Exosome-Based Macromolecular neurotherapeutic drug delivery approaches in overcoming the Blood-Brain barrier for treating brain disorders

Delivering drugs to the brain is a complex challenge in medical research, particularly for disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The blood-brain barrier restricts the entry of many therapeutic molecules, hindering their effectiveness. Nanoparticles, a potential solution, face issues like toxicity and limited approvals. A new avenue explores the use of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), i.e., exosomes, as natural carriers for drug delivery. sEVs, tiny structures below 150 nm, show promise due to their minimal immune response and ability to precisely deliver drugs. This review focuses on the potential of sEVs-based drug delivery systems for treating neurological disorders, brain cancers, and other brain-related issues. Notably, bioengineered sEVs-carrying therapeutic compounds exhibit promise in early studies. The unique features of sEVs, such as their small size and natural properties, position them as candidates to overcome challenges in drug delivery to the brain. Ongoing clinical trials and research into sEVs behavior within the body further highlight their potential for revolutionizing drug delivery and addressing complex brain conditions.

Biomedical applications of nanomaterials in the advancement of nucleic acid therapy: Mechanistic challenges, delivery strategies, and therapeutic applications

In the past few decades, substantial advancement has been made in nucleic acid (NA)-based therapies. Promising treatments include mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, and anti-sense DNA for treating various clinical disorders by modifying the expression of DNA or RNA. However, their effectiveness is limited due to their concentrated negative charge, instability, large size, and host barriers, which make widespread application difficult. The effective delivery of these medicines requires safe vectors that are efficient & selective while having non-pathogenic qualities; thus, nanomaterials have become an attractive option with promising possibilities despite some potential setbacks. Nanomaterials possess ideal characteristics, allowing them to be tuned into functional bio-entity capable of targeted delivery. In this review, current breakthroughs in the non-viral strategy of delivering NAs are discussed with the goal of overcoming challenges that would otherwise be experienced by therapeutics. It offers insight into a wide variety of existing NA-based therapeutic modalities and techniques. In addition to this, it provides a rationale for the use of non-viral vectors and a variety of nanomaterials to accomplish efficient gene therapy. Further, it discusses the potential for biomedical application of nanomaterials-based gene therapy in various conditions, such as cancer therapy, tissue engineering, neurological disorders, and infections.

Current opinion on guided implant surgery

Implant dentistry has been evolving with various new technologies, materials and techniques of placement. Conventionally, determination of implant position, size and placement depend on pre-surgical diagnostic imaging, which is limited to two-dimensional radiographs and on the guiding acrylic stent which will be usually prepared over the duplicated casts. Guided implant surgery using cone beam computed tomography, virtual treatment planning software and stereolithographic surgical templates has undoubtedly been a major step toward achieving optimal 3-D implant positioning with respect to both anatomical and prosthetic parameters. This article discusses about the indications, advantages and the concept of guided implant surgery in the successful outcome of the implant placement.

A short review on minimally invasive implants

In the last 30 years, the use of dental implants to replace missing teeth has increased immensely. Brånemark pioneered the use of extensive surgical flaps to visualise the surgical field during implant surgery. Since then, several changes have been made to the flap design with aesthetic considerations now being incorporated. Such major innovations have contributed to the wide acceptance of flapless implant surgery. Therefore, it is of interest to describe the various techniques, requirements, advantages and disadvantages of minimally implant surgery.

A short note on bioglass in Periodontics

Bone augmentation grafts may act as space-maintaining devices to allow coronal migration of periodontal progenitor cells. The ideal bone replacement graft should be able to trigger osteogenesis, cementogenesis and formation of a functional periodontal ligament. It has been theorized that bioactive glass, which is a ceramic has bioactive properties that guide and promote osteogenesis allowing rapid formation of bone. Bioactive glass consists of sodium and calcium salts, phosphates and silicon dioxide for dental applications. When this material comes into contact with tissue fluids, the surface of the particles becomes coated with hydroxy carbonate apatite, incorporates organic ground proteins such as chondroitin sulfate and glycosaminoglycans and attracts osteoblasts that rapidly form bone.

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Terminalia arjuna

Terminalia arjuna is one of the important herbal plants with cardioprotective, antihyperlipidemic activity and many more applications. In the present investigation, In order to find out the protective role, we prepared aqueous and ethanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna. The objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna and to compare between the two. Antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was assessed by using agar well diffusion method against oral pathogens. The anti-inflammatory activity of prepared Terminalia arjuna plant extract was analyzed using egg albumin denaturation assay. The results of this study, showed that both aqueous and ethanolic extract had very good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species followed by Escherichia coli. However, the aqueous extract showed higher anti-inflammatory activity when compared with ethanolic extract. So it can be concluded that aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna could be used as a local drug delivery agent in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Correction: Morphology of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of ethylene glycol as an additive: a first principle study

Correction for ‘Morphology of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of ethylene glycol as an additive: a first principle study’ by Md Abdul Shafeeuulla Khan et al., CrystEngComm, 2019, 21, 7519–7527, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CE01262A.

New Insights for Consummate Diagnosis and Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis Using Reactive and Reparative Fibrotic Parameter Derived Algorithm

Objective

Reproducibility of qualitative changes in histopathological diagnosis involving narrow variation is often challenging. This study aims to characterize the histological fibrotic events in detail so as to derive an in-depth multiparametric algorithm with individually quantified histological parameters for effective monitoring of the. disease process in oral submucous fibrosis and for potential therapeutic targets for early intervention.

Methods

Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), were taken and sections were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin stain and Masson Trichrome stain. Photomicrographs were assessed for various morphometric parameters with Image J software version 1.8. Linear Regression was used to model the relationship using Inflammatory Cell Count, Extent of Inflammation collagen stained area, Epithelial thickness integrated density of collagen, MVPA, Area, Perimeter, were taken as variables.

Result

Inflammatory cell count and the extent of inflammation also decreased with increasing grades of OSMF. Collagen proportionate area, integrated collagen density and epithelial thickness were compared among different grades of OSMF. Grade IV OSMF had greatest mean collagen proportionate area , highest integrated collagen density and lowest epithelial thickness when compared to other grades of OSMF. Linear regression model revealed smaller variation between Grade I to Grade II. Whereas Grade II to Grade IV exhibited larger variation suggestive of increased growth rate and all the coefficients were found to lie within 95% confidence limits.

Conclusion

Diagnostic algorithm with multiparametric regression model were derived and combinatorial therapeutic approaches have been suggested for more effective management of oral submucous fibrosis.

An effective strategy for development of docetaxel encapsulated gold nanoformulations for treatment of prostate cancer

Nanoformulation based drug delivery is one of the most important research areas in the field of nanomedicine, which provides promising alternatives to the limitations of conventional chemotherapy. Nano drug delivery enables improved pharmacokinetic profile, bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency compared to the regular chemotherapeutic drugs. Herein, we have established a simple method for the synthesis of docetaxel (Dtx) encapsulated poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for targeted drug delivery to prostate cancer. AuNPs were synthesized by the citrate ion reduction method followed by functionalization with thiol-PEG-amine (SH-PEG-NH2). SH-PEG-NH2 functionalized AuNPs were conjugated with the targeting vehicle, folic acid (FA). The anticancer drug, Dtx was encapsulated within AuNPs by the non-covalent linkage method. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized nanoformulations were extensively characterized by various spectral and microscopic studies. HR-TEM indicates the average size of the AuNPs is 16 nm and the nanoformulations is 18 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of the Dtx is ~ 96% which is confirmed by the elemental mapping analysis. The in vitro drug release profile of Dtx and AuNPs nanoformulations were studied by the dialysis membrane method. The anticancer activity of docetaxel encapsulated AuNPs were evaluated with prostate cancer cell lines (PC3). The drug encapsulated nanoformulations reduced the cell viability to about 40% (40 µM concentration at 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment). The optical microscopy observation reveals that the damage of prostate cancer cells after exposure to Dtx encapsulated AuNPs. The good cytotoxic activity of the present nanoformulation against prostate cancer cell lines enables its application for targeted drug delivery to prostate cancer.

Coping with diabetes during the COVID - 19 lockdown in India: Results of an online pilot survey

AIM

The management of diabetes has become a challenge due to the COVID 19 lockdown. An online-based pilot survey was conducted to study how people with diabetes were coping with their Diabetes during the COVID - 19 lockdown.

METHOD

The questions were designed in an online survey, Survey Monkey, to conduct this cross-sectional study. The link was generated and sent to 100 registered patients of the MV Hospital for Diabetes Royapuram who had not contacted the hospital after the lockdown announcement. The survey was done between April 1 and April 15, 2020.Oral consent was obtained through telephone before the link was sent by Whatsapp to them.The questionnaire consisted of questions on home blood glucose monitoring, regularity in doing their physical activity and dietary compliance and anxiety about the viral infection.

RESULTS

92% of the participants had Type 2 diabetes. Only 28% of the participants were checking their blood glucose levels regularly. 80% of the participants mentioned that they were following regular exercise and diet control during the lockdown period. 40% of the participants were anxious about the Covid infection.

CONCLUSION

SMBG needs to be practiced on regular basis, especially among the patients with diabetes on insulin therapy. Most of the people surveyed were coping well with their Diabetes. Patients have reported that they were able to maintain proper dietary compliance and be more physically active at home during this lockdown. These findings need to be ascertained in larger sample of patients.

Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of docetaxel loaded gold nanoparticles for lung cancer drug delivery

The effective use of the gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) conjugated drugs for targeted drug delivery applications is one of the most promising research areas in the field of cancer. Herein, we aimed to establish a nano drug conjugated with docetaxel as a possible therapy option. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction method. This is followed by the conjugation with an anticancer drug, docetaxel (Dtx) by a non-covalent method and folic acid (FA) was conjugated by a covalent method. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized AuNPs, Dtx and FA were studied by various analytical techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The surface morphology and microstructure of the synthesized AuNPs and gold conjugates (AuNPs-Dtx-FA) were examined by FESEM and HR-TEM. The average size of the spherical shaped AuNPs was observed in the range of 5-18 nm. XPS and EDS spectra were examined the oxidation state and chemical composition of the synthesized nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized AuNPs nano-conjugates was evaluated by in-vitro studies against lung cancer cell line (H520). The chemical reduction method followed here in the development of AuNPs is a simple and one-step process, which exhibits the excellent binding specificity, biocompatibility and feasible for the large scale up process of the AuNPs.

Morphology of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of ethylene glycol as an additive: a first principle study

Surface energy is an important parameter to predict the morphology of ammonium perchlorate (AP) crystals in the presence and absence of ethylene glycol as a linear correlation is found between the interaction energies and the surface energies.

Effectiveness of TB sensitization initiatives in improving the involvement of self help group members in rural TB control in south India

Background

The 'End TB strategy' has highlighted the importance of inter-sectoral collaboration and community mobilization for achieving zero TB deaths by 2020.

Objective

The aim of the study was to develop and test a model TB sensitization programme involving self help groups (SHGs).

Methodology

This experimental study was conducted in two blocks (intervention and control), in Tiruvallur district. The intervention content included short-lecture, musical story telling activity, role play, short film on TB. The impact was compared at baseline, third and sixth months in terms of SHGs' awareness, promotion of awareness, identification and referral of presumptive TB cases and provision of TB treatment.

Results

A total of 764 vs 796 SHGs were enrolled in control and intervention groups, respectively. The knowledge attitude, and practice score (lower score indicated a better attitude and practice), from baseline to 6 months was significantly reduced (29 to 24) in the intervention group. Similarly, a significant difference was observed in identification and referral of chest symptomatics in the intervention group at 3 and 6 months. During the 3 month follow-up a significantly higher proportion of SHG members were involved in TB awareness activities in the intervention (623/748 [83.3%]) vs control group (471/728 [64.7%]; p<0.001).

Conclusions

Findings from this study highlight the feasibility of involving SHGs through a model TB sensitization program for strengthening TB prevention and control activities.

Visualization of Brain Activation During Attention-Demanding Tasks Using Cognitive Signal Processing

Attention is the primary cognitive process to induce a response to a stimulus. The present study aims at evaluating the activation of different brain regions while performing an attention requiring task. The analysis is achieved with the help of electroencephalography (EEG) recorded simultaneously during the entire period of execution of task. The relative theta and gamma power were significantly higher (p=0.05) during task when compared to rest, whereas in alpha band the relative power was significantly higher (p=0.05) during rest when compared to task. Event related synchronization (ERS) and Event Related Desynchronization (ERD) in relative theta power and relative alpha power respectively was observed particularly in the parietal electrodes (associated with attention). Theta synchronisation and alpha desynchronization is associated with good performance further supported by the task performance with minimal errors. These event-related changes helped sustain attention and visualization of the activated brain regions was accomplished for a better depiction of the findings.

A novel pattern mining approach for identifying cognitive activity in EEG based functional brain networks

The complex nature of neuronal interactions of the human brain has posed many challenges to the research community. To explore the underlying mechanisms of neuronal activity of cohesive brain regions during different cognitive activities, many innovative mathematical and computational models are required. This paper presents a novel Common Functional Pattern Mining approach to demonstrate the similar patterns of interactions due to common behavior of certain brain regions. The electrode sites of EEG-based functional brain network are modeled as a set of transactions and node-based complex network measures as itemsets. These itemsets are transformed into a graph data structure called Functional Pattern Graph. By mining this Functional Pattern Graph, the common functional patterns due to specific brain functioning can be identified. The empirical analyses show the efficiency of the proposed approach in identifying the extent to which the electrode sites (transactions) are similar during various cognitive load states.

Spherical 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) based melt-cast compositions: heralding a new era of shock insensitive energetic materials

Spherical NTO based less hazardous, thermally stable, shock insensitive melt cast composition is developed by replacing sensitive RDX in existing composition B.

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the paranasal sinus

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SNEC) is an uncommon tumor. This tumor usually occurs in the lungs, the extra-pulmonary form accounts for only about 4% of all cases. Primary SNEC of the paranasal sinuses is extremely rare; only about 76 cases have been reported in literature. Unfortunately due to the rarity of this neoplasm, there are no specific recommendations pertaining to the management, treatment options are generally extrapolated from similar tumors of pulmonary origin. While Surgery was used in the past, upfront chemoradiation now seems to be evolving as the treatment of choice. We report a case of sinonasal SNEC who had undergone definitive concurrent chemoradiation and is currently disease-free for close to 2 years. The clinical presentation, imaging studies, histopathological diagnosis with immunohistochemistry correlation, management protocols, and a brief review of literature of this rare tumor is discussed.

Osteogenesis imperfecta/lobstein syndrome associated with dentinogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a collagen related disorder characterized by increased bone fragility and low bone mass. The important oral finding in osteogenesis imperfect is the presence of dentinogenesis imperfecta. This article presents a case of osteogenesis imperfecta (type IV B) with dentinogenesis imperfecta where a 7-year-old girl had opalacent primary teeth associated with severe bone deformity, scoliosis, barrel shaped rib cage, and short stature. The clinical, radiographic ad histologic features are reviewed along with management aspects.

Use of platelet rich fibrin in a fenestration defect around an implant

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) in implant therapy is especially useful for implant placement with dehiscence defects or fenestration defects. In alveolar ridges with marked facial/buccal depressions or in knifeedge alveolar crests, the position and direction of fixture placement is restricted. Improvement of alveolar ridge morphology becomes possible with GBR. This article describes a case in which the fenestration defect around an implant was treated by the application of platelet rich fibrin, a second generation platelet concentrate along with bone graft, and guided tissue regeneration membrane.

Broken tracheostomy tube: A fractured mandate

Tracheostomy is a common airway procedure for life support. This procedure is safe, although occasional early and late complications are known to occur. Fracture and hence aspiration of a tracheostomy tube in the tracheobronchial tree is a rare late complication, which can be potentially life threatening. Published reports of a fractured tracheostomy tube presenting as a foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree are few. The most common dislodged sites reported were the trachea and the right main bronchus, the inner flange in our patient was lodged in the trachea and the left main bronchus. Foreign-body aspiration is a serious medical emergency demanding timely recognition and prompt action as was successfully done in our patient. Therapeutic rigid bronchoscopic removal is the mainstay of treatment. A periodic review of the techniques of tracheostomy care including timely check-ups for signs of wear and tear can possibly eliminate such avoidable late complications.

Targetable "driver" mutations in non small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world despite advances in the field of cancer therapeutics. Traditional treatment with empirically chosen cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, have given small, but real survival benefits. Recent advances and insights into molecular pathogenesis of lung cancers have provided some novel molecular targets, offering newer strategies and agents that are tumor specific. Studies have identified mutations in specific genes that are involved in driving the development of lung cancer and so it is important to subsequently target them with specific drugs thus changing paradigms of management of this type of cancer. Recently, Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium (LCMC) has identified at least one of the many recognized "driver mutations" in nearly two thirds of the patients with advanced cancer. This study suggests that identification of driver mutations can help in molecular targeted therapeutics and in addition supplant tumor histology in guiding treatment decisions, identifying subset of patients who may benefit therapy. This review focuses on these mutations identified in specific genes serving as "drivers" of lung tumorigenesis and suggests that clear promise for the future of lung cancer treatment is indeed personalized therapy with drugs chosen according to the patient mutation profile. Most clinically relevant translational advances made in genes involved in lung tumorigenesis namely EML4-ALK fusions, HER2, PIK3CA, AKT, BRAF, MAP2K1, MET mutations and amplifications along with the well established EGFR and KRAS mutations are discussed in the context of NSCLCs. These studies emphasize the need for treatment management based on mutation profile along with routine histology based classification of these tumors in future for a directed therapy and thus a better therapeutic outcome.

Platelet-rich-fibrin: A novel root coverage approach

Treatment of gingival recession has become an important therapeutic issue due to increasing cosmetic demand. Multiple surgical procedures have been developed to obtain predictable esthetic root coverage. More specifically, after periodontal regenerative surgery, the aim is to achieve complete wound healing and regeneration of the periodontal unit. A recent innovation in dentistry is the preparation and use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a concentrated suspension of the growth factors, found in platelets. These growth factors are involved in wound healing and postulated as promoters of tissue regeneration. This paper reports the use of PRF membrane for root coverage on the labial surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth. This was accomplished using laterally displaced flap technique with platelet rich fibrin (PRF) membrane at the recipient site.

Cyclo-hexane-1-spiro-2'-imidazolidine-5'-spiro-1''-cyclo-hexan-4'-one

In the title compound, C₁₃H₂₂N₂O, the central imidazolidine ring is in an envelope conformation and the two cyclo­hexane rings adopt chair conformations. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric R₂²(8) dimers by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Surgical exposure of an impacted maxillary canine and increasing a band of keratinized gingiva

An adequate amount of keratinized gingival tissue that is under proper plaque control, is a fundamental requirement for periodontal health. When the teeth erupt uneventfully in the center of the alveolar ridge, an adequate amount of keratinized tissue will surround the erupted permanent tooth. Labially or buccally erupting teeth show reduced dimensions of the gingiva as abnormal eruption of permanent teeth restricts or eliminates the keratinized tissue between the erupting cusp and the deciduous tooth. A lack of attached gingiva poses a potential risk for gingival recession in labially or buccally erupted teeth due to the possibility of accumulation of plaque and/or traumatic tooth-brushing during subsequent orthodontic treatment. A good understanding between the orthodontist and periodontist along with proper management of periodontal tissues, can prevent these problems. Various surgical techniques can be employed to uncover impacted teeth. This paper discusses the validity of utilizing periodontal surgery to increase a band of keratinized tissue in a case of an impacted canine erupting from the alveolar mucosa.

1-Dichloro-acetyl-r-2,c-6-bis-(4-methoxy-phen-yl)-c-3,t-3-dimethyl-piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C₂₃H₂₅Cl₂NO₄, the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. Inversion-related mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric R₂²(16) dimers by paired C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and the dimers are connected via C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a chain running along [101].

Evidence-based periodontal therapy: An overview

Dentists need to make clinical decisions based on limited scientific evidence. In clinical practice, a clinician must weigh a myriad of evidences every day. The goal of evidence-based dentistry is to help practitioners provide their patients with optimal care. This is achieved by integrating sound research evidence with personal clinical expertise and patient values to determine the best course of treatment. Periodontology has a rich background of research and scholarship. Therefore, efficient use of this wealth of research data needs to be a part of periodontal practice. Evidence-based periodontology aims to facilitate such an approach and it offers a bridge from science to clinical practice. The clinician must integrate the evidence with patient preference, scientific knowledge, and personal experience. Most important, it allows us to care for our patients. Therefore, evidence-based periodontology is a tool to support decision-making and integrating the best evidence available with clinical practice.

Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from dental plaque: A microbiological study

AIM

The aim of our study was to isolate H. pylori from dental plaque in gastric and duodenal ulcer patients and compare it with dental plaque of healthy subjects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty patients in the age range of 25-50 years who were endoscopically proven cases of duodenal and gastric ulcer were chosen. H. pylorus was isolated from the dental plaque of these patients using culture method and rapid urease test (RUT). It was compared with the dental plaque from control group (25 students). The specificity and sensitivity of RUT was compared with culture method. The oral hygiene index (OHI) score and plaque index were assessed.

RESULTS

Ten percent positivity was observed in the study group by culture. Though RUT showed 70% positive isolation it is neither a specific test nor a conclusive test as compared to culture. The result correlates with oral hygiene in study population.

CONCLUSION

Further, more studies are needed to compare RUT and culture, with serology and polymerase chain reactions. The ability to detect H. pylori from dental plaque using these methods offer the potential for the noninvasive test for infection and would aid in support of oral transmission of H. pylori.

Effect of three commercial mouth rinses on cultured human gingival fibroblast: an in vitro study

AIM

To examine the effect of three commercial mouth rinses (Hexidine 0.2%, Listerine Cool Mint, Betadine 1%) upon cultured human gingival fibroblast proliferation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured and incubated in Dulbecco's Minimum Eagle's Medium containing Chlorhexidine, Listerine, Povidone-Iodine at varying concentrations (1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 100% of the given solution) at 37 degrees C for 1, 5 and 15 min. Control cells received an equal volume of Dulbecco's Minimum Eagle's Medium without adding mouth rinses, for similar duration of exposure at 37 degrees C. Following incubation the media were removed, cells were washed twice with medium, supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, and fibroblasts in the test and control group were allowed to recover in the same media for 24 h.

RESULTS

In all the three groups, the proliferation inhibition was dependent on the concentration of solublized mouth rinses in the cell culture but independent of the duration of exposure to all three mouth rinses. The results showed that all three solutions were toxic to cultured human gingival fibroblasts, Chlorhexidine being the most cytotoxic. It was seen that at dilute concentrations (1% and 2% of given solutions) Listerine was more cytotoxic than Chlorhexidine and Povidone-Iodine.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that Chlorhexidine, Listerine and Povidone-Iodine are capable of inducing a dose-dependent reduction in cellular proliferation of fibroblasts. The results presented are interesting, but to know the clinical significance, further studies are needed.