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Khalik WF, Ho LN, Ong SA, Lai NB, Thor SH, Yap KL. Converting synthetic azo dye and real textile wastewater into clean energy by using synthesized CuO/C as photocathode in dual-photoelectrode photocatalytic fuel cell. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:58516-58526. [PMID: 36988807 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cathode in photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) plays a crucial role in degradation of organic contaminants. In this study, synthesized copper oxide (CuO) was loaded on carbon plate and used as photocathode in PFC for degradation of synthetic azo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and real textile wastewater. Morphology and structural phase of the synthesized CuO were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Several operating parameters had been investigated such as light irradiation, initial dye concentration, and pH of azo dye solution within 6 h of irradiation time. The lowest initial concentration of RB5 (10 mg L-1) achieved 100% color removal compared to the highest initial concentration (40 mg L-1) which only achieved 77.1% color removal within 6 h of irradiation time. The influence of external resistance was significant in electricity generation but trivial in dye degradation efficiency. The external resistance of 6000 Ω yielded highest maximum power density, with Pmax of 0.2631 μW cm-2, followed by 1000 Ω (0.2196 μW cm-2) and 8000 Ω (0.1587 μW cm-2), respectively. The real textile wastewater with dilution ratio (DR) 1:6 yielded the highest energy conversion efficiency, η (3.62%), followed by DR 1:4 (3.19%) and DR 1:2 (1.96%), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Fadhilah Khalik
- Centre of Excellence Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth (WAREG), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- Centre of Excellence Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth (WAREG), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Centre of Excellence Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth (WAREG), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Nun-Bao Lai
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Shen-Hui Thor
- Centre of Excellence Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth (WAREG), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Kea-Lee Yap
- Centre of Excellence Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth (WAREG), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
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Khalik WF, Ho LN, Ong SA, Wong YS, Yusoff NA, Lee SL. Revealing the influences of functional groups in azo dyes on the degradation efficiency and power output in solar photocatalytic fuel cell. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2020; 18:769-777. [PMID: 33312601 PMCID: PMC7721973 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the degradation efficiency and electricity generation of the azo dyes affected by the functional groups and molecular structure in a solar photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system were investigated and discussed in detail. Four different azo dyes such as, Acid Orange 7 (AO7), Acid Red 18 (AR18), Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Reactive Red 120 (RR120) with different molecular structure were evaluated. The degradation efficiency of AO7, AR18, RB5 and RR120 achieved 5.6 ± 0.3%, 11.1 ± 0.6%, 41.9 ± 0.9% and 52.1 ± 1.3%, respectively, after 6 h irradiated under solar light. In addition, the maximum power density, Pmax for AO7, AR18, RB5 and RR120 was 0.0269 ± 0.01, 0.111 ± 0.03, 1.665 ± 0.67 and 4.806 ± 1.79 mW cm-2, respectively. Meanwhile, the concentration of COD for AO7, AR18, RB5 and RR120 reduced to 16 ± 0.1, 10 ± 0.3, 7 ± 0.6 and 3 ± 0.9 mg L-1, respectively. The concentration ratio of benzene / naphthalene, benzene / azo bond and naphthalene / azo bond, respectively, was analyzed to investigate the impact of the functional groups over photodegradation of the azo dyes in PFC. Electron releasing groups (-OH and -NH2) and electron withdrawing groups (-SO3Na) which attached to the naphthalene or benzene ring also played a pivotal role in the degradation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Fadhilah Khalik
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- Centre of Excellence for Frontier Materials Research, School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Nik Athirah Yusoff
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Sin-Li Lee
- Centre of Excellence for Frontier Materials Research, School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
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3
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Khalik WF, Ho LN, Ong SA, Voon CH, Wong YS, Yusuf SY, Yusoff NA, Lee SL. Enhancement of simultaneous batik wastewater treatment and electricity generation in photocatalytic fuel cell. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:35164-35175. [PMID: 30328543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate several operating parameters, such as open circuit, different external resistance, pH, supporting electrolyte, and presence of aeration that might enhance the degradation rate as well as electricity generation of batik wastewater in solar photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC). The optimum degradation of batik wastewater was at pH 9 with external resistor 250 Ω. It was observed that open circuit of PFC showed only 17.2 ± 7.5% of removal efficiency, meanwhile the degradation rate of batik wastewater was enhanced to 31.9 ± 15.0% for closed circuit with external resistor 250 Ω. The decolorization of batik wastewater in the absence of photocatalyst due to the absorption of light irradiation by dye molecules and this process was known as photolysis. The degradation of batik wastewater increased as the external resistor value decreased. In addition, the degradation rate of batik wastewater also increased at pH 9 which was 74.4 ± 34.9% and at pH 3, its degradation rate was reduced to 19.4 ± 8.7%. The presence of aeration and sodium chloride as supporting electrolyte in batik wastewater also affected its degradation and electricity generation. The maximum absorbance of wavelength (λmax) of batik wastewater at 535 nm and chemical oxygen demand gradually decreased as increased in irradiation time; however, batik wastewater required prolonged irradiation time to fully degrade and mineralize in PFC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Fadhilah Khalik
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Hong Voon
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sara Yasina Yusuf
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Nik Athirah Yusoff
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sin-Li Lee
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Lee SL, Ho LN, Ong SA, Wong YS, Voon CH, Khalik WF, Yusoff NA, Nordin N. Exploring the relationship between molecular structure of dyes and light sources for photodegradation and electricity generation in photocatalytic fuel cell. Chemosphere 2018; 209:935-943. [PMID: 30114743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive green 19, acid orange 7 and methylene blue are employed as the organic pollutants in this work. A photocatalytic fuel cell is constructed based on the idea of immobilizing zinc oxide onto zinc photoanode and platinum loaded carbon cathode, both evaluated under sunlight and ultraviolet irradiation, respectively. Influence of light and dye structures on the performance of photocatalytic fuel cell are examined. With reactive green 19, 93% and 86% of color removal are achieved after 8 h of photocatalytic fuel cell treatment under sunlight and ultraviolet irradiation, respectively. The decolorization rate of diazo reactive green 19 is higher than acid orange 7 (monoazo dye) when both dyes are treated by photocatalytic fuel cell under sunlight and ultraviolet irradiation, as the electron releasing groups (-NH-triazine) allow reactive green 19 easier to be oxidized. Comparatively, acid orange 7 is less favorable to be oxidized. The degradation of methylene blue is enhanced under sunlight irradiation due to the occurrence of self-sensitized photodegradation. When methylene blue is employed in the photocatalytic fuel cell under sunlight irradiation, the short circuit current (0.0129 mA cm-2) and maximum power density (0.0032 mW cm-2) of photocatalytic fuel cell greatly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Li Lee
- Center for Frontier Materials Research, School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- Center for Frontier Materials Research, School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Hong Voon
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Wan Fadhilah Khalik
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Nik Athirah Yusoff
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Noradiba Nordin
- Center for Frontier Materials Research, School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Khalik WF, Ho LN, Ong SA, Voon CH, Wong YS, Yusuf SY, Yusoff N, Lee SL. Reactive Black 5 as electron donor and/or electron acceptor in dual chamber of solar photocatalytic fuel cell. Chemosphere 2018; 202:467-475. [PMID: 29579681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of azo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5) as an electron donor and/or electron acceptor could be distinguished in dual chamber of photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC). The introduction of RB5 in anode chamber increased the voltage generation in the system since degradation of RB5 might produce electrons which also would transfer through external circuit to the cathode chamber. The removal efficiency of RB5 with open and closed circuit was 8.5% and 13.6%, respectively and removal efficiency for open circuit was low due to the fact that recombination of electron-hole pairs might happen in anode chamber since without connection to the cathode, electron cannot be transferred. The degradation of RB5 in cathode chamber with absence of oxygen showed that electrons from anode chamber was accepted by dye molecules to break its azo bond. The presence of oxygen in cathode chamber would improve the oxygen reduction rate which occurred at Platinum-loaded carbon (Pt/C) cathode electrode. The Voc, Jsc and Pmax for different condition of ultrapure water at cathode chamber also affected their fill factor. The transportation of protons to cathode chamber through Nafion membrane could decrease the pH of ultrapure water in cathode chamber and undergo hydrogen evolution reaction in the absence of oxygen which then increased degradation rate of RB5 as well as its electricity generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Fadhilah Khalik
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Hong Voon
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sara Yasina Yusuf
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - NikAthirah Yusoff
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sin-Li Lee
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Lee SL, Ho LN, Ong SA, Wong YS, Voon CH, Khalik WF, Yusoff NA, Nordin N. Role of dissolved oxygen on the degradation mechanism of Reactive Green 19 and electricity generation in photocatalytic fuel cell. Chemosphere 2018; 194:675-681. [PMID: 29247929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a membraneless photocatalytic fuel cell with zinc oxide loaded carbon photoanode and platinum loaded carbon cathode was constructed to investigate the impact of dissolved oxygen on the mechanism of dye degradation and electricity generation of photocatalytic fuel cell. The photocatalytic fuel cell with high and low aeration rate, no aeration and nitrogen purged were investigated, respectively. The degradation rate of diazo dye Reactive Green 19 and the electricity generation was enhanced in photocatalytic fuel cell with higher dissolved oxygen concentration. However, the photocatalytic fuel cell was still able to perform 37% of decolorization in a slow rate (k = 0.033 h-1) under extremely low dissolved oxygen concentration (approximately 0.2 mg L-1) when nitrogen gas was introduced into the fuel cell throughout the 8 h. However, the change of the UV-Vis spectrum indicates that the intermediates of the dye could not be mineralized under insufficient dissolved oxygen level. In the aspect of electricity generation, the maximum short circuit current (0.0041 mA cm-2) and power density (0.00028 mW cm-2) of the air purged photocatalytic fuel cell was obviously higher than that with nitrogen purging (0.0015 mA cm-2 and 0.00008 mW cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Li Lee
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Hong Voon
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Wan Fadhilah Khalik
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Nik Athirah Yusoff
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Noradiba Nordin
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Khalik WF, Ho LN, Ong SA, Voon CH, Wong YS, Yusoff N, Lee SL, Yusuf SY. Optimization of degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and electricity generation in solar photocatalytic fuel cell system. Chemosphere 2017; 184:112-119. [PMID: 28586651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system was developed in order to study the effect of several operating parameters in degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and its electricity generation. Light irradiation, initial dye concentration, aeration, pH and cathode electrode are the operating parameters that might give contribution in the efficiency of PFC system. The degradation of RB5 depends on the presence of light irradiation and solar light gives better performance to degrade the azo dye. The azo dye with low initial concentration decolorizes faster compared to higher initial concentration and presence of aeration in PFC system would enhance its performance. Reactive Black 5 rapidly decreased at higher pH due to the higher amount of OH generated at higher pH and Pt-loaded carbon (Pt/C) was more suitable to be used as cathode in PFC system compared to Cu foil and Fe foil. The rapid decolorization of RB5 would increase their voltage output and in addition, it would also increase their Voc, Jsc and Pmax. The breakage of azo bond and aromatic rings was confirmed through UV-Vis spectrum and COD analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Fadhilah Khalik
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Hong Voon
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
| | - NikAthirah Yusoff
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
| | - Sin-Li Lee
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
| | - Sara Yasina Yusuf
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
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Lee SL, Ho LN, Ong SA, Wong YS, Voon CH, Khalik WF, Yusoff NA, Nordin N. A highly efficient immobilized ZnO/Zn photoanode for degradation of azo dye Reactive Green 19 in a photocatalytic fuel cell. Chemosphere 2017; 166:118-125. [PMID: 27693872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) is a potential wastewater treatment technology that can generate electricity from the conversion of chemical energy of organic pollutants. An immobilized ZnO/Zn fabricated by sonication and heat attachment method was applied as the photoanode and Pt/C plate was used as the cathode of the PFC in this study. Factors that affect the decolorization efficiency and electricity generation of the PFC such as different initial dye concentrations and pH were investigated. Results revealed that the degradation of Reactive Green 19 (RG19) was enhanced in a closed circuit PFC compared with that of a opened circuit PFC. Almost 100% decolorization could be achieved in 8 h when 250 mL of 30 mg L-1 of RG19 was treated in a PFC without any supporting electrolyte. The highest short circuit current of 0.0427 mA cm-2 and maximum power density of 0.0102 mW cm-2 was obtained by PFC using 30 mg L-1 of RG19. The correlation between dye degradation, conductivity and voltage output were also investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Li Lee
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Hong Voon
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Wan Fadhilah Khalik
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Nik Athirah Yusoff
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Noradiba Nordin
- School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Khalik WF, Ong SA, Ho LN, Wong YS, Voon CH, Yusuf SY, Yusoff NA, Lee SL. Influence of supporting electrolyte in electricity generation and degradation of organic pollutants in photocatalytic fuel cell. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:16716-16721. [PMID: 27184147 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different supporting electrolyte (Na2SO4, MgSO4, NaCl) in degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and generation of electricity. Zinc oxide (ZnO) was immobilized onto carbon felt acted as photoanode, while Pt-coated carbon paper as photocathode was placed in a single chamber photocatalytic fuel cell, which then irradiated by UV lamp for 24 h. The degradation and mineralization of RB5 with 0.1 M NaCl rapidly decreased after 24-h irradiation time, followed by MgSO4, Na2SO4 and without electrolyte. The voltage outputs for Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaCl were 908, 628 and 523 mV, respectively, after 24-h irradiation time; meanwhile, their short-circuit current density, J SC, was 1.3, 1.2 and 1.05 mA cm(-2), respectively. The power densities for Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaCl were 0.335, 0.256 and 0.245 mW cm(-2), respectively. On the other hand, for without supporting electrolyte, the voltage output and short-circuit current density was 271.6 mV and 0.055 mA cm(-2), respectively. The supporting electrolyte NaCl showed greater performance in degradation of RB5 and generation of electricity due to the formation of superoxide radical anions which enhance the degradation of dye. The mineralization of RB5 with different supporting electrolyte was measured through spectrum analysis and reduction in COD concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Fadhilah Khalik
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- School of Material Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Hong Voon
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sara Yasina Yusuf
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Nik Athirah Yusoff
- Water Research Group (WAREG), School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sin-Li Lee
- School of Material Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Khalik WF, Ong SA, Ho LN, Wong YS, Yusoff NA, Ridwan F. Decolorization and Mineralization of Batik Wastewater through Solar Photocatalytic Process. SAINS MALAYS 2015. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2015-4404-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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