus extract through the precipitation technique. In vitro lethal effects of SLN on T. gondii tachyzoites, infectivity rate, parasites inside of the human macrophage cells (THP-1 cells), nitric oxide (NO) triggering, and iNOS and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression genes were evaluated. In vivo, after establishment of toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice via T. gondii ME49 strain, mice received SLN at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day alone and combined to pyrimethamine at 5 mg/kg for 14 days. SLN exhibited a spherical form with a size ranging from 25 to 90 nm. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of SLN and pyrimethamine against tachyzoites was 29.1 and 25.7 µg/mL, respectively. While, the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) value of SLN and pyrimethamine against THP-1 cells was 412.3 µg/mL and 269.5 µg/mL, respectively. SLN in combined with pyrimethamine obviously (p < 0.05) decreased the number and size of the T. gondii cysts in the infected mice. The level of NO, iNOS and IFN-γ genes was obviously (p < 0.001) upregulated. SLN obviously (p < 0.05) decreased the liver level of oxidative stress and increased the level of antioxidant factors. The findings displayed the promising beneficial effects of SLN mainly in combination with current synthetic drugs against latent T. gondii infection in mice. But we need more experiments to approve these findings, clarifying all possible mechanisms, and its efficiency in clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qais A H Majeed
- Department of Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Aridiya, Kuwait
| | - Sultan F Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah, 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Shater
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah D Alanazi
- Departmentof Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi, 11911, Saudi Arabia.
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Alanazi AD, Alnomasy SF. Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles for Treatment of Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1574. [PMID: 38004439 PMCID: PMC10675508 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, interest in the use of nanotechnology for medical purposes is increasing. The current experimental investigation is planned for the green synthesis, characterization, and efficacy of copper nanoparticles (CLN) against chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. METHODS Green synthesis of CNP was performed using the Lupinus arcticus extract via the precipitation method. The effects of CNP on tachyzoites, infectivity rate, parasites inside THP-1 cells, nitric oxide (NO) triggering, iNOS, and IFN-γ expression genes were evaluated. Following toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice via the T. gondii ME49 strain, mice received CNP at 5 and 10 mg/kg/day alone and combined with pyrimethamine (PYM) at 5 mg/kg for two weeks. CNP's in vivo effects were evaluated by analyzing the load and size of cysts, oxidant/antioxidant enzymes, and bradyzoite surface antigen 1 (BAG1) expression gene levels. RESULTS CNP displayed a circular shape ranging from 10 to 85 nm. The IC50 value of CNP and PYM against tachyzoites was 37.2 and 25.7 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the CC50 value of CNP and pyrimethamine against THP-1 cells was 491.4 μg/mL and 269.5 μg/mL, respectively. The rate of infectivity and parasite load among THP-1 cells exposed to CNP was obviously reduced (p < 0.05). CNP at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg predominantly along with PYM evidently (p < 0.05) reduced the number and size of the T. gondii cysts in the infected mice. The levels of NO, iNOS, and IFN-γ genes were remarkably (p < 0.001) boosted compared with the cells without treatment. CNP at the doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg drastically (p < 0.05) reduced the oxidative stress markers in the infected mice, whereas CNP significantly elevated the level of antioxidant factors. CNP also revealed no toxicity in the liver and kidney at the tested doses in healthy mice. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental study reported the beneficial effects of CNP principally along with existing chemical drugs against latent toxoplasmosis in mice, whereas the possible action mechanisms of CNP are controlling oxidative stress, refining antioxidant enzymes, and increasing the production of immunomodulatory cytokines with no toxicity to the function of vital organs. But, additional trials are required to confirm these results, as well as to clarify the accurate mechanisms and their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan F. Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia;
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Alanazi AD, Majeed QAH, Alnomasy SF, Almohammed HI. Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Stachys lavandulifolia Methanolic Extract against Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:355. [PMID: 37505651 PMCID: PMC10384536 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro, in vivo, and safety of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. methanolic extract (SLME) against acute toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in mice. METHODS MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to evaluate the in vitro effect of the SLME on T. gondii tachyzoites. Totally, 72 male BALB/c mice (40 mice for in vivo evaluation of SLME and 32 mice for its toxicity effects on liver and kidney serum enzymes) were used for the present investigation. At first, 40 mice were orally pre-treated with the SLME at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day for two weeks. Mice were checked daily, and the rate of survival and the mean number of tachyzoites were recorded. Liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, the effects on kidney and liver function, as well as the expression level of the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), were studied by the quantitative real-time PCR. Flow cytometry analysis was performed on the effects of SLME on the detection of apoptotic and necrotic cells in T. gondii tachyzoites. RESULTS The SLME at the concentrations 75 and 150 µg/mL completely killed the tachyzoites after 2 hr of incubation. SLME at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day increased the survival rate of infected mice by the sixth, seventh, and eighth days, respectively. SLME also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the LPO and NO levels and upregulated the IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA gene expression levels, whereas no considerable change was observed in the serum level of kidney and liver enzymes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the prompted early and late apoptosis after exposure to T. gondii tachyzoites with various concentrations of SLME. CONCLUSION We found the relevant in vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects of SLME against T. gondii. Moreover, the results confirmed the promising in vivo prophylactic effects of SLME. SLME provokes the innate immune system, induces apoptosis, modulates the proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibits hepatic injury in infected mice. With all these descriptions, further surveys are required to support these findings and elucidate this plant's possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah D Alanazi
- Departmentof Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qais A H Majeed
- Department of Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Aridiya, Kuwait City 23167, Kuwait
| | - Sultan F Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan I Almohammed
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Almaarfa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
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Alnomasy SF, Alotaibi BS, Aldosari ZM, Mujamammi AH, Alzamami A, Anand P, Akhter Y, Khan FR, Hasan MR. Molecular Interactions of Zyesami with the SARS-CoV-2 nsp10/nsp16 Protein Complex. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2023; 26:1196-1203. [PMID: 35975856 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220816141028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and caused COVID-19. Patients treated with Zyesami were found to have a 3-fold decrease in respiratory failure and improved clinical outcomes. It was reported that Zyesami inhibits RNA replication of SARS-CoV-2, including several non-structural proteins essential in viral RNA replication. SARS-CoV-2 is a distinctive virus that requires nsp10 and nsp16 for its methyltransferases activity which is crucial for RNA stability and protein synthesis. OBJECTIVE We aimed the in silico determination of inhibitory consequences of Zyesami on the SARS-CoV-2 nsp10/nsp16 complex. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 nsp10/ nsp16 protein complex may be used to develop a drug against COVID-19. METHODS I-TASSER was used for secondary structure prediction of Zyesami. CABS-dock was used to model Zyesami with SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 interaction. The docked complex was visualized using PyMol. The quality of the docking model was checked by using ProQdock. RESULTS The 3D structure of SARS-CoV 2, nsp10/nsp16 showed that essential interactions exist between nsp10 and nsp16. Significant contact areas of Zyesami exist across amino acid residues of nsp10; Asn40-Thr47, Val57-Pro59, Gly69-Ser72, Cys77-Pro84, Lys93-Tyr96. In addition, polar contacts between nsp16 and Zyesami are Asn299-Ser440, Val297-Asn443, Gly149-Tyr437, Gln159-Lys430, Asn178- Arg429, Ser146-Arg429, Ser146-Arg429, Lys147-Arg429, Asr221-Thr422, Lys183-Asp423, Lys183-Asp423, and Gln219-Asp423 the residues are shown of nsp16 and Zyesami respectively. CONCLUSION The structural bioinformatics analyses have indicated the potential binding specificity of Zyesami and nsp16. Data predict how the initial binding of Zyesami with nsp10 and nsp16 may occur. Moreover, this binding could significantly inhibit the 2 -O-MTase activity of the SARSCoV nsp10/16 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan F Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader S Alotaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad M Aldosari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Mujamammi
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alzamami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pragya Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India
| | - Farhan R Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad R Hasan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
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Hanna AL, Hamouda HM, Goda HA, Sadik MW, Moghanm FS, Ghoneim AM, Alenezi MA, Alnomasy SF, Alam P, Elsayed TR. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Phormidium ambiguum and Desertifilum tharense Cyanobacteria. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:9072508. [PMID: 35265106 PMCID: PMC8901344 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9072508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The world faces a challenge with the pervasion of multidrug-resistant bacteria that encourages scientists to develop and discover alternative, ecofriendly, and easy-to-produce new antibacterial agents. Our work is part of the greater effort of scientists around the world to achieve this goal by the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using cyanobacterial extracellular and intracellular components as nonchemical reducing agents. Two Egyptian cyanobacteria were isolated and identified according to 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Phormidium ambiguum and a novel species Desertifilum tharense. The sequences were deposited with accession numbers MW762709 and MW762710 for Desertifilum tharense and Phormidium ambiguum, respectively, in the GenBank. The results of UV-Vis analysis showed promising extracellular Ag-NPs synthesis by Desertifilum tharense and Phormidium ambiguum under light conditions. Therefore, these Ag-NPs were characterized and evaluated for antibacterial and antioxidant activity. TEM and SEM analyses revealed the spherical crystals with face-centered cubic structures and size range of 6.24-11.4 nm and 6.46-12.2 nm for Ag-NPs of Desertifilum tharense and Phormidium ambiguum, respectively. XRD and EDX results confirmed the successful synthesis of Ag-NPs in their oxide form or chloride form. The FTIR spectrum data confirmed the presence of hydroxyl and amide groups. Desertifilum tharense Ag-NPs displayed the largest inhibition zone that ranged from 9 mm against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 to 25 mm against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. For Phormidium ambiguum Ag-NPs, the inhibition zone diameter was in the range of 9 mm to 18 mm. The biosynthesized Ag-NPs significantly inhibited the growth of medically important resistance-pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The Ag-NPs of Phormidium ambiguum exhibited the highest scavenging activity of 48.7% when compared with that of Desertifilum tharense, which displayed 43.753%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira L. Hanna
- Microbiology Department, Division of Basic Medical Science, Egyptian Drug Authority EDA (National Organization for Drug Control and Research NODCAR), Giza 12553, Egypt
| | - Hayam M. Hamouda
- Microbiology Department, Division of Basic Medical Science, Egyptian Drug Authority EDA (National Organization for Drug Control and Research NODCAR), Giza 12553, Egypt
| | - Hanan A. Goda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud W. Sadik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Farahat S. Moghanm
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Adel M. Ghoneim
- Agricultural Research Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Giza 12112, Egypt
| | - Muneefah A. Alenezi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan F. Alnomasy
- Medical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 1942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek R. Elsayed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Al-Gabri N, Elnagar GM, Saghir SAM, El-Shaibany A, Alnomasy SF, Althafar ZM, Elkomy NMIM, Elaasser MM, Abdoh MS, Yosri M. Preliminary Study of Gastroprotective Effect of Aloe perryi and Date Palm Extracts on Pyloric Ligation-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Experimental Rats. Biomed Res Int 2022; 2022:9246785. [PMID: 35111849 PMCID: PMC8803418 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9246785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed at investigating the possible antiulcer activities of some natural phytochemicals Aloe perryi leaf extract (APLE) and flower extract (APFE) in addition to the date palm seed extract (DPSE) and the oily samples of DPSE in a pylorus ligation-induced ulcer model using ranitidine as a standard antiulcer drug. BACKGROUND Peptic ulcer is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder due to hypersecretion of gastric acid. It affects four million people worldwide, and 2-10% of these ulcers are perforated and cause bleeding. This increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. So we aimed to introduce a primary study alternatively safe method for treating peptic ulcer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two Wistar Albino rats of either sex were randomly divided into seven groups (6/each). The pylorus ligation was done to induce ulcer in pretreated albino rats. The antiulcer activities of extracts were estimated at different dose levels (250 and 500 mg/kg) using ranitidine as a standard drug (50 mg/kg). Gastric volume, pH, and total and free acidity as well as ulcer index and percentage of ulcer inhibition were measured to elucidate the antiulcerogenic effects. Histological examination of gastric ulcer was also performed. Statistical analysis for the results was done where P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Pylorus ligation for 6 h in control rats resulted in gastric ulcer which was indicated by the accumulation of gastric secretion and increased total acidity and decreased pH. The pretreatment of rats with APLE, APFE, and DPSE in addition to the oily samples of DPSE significantly inhibited the ulcers induced by pylorus ligation. These effects were attributed to significant reductions in total and free acidity, ulcer index, and gastric volume while there is a marked decrease in gastric pH (the antisecretory) as well as mucosal strengthening properties of these phytochemicals. CONCLUSION These findings give these extracts the potential to be a promising tool for the management of gastric ulcer after performing further clinical and experimental studies. Our study demonstrated the promising antiulcer activity of extracts and oils in pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the antiulcer activity of these extracts; however, further investigations may be recommended for full details about this antiulcerogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Al-Gabri
- Veterinary Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Laboratory of Salam Veterinary Group, Buraydah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehad M. Elnagar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sultan A. M. Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Analysis, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
| | - Amina El-Shaibany
- Pharmacognosy Department, University of Sana'a, Pharmacy College, Yemen
| | - Sultan F. Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad M. Althafar
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mahmoud M. Elaasser
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, 11787 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maisa Siddiq Abdoh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Yosri
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, 11787 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Ali R, Ahmad N, Mussarat S, Majid A, Alnomasy SF, Khan SN. Nanoparticles as Alternatives for the Control of Haemonchus contortus: A Systematic Approach to Unveil New Anti-haemonchiasis Agents. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:789977. [PMID: 34966814 PMCID: PMC8710572 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.789977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is an infectious gastrointestinal nematode parasite of small ruminants. This study addresses the in vitro/in vivo anti-haemonchiasis potential, toxicological effects, and mechanism of action of nanoparticles. Online databases were used to search and retrieve the published literature (2000 to 2021). A total of 18 articles were selected and reviewed, out of which, 13 (72.2%) studies reported in vitro, 9 (50.0%) in vivo, and 4 (22.2%) both in vitro/in vivo efficacy of different nanoparticles. Mostly, organic nanoparticles (77.7%) were used including polymeric (85.7%) and lipid nanoparticles (14.3%). The highest efficacy, in vitro, of 100% resulted from using encapsulated bromelain against eggs, larvae, and adult worm mortality at 4, 2, and 1 mg/ml, respectively. While in vivo, encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana oil reduced worm burden by 83.75% and encapsulated Cymbopogon citratus nano-emulsion by 83.1%. Encapsulated bromelain, encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana oil, and encapsulated Cymbopogon citratus nano-emulsion were safe and non-toxic in vivo. Encapsulated bromelain damaged the cuticle, caused paralysis, and death. Nanoparticles could be a potential source for developing novel anthelmintic drugs to overcome the emerging issue of anthelmintic resistance in H. contortus. Studies on molecular effects, toxicological consequences, and different pharmacological targets of nanoparticles are required in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Ali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sakina Mussarat
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sultan F Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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Alnomasy SF. In vitro and in vivo Anti- Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:5057-5068. [PMID: 34876824 PMCID: PMC8643149 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s337905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since no effective vaccine has been developed for toxoplasmosis, prophylaxis in seronegative pregnant women and immunocompromised patients with a CD4 <100 cells/μL is highly recommended as an ideal strategy to prevent this disease. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition, in vitro, and in vivo effects of Allium sativum essential oil (ASEO) against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain. Methods The in vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects of different concentrations of ASEO (32.5, 75, 150 µg/mL) were measured by MTT assay for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h. Male Balb/c mice were orally administrated ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 µg/kg/day for 14 days. One day after the completion of oral drug administration, the mice in all groups were infected intraperitoneally with 1×104 tachyzoites. They were checked daily and the rate of survival was recorded. The peritoneal fluids of the mice were collected and the mean number of tachyzoites was calculated via a light microscope. The level of liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO), toxicity effects on the liver and kidney, and the mRNA expression levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IFN-γ were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Different concentrations of ASEO showed a significant (p < 0.001) anti-Toxoplasma activity against T. gondii tachyzoites, and the highest efficacy was observed at the concentration of 150 µg/mL. Fourteen days of pre-treatment of infected mice with ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 µg/kg/day significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the mean number of tachyzoites and mortality rate by the 6th, 7th, and 8th days after infection, respectively. ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 µg/kg/day significantly (p < 0.05) improved the increase in the LPO and NO. Pre-treatment of mice with different doses of ASEO provoked a considerable (P < 0.001) downregulation of IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA gene expression levels, but it had no significant toxicity on the serum levels of some liver and kidney enzymes. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the considerable prophylactic effects of ASEO that increased the survival rate of mice and reduced the parasite load in them. Our findings also showed that ASEO promotes the innate immune system, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of hepatic injury, etc. in the mice with acute toxoplasmosis. However, additional investigations are mandatory to clarify the accurate prophylactic and therapeutic anti-Toxoplasma mechanisms of ASEO as well as all its toxicity aspects, especially in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan F Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zareen S, Khan SN, Adnan M, Haleem S, Ali R, Alnomasy SF. Antiplasmodial potential of Eucalyptus obliqua leaf methanolic extract against Plasmodium vivax: An in vitro study. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Malaria is an intraerythrocytic parasitic disease caused by the genus Plasmodium of which Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are the major species. The high cost and associated side effects of antimalarial drugs triggered research about medicinal plants to develop alternative and low-cost drugs with lesser side effects. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the antiplasmodial activity of the Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér. leaf extract against P. vivax and its phytochemicals in in vitro. The methanolic extract of E. obliqua was prepared and different concentrations of the crude extract and phytochemicals were used against P. vivax. The methanolic extract of E. obliqua showed profound antiplasmodial activity (LD50 0.084 mg/mL; 80.04%) at 0.1 mg/mL concentration after 24 h. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were found in the E. obliqua methanolic extract. Only alkaloids at the concentration (0.1 mg/mL) exhibited 60.93% inhibition of P. vivax. The methanolic extract of E. obliqua exhibits antiplasmodial activity in vitro. However, in vivo efficacy is an important aspect in the testing of medicinal plants against parasitic infections and should be evaluated in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehzad Zareen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology , Kohat-26000 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology , Kohat-26000 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology , Kohat-26000 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Haleem
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology , Kohat-26000 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Rehman Ali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology , Kohat-26000 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Sultan F. Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Alnomasy SF, Alotaibi BS, Mujamammi AH, Hassan EA, Ali ME. Microbial aspects and potential markers for differentiation between bacterial and viral meningitis among adult patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251518. [PMID: 34115780 PMCID: PMC8195399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Meningitis is a medical emergency with permanent disabilities and high mortality worldwide. We aimed to determine causative microorganisms and potential markers for differentiation between bacterial and viral meningitis. METHODOLOGY Adult patients with acute meningitis were subjected to lumber puncture. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) microorganisms were identified using Real-time PCR. PCT and CRP levels, peripheral and CSF-leucocyte count, CSF-protein and CSF-glucose levels were assessed. RESULTS Out of 80 patients, infectious meningitis was confirmed in 75 cases; 38 cases were bacterial meningitis, 34 cases were viral meningitis and three cases were mixed infection. Higher PCT, peripheral and CSF-leukocytosis, higher CSF-protein and lower CSF-glucose levels were more significant in bacterial than viral meningitis patients. Neisseria meningitides was the most frequent bacteria and varicella-zoster virus was the most common virus. Using ROC analyses, serum PCT and CSF-parameters can discriminate bacterial from viral meningitis. Combined ROC analyses of PCT and CSF-protein significantly improved the effectiveness in predicting bacterial meningitis (AUC of 0.998, 100%sensitivity and 97.1%specificity) than each parameter alone (AUC of 0.951 for PCT and 0.996 for CSF-protein). CONCLUSION CSF-protein and serum PCT are considered as potential markers for differentiating bacterial from viral meningitis and their combination improved their predictive accuracy to bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan F. Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Al- Quwayiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader S. Alotaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Al- Quwayiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. Mujamammi
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elham A. Hassan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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Alnomasy SF. Virus-receptor interactions of SARS-CoV-2 spikereceptor-binding domain and human neuropilin-1 b1 domain. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3926-3928. [PMID: 33850424 PMCID: PMC8032480 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wahan, China and it causes disease which is known as COVID-19. This infection spreads everywhere in the world, and it leads to an enormous number of death among individuals. The mystery issue about SARS-CoV-2 that appears not to have functions of a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase like other coronaviruses. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main surface receptor for entering SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell. This entry process is mediated by binding the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to ACE2. Recently, researchers discover a new receptor responsible for the SARS-CoV-2 entry which is neuropilin-1 (NRP1). So, this work provides afford a knowledge of how the initial interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and NRP1 b1 domain may occur. Understanding this interaction would be very necessary for drug design against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan F Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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