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Huang JY, Su RY, Lim WH, Feng M, van Straaten B, Severin B, Gilbert W, Dumoulin Stuyck N, Tanttu T, Serrano S, Cifuentes JD, Hansen I, Seedhouse AE, Vahapoglu E, Leon RCC, Abrosimov NV, Pohl HJ, Thewalt MLW, Hudson FE, Escott CC, Ares N, Bartlett SD, Morello A, Saraiva A, Laucht A, Dzurak AS, Yang CH. High-fidelity spin qubit operation and algorithmic initialization above 1 K. Nature 2024; 627:772-777. [PMID: 38538941 PMCID: PMC10972758 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The encoding of qubits in semiconductor spin carriers has been recognized as a promising approach to a commercial quantum computer that can be lithographically produced and integrated at scale1-10. However, the operation of the large number of qubits required for advantageous quantum applications11-13 will produce a thermal load exceeding the available cooling power of cryostats at millikelvin temperatures. As the scale-up accelerates, it becomes imperative to establish fault-tolerant operation above 1 K, at which the cooling power is orders of magnitude higher14-18. Here we tune up and operate spin qubits in silicon above 1 K, with fidelities in the range required for fault-tolerant operations at these temperatures19-21. We design an algorithmic initialization protocol to prepare a pure two-qubit state even when the thermal energy is substantially above the qubit energies and incorporate radiofrequency readout to achieve fidelities up to 99.34% for both readout and initialization. We also demonstrate single-qubit Clifford gate fidelities up to 99.85% and a two-qubit gate fidelity of 98.92%. These advances overcome the fundamental limitation that the thermal energy must be well below the qubit energies for the high-fidelity operation to be possible, surmounting a main obstacle in the pathway to scalable and fault-tolerant quantum computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y Huang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Rocky Y Su
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wee Han Lim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - MengKe Feng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Brandon Severin
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Will Gilbert
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nard Dumoulin Stuyck
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tuomo Tanttu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Santiago Serrano
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jesus D Cifuentes
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ingvild Hansen
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda E Seedhouse
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ensar Vahapoglu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross C C Leon
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Quantum Motion Technologies, London, UK
| | | | | | - Michael L W Thewalt
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fay E Hudson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher C Escott
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalia Ares
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen D Bartlett
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andre Saraiva
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arne Laucht
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew S Dzurak
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Chih Hwan Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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2
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Peeler EJ, Caballero-Celli R, Davila CES, Canales Gomez AC, Gilbert W, Gómez-Sánchez M, Huntington, Phan VT, Rushton J, Schrijver RS, Kennerley A. Farm level bio-economic modelling of aquatic animal disease and health interventions. Prev Vet Med 2023; 221:106055. [PMID: 37918211 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
A farm level bio-economic model, for aquatic animal production, of the relationships between inputs (e.g. purchased animals), outputs (e.g. harvested animals) and gross margin (GM) was developed to assess ex-ante the economics of disease and animal health interventions. Feed costs were calculated from estimates of food conversion ratio (FCR), animals harvested and mortality. The model was applied to a typical grow-out rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farm on Lake Titicaca, Peru and a typical shrimp (Paenus vannamei) farm in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The model was used in two analyses. Firstly, an approach to assess the burden of disease developed by the Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) project was adopted. Output under conditions of 'ideal health' was estimated by reducing mortality to zero and removing health costs. GM in both systems increased by approximately 25% when production was kept constant (and stocking rates reduced) and more than doubled if production was allowed to rise (and initial stocking increased). The increase in GM under conditions of ideal compared with current production provided an estimate of the maximum possible benefit from improved health management. Secondly, break-even analysis was used to assess the economics of vaccination against infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) vaccine (rainbow trout - RBT) and probiotics (shrimp). If initial stocking was kept constant, and production allowed to rise, break-even points for the intervention (when GM was the same with and without the intervention) were achieved when mortality was reduced by 16% in RBT fry and juvenile and 28% in shrimp. If production was kept constant and benefit realised by reduced initial stocking, the break-even point was achieved for i) vaccination of RBT when mortality in fry and juveniles was reduced by 39%, and ii) probiotics in shrimp production when there was a 15% reduction in mortality (nursery and grow-out), 10% increase in shrimp weight at harvest and 10% improvement in FCR. The results demonstrate how relatively simple models, parameterised with basic farm production data, can assess the burden of disease and quantify ex-ante the potential benefit of interventions. In the absence of trial data, these analyses support decision-making by farmers. The models can be adapted for many aquaculture systems. Farm level results can be extrapolated to estimate disease burden, and benefits of interventions, at regional or national level and thus support informed decision-making and allocation of resources to health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Peeler
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK; Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - C E S Davila
- National Fisheries Health Agency (SANIPES), Perú Lima, Peru
| | | | - W Gilbert
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Huntington
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Pengwern Animal Health Ltd, 259 Wallasey Village, Wallasey Wirral, Merseyside CH45 3LR, UK
| | - V T Phan
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Viet Nam
| | - J Rushton
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - A Kennerley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
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3
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Gilbert W, Tanttu T, Lim WH, Feng M, Huang JY, Cifuentes JD, Serrano S, Mai PY, Leon RCC, Escott CC, Itoh KM, Abrosimov NV, Pohl HJ, Thewalt MLW, Hudson FE, Morello A, Laucht A, Yang CH, Saraiva A, Dzurak AS. On-demand electrical control of spin qubits. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:131-136. [PMID: 36635331 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Once called a 'classically non-describable two-valuedness' by Pauli, the electron spin forms a qubit that is naturally robust to electric fluctuations. Paradoxically, a common control strategy is the integration of micromagnets to enhance the coupling between spins and electric fields, which, in turn, hampers noise immunity and adds architectural complexity. Here we exploit a switchable interaction between spins and orbital motion of electrons in silicon quantum dots, without a micromagnet. The weak effects of relativistic spin-orbit interaction in silicon are enhanced, leading to a speed up in Rabi frequency by a factor of up to 650 by controlling the energy quantization of electrons in the nanostructure. Fast electrical control is demonstrated in multiple devices and electronic configurations. Using the electrical drive, we achieve a coherence time T2,Hahn ≈ 50 μs, fast single-qubit gates with Tπ/2 = 3 ns and gate fidelities of 99.93%, probed by randomized benchmarking. High-performance all-electrical control improves the prospects for scalable silicon quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Gilbert
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Tuomo Tanttu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wee Han Lim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - MengKe Feng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Y Huang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jesus D Cifuentes
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Santiago Serrano
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip Y Mai
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross C C Leon
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher C Escott
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kohei M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Michael L W Thewalt
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fay E Hudson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arne Laucht
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chih Hwan Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andre Saraiva
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Andrew S Dzurak
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Diraq, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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4
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Huntington B, Bernardo TM, Bondad-Reantaso M, Bruce M, Devleesschauwer B, Gilbert W, Grace D, Havelaar A, Herrero M, Marsh TL, Mesenhowski S, Pendell D, Pigott D, Shaw AP, Stacey D, Stone M, Torgerson P, Watkins K, Wieland B, Rushton J. Global Burden of Animal Diseases: a novel approach to understanding and managing disease in livestock and aquaculture. REV SCI TECH OIE 2021; 40:567-584. [PMID: 34542092 DOI: 10.20506/rst.40.2.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Investments in animal health and Veterinary Services can have a measurable impact on the health of people and the environment. These investments require a baseline metric that describes the burden of animal health and welfare in order to justify and prioritise resource allocation and from which to measure the impact of interventions. This paper is part of a process of scientific enquiry in which problems are identified and solutions sought in an inclusive way. It poses the broad question: what should a system to measure the animal disease burden on society look like and what value would it add? Moreover, it aims to do this in such a way as to be accessible by a wide audience, who are encouraged to engage in this debate. Given that farmed animals, including those raised by poor smallholders, are an economic entity, this system should be based on economic principles. These poor farmers are negatively impacted by disparities in animal health technology, which can be addressed through a mixture of supply-led and demand-driven interventions, reinforcing the relevance of targeted financial support from government and non-governmental organisations. The Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme will glean existing data to measure animal health losses within carefully characterised production systems. Consistent and transparent attribution of animal health losses will enable meaningful comparisons of the animal disease burden to be made between diseases, production systems and countries, and will show how it is apportioned by people's socio-economic status and gender. The GBADs Programme will produce a cloud-based knowledge engine and data portal, through which users will access burden metrics and associated visualisations, support for decisionmaking in the form of future animal health scenarios, and the outputs of wider economic modelling. The vision of GBADs, strengthening the food system for the benefit of society and the environment, is an example of One Health thinking in action.
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5
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Yoneda J, Huang W, Feng M, Yang CH, Chan KW, Tanttu T, Gilbert W, Leon RCC, Hudson FE, Itoh KM, Morello A, Bartlett SD, Laucht A, Saraiva A, Dzurak AS. Coherent spin qubit transport in silicon. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4114. [PMID: 34226564 PMCID: PMC8257656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A fault-tolerant quantum processor may be configured using stationary qubits interacting only with their nearest neighbours, but at the cost of significant overheads in physical qubits per logical qubit. Such overheads could be reduced by coherently transporting qubits across the chip, allowing connectivity beyond immediate neighbours. Here we demonstrate high-fidelity coherent transport of an electron spin qubit between quantum dots in isotopically-enriched silicon. We observe qubit precession in the inter-site tunnelling regime and assess the impact of qubit transport using Ramsey interferometry and quantum state tomography techniques. We report a polarization transfer fidelity of 99.97% and an average coherent transfer fidelity of 99.4%. Our results provide key elements for high-fidelity, on-chip quantum information distribution, as long envisaged, reinforcing the scaling prospects of silicon-based spin qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yoneda
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Tokyo Tech Academy for Super Smart Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - W Huang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Feng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C H Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K W Chan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T Tanttu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - W Gilbert
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R C C Leon
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - F E Hudson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - A Morello
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S D Bartlett
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Laucht
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Saraiva
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A S Dzurak
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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6
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Rushton J, Huntington B, Gilbert W, Herrero M, Torgerson PR, Shaw APM, Bruce M, Marsh TL, Pendell DL, Bernardo TM, Stacey D, Grace D, Watkins K, Bondad-Reantaso M, Devleesschauwer B, Pigott DM, Stone M, Mesenhowski S. Roll-out of the Global Burden of Animal Diseases programme. Lancet 2021; 397:1045-1046. [PMID: 33549170 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Rushton
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - B Huntington
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Pengwern Animal Health Ltd, Wallasey Village, UK
| | - W Gilbert
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - M Herrero
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - P R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A P M Shaw
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; A P Consultants, Andover, UK
| | - M Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - T L Marsh
- Paul G Allen School for Global Animal Health, Allen Center, School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, WA, USA
| | - D L Pendell
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - T M Bernardo
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D Stacey
- School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D Grace
- Food and Markets Department, Natural Resources Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - K Watkins
- FoodFirst LLC, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Bondad-Reantaso
- Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - D M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Stone
- OIE World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
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7
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Gilbert W, Thomas LF, Coyne L, Rushton J. Review: Mitigating the risks posed by intensification in livestock production: the examples of antimicrobial resistance and zoonoses. Animal 2020; 15:100123. [PMID: 33573940 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major shifts in how animals are bred, raised and slaughtered are involved in the intensification of livestock systems. Globally, these changes have produced major increases in access to protein-rich foods with high levels of micronutrients. Yet the intensification of livestock systems generates numerous externalities including environmental degradation, zoonotic disease transmission and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Where the process of intensification is most advanced, the expertise, institutions and regulations required to manage these externalities have developed over time, often in response to hard lessons, crises and challenges to public health. By exploring the drivers of intensification, the foci of future intensification can be identified. Low- and middle-income (LMICs) countries are likely to experience significant intensification in livestock production in the near future; however, the lessons learned elsewhere are not being transferred rapidly enough to develop risk mitigation capacity in these settings. At present, fragmentary approaches to address these problems present an incomplete picture of livestock populations, antimicrobial use, and disease risks in LMIC settings. A worldwide improvement in evidence-based zoonotic disease and AMR management within intensifying livestock production systems demands better information on the burden of livestock-associated disease, antimicrobial use and resistance and resources allocated to mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gilbert
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - L F Thomas
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L Coyne
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - J Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK..
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8
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Gilbert W, Saraiva A, Lim WH, Yang CH, Laucht A, Bertrand B, Rambal N, Hutin L, Escott CC, Vinet M, Dzurak AS. Single-Electron Operation of a Silicon-CMOS 2 × 2 Quantum Dot Array with Integrated Charge Sensing. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7882-7888. [PMID: 33108202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The advanced nanoscale integration available in CMOS technology provides a key motivation for its use in spin-based quantum computing applications. Initial demonstrations of quantum dot formation and spin blockade in CMOS foundry-compatible devices are encouraging, but results are yet to match the control of individual electrons demonstrated in university-fabricated multigate designs. We show that quantum dots formed in a CMOS nanowire device can be measured with a remote single electron transistor (SET) formed in an adjacent nanowire, via floating coupling gates. By biasing the SET nanowire with respect to the nanowire hosting the quantum dots, we controllably form ancillary quantum dots under the floating gates, thus enabling control of all quantum dots in a 2 × 2 array, and charge sensing down to the last electron in each dot. We use effective mass theory to investigate the ideal geometrical parameters in order to achieve interdot tunnel rates required for spin-based quantum computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Gilbert
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andre Saraiva
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Wee Han Lim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Chih Hwan Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Arne Laucht
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Benoit Bertrand
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nils Rambal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Louis Hutin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christopher C Escott
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maud Vinet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrew S Dzurak
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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9
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Adamson D, Gilbert W, Hamilton K, Donachie D, Rushton J. Preparing for animal health emergencies: considerations for economic evaluation. REV SCI TECH OIE 2020; 39:625-635. [PMID: 33046914 DOI: 10.20506/rst.39.2.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production systems and the societies in which they are embedded face a set of risks presented by infectious diseases and natural and human-made disasters which compromise animal health. Within this set, threats are posed by natural, deliberate and accidental actions that can cause sudden changes in animal health status, requiring the allocation of additional resources to manage animal health. Determining the benefit of preparing for such emergencies is a challenge when the total set of risks includes the unknown. Any method for analysing the economic costs and benefits of animal health emergencies must not only accommodate this uncertainty, but make it a central feature of the analysis. Cost-benefit analysis is a key approach to economically evaluating animal health interventions. However, the value of this approach in dealing with uncertainty is often called into question. This paper makes the case that, by restricting the outcomes of an emergency event to specified states of nature, boundaries can be placed on the uncertainty space, allowing cost-benefit analysis to be performed. This method, which merges state-contingent analysis with cost-benefit analysis, is presented here. Further discussion on the economic characteristics of emergency events, and the nature of the threats posed to animal health systems, is also provided.
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10
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Blake DP, Knox J, Dehaeck B, Huntington B, Rathinam T, Ravipati V, Ayoade S, Gilbert W, Adebambo AO, Jatau ID, Raman M, Parker D, Rushton J, Tomley FM. Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens. Vet Res 2020; 51:115. [PMID: 32928271 PMCID: PMC7488756 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species parasites, has long been recognised as an economically significant disease of chickens. As the global chicken population continues to grow, and its contribution to food security intensifies, it is increasingly important to assess the impact of diseases that compromise chicken productivity and welfare. In 1999, Williams published one of the most comprehensive estimates for the cost of coccidiosis in chickens, featuring a compartmentalised model for the costs of prophylaxis, treatment and losses, indicating a total cost in excess of £38 million in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1995. In the 25 years since this analysis the global chicken population has doubled and systems of chicken meat and egg production have advanced through improved nutrition, husbandry and selective breeding of chickens, and wider use of anticoccidial vaccines. Using data from industry representatives including veterinarians, farmers, production and health experts, we have updated the Williams model and estimate that coccidiosis in chickens cost the UK £99.2 million in 2016 (range £73.0-£125.5 million). Applying the model to data from Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, India, New Zealand, Nigeria and the United States resulted in estimates that, when extrapolated by geographical region, indicate a global cost of ~ £10.4 billion at 2016 prices (£7.7-£13.0 billion), equivalent to £0.16/chicken produced. Understanding the economic costs of livestock diseases can be advantageous, providing baselines to evaluate the impact of different husbandry systems and interventions. The updated cost of coccidiosis in chickens will inform debates on the value of chemoprophylaxis and development of novel anticoccidial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damer P. Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA UK
| | - Jolene Knox
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA UK
| | - Ben Dehaeck
- Huvepharma N.V, Uitbreidingstraat 80, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ben Huntington
- Liverpool Science Park, Innovation Centre 2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF UK
| | - Thilak Rathinam
- Huvepharma Inc, 525 Westpark Dr, Ste 230, Peachtree City, GA 30259 USA
| | - Venu Ravipati
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Simeon Ayoade
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Will Gilbert
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK
| | - Ayotunde O. Adebambo
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Isa Danladi Jatau
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Muthusamy Raman
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 051 India
| | - Daniel Parker
- Slate Hall Veterinary Practice, Unit 28 Moorlands Trading Estate, Moor Lane, Metheringham, Lincolnshire, LN4 3 HX UK
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA UK
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11
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Adamson D, Gilbert W, Rothman-Ostrow P, Rushton J. The pros and cons of animal health harmonisation. REV SCI TECH OIE 2020; 39:73-81. [PMID: 32729570 DOI: 10.20506/rst.39.1.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been argued that the global harmonisation of animal health procedures, regulations and responses will improve animal health and provide economic benefits. Harmonisation of regulations can be driven by trade reform, such as multilateral or bilateral agreements, or as a response to private quality assurance programmes. At an international level, trade reform is currently focused on reducing the costs of trading between countries. To achieve this, bilateral agreements, where possible, are harmonising regulations throughout all sectors of the economy. However, as with any new developments, there are both positive and negative outcomes that should be explored to understand the net effect of these changes on animal health, the economy and society. In this article, the authors debate the economic foundations of harmonisation, explore alternative methods to achieve it, and discuss its pros and cons to more fully understand the opportunity costs from countries adopting the same level of risk to animal health.
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12
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Zhao R, Tanttu T, Tan KY, Hensen B, Chan KW, Hwang JCC, Leon RCC, Yang CH, Gilbert W, Hudson FE, Itoh KM, Kiselev AA, Ladd TD, Morello A, Laucht A, Dzurak AS. Single-spin qubits in isotopically enriched silicon at low magnetic field. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5500. [PMID: 31796728 PMCID: PMC6890755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-electron spin qubits employ magnetic fields on the order of 1 Tesla or above to enable quantum state readout via spin-dependent-tunnelling. This requires demanding microwave engineering for coherent spin resonance control, which limits the prospects for large scale multi-qubit systems. Alternatively, singlet-triplet readout enables high-fidelity spin-state measurements in much lower magnetic fields, without the need for reservoirs. Here, we demonstrate low-field operation of metal-oxide-silicon quantum dot qubits by combining coherent single-spin control with high-fidelity, single-shot, Pauli-spin-blockade-based ST readout. We discover that the qubits decohere faster at low magnetic fields with [Formula: see text] μs and [Formula: see text] μs at 150 mT. Their coherence is limited by spin flips of residual 29Si nuclei in the isotopically enriched 28Si host material, which occur more frequently at lower fields. Our finding indicates that new trade-offs will be required to ensure the frequency stabilization of spin qubits, and highlights the importance of isotopic enrichment of device substrates for the realization of a scalable silicon-based quantum processor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zhao
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
| | - T Tanttu
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - K Y Tan
- QCD Labs, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076, Aalto, Finland
- IQM Finland Oy, Vaisalantie 6 C, 02130, Espoo, Finland
| | - B Hensen
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - K W Chan
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - J C C Hwang
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Research and Prototype Foundry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - R C C Leon
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - C H Yang
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - W Gilbert
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - F E Hudson
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - K M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - A A Kiselev
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, CA, 90265, USA
| | - T D Ladd
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, CA, 90265, USA
| | - A Morello
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - A Laucht
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - A S Dzurak
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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13
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Wall BA, Arnold ME, Radia D, Gilbert W, Ortiz-Pelaez A, Stärk KD, Van Klink E, Guitian J. Evidence for more cost-effective surveillance options for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie in Great Britain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22:30594. [PMID: 28816650 PMCID: PMC6373614 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.32.30594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are an important public health concern. Since the emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) during the 1980s and its link with human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, active surveillance has been a key element of the European Union's TSE control strategy. Success of this strategy means that now, very few cases are detected compared with the number of animals tested. Refining surveillance strategies would enable resources to be redirected towards other public health priorities. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed on several alternative strategies involving reducing the number of animals tested for BSE and scrapie in Great Britain and, for scrapie, varying the ratio of sheep sampled in the abattoir to fallen stock (which died on the farm). The most cost-effective strategy modelled for BSE involved reducing the proportion of fallen stock tested from 100% to 75%, producing a cost saving of ca GBP 700,000 per annum. If 50% of fallen stock were tested, a saving of ca GBP 1.4 million per annum could be achieved. However, these reductions are predicted to increase the period before surveillance can detect an outbreak. For scrapie, reducing the proportion of abattoir samples was the most cost-effective strategy modelled, with limited impact on surveillance effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Wall
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Arnold
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Will Gilbert
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Lee VR, Darney BG, Snowden JM, Main EK, Gilbert W, Chung J, Caughey AB. Term elective induction of labour and perinatal outcomes in obese women: retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2016; 123:271-8. [PMID: 26840780 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare perinatal outcomes between elective induction of labour (eIOL) and expectant management in obese women. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Deliveries in California in 2007. POPULATION Term, singleton, vertex, nonanomalous deliveries among obese women (n = 74 725). METHODS Women who underwent eIOL at 37 weeks were compared with women who were expectantly managed at that gestational age. Similar comparisons were made at 38, 39, and 40 weeks. Results were stratified by parity. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used for statistical comparison. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Method of delivery, severe perineal lacerations, postpartum haemorrhage, chorioamnionitis, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury, respiratory distress syndrome. RESULTS The odds of caesarean delivery were lower among nulliparous women with eIOL at 37 weeks [odds ratio (OR) 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.90] and 39 weeks (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63-0.95) compared to expectant management. Among multiparous women with a prior vaginal delivery, eIOL at 37 (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.24-0.64), 38 (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51-0.82), and 39 weeks (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.56-0.81) was associated with lower odds of caesarean. Additionally, eIOL at 38, 39, and 40 weeks was associated with lower odds of macrosomia. There were no differences in the odds of operative vaginal delivery, lacerations, brachial plexus injury or respiratory distress syndrome. CONCLUSIONS In obese women, term eIOL may decrease the risk of caesarean delivery, particularly in multiparas, without increasing the risks of other adverse outcomes when compared with expectant management.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - B G Darney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,National Public Health Institute, Cuernvaca, Mexico
| | - J M Snowden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - E K Main
- California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Gilbert
- Sutter Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - J Chung
- University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A B Caughey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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15
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Adamson P, Ader C, Andrews M, Anfimov N, Anghel I, Arms K, Arrieta-Diaz E, Aurisano A, Ayres DS, Backhouse C, Baird M, Bambah BA, Bays K, Bernstein R, Betancourt M, Bhatnagar V, Bhuyan B, Bian J, Biery K, Blackburn T, Bocean V, Bogert D, Bolshakova A, Bowden M, Bower C, Broemmelsiek D, Bromberg C, Brunetti G, Bu X, Butkevich A, Capista D, Catano-Mur E, Chase TR, Childress S, Choudhary BC, Chowdhury B, Coan TE, Coelho JAB, Colo M, Cooper J, Corwin L, Cronin-Hennessy D, Cunningham A, Davies GS, Davies JP, Del Tutto M, Derwent PF, Deepthi KN, Demuth D, Desai S, Deuerling G, Devan A, Dey J, Dharmapalan R, Ding P, Dixon S, Djurcic Z, Dukes EC, Duyang H, Ehrlich R, Feldman GJ, Felt N, Fenyves EJ, Flumerfelt E, Foulkes S, Frank MJ, Freeman W, Gabrielyan M, Gallagher HR, Gebhard M, Ghosh T, Gilbert W, Giri A, Goadhouse S, Gomes RA, Goodenough L, Goodman MC, Grichine V, Grossman N, Group R, Grudzinski J, Guarino V, Guo B, Habig A, Handler T, Hartnell J, Hatcher R, Hatzikoutelis A, Heller K, Howcroft C, Huang J, Huang X, Hylen J, Ishitsuka M, Jediny F, Jensen C, Jensen D, Johnson C, Jostlein H, Kafka GK, Kamyshkov Y, Kasahara SMS, Kasetti S, Kephart K, Koizumi G, Kotelnikov S, Kourbanis I, Krahn Z, Kravtsov V, Kreymer A, Kulenberg C, Kumar A, Kutnink T, Kwarciancy R, Kwong J, Lang K, Lee A, Lee WM, Lee K, Lein S, Liu J, Lokajicek M, Lozier J, Lu Q, Lucas P, Luchuk S, Lukens P, Lukhanin G, Magill S, Maan K, Mann WA, Marshak ML, Martens M, Martincik J, Mason P, Matera K, Mathis M, Matveev V, Mayer N, McCluskey E, Mehdiyev R, Merritt H, Messier MD, Meyer H, Miao T, Michael D, Mikheyev SP, Miller WH, Mishra SR, Mohanta R, Moren A, Mualem L, Muether M, Mufson S, Musser J, Newman HB, Nelson JK, Niner E, Norman A, Nowak J, Oksuzian Y, Olshevskiy A, Oliver J, Olson T, Paley J, Pandey P, Para A, Patterson RB, Pawloski G, Pearson N, Perevalov D, Pershey D, Peterson E, Petti R, Phan-Budd S, Piccoli L, Pla-Dalmau A, Plunkett RK, Poling R, Potukuchi B, Psihas F, Pushka D, Qiu X, Raddatz N, Radovic A, Rameika RA, Ray R, Rebel B, Rechenmacher R, Reed B, Reilly R, Rocco D, Rodkin D, Ruddick K, Rusack R, Ryabov V, Sachdev K, Sahijpal S, Sahoo H, Samoylov O, Sanchez MC, Saoulidou N, Schlabach P, Schneps J, Schroeter R, Sepulveda-Quiroz J, Shanahan P, Sherwood B, Sheshukov A, Singh J, Singh V, Smith A, Smith D, Smolik J, Solomey N, Sotnikov A, Sousa A, Soustruznik K, Stenkin Y, Strait M, Suter L, Talaga RL, Tamsett MC, Tariq S, Tas P, Tesarek RJ, Thayyullathil RB, Thomsen K, Tian X, Tognini SC, Toner R, Trevor J, Tzanakos G, Urheim J, Vahle P, Valerio L, Vinton L, Vrba T, Waldron AV, Wang B, Wang Z, Weber A, Wehmann A, Whittington D, Wilcer N, Wildberger R, Wildman D, Williams K, Wojcicki SG, Wood K, Xiao M, Xin T, Yadav N, Yang S, Zadorozhnyy S, Zalesak J, Zamorano B, Zhao A, Zirnstein J, Zwaska R. First Measurement of Electron Neutrino Appearance in NOvA. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:151806. [PMID: 27127961 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.151806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report results from the first search for ν_{μ}→ν_{e} transitions by the NOvA experiment. In an exposure equivalent to 2.74×10^{20} protons on target in the upgraded NuMI beam at Fermilab, we observe 6 events in the Far Detector, compared to a background expectation of 0.99±0.11(syst) events based on the Near Detector measurement. A secondary analysis observes 11 events with a background of 1.07±0.14(syst). The 3.3σ excess of events observed in the primary analysis disfavors 0.1π<δ_{CP}<0.5π in the inverted mass hierarchy at the 90% C.L.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adamson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - C Ader
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Andrews
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - N Anfimov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - I Anghel
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - K Arms
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - E Arrieta-Diaz
- Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | - A Aurisano
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - D S Ayres
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - C Backhouse
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Baird
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - B A Bambah
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - K Bays
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R Bernstein
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Betancourt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - V Bhatnagar
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - B Bhuyan
- Department of Physics, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - J Bian
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - K Biery
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T Blackburn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - V Bocean
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Bogert
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Bolshakova
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - M Bowden
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - C Bower
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - D Broemmelsiek
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - C Bromberg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G Brunetti
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - X Bu
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Butkevich
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - D Capista
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - E Catano-Mur
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - T R Chase
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - S Childress
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B C Choudhary
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - B Chowdhury
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - T E Coan
- Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | - J A B Coelho
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - M Colo
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - J Cooper
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - L Corwin
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - D Cronin-Hennessy
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Cunningham
- Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688, USA
| | - G S Davies
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - J P Davies
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - M Del Tutto
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P F Derwent
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K N Deepthi
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - D Demuth
- Math, Science and Technology Department, University of Minnesota-Crookston, Crookston, Minnesota 56716, USA
| | - S Desai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - G Deuerling
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Devan
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - J Dey
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Dharmapalan
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - P Ding
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Dixon
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Z Djurcic
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - E C Dukes
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - H Duyang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - R Ehrlich
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - G J Feldman
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - N Felt
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E J Fenyves
- Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688, USA
| | - E Flumerfelt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - S Foulkes
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M J Frank
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - W Freeman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Gabrielyan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - H R Gallagher
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - M Gebhard
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - T Ghosh
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiánia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - W Gilbert
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Giri
- Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502 205, India
| | - S Goadhouse
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - R A Gomes
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiánia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - L Goodenough
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M C Goodman
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - V Grichine
- Nuclear Physics Department, Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky Prospect 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - N Grossman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Group
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - J Grudzinski
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - V Guarino
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - B Guo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - A Habig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - T Handler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - J Hartnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - R Hatcher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Hatzikoutelis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - K Heller
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - C Howcroft
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J Huang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1600, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - X Huang
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J Hylen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Ishitsuka
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - F Jediny
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - C Jensen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Jensen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - C Johnson
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - H Jostlein
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - G K Kafka
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Kamyshkov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - S M S Kasahara
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - S Kasetti
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - K Kephart
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - G Koizumi
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Kotelnikov
- Nuclear Physics Department, Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky Prospect 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I Kourbanis
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Z Krahn
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - V Kravtsov
- Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | - A Kreymer
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Ch Kulenberg
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - T Kutnink
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - R Kwarciancy
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Kwong
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - K Lang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1600, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A Lee
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - W M Lee
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K Lee
- Physics and Astronomy Department, UCLA, Box 951547, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - S Lein
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - M Lokajicek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Lozier
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Q Lu
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Lucas
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Luchuk
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - P Lukens
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - G Lukhanin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Magill
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - K Maan
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - W A Mann
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - M L Marshak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - M Martens
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Martincik
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - P Mason
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - K Matera
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Mathis
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - V Matveev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - N Mayer
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - E McCluskey
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Mehdiyev
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1600, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - H Merritt
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - M D Messier
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - H Meyer
- Physics Division, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmout Street, Wichita, Kansas 67220, USA
| | - T Miao
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Michael
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S P Mikheyev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - W H Miller
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - S R Mishra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - R Mohanta
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - A Moren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - L Mualem
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Muether
- Physics Division, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmout Street, Wichita, Kansas 67220, USA
| | - S Mufson
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - J Musser
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - H B Newman
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J K Nelson
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - E Niner
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - A Norman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Nowak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Y Oksuzian
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - A Olshevskiy
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - J Oliver
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - T Olson
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - J Paley
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Pandey
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - A Para
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R B Patterson
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - G Pawloski
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - N Pearson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Perevalov
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Pershey
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - E Peterson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - R Petti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - S Phan-Budd
- Department of Physics, Winona State University, P.O. Box 5838, Winona, Minnesota 55987, USA
| | - L Piccoli
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Pla-Dalmau
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R K Plunkett
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Poling
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - B Potukuchi
- Department of Physics and Electronics, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi, 180 006 Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - F Psihas
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - D Pushka
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - X Qiu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N Raddatz
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Radovic
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - R A Rameika
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Ray
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B Rebel
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Rechenmacher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B Reed
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - R Reilly
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Rocco
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Rodkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - K Ruddick
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - R Rusack
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - V Ryabov
- Nuclear Physics Department, Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky Prospect 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Sachdev
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - S Sahijpal
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - H Sahoo
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - O Samoylov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - M C Sanchez
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - N Saoulidou
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Schlabach
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Schneps
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - R Schroeter
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Sepulveda-Quiroz
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - P Shanahan
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B Sherwood
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Sheshukov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - J Singh
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - V Singh
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - A Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Smith
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - J Smolik
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - N Solomey
- Physics Division, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmout Street, Wichita, Kansas 67220, USA
| | - A Sotnikov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - A Sousa
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - K Soustruznik
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Y Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - M Strait
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - L Suter
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R L Talaga
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M C Tamsett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - S Tariq
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Tas
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R J Tesarek
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R B Thayyullathil
- Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682 022, India
| | - K Thomsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - X Tian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - S C Tognini
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiánia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - R Toner
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Trevor
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - G Tzanakos
- Department of Physics, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - J Urheim
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - P Vahle
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - L Valerio
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - L Vinton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - T Vrba
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - A V Waldron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - B Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - A Weber
- Subdepartment of Particle Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - A Wehmann
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | | | - N Wilcer
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Wildberger
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Wildman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K Williams
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S G Wojcicki
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K Wood
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M Xiao
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - N Yadav
- Department of Physics, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - S Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - S Zadorozhnyy
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - J Zalesak
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B Zamorano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Zhao
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J Zirnstein
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - R Zwaska
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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Häsler B, Hiby E, Gilbert W, Obeyesekere N, Bennani H, Rushton J. A one health framework for the evaluation of rabies control programmes: a case study from Colombo City, Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3270. [PMID: 25340771 PMCID: PMC4207696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One Health addresses complex challenges to promote the health of all species and the environment by integrating relevant sciences at systems level. Its application to zoonotic diseases is recommended, but few coherent frameworks exist that combine approaches from multiple disciplines. Rabies requires an interdisciplinary approach for effective and efficient management. Methodology/Principal Findings A framework is proposed to assess the value of rabies interventions holistically. The economic assessment compares additional monetary and non-monetary costs and benefits of an intervention taking into account epidemiological, animal welfare, societal impact and cost data. It is complemented by an ethical assessment. The framework is applied to Colombo City, Sri Lanka, where modified dog rabies intervention measures were implemented in 2007. The two options included for analysis were the control measures in place until 2006 (“baseline scenario”) and the new comprehensive intervention measures (“intervention”) for a four-year duration. Differences in control cost; monetary human health costs after exposure; Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost due to human rabies deaths and the psychological burden following a bite; negative impact on animal welfare; epidemiological indicators; social acceptance of dogs; and ethical considerations were estimated using a mixed method approach including primary and secondary data. Over the four years analysed, the intervention cost US $1.03 million more than the baseline scenario in 2011 prices (adjusted for inflation) and caused a reduction in dog rabies cases; 738 DALYs averted; an increase in acceptability among non-dog owners; a perception of positive changes in society including a decrease in the number of roaming dogs; and a net reduction in the impact on animal welfare from intermediate-high to low-intermediate. Conclusions The findings illustrate the multiple outcomes relevant to stakeholders and allow greater understanding of the value of the implemented rabies control measures, thereby providing a solid foundation for informed decision-making and sustainable control. Successful rabies control generates benefits in terms of improved human and animal health and well-being and safer environments. A key requirement of successful and sustainable rabies control is empowering policy makers to make decisions in an efficient manner; essential to this is the availability of evidence supporting the design and implementation of the most cost-effective strategies. Because there are many, at times differing, stakeholder interests and priorities in the control of zoonotic diseases, it is important to assess intervention strategies in a holistic way. This paper describes how different methods and data from multiple disciplines can be integrated in a One Health framework to provide decision-makers with relevant information, and applies it to a case study of rabies control in Colombo City, Sri Lanka. In Colombo City, a new comprehensive intervention was initiated in 2007 based on vaccination, sterilisation, education, and dog managed zones. Results showed that for the four year time period considered, the new measures overall cost approximately US $ 1 million more than the previous programme, but achieved a reduction in dog rabies cases and human distress due to dog bites, reduced animal suffering and stimulated a perception of positive changes in society. All these achievements have a value that can be compared against the monetary cost of the programme to judge its overall worth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Elly Hiby
- Conservation Research Ltd, Great Shelford, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Will Gilbert
- Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Houda Bennani
- Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The current re-evaluation of responsibility and cost sharing between the public and private sectors with reference to animal health and welfare (AHW) would be improved by a greater understanding of the contributions made at farm level. This knowledge would facilitate the design of a cost-sharing system which best balances technical, economic and political objectives. This paper presents a framework by which the farm-level investment in AHW can be assessed. An evaluation of data available for the framework was made and, as a benchmark, an estimate of total expenditure on veterinary medical inputs for commercial agricultural holdings in England calculated. In 2010/2011 it is calculated that farmers on commercial holdings in England spent £230 million on veterinary medicines and fees, with an additional £160 million being spent for horses kept on non-commercial holdings. By contrast, for 2012/2013, Defra budgeted £277 million on AHW. The results presented emphasise the critical importance of generating sufficient evidence to support the development of an efficient, equitable and sustainable AHW strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gilbert
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gilbert
- DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, HARVARD UNIVERSITY
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Abstract
We have examined the effect of an aminoterminal peptide from the lac repressor (residues 1-59) on the methylation of purines in the lac operator with dimethyl sulfate. The peptide perturbs the methylation of the operator, and the peptide-induced pattern of inhibition and enhancement of methylation, across the operator, closely resembles the pattern induced by intact repressor. This demonstrates that this small amino-terminal peptide binds specifically to the lac operator and that the mechanism of recognition and binding is basically the same as that of intact repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Gleick PH, Adams RM, Amasino RM, Anders E, Anderson DJ, Anderson WW, Anselin LE, Arroyo MK, Asfaw B, Ayala FJ, Bax A, Bebbington AJ, Bell G, Bennett MVL, Bennetzen JL, Berenbaum MR, Berlin OB, Bjorkman PJ, Blackburn E, Blamont JE, Botchan MR, Boyer JS, Boyle EA, Branton D, Briggs SP, Briggs WR, Brill WJ, Britten RJ, Broecker WS, Brown JH, Brown PO, Brunger AT, Cairns J, Canfield DE, Carpenter SR, Carrington JC, Cashmore AR, Castilla JC, Cazenave A, Chapin FS, Ciechanover AJ, Clapham DE, Clark WC, Clayton RN, Coe MD, Conwell EM, Cowling EB, Cowling RM, Cox CS, Croteau RB, Crothers DM, Crutzen PJ, Daily GC, Dalrymple GB, Dangl JL, Darst SA, Davies DR, Davis MB, De Camilli PV, Dean C, DeFries RS, Deisenhofer J, Delmer DP, DeLong EF, DeRosier DJ, Diener TO, Dirzo R, Dixon JE, Donoghue MJ, Doolittle RF, Dunne T, Ehrlich PR, Eisenstadt SN, Eisner T, Emanuel KA, Englander SW, Ernst WG, Falkowski PG, Feher G, Ferejohn JA, Fersht A, Fischer EH, Fischer R, Flannery KV, Frank J, Frey PA, Fridovich I, Frieden C, Futuyma DJ, Gardner WR, Garrett CJR, Gilbert W, Goldberg RB, Goodenough WH, Goodman CS, Goodman M, Greengard P, Hake S, Hammel G, Hanson S, Harrison SC, Hart SR, Hartl DL, Haselkorn R, Hawkes K, Hayes JM, Hille B, Hökfelt T, House JS, Hout M, Hunten DM, Izquierdo IA, Jagendorf AT, Janzen DH, Jeanloz R, Jencks CS, Jury WA, Kaback HR, Kailath T, Kay P, Kay SA, Kennedy D, Kerr A, Kessler RC, Khush GS, Kieffer SW, Kirch PV, Kirk K, Kivelson MG, Klinman JP, Klug A, Knopoff L, Kornberg H, Kutzbach JE, Lagarias JC, Lambeck K, Landy A, Langmuir CH, Larkins BA, Le Pichon XT, Lenski RE, Leopold EB, Levin SA, Levitt M, Likens GE, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Lorand L, Lovejoy CO, Lynch M, Mabogunje AL, Malone TF, Manabe S, Marcus J, Massey DS, McWilliams JC, Medina E, Melosh HJ, Meltzer DJ, Michener CD, Miles EL, Mooney HA, Moore PB, Morel FMM, Mosley-Thompson ES, Moss B, Munk WH, Myers N, Nair GB, Nathans J, Nester EW, Nicoll RA, Novick RP, O'Connell JF, Olsen PE, Opdyke ND, Oster GF, Ostrom E, Pace NR, Paine RT, Palmiter RD, Pedlosky J, Petsko GA, Pettengill GH, Philander SG, Piperno DR, Pollard TD, Price PB, Reichard PA, Reskin BF, Ricklefs RE, Rivest RL, Roberts JD, Romney AK, Rossmann MG, Russell DW, Rutter WJ, Sabloff JA, Sagdeev RZ, Sahlins MD, Salmond A, Sanes JR, Schekman R, Schellnhuber J, Schindler DW, Schmitt J, Schneider SH, Schramm VL, Sederoff RR, Shatz CJ, Sherman F, Sidman RL, Sieh K, Simons EL, Singer BH, Singer MF, Skyrms B, Sleep NH, Smith BD, Snyder SH, Sokal RR, Spencer CS, Steitz TA, Strier KB, Südhof TC, Taylor SS, Terborgh J, Thomas DH, Thompson LG, Tjian RT, Turner MG, Uyeda S, Valentine JW, Valentine JS, Van Etten JL, van Holde KE, Vaughan M, Verba S, von Hippel PH, Wake DB, Walker A, Walker JE, Watson EB, Watson PJ, Weigel D, Wessler SR, West-Eberhard MJ, White TD, Wilson WJ, Wolfenden RV, Wood JA, Woodwell GM, Wright HE, Wu C, Wunsch C, Zoback ML. Climate change and the integrity of science. Science 2010; 328:689-90. [PMID: 20448167 DOI: 10.1126/science.328.5979.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Hazreen AM, Myint Myint S, Farizah H, Abd Rashid M, Chai CC, Dymna VK, Gilbert W, Sri Rahayu S, Seri Diana MA, Noor Huzaimnah H. An evaluation of information dissemination during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak among selected rural communities in Kuala Kangsar. Med J Malaysia 2005; 60:180-7. [PMID: 16114158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on SARS and its preventive measures among the rural population of Kuala Kangsar district. This KAP study was also done to identify the expectation and preference of rural population upon obtaining health information. This is a cross-sectional study of 201 households from four villages in Kuala Kangsar. Face-to-face interview was done regarding knowledge, attitude and practice on SARS and its preventive measures. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS (Version 10.0). A scoring system was used to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards SARS. Ninety one percent of the study population was aware of SARS. Majority of them have good attitude towards SARS based on the formulated scoring system. Television was found to be the first hand information about SARS and most preferred source of information by the rural population. Knowledge and attitude of respondents concerning SARS were good. Television was found to be the preference among the rural population in obtaining health information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hazreen
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
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23
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Fedorov A, Cao X, Saxonov S, de Souza SJ, Roy SW, Gilbert W. Intron distribution difference for 276 ancient and 131 modern genes suggests the existence of ancient introns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13177-82. [PMID: 11687643 PMCID: PMC60844 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.231491498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
o introns delineate elements of protein tertiary structure? This issue is crucial to the debate about the role and origin of introns. We present an analysis of the full set of proteins with known three-dimensional structures that have homologs with intron positions recorded in GenBank. A computer program was generated that maps on a reference sequence the positions of all introns in homologous genes. We have applied this program to a set of 665 nonredundant protein sequences with defined three-dimensional structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), which yielded 8,217 introns in 407 proteins. For the subset of proteins corresponding to ancient conserved regions (ACR), we find that there is a correlation of phase-zero introns with the boundary regions of modules and no correlation for the phase-one and phase-two positions. However, for a subset of proteins without prokaryotic counterparts (131 non-ACR proteins), a set of presumably modern proteins (or proteins that have diverged extremely far from any ancestral form), we do not find any correlation of phase-zero intron positions with three-dimensional structure. Furthermore, we find an anticorrelation of phase-one intron positions with module boundaries: they actually have a preference for the interior of modules. This finding is explicable as a preference for phase-one introns to lie in glycines, between G/G sequences, the preference for glycines being anticorrelated with the three-dimensional modules. We interpret this anticorrelation as a sign that a number of phase-one introns, and hence many modern introns, have been inserted into G/G "protosplice" sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fedorov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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24
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Abstract
The potential use of electronic safety sensors to protect operators from agricultural equipment with rotating hazards has been identified and discussed as a possible means to prevent traumatic entanglement injury. A multi-sensor human-presence sensing system to protect persons approaching a rotating PTO shaft powering a stationary implement was developed using commercially available, passive infrared and microwave sensors. A control and data acquisition system was designed and constructed to evaluate sensor performance and response. The sensor system performed well during 822 warm weather test passes in which a person approached the potentially hazardous area near the drawbar and PTO/IID located between an IH 986 test tractor and a self-unloading forage wagon. During the 822 test passes, there were no false alarms and no misses. Operators approached the hazard space walking from 92 to 227 cm/second. During tests, the sensing system yielded warning times generally between 0.5 and 1.0 seconds, providing an estimate of the time available to accomplish machine shutdown or operator warnings. Additional cold weather tests caused the control and data acquisition hardware to function erratically. This work suggests that multi-sensor human detection systems have the potential to reduce false alarms through redundancy when more than one sensor is required to detect a person before the system signals a "detect" condition. However, the use of multiple, redundant sensors also increases the potential for a "miss." Further work is needed to determine whether these types of sensor can yield timely enough information to prevent injury via mechanical shutdown or operator warnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Shutske
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Twenty obese inpatients who claimed to crave carbohydrate-rich foods were given d-fenfluramine (15 mg p.o., twice daily) or its placebo, double-blind, for two consecutive eight-day periods. Food choices were measured on treatment days 1, 7, and 8 by giving the subjects access to unlimited portions of six isocaloric meal foods (three high in carbohydrate and three high in protein) and of 10 isocaloric snack foods (five high in protein and five high in carbohydrate) available 24 hours a day in a computerized vending machine. d-fenfluramine reduced mealtime calorie intake by only 16% (from 1940 +/- 94 to 1630 +/- 92; p < .001), mealtime carbohydrate by 22%, and had no significant effect on mealtime protein consumption; in contrast, snack calorie intake was reduced by 41% (from 707 +/- 97 to 414 +/- 46; p < .001), and snack carbohydrate intake by the same proportion. The mean number of carbohydrate-rich snacks consumed per day decreased from 5.8 +/- 0.8 to 3.4 +/- 0.4 (p < .01), while that of protein-rich snacks failed to change signficantly (i.e., from 0.7 +/- 0.2 to 0.5 +/- 0.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wurtman
- Department of Applied Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Arrow KJ, Axelrod J, Benacerraf B, Berg P, Bishop JM, Bloembergen N, Brown HC, Cibelli J, Cohen S, Cooper LN, Corey EJ, Cronin JW, Curl R, Dulbecco R, Fischer EH, Fitch VL, Fogel R, Friedman JI, Furchgott RF, Gell-Mann M, Gilbert W, Gilman A, Glaser D, Glashow SL, Green RM, Greengard P, Guillemin R, Hayflick L, Hauptman HA, Heckman JJ, Heeger A, Herschbach D, Hubel DH, Hulse R, Kandel E, Karle J, Klein LR, Kohn W, Kornberg A, Krebs EG, Lanza RP, Laughlin R, Lederman L, Lee DM, Lewis E, Lipscomb W, Marcus RA, McFadden D, Merrifield RB, Merton R, Modigliani F, Molina MJ, Murad F, Nirenberg MW, North DC, Olah GA, Osheroff D, Palade GE, Perl M, Ramsey NF, Richter B, Roberts RJ, Samuelson PA, Schwartz M, Sharp PA, Smalley RE, Smith HO, Solow RM, Stormer H, Taube H, Taylor R, Thomas ED, Tobin J, Tonegawa S, Townes C, Watson JD, Weinberg S, Weller TH, West MD, Wieschaus EF, Wiesel TN, Wilson RW. Nobel laureates' letter to President Bush. Washington Post 2001:A02. [PMID: 12462241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Mammalian SR proteins are currently thought to function in mRNA export as well as splicing. They contain multiple phosphorylated serine/arginine (RS/SR) dipeptides. Although SR domains can be phosphorylated by many kinases in vitro, the physiologically relevant kinase(s), and the role(s) of these modifications in vivo have remained unclear. Npl3 is a shuttling protein in budding yeast that we showed previously to be a substrate for the mammalian SR protein kinase, SRPK1, as well as the related yeast kinase, Sky1. Here we demonstrate that Sky1p phosphorylates only one of Npl3p's eight SR/RS dipeptides. Mutation of the C-terminal RS to RA, or deletion of SKY1, results in the cytoplasmic accumulation of Npl3p. The redistribution of Npl3p is accompanied by its increased association with poly(A)+ RNA and decreased association with its import receptor, Mtr10p, in vivo. We propose that phosphorylation of Npl3p by the cytoplasmically localized Sky1p is required for efficient release of mRNA upon termination of export.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gilbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0448, USA
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Ottolenghi C, Daizadeh I, Ju A, Kossida S, Renault G, Jacquet M, Fellous A, Gilbert W, Veitia R. The genomic structure of c14orf1 is conserved across eukarya. Mamm Genome 2000; 11:786-8. [PMID: 10967139 DOI: 10.1007/s003350010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We have recently cloned the gene C14orf1, which is strongly expressed in normal testis and in several cancer cell lines and tumors. This gene maps to 14q24.3 and is interrupted by four introns. Two of them are also represented in the open reading frame of Schizosaccharomyces pombe in the same phase. In Arabidopsis taliana only the first of the two introns was found, in the same phase as the corresponding ones in S. pombe and human. Disruption of the ortholog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yer044c) led to a severe growth defect, and C14orf1 failed to complement mutant yeast when put under the control of the natural Yer044c promoter. Further studies are needed to understand the causes underlying the high degree of conservation of the C14orf1 genomic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ottolenghi
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Humaine, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, France
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30
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Saxonov S, Daizadeh I, Fedorov A, Gilbert W. EID: the Exon-Intron Database-an exhaustive database of protein-coding intron-containing genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:185-90. [PMID: 10592221 PMCID: PMC102483 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/1999] [Revised: 10/25/1999] [Accepted: 10/25/1999] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To aid studies of molecular evolution and to assist in gene prediction research, we have constructed an Exon-Intron Database (EID) in FASTA format. Currently, the database is derived from GenBank release 112, and it contains 51 289 protein-coding genes (287 209 exons) that harbor introns, along with extensive descriptions of each gene and its DNA and protein sequences, as well as splice motif information. There is 17% redundancy inherited from GenBank-a purge at the 99% identity level reduced the database to 42 460 genes (243 589 exons). We have created subdatabases of genes whose intron positions have been experimentally determined. One such database, constructed by comparing genomic and mRNA sequences, contains 11 242 genes (62 474 exons). A larger database of 22 196 genes (105 595 exons) was constructed by selecting on keywords to eliminate computer-predicted genes. By examining the two nucleotides adjacent to the intron boundary, we infer that there is a 2% rate of errors or other deviations from the standard GTellipsisAG motif in nuclear genes. This criterion can be used to eliminate 4921 genes from the overall database. Various tools are provided to enable generation of user-specific subsets of the EID. The EID distribution can be obtained from http://mcb.harvard.edu/gilbert/EID
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saxonov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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31
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Abstract
We have created an algorithm which instantiates the centripetal definition of modules, compact regions of protein structure, as introduced by Go and Nosaka (M. Go and M. Nosaka, 1987. Protein architecture and the origin of introns. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Bio. 52, 915-924). That definition seeks the minima of a function that sums the squares of C-alpha carbon distances over a window around each amino acid residue in a three-dimensional protein structure and identifies such minima with module boundaries. We analyze a set of 44 ancient conserved proteins, with known three-dimensional structures, which have intronless homologues in bacteria and intron-containing homologues in the eukaryotes, with a corresponding set of 988 intron positions. We show that the phase zero intron positions are significantly correlated with the module boundaries (p = 0.0002), while the intron positions that lie within codons, in phase one and phase two, are not correlated with these 'centripetal' module boundaries. Furthermore, we analyze the phylogenetic distribution of intron positions and identify a subset of putatively 'ancient' intron positions: phase zero positions in one phylogenetic kingdom which have an associated intron either in an identical position or within three codons in another phylogenetic kingdom (a notion of intron sliding). This subset of 120 'ancient' introns lies closer to the module boundaries than does the full set of phase zero introns with high significance, a p-value of 0.008. We conclude that the behavior of this set of introns supports the prediction of a mixed theory: that some introns are very old and were used for exon shuffling in the progenote, while many introns have been lost and added since.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Roy
- Harvard University, The Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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32
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33
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Lanza RP, Arrow KJ, Axelrod J, Baltimore D, Benacerraf B, Bloch KE, Bloembergen N, Brown HC, Brown MS, Cibelli JB, Cohen S, Cooper LN, Corey EJ, Dulbecco R, Fischer EH, Fitch VL, Friedmen M, Friedman M, Furchgott RF, Gell-Mann M, Glaser DA, Glashow SL, Gilbert W, Goldstein JL, Wilson RW. Science over politics. Science 1999; 283:1849-50. [PMID: 10206888 DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5409.1849b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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34
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de Souza SJ, Long M, Klein RJ, Roy S, Lin S, Gilbert W. Toward a resolution of the introns early/late debate: only phase zero introns are correlated with the structure of ancient proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:5094-9. [PMID: 9560234 PMCID: PMC20219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present evidence that a well defined subset of intron positions shows a non-random distribution in ancient genes. We analyze a database of ancient conserved regions drawn from GenBank 101 to retest two predictions of the theory that the first genes were constructed by exon shuffling. These predictions are that there should be an excess of symmetric exons (and sets of exons) flanked by introns of the same phase (positions within the codon) and that intron positions in ancient proteins should correlate with the boundaries of compact protein modules. Both these predictions are supported by the data, with considerable statistical force (P values < 0.0001). Intron positions correlate to modules of diameters around 21, 27, and 33 A, and this correlation is due to phase zero introns. We suggest that 30-40% of present day intron positions in ancient genes correspond to phase zero introns originally present in the progenote, while almost all of the remaining intron positions correspond to introns added, or moved, appearing equally in all three intron phases. This proposal provides a resolution for many of the arguments of the introns-early/introns-late debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J de Souza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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35
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Long M, de Souza SJ, Rosenberg C, Gilbert W. Relationship between "proto-splice sites" and intron phases: evidence from dicodon analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:219-23. [PMID: 9419356 PMCID: PMC18181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.1.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The coding sequence at the boundaries of exons flanking nuclear introns shows some degree of conservation. To the extent that such sequences might be recognized by the splicing machinery, this conservation may be a derived result of evolution for efficient splicing. Alternatively, such conserved sequences might be remnants of proto-splice sites, which might have existed early in eukaryotic genes and served as the targets for the insertion of introns, as has been proposed by the introns-late theory. The distribution of intron phases, the position of the intron within a codon, is biased with an over-representation of phase 0 introns. Could any distribution of proto-splice sites account for today's intron phase distribution? Here, we examine the dicodon usage in six model organisms, based on current sequences in the GenBank database, and predict the phase distribution that would be expected if introns had been inserted into proto-splice sites. However, these predictions differ between the various model organisms and disagree with the observed intron phase distributions. Thus, we reject the hypothesis that introns are inserted into hypothetical proto-splice sites. Finally, we analyze the sequences around the splice sites of introns in all six of the species to show that the actual conservation of sequence in exon regions near introns is very small and differs considerably between these species, which is inconsistent with a general proto-splice sites model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Long
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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36
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Abstract
We test the hypothesis that introns were used to construct the first genes from small exons, whose protein products represent compact elements of structure. For any three-dimensional structure, a computer program analyzes the structure into a set of modules, segments of the polypeptide chain bounded in space by a maximum diameter, separated by a set of 'boundary regions'. The 'boundary regions' are such that if the gene were divided by an intron in each 'boundary region', the protein would be divided into modules less than the specified diameter. Using a set of 32 ancient proteins, which have no introns in prokaryotes, we examine the intron positions in their eukaryotic homologs and show that the introns are correlated with modules of diameter 21, 28 and 33 A, with P values below 0.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J de Souza
- The Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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37
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38
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Abstract
We have identified and characterized a novel protein from adult zebrafish retina, which we named ES1. Database search revealed that the ES1 gene has significant similarity to two genes with unknown functions: the Escherichia coli sigma cross-reacting protein 27a (scrp27a) and the human KNP-I/GT335. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry experiments showed that both ES1 mRNA and protein are expressed specifically in adult photoreceptor cells. ES1 seems to be a cytoplasmic protein. An ES1-like antigen was also detected in photoreceptor cells of goldfish with anti-ES1 antibodies. The retina specific expression and the evolutionary conservation suggest that ES1 protein may be important for maintaining normal retina structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chang
- Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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39
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Abstract
We discuss two tests of the hypothesis that the first genes were assembled from exons. The hypothesis of exon shuffling in the progenote predicts that intron phases will be correlated so that exons will be an integer number of codons and predicts that the exons will be correlated with compact regions of polypeptide chain. These predictions have been tested on ancient conserved proteins (proteins without introns in prokaryotes but with introns in eukaryotes) and hold with high statistical significance. We conclude that introns are correlated with compact features of proteins 15-, 22-, or 30-amino acid residues long, as was predicted by "The Exon Theory of Genes."
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gilbert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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40
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41
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Abstract
Neuregulins (also called ARIA, GGF, heregulin or NDF) are a group of polypeptide factors that arise from alternative RNA splicing of a single gene. Through their interaction with the ErbB family of receptors (ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4), neuregulins help to regulate cell growth and differentiation in many tissues. Here we report the cloning of a second neuregulin-like gene, neuregulin-2. The encoded product of the neuregulin-2 gene has a motif structure similar to that of neuregulins and an alternative splicing site in the epidermal growth factor(EGF)-like domain gives rise to two isoforms (alpha and beta). Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis of adult rat tissues indicate that expression of neuregulin-2 is highest in the cerebellum, and the expression pattern is different from that of neuregulins. Recombinant neuregulin-2beta induces the tyrosine-phosphorylation of ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 in cell lines expressing all of these ErbB-family receptors. However, in cell lines with defined combinations of ErbBs, neuregulin-2beta only activates those with ErbB3 and/or ErbB4, suggesting that signalling by neuregulin-2 is mediated by ErbB3 and/or ErbB4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chang
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5401, USA.
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42
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Conway G, Margoliath A, Wong-Madden S, Roberts RJ, Gilbert W. Jak1 kinase is required for cell migrations and anterior specification in zebrafish embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:3082-7. [PMID: 9096349 PMCID: PMC20325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of the vertebrate body plan requires a variety of signaling molecules. In a search for tyrosine kinases expressed in early zebrafish embryos, a model system for the study of vertebrate development, we discovered Jak1 kinase to be maternally encoded and the mRNA evenly distributed among the cells of blastula-stage embryos. Injection of RNA-encoding dominant-negative Jak1 kinases reduces a specific cell migration, epiboly, and results in the reduction of goosecoid expression and of anterior structures. This work establishes that, in addition to its role in signal transduction of cytokines in adult tissues, Jak1 kinase has a role in early vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conway
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02114, USA.
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44
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Abstract
We analyze the three-dimensional structure of proteins by a computer program that finds regions of sequence that contain module boundaries, defining a module as a segment of polypeptide chain bounded in space by a specific given distance. The program defines a set of "linker regions" that have the property that if an intron were to be placed into each linker region, the protein would be dissected into a set of modules all less than the specified diameter. We test a set of 32 proteins, all of ancient origin, and a corresponding set of 570 intron positions, to ask if there is a statistically significant excess of intron positions within the linker regions. For 28-A modules, a standard size used historically, we find such an excess, with P < 0.003. This correlation is neither due to a compositional or sequence bias in the linker regions nor to a surface bias in intron positions. Furthermore, a subset of 20 introns, which can be putatively identified as old, lies even more explicitly within the linker regions, with P < 0.0003. Thus, there is a strong correlation between intron positions and three-dimensional structural elements of ancient proteins as expected by the introns-early approach. We then study a range of module diameters and show that, as the diameter varies, significant peaks of correlation appear for module diameters centered at 21.7, 27.6, and 32.9 A. These preferred module diameters roughly correspond to predicted exon sizes of 15, 22, and 30 residues. Thus, there are significant correlations between introns, modules, and a quantized pattern of the lengths of polypeptide chains, which is the prediction of the "Exon Theory of Genes."
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Affiliation(s)
- S J de Souza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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45
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Alvarez CE, Robison K, Gilbert W. Novel Gq alpha isoform is a candidate transducer of rhodopsin signaling in a Drosophila testes-autonomous pacemaker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:12278-82. [PMID: 8901571 PMCID: PMC37981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DGq is the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric GTPase (G alpha), which couples rhodopsin to phospholipase C in Drosophila vision. We have uncovered three duplicated exons in dgq by scanning the GenBank data base for unrecognized coding sequences. These alternative exons encode sites involved in GTPase activity and G beta-binding, NorpA (phospholipase C)-binding, and rhodopsin-binding. We examined the in vivo splicing of dgq in adult flies and find that, in all but the male gonads, only two isoforms are expressed. One, dgqA, is the original visual isoform and is expressed in eyes, ocelli, brain, and male gonads. The other, dgqB, has the three novel exons and is widely expressed. Remarkably, all three nonvisual B exons are highly similar (82% identity at the amino acid level) to the Gq alpha family consensus, from Caenorhabditis elegans to human, but all three visual A exons are divergent (61% identity). Intriguingly, we have found a third isoform, dgqC, which is specifically and abundantly expressed in male gonads, and shares the divergent rhodopsin-binding exon of dgqA. We suggest that DGqC is a candidate for the light-signal transducer of a testes-autonomous photosensory clock. This proposal is supported by the finding that rhodopsin 2 and arrestin 1, two photoreceptor-cell-specific genes, are also expressed in male gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Alvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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46
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Abstract
We have identified a new family of Tc1-like transposons in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. The sequence of a candidate active transposon, deduced from sample Tzf elements, shows limited resemblance to the previously described Tdr1 elements of zebrafish. Both the Tzf and the Tdr elements are extremely abundant in zebrafish. We describe here a general strategy for detecting transposition events in a complex genome and demonstrate its utility by selectively monitoring hundreds of potentially active Tzf copies in the zebrafish genome against a background of other related elements. We have followed members of a zebrafish pedigree, using this two-dimensional transposon display strategy, to identify the first examples of active transposition of such elements in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
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47
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Long M, de Souza SJ, Rosenberg C, Gilbert W. Exon shuffling and the origin of the mitochondrial targeting function in plant cytochrome c1 precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:7727-31. [PMID: 8755543 PMCID: PMC38815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since most of the examples of "exon shuffling" are between vertebrate genes, the view is often expressed that exon shuffling is limited to the evolutionarily recent lineage of vertebrates. Although exon shuffling in plants has been inferred from the analysis of intron phases of plant genes [Long, M., Rosenberg, C. & Gilbert, W. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 12495-12499] and from the comparison of two functionally unknown sunflower genes [Domon, C. & Steinmetz, A. (1994) Mol. Gen. Genet. 244, 312-317], clear cases of exon shuffling in plant genes remain to be uncovered. Here, we report an example of exon shuffling in two important nucleus-encoded plant genes: cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cytosolic GAPDH or GapC) and cytochrome c1 precursor. The intron-exon structures of the shuffled region indicate that the shuffling event took place at the DNA sequence level. In this case, we can establish a donor-recipient relationship for the exon shuffling. Three amino terminal exons of GapC have been donated to cytochrome c1, where, in a new protein environment, they serve as a source of the mitochondrial targeting function. This finding throws light upon an old important but unsolved question in gene evolution: the origin of presequences or transit peptides that generally exist in nucleus-encoded organelle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Long
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Abstract
In one scenario of gene evolution, exon shuffling has a fundamental role in increasing gene diversity. As DNA sequences accumulate in the databases, the picture of the intron/exon structures of genes becomes more and more clear. We discuss in this review some features of this picture that suggest that introns have been present since the early stages of evolution, and that exon shuffling was a fundamental process in the construction of ancient as well as modern genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J de Souza
- Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Abstract
We have discovered transposase sequences in the bull frog (Rana catesbeiana) and in the clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), which demonstrates that there are DNA-mediated transposons in Amphibia. The DNA sequences of 11 new Xenopus elements describe two new vertebrate transposon families. Phylogenetic analysis, using these sequences along with previously defined vertebrate and invertebrate elements, reveals at least five families of Tc1-like elements in Vertebrata. Some of these families co-exist in the same genome. Furthermore, the grouping of one of the amphibian transposon families with a branch of the teleost transposons raises the possibility of horizontal transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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