Impella device in fulminant myocarditis: Japanese Registry for Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device (J-PVAD) registry analysis on outcomes and adverse events

AIMS

Given that fulminant myocarditis, characterized by unstable haemodynamics, is a significant clinical challenge and that traditional pharmacological treatments have limitations, evaluating alternatives such as the Impella device is a crucial focus of this study. Further, this study presents pioneering large-scale registry data on its use in managing fulminant myocarditis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Data from the Japanese Registry for Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices (J-PVAD) were analysed to assess Impella's role in managing fulminant myocarditis from February 2020 to December 2021. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality for those treated with Impella. Of the 269 patients treated with Impella, 107 used Impella standalone, and 162 used ECPELLA (Impella combined with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). The average age was 54 years, with 42.8% females. Overall, 74.3% survived at 30 days. Specifically, the success rate was 68.5% for the ECPELLA group and 83.2% for the Impella standalone group. Cox regression highlighted that lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and pre-Impella systolic blood pressure increased adverse event risk, while Swan-Ganz catheterization use reduced it. Adverse events were noted in 48.7% of patients, such as bleeding (32.0%) and deteriorating renal function (8.6%).

CONCLUSION

Impella's use in fulminant myocarditis demonstrates encouraging short-term outcomes, albeit with significant adverse events. These findings align with previous mechanical circulatory support studies, emphasizing caution regarding haemorrhagic issues. Further studies are essential to enhance patient selection and treatment approaches.

The safety and efficacy of compression therapy in patients with stable heart failure

Background

Compression therapy is widely used as a therapeutic option for edema; however, concerns regarding its safety in patients with heart failure (HF) arose, particularly due to increased venous return, which increases pulmonary artery blood pressure. This study aimed to investigate the safety of compression therapy in patients with chronic HF.

Methods

This study retrospectively enrolled patients with stable chronic HF who initiated treatment with compression therapy for lower extremity edema. The primary outcome was New York Heart Association (NYHA) class changes after 1 month of compression therapy, and adverse events were evaluated.

Results

We analyzed 101 patients who initiated compression therapy. The number of patients continuing compression therapy at one month was 86. Overall, 61.6 % were female and the median age was 81 years. The proportion of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) was 50.4 %. Brain natriuretic peptide levels were significantly lower than baseline levels at 1 month, (baseline vs 1 month: 486 (360-696) vs 311 (211-511), p < 0.001), with a lower NYHA III prevalence (baseline vs 1 month: 53.5 % vs 32.6 %, p < 0.001), without any adverse events related to compression therapy initiation. Additionally, multivariate logistic analysis indicated an association between HFpEF and significant BNP reduction after compression therapy (odds ratio: 4.70; 95 % confidence interval: 1.63-13.6).

Conclusions

Compression therapy was associated with decreased BNP levels and improved symptoms, especially in HFpEF, without any adverse events in stable chronic HF. These findings indicate that compression therapy is safe for patients with stable chronic HF.

Association between vascular endothelial dysfunction and stroke incidence in the general Japanese population: Results from the tohoku medical megabank community-based cohort study

Background

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) measures vascular endothelial function by evaluating the vasodilatory response of blood vessels to increased blood flow. Nevertheless, the association between FMD and stroke incidence in a general population remains unclear. This study investigated the association between vascular endothelial function and stroke incidence in the general Japanese population.

Methods

Based on cohort data from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based Cohort Study, participants aged ≥18 years were recruited from Iwate Prefecture, with the final sample comprising 2952 subjects.

Results

The FMD level was 0.5%-27.1%, with a median of 5.0% (interquartile, 4.2%-11.3%). The mean follow-up period was 5.5 ± 1.8 years (range, 0.6-6.9 years). After dividing the participants into two subgroups according to the median FMD value, a multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusting for gender, age, smoking, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and hemoglobin A1c revealed that a lower FMD value was strongly associated with incidences of total stroke (hazard ratio[HR] = 2.13, 95% confidence interval[CI] = 1.48-3.07, p < 0.001), ischemic stroke (HR = 3.33, 95%CI = 2.00-5.52, p < 0.001), nonlacunar stroke (HR = 2.77, 95%CI = 1.49-5.16, p = 0.001), and lacunar stroke (HR = 5.12, 95%CI = 1.74-16.05, p = 0.003).

Conclusions

This study showed that a low FMD value might reflect vascular endothelial dysfunction and then was associated with ischemic stroke incidence in the general Japanese population, suggesting that FMD can be used as a tool to identify future stroke risk.

Relevant adverse events and drug discontinuation of Sacubitril/valsartan in a real-world Japanese cohort: REVIEW-HF registry

BACKGROUND

The characteristics, tolerability, and outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) who are treated with sacubitril/valsartan remain unclear in Japan.

METHODS

We conducted a nationwide multicenter study to evaluate the features and outcomes of patients newly prescribed sacubitril/valsartan for the management of HF. We analyzed adverse events (AEs) related to sacubitril/valsartan at 3 months, which were defined as hypotension, worsening renal function, hyperkalemia, and angioedema. Additionally, the association between AEs and outcomes was examined.

RESULTS

Among 993 patients, the mean age was 70 years and 291 (29.3 %) were female, and 22.8 % had left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50 %. Of them, 20.8 % had systolic blood pressure (sBP) <100 mmHg, and 19.5 % had estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 ml/min/1.73m2 at baseline, which were the populations excluded from the eligibility in landmark trials. AEs related to sacubitril/valsartan were observed in 22.5 % of the patients at 3 months. Overall, 22.6 % of patients discontinued sacubitril/valsartan, and hypotension was the most common event leading to drug discontinuation. After adjustment, patients who had worse HF symptoms (New York Heart Association III or IV), sBP <100 mmHg, and eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2 were associated with a higher risk of AEs related to sacubitril/valsartan. Additionally, patients experiencing AEs had a higher risk of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization than those who did not.

CONCLUSION

In Japan, sacubitril/valsartan was also prescribed to patients not eligible for landmark trials, and AEs were observed at a relatively high rate from soon after treatment initiation. Physicians should closely monitor patients for these events, especially in patients anticipated to have a higher risk of AEs.

Human Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity in Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence from a Population-Based Study

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and its products contribute to the development of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Excessive XOR activity is believed to promote inflammatory responses and atherosclerotic plaque formation, which are major cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms of XOR activity in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coupled with the complexity of the relationship between XOR activity and the biological effects of uric acid; reactive oxygen species; and nitric oxide, which are the major products of XOR activity, have long been debated, but have not yet been clearly elucidated. Recently, a system for measuring highly sensitive XOR activity in human plasma was established, and there has been progress in the research on the mechanisms of XOR activity. In addition, there are accumulating findings about the relationship between XOR activity and CVD. In this narrative review, we summarize existing knowledge regarding plasma XOR activity and its relationship with CVD and discuss future perspectives.

Association between Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity and the Renal Function in a General Japanese Population: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-Based Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has been identified as a critical source of reactive oxygen species in various pathophysiological conditions, including hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. This study investigated the association between XOR and renal function in a general Japanese population.

METHODS

The Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization pooled individual participant data from a community-based cohort study in Iwate prefecture. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was estimated using the estimated glomerular filtration rate of cystatin C (eGFRcys). Individuals with a history of hyperuricemia or severe renal dysfunction (eGFRcys <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or undergoing dialysis) were excluded from the study. We performed a multinominal multivariate logistic analysis adjusted for age, blood pressure, uric acid, glycated hemoglobin A1c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to associate XOR activity and renal function.

RESULTS

The present study included 4,248 participants (male/female: 1,373/2,875, age: 62.9 ± 11.7 years). When participants were divided according to XOR quartiles, blood pressure, body mass index, uric acid, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glycated hemoglobin A1c were highest in the highest XOR quartile (all p < 0.001). The XOR activity was significantly higher in the subgroup with CKD stage G3 and G4 (G1 vs. G2 vs. G3-G4: 44.8 ± 40.5 vs. 52.0 ± 42.9 vs. 54.1 ± 43.9 pmol/h/mL, p = 0.02). The higher XOR activity was significantly associated with an increase of CKD stage: the odd ratios (95% confidence intervals) per 1 pmol/h/mL increase in XOR activity with CKD stage G1 as a reference were 1.37 (1.13-1.73) in G2 and 1.51 (1.30-1.84) in G3-G4.

CONCLUSION

The present study concluded that high XOR activity was associated with the severity of CKD in a general Japanese population, suggesting that upregulated XOR activity may be involved in advanced renal dysfunction.

3D metal powder additive manufacturing phased array antenna for multichannel Doppler reflectometer

Measuring the time variation of the wavenumber spectrum of turbulence is important for understanding the characteristics of high-temperature plasmas, and the application of a Doppler reflectometer with simultaneous multi-frequency sources is expected. To implement this diagnostic in future fusion devices, the use of a phased array antenna (PAA) that can scan microwave beams without moving antennas is recommended. Since the frequency-scanning waveguide leaky-wave antenna-type PAA has a complex structure, we have investigated its characteristics by modeling it with 3D metal powder additive manufacturing (AM). First, a single waveguide is fabricated to understand the characteristics of 3D AM techniques, and it is clear that there are differences in performance depending on the direction of manufacture and surface treatment. Then, a PAA is made, and it is confirmed that the beam can be emitted in any direction by frequency scanning. The plasma flow velocity can be measured by applying the 3D manufacturing PAA to plasma measurement.

Receiver circuit improvement of dual frequency-comb ka-band Doppler backscattering system in the large helical device (LHD)

Doppler-backscattering (DBS) has been used in several fusion plasma devices because it can measure the perpendicular velocity of electron density perturbation v_⊥, the radial electric field E_r, and the perpendicular wavenumber spectrum S(k_⊥) with high wavenumber and spatial resolution. In particular, recently constructed frequency comb DBS systems enable observation of turbulent phenomena at multiple observation points in the radial direction. A dual-comb microwave DBS system has been developed for the large helical device plasma measurement. Since it is desirable to control the gain of each frequency-comb separately, a frequency-comb DBS system was developed with a function to adjust the gain of the scattered signal intensity of each channel separately. A correction processing method was also developed to correct the amplitude ratio and the phase difference between the in-phase and quadrature-phase signals of the scattered signals. As a result, the error in Doppler-shift estimation required to observe vertical velocity and the radial electric field was reduced, which enables more precise measurements.

Association between high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T levels and incident stroke in the elderly Japanese population: Results from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based Cohort Study

Elevated levels of circulating high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) are associated with cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to examine whether hs-cTnT levels are associated with incident stroke in the elderly population. The Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization pooled participant data for a community-based cohort study (n = 15,063, 69.6 ± 3.4 years), with a mean follow-up period of 5.23 years for all-cause death and incident stroke. The follow-up revealed 316 incident strokes, including atherothrombotic (n = 98), cardioembolic (n = 54), lacunar (n = 63), hemorrhagic (n = 101), and 178 all-cause deaths. Participants were classified into quartiles according to hs-cTnT levels (Q1 ≦ 4 ng/L, Q2: 5-6 ng/L, Q3: 7-9 ng/L, and Q4 > 9 ng/L). After adjusting for sex, age, smoking, drinking, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, hemoglobin A1c, and lipid profile, a Cox proportional hazard model showed that higher hs-cTnT levels were associated with ischemic stroke (Q1 vs. Q4, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.24, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-4.51, p = 0.023). The incident of total stroke was not associated with hs-cTnT levels (Q1 vs. Q4, HR 1.39, 95 % CI = 0.89-1.74, p = 0.145). Numerical differences were highest regarding incident lacunar stroke subtypes; however, this association was not statistically significant. Higher hs-cTnT concentrations were associated with ischemic stroke in the elderly Japanese population.

Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity Is Associated with a High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in a General Japanese Population

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity and a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a general Japanese population. The Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization pooled individual participant data from a general population-based cohort study in Iwate prefecture. The cardiovascular risk was calculated using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). A total of 1605 of the 1631 participants (98.4%) had detectable XOR activity. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that XOR activity was independently associated with body mass index (β = 0.26, p < 0.001), diabetes (β = 0.09, p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (β = 0.08, p = 0.001), and uric acid (β = 0.13, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the highest quartile of XOR activity was associated with a high risk for CVD (FRS ≥ 15) after adjustment for baseline characteristics (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.16-7.40). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the FRS with XOR activity was 0.81 (p = 0.008). XOR activity is associated with a high risk for CVD, suggesting that high XOR activity may indicate cardiovascular risk in a general Japanese population.

The Value of a Cystatin C-based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate for Cardiovascular Assessment in a General Japanese Population: Results From the Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Project

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological studies have shown that high circulating cystatin C is associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) independent of creatinine-based renal function measurements. The present study investigated the comparison between the cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFRcys) and creatinine-based GFR (GFRcr) to determine whether these measurements are associated with CV biomarkers and elevated CVD risk in a general Japanese population.

METHODS

The Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization pooled individual participant data from a general population-based cohort study in Iwate prefecture (n = 29,375). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was estimated using the GFRcys, GFRcr and the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR).

RESULTS

The prevalence of CKD in the participants was found to be higher based on the GFRcr than the GFRcys. Multiple variable analyses after adjusting for baseline characteristics showed that high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were associated with the GFRcys. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for identifying individuals with a high Suita score was higher for the GFRcys (AUROC = 0.68) than it was for the GFRcr (AUROC = 0.64, P < 0.001). The GFRcys provided reclassification improvement for the CVD risk prediction model by the GFRcr (net reclassification improvement = 0.341; integrated discrimination improvement = 0.018, respectively, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The GFRcys is more closely associated with CV biomarkers, including hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP levels, and a high Suita score than the GFRcr, and it provides additional value in the assessment of CVD risk using GFRcr.

Effect of Erythropoietin in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Comparison between Intravenous and Intraperitoneal Administration

The administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in CAPD patients is usually done subcutaneously. Only a few authors have reported on its intraperitoneal (IP) administration. We compared the effect of IP administration of rHuEPO in CAPD patients to that of intravenous (IV) administration. Ten anemic CAPD patients injected rHuEPO into their dialysis bag once a day, 3 times a week, for 18 weeks. The initial dose was 12000 U. The dwell time of the exchanges with rHuEPO was about 6 hours. Nineotheranemic CAPD patients were treated with IV rHuEPO once a week for 18 weeks. The initial dose was 6000 U. In the IP group the hematocrit rose from 24.04±2.7% to 33.3±3.8% (mean±SD). In the IV group 2 patients were excluded from the efficiency evaluation. In 7 of the 9 patients in the IV group, the hematocrit rose from 23.27±2.6% to 32±5.5% (mean±SD).

The intraperitoneal administration of rHuEPO in CAPD patients is sufficient in improving anemia, although it requires a much larger dosage to yield the same level of improvement as the one obtained with the intravenous administration. However, in patients on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis or IP dialysis, a smaller dosage during the prolonged dwell time may be effective.

Association between high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and future cardiovascular incidence in a general Japanese population: results from the Tohoku medical megabank project

Purpose: Elevation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study determined whether hs-cTnT was detectable with N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and related to CV risk factors in a general Japanese population. Materials and methods: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization pooled individual participant data for a population-based cohort study in the Iwate prefecture (n = 30,193, age = 60.2 ± 11.5 year). Results: Hs-cTnT levels were higher in participants with hypertension, diabetes mellitus than in participants without these conditions (all ps < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that NT-proBNP was strongly associated with elevation of hs-cTnT (OR = 3.35, 95% CI = 2.90-3.89, p < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that hs-cTnT was one of useful biomarker for the differentiation of high risk for CVD (the Suita score ≥ 56) from a general population. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated hs-cTnT levels were related to the CVD high risk group (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 2.28-3.14, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Hs-cTnT levels are associated with elevation of NT-proBNP and high Suita score, which suggests that elevated hs-cTnT is related to subclinical myocardial damage and indicates CV risk.

Identification of curable high-risk prostate cancer using radical prostatectomy alone: who are the good candidates for undergoing radical prostatectomy among patients with high-risk prostate cancer?

Background

Currently, there is no consensus regarding which patients with high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) would benefit the most by radical prostatectomy (RP). We aimed to identify patients with high-risk PCa who are treatable by RP alone.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed data on 315 patients with D’Amico high-risk PCa who were treated using RP without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy at the institutions of the Yamaguchi Uro-Oncology Group between 2009 and 2013. The primary endpoint was biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS) after RP. Risk factors for biochemical progression were extracted using the Cox proportional hazard model. We stratified the patients with high-risk PCa into 3 subgroups based on bPFS after RP using the risk factors.

Results

At a median follow-up of 49.9 months, biochemical progression was observed in 20.5% of the patients. The 2- and 5-year bPFS after RP were 89.4 and 70.0%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, Gleason score (GS) at biopsy (≥ 8, HR 1.92, p < 0.05) and % positive core (≥ 30%, HR 2.85, p < 0.005) were independent predictors of biochemical progression. Patients were stratified into favorable- (0 risk factor; 117 patients), intermediate- (1 risk factor; 127 patients), and poor- (2 risk factors; 57 patients) risk groups, based on the number of predictive factors. On the Cox proportional hazard model, this risk classification model could significantly predict biochemical progression after RP (favorable-risk, HR 1.0; intermediate-risk, HR 2.26; high-risk, HR 5.03; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The risk of biochemical progression of high-risk PCa after RP could be stratified by GS at biopsy (≥ 8) and % positive core (≥ 30%).

An epidemiological survey of echinococcosis in intermediate and definitive hosts in Qinghai Province, China

In order to understand the epidemiological status of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis in intermediate and definitive hosts in Qinghai Province, China, during the period 2007-2011, we investigated the infection in humans and animals, including yaks, Tibetan sheep, Tibetan dogs, and wild foxes distributed in different counties around the province. Sera from local residents were examined using a rapid serodiagnostic kit to detect specific antibodies against Echinococcus. Seropositive samples were confirmed with B-scan ultrasonography and X-ray examinations. Yaks and Tibetan sheep were checked at slaughterhouses, and cysts and suspicious lesions were collected for analysis. A rapid diagnostic strip was used to detect Echinococcus adults in Tibetan dogs. Positive dogs were dewormed and the parasites collected. Wild foxes were trapped and necropsies performed with particular attention to the intestine. Forty-eight of 735 (6.4%) humans tested were positive and 475 of 854 (55.6%) Tibetan sheep and 85 of 352 (24.15%) yaks were infected with Echinococcus. Across different counties, 214 of 948 (22.57%) Tibetan dogs were positive, and five of 36 (13.9%) wild foxes were infected with Echinococcus. Molecular studies showed that all the infections detected in humans, domestic yaks, and Tibetan sheep were the G1 genotype (E. granulosus), whereas the parasites from Tibetan foxes and Tibetan dogs were E. shiquicus and E. multilocularis, respectively. In conclusion, Echinococcosis is hyperendemic in Qinghai Province in both its intermediate and definitive hosts and the G1 genotype of cystic Echinococcus is the dominant strain.

Diurnal variation and age-related changes of bone turnover markers in female Göttingen minipigs

We investigated diurnal variation and age-related changes in bone turnover markers in female Göttingen minipigs. Ten females, 6–9 months of age, were used for confirmation of diurnal variation. Blood was collected at 3 h intervals for 24 h, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and intact osteocalcin (OC) levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Urine was collected at 3 h intervals for 24 h using a tray attached to the bottom of the cage. The levels of N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. OC and NTX exhibited diurnal variation (Kruskal–Wallis test, P < 0.05), with the highest and lowest levels at 18:00 h (76.7 ± 26.2 ng/ml) and 06:00 h (44.3 ± 10.3 ng/ml), and at 03:00–05:59 h (550.4 ± 82.4 nmol/μmol Cr) and 12:00–14:59 h (297.8 ± 152.5 nmol/μmol Cr), respectively. In the study of age-related changes, blood and urine samples from 66 females (age range, 3–76 months) were examined to determine the bone turnover markers. All markers showed high correlations with age (0.569 < R2 < 0.818). High levels of bone turnover markers were observed in young animals, decreasing with age (Kruskal–Wallis test, P < 0.01). The diurnal variation and age-related changes revealed in the present study will be useful in studies of bone diseases using female Göttingen minipigs.

Photo-induced magnetization and first-principles calculations of a two-dimensional cyanide-bridged Co–W bimetal assembly

First-principles calculations show the optical transition from W^IV to Co^III, which causes photo-induced magnetization of a Co–W bimetal assembly.

Risk group stratification based on preoperative factors to predict survival after nephroureterectomy in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma

BACKGROUND

After radical nephroureterectomy (RNU), substantial numbers of patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUT-UC) are ineligible for adjuvant chemotherapy owing to diminished renal function. Accurate preoperative prediction of survival is considered important because neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be as effective for high-risk UUT-UC as for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We performed risk group stratification to predict survival based on specific preoperative factors.

METHODS

We enrolled 536 UUT-UC patients treated with RNU in this retrospective cohort study and assessed preoperative clinical and laboratory variables influencing disease-specific survival.

RESULTS

The median follow-up was 40.9 months. Using univariate analysis, tumor location; number of tumors; hydronephrosis; clinical T stage; clinical N category; voided urine cytology; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; hemoglobin; white blood cell (WBC) counts; and C-reactive protein had a significant influence on disease-specific survival (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that clinical T stage, voided urine cytology, and WBC were independent predictors (P = 0.041, P = 0.020, and P = 0.017, respectively). We divided patients into three risk groups based on the number of the three independent predictors: 0, low risk; 1, intermediate risk; 2 and 3, high risk. Significant differences in disease-specific survival were found among these risk groups (P ≤ 0.0047).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that risk group stratification based on preoperative clinical T stage, voided urine cytology, and WBC counts may be useful for selection of UUT-UC patients for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Prospective studies with larger numbers of patients and a longer follow-up period are needed to confirm our results.

Calcium Antagonism by Cobalt Ions on Contraction of Guinea-pig Taenia Coli

In guinea-pig taenia coli, cobalt ions (Co2+) inhibited the tonic response to a highly concentrated K+ solution (high-K+, 40 Mm) more strongly than the phasic response. Co2+ displaced Ca2+ concentration-response curves to the right, inhibited the increase in tissue calcium content caused by high-K +, and inhibited Ca2+ binding at low affinity sites more than at high affinity sites. After treatment with Co2+, the tonic tension caused by high-K+ was not restored by a wash with normal medium, but it was restored by a wash with EDTA. The cobalt remaining in muscles was almost completely eliminated after a 20–30 min wash with EDTA. The results suggest that Co2+ binds chiefly to the surface membrane of taenia coli. Co2+ probably reduced the tension in response to high-K+ mainly by inhibiting Ca2+ influx rather than by affecting Ca2+ release.

Intermittent administration of a sustained-release prostacyclin analog ONO-1301 ameliorates renal alterations in a rat type 1 diabetes model

Diabetic nephropathy is the most common pathological disorder predisposing end-stage renal disease. ONO-1301 is a novel sustained-release prostacyclin analog possessing thromboxane (TX) synthase inhibitory activity. Here, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacies of ONO-1301 in a rat type 1 diabetic nephropathy model. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats received injections of slow-release form of ONO-1301 (SR-ONO) every 3 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at Week 14. SR-ONO significantly suppressed albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial matrix accumulation, glomerular accumulation of monocyte/macrophage, increase in glomerular levels of pro-fibrotic factor transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and the number of glomerular alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA)(+) cells in diabetic animals. The glomerular levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were significantly increased in SR-ONO-treated diabetic animals. Taken together, these results suggest the potential therapeutic efficacy of intermittent administration of SR-ONO in treating diabetic nephropathy potentially via inducing HGF, thus counteracting the pro-fibrotic effects of TGF-beta1.

Solid State Amorphization of a Ni-B Alloy by Mechanical Alloying

The main purpose of this work was to investigate the possibility of solid state amorphization of Ni-B crystal powder. A Ni-B alloy powder was obtained by mechanical alloying of Ni and B powder using a conventional ball milling machine. X-ray diffraction and EXAFS measurements were made for the mechanically alloyed samples as a function of milling time. An amorphization reaction was observed in Ni64B36 at 400 h of milling time. The long range order of the crystalline Ni phase diminished with an increase of solution of B into the Ni matrix. This suggests that the solution of B atoms into the Ni crystalline phase, forced by mechanical alloying, plays an important role in the crystalamorphous transformation.

Impact of superselective transarterial infusion therapy of high-dose cisplatin on maxillary cancer with orbital invasion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We have been performing the superselective transarterial infusion of high-dose cisplatin for advanced maxillary cancer since 1998 and the local control rate, disease free survival rate, and organ preservation have improved markedly compared with our former therapy. This study evaluates the effectiveness of superselective transarterial infusion therapy by using high-dose cisplatin on maxillary cancer with orbital invasion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We treated 23 patients with maxillary cancer by using superselective transarterial infusion therapy with high-dose cisplatin and concomitant radiation therapy for 10 years. Of all patients, 15 showed orbital invasion, with 11 of these tumors fed by both internal maxillary and ophthalmic arteries. In all patients, we performed superselective transarterial infusion therapy via the internal maxillary artery and/or the other feeding branches from the external carotid artery. After the operation, we determined whether a pCR had occurred by checking for the presence of viable cells. In addition, we calculated the overall survival rate, preservation rate of the eyeball, and disease-free survival rate.

RESULTS

For all 23 patients, pCR and overall survival rates were 95.7% and 78.4%, respectively. To date, 2 of these patients died of lung metastasis without local recurrence. For the 15 patients with orbital invasion, the respective pCR and disease-free survival rates were 93.3% and 87.5%. Eyeballs were preserved in all patients, and local recurrence occurred in only 1 patient, at the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus (not in the orbit).

CONCLUSIONS

Superselective transarterial infusion therapy with high-dose cisplatin remarkably improved the local control rate and disease-free survival rate of maxillary cancer. Even in patients with orbital invasion, a high local control rate was achieved, with preservation of the eyeball, through infusion only into branches of the external carotid artery.

Effect of controlled exercise on middle gluteal muscle fibre composition in Thoroughbred foals

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY

Most racehorses are trained regularly from about age 18 months; therefore, little information is available on the effect of training in Thoroughbred foals.

HYPOTHESIS

Well-controlled exercise could improve muscle potential ability for endurance running.

METHODS

Thoroughbred foals at age 2 months were separated into control and training (treadmill exercise) groups and samples obtained from the middle gluteal muscle at 2 and 12 months post partum. Muscle fibre compositions were determined by histochemical and electrophoretical techniques and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was analysed in each fibre type.

RESULTS

All fibre types were hypertrophied with growth and type I and IIA fibres were significantly larger in the training than the control group at age 12 months. A significant increase of SDH activity was found in type IIX muscle fibres in the training group.

CONCLUSIONS

Training in young Thoroughbred horses can facilitate muscle fibre hypertrophy and increase the oxidative capacity of type IIX fibres, which could potentially enhance stamina at high speeds.

POTENTIAL RELEVANCE

To apply this result to practical training, further studies are needed to determine more effective and safe intensities of controlled exercise.

Involvement of CPI-17 downregulation in the dysmotility of the colon from dextran sodium sulphate-induced experimental colitis in a mouse model

The mechanism of gastrointestinal dysmotility in inflammatory bowel disease has not been clarified. In this study, we examined the mechanism involved in the inflamed distal colon isolated from a mouse model of dextran sodium sulphate-induced ulcerative colitis (DSS-treated mouse). Although substance P-induced contraction was not changed, carbachol-induced contraction was reduced in the DSS-treated mouse colon. Pre-incubation with the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin did not reverse the carbachol-induced contraction in the DSS-treated mouse colon. In semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments and Western blot analysis, muscarinic M3 receptor expressions were not changed. The Ca2+ -sensitization of contractile elements induced by carbachol with GTP or GTPgammaS was reduced in the beta-escin-permeabilized DSS-treated mouse colon. Although the expression of proteins such as rhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2 or MYPT1 in smooth muscles was not changed, the expression of CPI-17, the functional protein involved in smooth muscle Ca2+ -sensitization, was significantly decreased in the DSS-treated mouse colon. These results suggest that the suppression of carbachol-induced contraction in mice with colitis is attributable at least partially to the increased activity of myosin phosphatase following the downregulation of CPI-17.

A simple protocol for preventing falls and fractures in elderly individuals with musculoskeletal disease

Our protocol resulted in a significant prevention of falls and fractures in addition to marked improvements in the balance function. Intervention comprised a new balance exercise and quadriceps femoris exercise. Subjects were outpatients aged >or=65 years old with musculoskeletal disorders who had a result of <or=15 s for the timed one-leg balance test.

INTRODUCTION

A study on chronological changes in the level of required care revealed that the level of care increases markedly for older patients requiring non-intensive or intensive long-term care. The aim of the present study was to identify frail elderly patients among older patients with chronic pain of the musculoskeletal system and to assess the fracture prevention and fall prevention effects of exercise therapy using stratified analysis.

METHODS

This was a prospective cohort study consisting of 683 outpatients with chronic pain of the musculoskeletal system who were >or=65 years old and had a result of <or=15 s for the timed one-leg balance test with eyes open. Intervention consisted of a new balance exercise and quadriceps femoris exercise regimen. The main outcome was fall rate, while secondary outcomes were the results of the timed one-leg balance test with eyes open and fracture rate.

RESULTS

Fall rate was decreased by 44% (p < 0.001) and fracture rate by 47% (p < 0.05) by 8 months after the start of the intervention. The results of the timed one-leg balance testing with eyes open improved two- to threefold after intervention (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Our protocol has been safely implemented at a large number of clinics in Japan, and the reductions in frequency of falls and fractures suggest that it provides effective preventive care.

[Epidemiologic investigation on incidences of urological malignant tumors for 10 years in eastern part of Yamaguchi prefecture]

OBJECTIVE

In Japan, there is not enough information regarding the incidences of cancer, especially in the field of urology. In order to investigate the accurate occurrence of urological malignant tumors, an epidemiologic study was conducted in the eastern part of Yamaguchi prefecture over a period of 10 years.

METHOD

The target areas for this study were 8 cities (Yamaguchi city, Hofu city, Shin-nanyo city, Tokuyama city, Kudamatsu city, Hikari city, Yanai city and Iwakuni city), and 7 districts (Oshima Gun, Kuga Gun, Kumage Gun, Tsuno Gun, Saba Gun, Abu Gun and Yoshiki Gun) in eastern Yamaguchi prefecture. The investigation period was 10 years: i.e. 1994-2003. Urological malignant tumors in this study were bladder cancer, tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma and testicular tumor.

RESULT

Age-adjusted incidence rates for bladder cancer per 100,000 per year by world population from 1994 to 2003 were 11.26-15.88 for male and 1.91-3.15 for female. The age-adjusted incidence rates for prostatic carcinoma were 10.57-41.78. The age-adjusted incidence rates for tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter were 0.76-1.81, for renal cell carcinoma 1.85-2.68 and for testicular tumor 1.85-2.68.

Long-lasting contractile action and the inhibitory action of cupric ions on ileal longitudinal muscle

Cupric ions (Cu(2+)), at concentrations above 0.03 mM, induced a progressive increase in the tonic contraction of guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle. Maximal contraction of 0.1 mM Cu(2+) attained a level above that of the 60-mM K(+)-induced tonic response, within 20 min of application. The tension induced by Cu(2+) persisted for more than several hours. Tetrodotoxin (3 x 10(-6) M) had no effect on the contraction induced by 0.1 mM Cu(2+). After incubation in a Ca(2+)-free medium, the ileal response to 0.1 mM Cu(2+) was lost. Nifedipine, a L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, dose-dependently inhibited contractions induced by Cu(2+). As the duration of the first application of 0.1 mM Cu(2+) increased above 30 min, after washing with normal medium, the contractile response to a second application of 0.1 mM Cu(2+) decreased gradually. After 150 min of the first application of 0.1 mM Cu(2+), a second application of Cu(2+) could not evoke any contraction. After the application of 0.1 mM Cu(2+) for 150 min, when muscles were washed with a medium containing 1 mM EDTA, the response to 0.1 mM Cu(2+) returned to a greater extent in the normal Ca(2+) medium. In conclusion, Cu(2+) (0.1 mM) induced a maximal ileal tension above that of the K-induced tonic response within 20 min. The ileal contraction to Cu(2+) persisted for more than several hours and depended on extracellular Ca(2+) concentrations. It is possible that a part of Cu(2+), bound to a EDTA-inaccessible site, also has a tension inhibitory effect.

Effect of high intensity training on anaerobic capacity of middle gluteal muscle in Thoroughbred horses

We hypothesize that high intensity training for Thoroughbred horses that have been subjected to conventional training could further improve the metabolic properties of the middle gluteal muscle. Nine well-trained horses were subjected to high intensity (80-100% Vdot;O(2)max, 5 minx2) training for 12 weeks. Biopsy samples were obtained from the muscle before and after 4 and 12 weeks of training. Three of the 9 horses did not complete the training programme. In the remaining 6 horses, activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), and the composition of myosin heavy chain isoforms were analyzed by biochemical techniques. After 12 weeks of training, a significant increase was found in PFK activity but not in the SDH and HAD activities. There were no significant changes in the composition of myosin heavy chain isoforms. The high intensity training in this study was effective at increasing glycolytic enzyme activity, indicating the possibility to improve anaerobic capacity, which potentially could contribute greatly to performance in Thoroughbred horses. This study also highlighted a fact that high intensity training should be given with the great care to prevent the skeletal muscle injuries.

Beta-lactamase stability of faropenem

Faropenem (FAR) is an orally available member of the penem class unique among carbapenems and other available beta-lactams. This study compared FAR to cephalosporins and imipenem with respect to beta-lactamase (BLA) stability and emergence of resistance to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. BLA stability was studied using enzyme preparations from sonicated/centrifuged 24-hour cultures of E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. aureus, and Bacteroides fragilis grown in the presence of 20 mg/l ampicillin or cephaloridine to induce penicillinase or cephalosporinase, respectively. Substrate hydrolysis was quantitated spectrophotometrically. Multistep acquisition of resistance was promoted by growing bacteria in broth containing 2-fold dilutions of antibiotic over 10 cycles. Aliquots from test tubes with visible growth provided the inoculum for the next series of dilutions. FAR as well as other cephalosporins tested were highly stable to penicillinase derived from S. aureus and E. coli. However, E. coli- and P. vulgaris-derived cephalosporinase hydrolyzed cephaloridine, cefaclor and cefotiam considerably, whereas FAR was highly stable. FAR was highly stable against hydrolysis by various BLAs prepared from four B. fragilis strains and the rate of FAR hydrolysis by metallo-BLA was 5 times lower than that for imipenem. Additionally, the acquisition of resistant S. aureus strains was less pronounced for FAR compared to other agents tested. MICs rose 8-fold after the 10th sub-MIC exposure, while MICs rose 16-, 31- and 512-fold for cefixime, cefazolin and cefaclor, respectively. E. coli shifts in MICs were moderate for all the agents tested. In conclusion, FAR is characterized by pronounced BLA stability compared to other cephalosporins and imipenem. Furthermore, a lower propensity for resistance development with FAR as compared to cephalosporins was observed.

Target affinities of faropenem to and its impact on the morphology of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Faropenem is a new oral beta-lactam antibiotic unique from carbapenems and other available beta-lactams. Determinants of the in vitro activity of beta-lactam antibiotics include affinity to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and beta-lactamase stability. In this study, the binding affinity of faropenem to various PBPs and its impact on the morphology of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were evaluated. In general, faropenem demonstrated high binding affinity to high-molecular-weight PBPs but low affinity to low-molecular-weight PBPs. In S. aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, faropenem exhibited high binding affinity to PBP1, followed by PBP3 and PBP2. In E. coli, faropenem showed the highest affinity for PBP2, followed by PBP1A, PBP1B, PBP3 and PBP4. In Proteus vulgaris, binding was highest to PBP4, followed by PBP1A, PBP2 and PBP3. In Serratia marcescens, faropenem bound preferentially to PBP2 and PBP4. Exposure of S. aureus to faropenem at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1/8 or 1/4 resulted in irregular septum formation. At 1x MIC or higher, a larger number of lysed cells were observed. Exposure of E. coli to 1/8x MIC or 1/4x MIC also induced changes in cellular shape; the normal rod-shaped form changed to a spherical form in a time-dependent manner. After exposure of E. coli to 1x MIC for 2 h, bulging-shaped E. coli cells were observed and after 4 h of exposure cell lysis was demonstrated. In the presence of 4x MIC, spheroplast-like forms and cell lysis were observed. The morphological changes triggered by faropenem are in agreement with the PBP binding affinities reported. Thus, the high binding affinities of faropenem to PBPs from gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria are mirrored by its pronounced and concentration-dependent bactericidal effect.

[The medicine chest handed down in the Takaya family, doctors of Sendai-han]

There is a medicine chest with design of Chrysanthemums in Makie made for Edo-era and handed down in the Takaya family, doctors of Sendai-han. Many kinds of crude drugs, named by one Chinese character, are kept in this chest. They were classified into three types, namely, [Japanese characters]. Identification of these crude drugs was carried out and the meaning of the classification was brought up as a question.

Isolation of Pasteurella multocida during an outbreak of infectious septicemia in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

In May 1994, about fifty Japanese quails out of ninety being bred for experimental purposes at Miyazaki University died of acute septicemia within a few days. At autopsy, there were no gross pathological lesions, however, severe bacteremia was observed in all cases. Bacterial examination revealed the presence of Pasteurella multocida in blood and several organs in pure culture and they were of Carter's capsular type A, Heddleston's type 3-4 and Namioka's type O-8-9. The LD50 of bacteria in quails and mice were 4.3 x 10(4) cfu and 3.9 x 10(2) cfu, respectively. All of the three chickens experimentally infected with 4 x 10(4) of the isolate died within 20 hr after the infection and several bacteria were recovered from their blood and organs. This, to our knowledge, is the first report on an outbreak of fowl cholera in Japanese quails in Japan.

Intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathway is involved in light-induced phase advance, but may not be in phase delay, of the circadian melatonin rhythm in chick pineal cell

Chick pineal cells have photoreceptive, circadian clock and melatonin synthetic capacities, and express circadian oscillation of melatonin release in vitro. Light pulses cause phase-dependent phase shift of the melatonin rhythm. The purpose of this study was to address the questions whether intracellular calcium is involved in both light-induced phase advance and delay. Thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, which deplete the intracellular calcium stores, blocked the light-induced phase advance in a dose-dependent manner. The pulses of ryanodine receptor antagonist (dantrolene sodium or ruthenium red) also blocked the light-induced phase advance. Most agents did not cause a significant phase shift by themselves. On the other hand, all the agents used, failed to block the light-induced phase delay, even if the magnitude of phase delay was decreased using low intensity light. An antagonist of nitric oxide synthase blocked neither light-induced phase advance nor phase delay. These results indicate the following possibilities: (1) the mechanism of light-induced phase advance and delay may be different in chick pineal cells, or (2) if intracellular calcium is involved in both light-induced phase advance and delay, the sensitivity to light and/or agents used in this study may differ according to Zeitgeber time.

Effect of melatonin on circadian rhythm, locomotor activity and body temperature in the intact house sparrow, Japanese quail and owl

We compared the effect of melatonin on circadian rhythm, body temperature, and locomotion in the intact house sparrow, Japanese quail and owl. Daily treatment with melatonin at a fixed time did not entrain the free-running rhythm of locomotor activity in the house sparrow and the disrupted rhythm in Japanese quail under constant dim light. However, melatonin clearly inhibited movement for several hours after treatment. The duration of resting after injection of melatonin was dose-dependent. Body temperature was significantly decreased after melatonin treatment, the effect being more potent during the active phase than in the resting phase. Although this effect of melatonin on body temperature was also dose-dependent, the magnitude of the decrease in body temperature after injection of melatonin was greater in the house sparrow than in the Japanese quail. On the other hand, melatonin induced a further large decrease of body temperature in a nocturnal bird, the owl, whose pineal gland is degenerate. The decrease of body temperature was larger in the active phase than in the resting phase, and melatonin did not prevent movement in spite of the decrease in body temperature. These results suggest that the effects of melatonin on circadian rhythm, locomotor activity and body temperature differ among avian species, and that these mechanisms may not be linked to each other.

Differential inhibitory mechanism of Fe2+ and Fe3+ on contraction of ileal longitudinal smooth muscle

The mechanism of the inhibition of K(+)-induced contraction caused by ferrous (Fe(2+)) and ferric (Fe(3+)) ions were analysed in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle and taenia coli. Fe(2+)increased the threshold for Ca(2+)-induced contraction in Ca(2+)-free, K(+)-depolarized taenia coli. However, Fe(3+)reduced the size of the maximal response to Ca(2+)without shifting the dose-response curves in taenia coli. Both 10 mM Fe(2+)and 2 mM Fe(3+)caused significant decreases in Ca uptake, as determined by the La method, during K(+)-induced ileal contraction. After treatment with 10 mM Fe(2+)in a state of cell membrane depolarization with K(+)for 30 min, the ileal K(+)-induced tonic contraction was completely restored by washing with medium containing EDTA, a chelator of divalent cations, and Fe(2+)remaining in muscle was almost eliminated by washing. In contrast, after treatment with 2 mM Fe(3+)in K(+)medium, K(+)-induced contraction was reversed only to a slight degree by washing with medium containing deferoxamine, a chelator of trivalent cations, and Fe(3+)in muscle largely remained despite the washing. These results suggest that Fe(2+)binds to the ileal surface membrane and reduces the contraction in response to K(+)mainly by inhibiting Ca(2+)influx. Fe(3+)may exert an inhibitory action on intracellular sites, in addition to the interference of Ca(2+)influx at the cell membrane.

Action of ouabain on the contraction of ileal longitudinal muscle by manganese ions in a Ca(2+)-free, high-K(+), Na(+)-sufficient or Na(+)-deficient solution

The action of ouabain, an external Na(+)-dependent inhibitor of active glucose transport, on the contraction by Mn(2+)in a Ca(2+)-free, Na(+)-sufficient or Na(+)-deficient medium was examined in ileal muscle. Ouabain ( 9 x 10(-5)m) inhibited the contraction by 5 mm Mn(2+)in a Ca(2+)-free, 60 mm K(+), Na(+)-sufficient medium in ileal muscle. The addition of pyruvate or lactate, utilized independently in the external Na(+)in the pretreatment with ouabain, induced the dose-dependent contraction and manganese uptake by Mn(2+)in the Ca(2+)-free, 60 mm K(+), Na(+)-sufficient medium. These results suggest that Mn(2+)-induced ileal contraction in a high-K(+), Na(+)-sufficient medium is maintained by an active glucose transport, dependent on external Na(+). While, in contrast, Mn(2+)-induced contraction in a high-K(+), Na(+)-deficient medium is maintained by an external Na(+)-independent glucose transport, and is insensitive to ouabain.

Effects of zinc ions on Ca2+ uptake during histamine-induced contraction in guinea-pig taenia coli

The present study was undertaken to clarify the effects of zinc ions (Zn2+) on Ca2+ uptake during histamine-induced contraction in guinea-pig taenia coli. Zn2+ (0.3 mM) had smaller effect on the initial phasic response to 10(-5) M histamine accompanied with decreased Ca uptake at the high affinity sites, while it inhibited the tonic response by inhibiting Ca2+ uptake at the low affinity sites. After the first stimulation with histamine in the presence of Zn2+, the Ca2+ binding at high affinity sites was not significantly recovered in the presence of Zn2+. A second stimulation with histamine in the presence of Zn2+ did not elicit any phasic response. Furthermore, after beta-escin treatment of the fibres, which leaves receptor-coupled signal transduction including the Ca2+ storage sites intact, the contraction due to 10(-5) M histamine was not so affected by 0.3 mM Zn2+, but, after resuspension in a solution of pCa 5, 10(-5) M histamine of second application did not elicit the contraction in the presence of Zn2+. These results suggested that Zn2+ does not affect the histamine-induced Ca2+ release from the intracellular storage sites in taenia coli. However, when Zn2+ is present, Ca2+ is not supplied to the storage sites for the phasic response due to second stimulation with histamine. In addition, Zn2+ reduced the tonic response to histamine mainly by inhibiting Ca2+ influx through receptor-operated and/or voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.

Increased cholesterol absorption by hyperlipidemia atherosclerosis prone (LAP) Japanese quail

The present study describes the cholesterol absorption by hyperlipidemia atherosclerosis prone (LAP) Japanese quail to address their high susceptibility to experimental atherosclerosis. The apparent cholesterol absorption rate of LAP quail was compared with that of commercially available (CA) Japanese quail. After 14 d of cholesterol feeding by gavage, it was found that the cholesterol excretion of LAP quail was significantly lower than that of CA quail. The fecal excretion of bile acid and fat showed a similar tendency to that as shown with the case of cholesterol. The cholesterol feeding only increased the serum cholesterol level of LAP quail, and this trend holds true for the liver lipid concentration. The expression level of liver cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase mRNA showed no difference between LAP and CA strains under the conditions of cholesterol loading. These results showed that the cholesterol absorption by LAP quail is significantly higher than that by CA quail, which may reasonably explain the higher susceptibility of this strain to experimental atherosclerosis.

Chlorpromazine at comparatively low concentrations potentiates carbachol-induced tonic contraction of ileal longitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea-pig

The neuroleptic phenothiazine derivative chlorpromazine (CPZ) at high concentration (1 x 10(-5) M) decreased either the phasic or tonic contraction in response to carbachol and the carbachol-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in both phases in ileal muscle. In contrast, CPZ at low concentrations (8 x 10(-7) - 5 x 10(-6) M) decreased only the phasic contraction and potentiated the tonic contraction induced by carbachol. However, CPZ at these concentrations dose-dependently decreased the carbachol-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in both phases. These results suggested that CPZ dose-dependently decreased the initial phasic contraction in response to carbachol by inhibition of Ca2+ release from the intracellular storage sites. CPZ at low concentrations appears to increase Ca2+ sensitivity to contractile proteins in the carbachol-induced tonic phase. CPZ dose-dependently reduced the 60 mM K(+)-induced phasic and tonic responses and a concomitant decrease in [Ca2+]i in ileal muscle.

Immunohistochemical study of the neuropeptides in the stellate ganglion of the water buffalo

The localization of some neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin (Gal), methionine enkephalin (M-ENK), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was studied in the stellate ganglion (SG) of water buffalo. NPY, SP, Gal and TH immunoreactivities were present in almost all of the ganglion cells. NPY, SP, Gal, SP, CGRP, VIP and M-ENK immunoreactive nerve fibers were also seen in the SG. The localization and pattern of distribution of these peptides in the water buffalo stellate ganglion were compared with those in stellate ganglia of other mammalian species.

Actions of Mn(2+) in the presence of ionophore A23187 in taenia coli of guinea-pig

In this work, we have investigated whether Mn(2+)enters the cytoplasm in the presence of ionophore for divalent cations, A23187 and induces contraction of taenia coli. In Ca(2+)-free, 60 m m K(+)medium, the application of 5 m m Mn(2+)evoked contraction and a concomitant increase in Mn(2+)influx into the cytoplasm. However, in Ca(2+)-free medium, the application of 5 m m Mn(2+)in the presence of 1x10(-5)m A23187 did not evoke both contraction and Mn(2+)influx. These results suggest that Mn(2+)penetrates through Ca(2+)channels in a state of membrane depolarization with K(+)and activates the contractile proteins in taenia coli. However, Mn(2+)does not enter the cytoplasm in the presence of ionophore A23187 and then does not induce contraction.

Metabolic dependency of ionophore A23187-induced contraction of ileal longitudinal smooth muscle

1. Tonic contraction in response to K+ is well known to be highly dependent on aerobic metabolism in ileal muscle. The ionophore A23187 (10(-5) M) induced an initial contraction and successive rhythmic contraction in ileal muscle, but did not induce tonic contraction. This study, therefore, was performed to investigate the metabolic dependency during contraction induced by A23187. 2. Under hypoxic conditions, A23187 (10(-5) M) induced an initial contraction accompanied by an increase in lactate release. However, it induced only small rhythmic contractions and decreases in ATP, phosphocreatinine (PCr) and glycogen contents. 3. In glucose-free medium, A23187 (10(-5) M) induced an initial contraction and concomitant significant decrease in the ATP and glycogen contents. However, it did not induce successive rhythmic contractions. In 'glycogen-depleted muscle' stimulated repeatedly with 60 mM K+ in glucose-free medium, 60 mM K+ induced a phasic contraction without tonic contraction. A23187 induced no contraction under these conditions. 4. These results suggested that the initial contraction induced by A23187 was dependent on endogenous glycogen, while successive rhythmic contractions were dependent on aerobic metabolism after supply of external glucose to the ileal muscle.

The major low molecular weight apolipoprotein from normal and hyperlipidemia atherosclerosis-prone (LAP) Japanese quail

The low molecular weight (LMW) apolipoprotein of apo C plays an important role in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. This study aimed at a characterization of the major LMW apolipoproteins from normal quail strain, and also from LAP (hyperlipidemia atherosclerosis-prone) strain to identify its genetic disorder. The major LMW apoprotein cDNA clone from normal quail comprised of approximately 500 bp, and encoded polypeptide of 78 amino acid residues containing 57 amino acids as a mature apolipoprotein. Although the quail LMW apoprotein showed a low homology to either apo C-I, C-II, or C-III of other animals, it retained a well-developed amphipathic alpha-helix structure. There was no difference in the deduced primary structure of the quail LMW apoprotein between LAP and normal strain. An analysis of the mRNA expression showed that the quail LMW apoprotein was only expressed in the liver of both LAP and normal Japanese quail. No difference was noted in the hepatic expression of the quail LMW apoprotein mRNA between normal and LAP strains with neither normal nor atherogenic dietary conditions. The structure and expression of the major LMW apoprotein thus had no relevance to higher susceptibility of LAP strain to the experimental atherosclerosis.