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Sharma P, Kale S, Phugare S, Pendharkar S, Shinde P, Mandhan A, Goel SK, Gairola S. Molecular size distribution in pentavalent (A, C, Y, W, X) meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine by HPSEC-UV-MALS-RI method- a conceivable stability indicating parameter. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1236:124048. [PMID: 38430603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Molecular size distribution (MSD) of polysaccharides serves as a key parameter that directly correlates to the immunogenicity of vaccine. MSD at meningococcal polysaccharide (A, C, Y and W) or conjugate bulk level is well established under detailed pharmacopeial and WHO guidelines. We report here, a newly developed method for determination of molecular size distribution of pentavalent Meningococcal conjugate vaccine comprising of A, C, Y, W and X (MenFive). Although serogroup specific molecular size could not be estimated here; lot to lot consistency monitoring, molecular aggregates distribution in final lot, are key takeaways of this method. Determination of MSD in pentavalent fill finished product was quite challenging. Various columns/detectors combination, buffers, physico-chemical conditions (temperature, 2-8 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C; flow rate, 0.3 mL to 0.8 mL), liquid/lyophilized formulations, were explored. Polymer-based packed columns were explored for estimation for MSD by aqueous size exclusion chromatography, using combinations of- Shodex OHPAK SB 807 HQ, Shodex OHPAK SB 806 HQ, G6000 PWXL, coupled with guard Shodex OHPAK SB-G-6B. MenFive showed heterogenous distribution of molecules ranging from 200 to 19000 kDa, indicating its complex nature. However, 1000-8000 kDa was dominant range, comprising of ≥ 50 % distribution of molecules, in both liquid as well as lyophilized formulations, with average molecular weight around 6000-6500 kDa. The molar mass distribution after slicing would provide an insight to the conformation of molecules through its presentation as HMW, LMW, aggregates and subsequently, the presence of dominant population of molecules of a particular molecular weight and its total contribution in the sample.
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Li HT, Zhang W, Pan W, Chen Y, Bao Y, Bui AT. Altered leaching composition of maize starch granules by irradiative depolymerization: The key role of degraded molecular structure. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126756. [PMID: 37678686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of starch leachates from starch-based foods has been recently recognised as a crucial determinant of food properties. However, there is limited knowledge on the regulation of this composition through irradiative depolymerization of starch. This research investigates the leaching behaviour of maize starch depolymerized by electron beam irradiation, and the relationship between the composition of leached starch and structures of modified starch granules. The analysis using 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed a decrease in the degree of branching (from 4.4 % to 2.8 %), while size-exclusion chromatography identified a newly-derived amylopectin fraction of a smaller hydrodynamic radius (approximately 60-80 nm). The structural properties of the starch granules were also analysed, revealing an increased BET-area of granules and reduced total crystallinity after depolymerization. In the leachates of swollen granules, the bimodal distribution of starch molecules evolves into unimodal with the increase of the irradiative dosage, while modified starch leached more starch molecules with Rh < 10 nm. The results of principal component analysis and Pearson correlation analysis indicate that the degree of branching of degraded starch molecules, as well as the newly-derived amylopectin fraction, significantly correlates (p < 0.01) with the molecular size of leached starch molecules (Rh < 10 nm). It is thus proposed that the cleavage of α-1,6 linkage may be a critical factor in controlling the leaching process of irradiated starch granules. This study highlights the potential of irradiative degradation to control the molecular composition and structure of starch leachates, thereby optimizing the properties of starch-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Teng Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Wenwen Pan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Yulong Bao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Alexander T Bui
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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Chen Z, Zhao Y, Feng X, Zhang L, Ibrahim SA, Huang W, Liu Y. Effects of degradation on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of carboxymethyl pachymaran. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125560. [PMID: 37364805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf is a well-known edible and medicinal fungus. The polysaccharide in the sclerotium of P. cocos was extracted and prepared into carboxymethyl pachymaran (CMP). Three different degradation treatments including high temperature (HT), high pressure (HP) and gamma irradiation (GI) were used to process CMP. The changes in physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of CMP were then comparatively investigated. We found that the molecular weights of HT-CMP, HP-CMP, and GI-CMP decreased from 787.9 kDa to 429.8, 569.5 and 6.0 kDa, respectively. Degradation treatments had no effect on the main chains of →3-β-D-Glcp-(1 → while changed the branched sugar residues. The polysaccharide chains of CMP were depolymerized after high pressure and gamma irradiation treatments. The three degradation methods improved the stability of CMP solution while decreased the thermal stability of CMP. In addition, we found that the GI-CMP with lowest molecular weight had the best antioxidant activity. Our results suggest that gamma irradiation treatment could degrade CMP as functional foods with strong antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxi Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yalin Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Packaging, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, United States
| | - Lijia Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Salam A Ibrahim
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, 171 Carver Hall, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States
| | - Wen Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Yu S, Zhang H, Ni J, Xiang Y, Wei R, Qian W, Chen W. Spectral characteristics coupled with self-organizing maps analysis on different molecular size-fractionated water-soluble organic carbon from biochar. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159424. [PMID: 36244488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biochar-derived water-soluble organic carbon (BWSOC) plays important roles in the environmental effect of biochar. The environmental behavior and fate of BWSOC are closely related to its size distribution and chemical components. However, the molecular size-dependent BWSOC components and properties remain little known. To evaluate molecular size-dependent BWSOC characteristics, BWSOC samples were prepared by pyrolyzing biomasses in air-limitation and N2-flow atmospheres at 300-600 °C and fractionated through a series of membranes with different pore sizes including 0.7 μm, 0.45 μm, 100 kDa, 10 kDa, 3 kDa, and 1 kDa. In all BWSOCs, <1 kDa and 0.45-0.7 μm fractions had the maximum abundance (mean: 40.6 %) and the minimum abundance (mean: 4.4 %), respectively. The spectral characteristics of BWSOC including polarity index, spectral slope, and humification index varied significantly with molecular size. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) analysis indicated that BWSOC was mainly composed of three organic components (humic-like, fulvic-like, and aromatic protein/polyphenol-like substances). Humic-like and fulvic-like substances mainly existed in <1 kDa fraction, while aromatic protein/polyphenol-like substances mainly existed in medium-size fractions (3 kDa-0.45 μm). The different locations of <1 kDa, 1 kDa-0.45 μm, and 0.45-0.7 μm fractions in EEM and PARAFAC self-organizing maps indicated self-organizing maps could effectively distinguish 0.45-0.7 μm, 1 kDa-0.45 μm, and < 1 kDa fractions via the variations of fluorescence intensity and organic components. Additionally, the distribution ratio of different molecular size fractions as well as the abundances of organic components in different molecular size fractions were strongly controlled by pyrolysis atmospheres (air-limitation and N2-flow). This study systematically clarified the organic components and properties of different molecular size fractions in BWSOC, and the results are helpful to understand the possible environmental behavior and fate of BWSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Jinzhi Ni
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
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Gaenssle ALO, van der Maarel MJEC, Jurak E. The influence of amylose content on the modification of starches by glycogen branching enzymes. Food Chem 2022; 393:133294. [PMID: 35653995 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen branching enzymes (GBEs) have been used to generate new branches in starches for producing slowly digestible starches. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge about the mode of action of these enzymes by identifying structural aspects of starchy substrates affecting the products generated by different GBEs. The structures obtained from incubating five GBEs (three from glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 13 and two from GH57) on five different substrates exhibited minor but statistically significant correlations between the amount of longer chains (degree of polymerization (DP) 9-24) of the product and both the amylose content and the degree of branching of the substrate (Pearson correlation coefficient of ≤-0.773 and ≥0.786, respectively). GH57 GBEs mainly generated large products with long branches (100-700 kDa and DP 11-16) whereas GH13 GBEs produced smaller products with shorter branches (6-150 kDa and DP 3-10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline L O Gaenssle
- Bioproduct Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc J E C van der Maarel
- Bioproduct Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Edita Jurak
- Bioproduct Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Liu L, Du L, Xu L, Li J, Tsona NT. Molecular size of surfactants affects their degree of enrichment in the sea spray aerosol formation. Environ Res 2022; 206:112555. [PMID: 34922983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA), the largest source of natural primary aerosol, plays an important role in atmospheric chemical processes and the earth radiation balance. Its formation process is controlled by many factors. In this study, ethylene glycol (EG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with three different molecular weights (200, 400, 600) were used to investigate the influence of molecular size on the properties of submicron SSA produced by plunging jet from an adjustable home-built SSA generator. Different parameters were tested to obtain the optimum experimental conditions. The addition of EG and PEG inhibited the production of SSA and increased the geometric mean diameter (GMD) between 10 and 35 nm. However, PEG with a molecular weight of 600 could promote the production of SSA at higher concentrations, which means that the molecular weight and concentration of the polymer would affect the production efficiency of SSA. Combining with the measurement of surface tension, we found no clear relationship between surface tension and the yield of SSA, due to the properties of the substances themselves. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the addition of EG and PEG could significantly change the structure of salt nuclei in SSA. PEG was significantly enriched in SSA (with enrichment factors within the range 92.9-133.4), and the enrichment was independent of the sampling time, while increasing with the increase of molecular weight. Our results highlight the influence of polymer molecular weight on the properties of SSA, and their importance to improve the accuracy of aerosol emission model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingrui Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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7
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Nguyen TTL, Flanagan BM, Tao K, Ni D, Gidley MJ, Fox GP, Gilbert RG. Effect of processing on the solubility and molecular size of oat β-glucan and consequences for starch digestibility of oat-fortified noodles. Food Chem 2022; 372:131291. [PMID: 34638062 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
White wheat salted noodles containing oats have a slower digestion rate those without oats, with potential health benefits. Oat β-glucan may play an important role in this. Effects of sheeting and shearing during noodle-making and subsequent cooking on β-glucan concentration, solubility, molecular size and starch digestibility were investigated. The levels of β-glucan were reduced by 16% after cooking, due to the loss of β-glucan into the cooking water. Both the noodle-making process and cooking increased the solubility of β-glucan but did not change its average molecular size. Digestion profiles show that β-glucan in wholemeal oat flour did not change starch digestion rates compared with isolated starch, but reduced the starch digestion rate of oat-fortified wheat noodles compared to the control (wheat noodles). Confocal laser scanning microscopy suggests that interaction between β-glucan and protein contributes to the starch-protein matrix and changes noodle microstructure, and thus alters their digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoa T L Nguyen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Qld 4067, Australia; Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, Danang 50000, Viet Nam
| | - Bernadine M Flanagan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Qld 4067, Australia
| | - Keyu Tao
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Qld 4067, Australia
| | - Dongdong Ni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Qld 4067, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Qld 4067, Australia
| | - Glen P Fox
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Qld 4067, Australia; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Qld 4067, Australia.
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Duan B, Chen G, Jin X, Chang W, Lan T, Zhao Y, Sun X, Liu X. Prediction of tannin profile in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) skins during berry maturation using a rapid mechanical puncture approach. Food Chem 2022; 385:132666. [PMID: 35287102 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Tannin structure and composition are variable during grape maturation, and crucially determine perceived astringency, body structure and aging capacity of red wines. This study investigated the evolution of condensed tannins (CTs) in grape skins as maturation progressed and the feasibility of using a rapid mechanical puncture approach for assessing the CTs profile. The results showed that the mean degree of polymerization (mDP), molecular mass (MM), and proportions of (-)-epigallocatechin in extension subunits (EGC_ext) and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate in terminal subunits (ECG_term) of skins increased during grape maturation, while CTs content and the proportion of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate in extension subunits decreased. The predictive models built by random forest for CTs content based on skin weight, mDP, MM_subunit, EGC_ext, and ECG_term obtained good results with high squared correlation coefficients of prediction and calibration (R2_P > 0.85 and R2_C ≈ 0.95). In addition, the classifications of CTs characteristics obtained from ripe and unripe samples were observed in different principal component spaces. This study indicated that the mechanical properties were useful for predicting skin CTs profile, estimating tannin maturity stages, and providing information for optimal harvesting and winemaking protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Duan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Guoqiao Chen
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoduo Jin
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Chang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Lan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yimei Zhao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai College, Renhuai 564507, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Wine, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Wine, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Ningxia Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain Wine Station, Northwest A&F University, Yinchuan, China.
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9
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Zheng Z, Huang Q, Kang Y, Liu Y, Luo W. Different molecular sizes and chain conformations of water-soluble yeast β-glucan fractions and their interactions with receptor Dectin-1. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118568. [PMID: 34560979 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Although β-glucan could bind to Dectin-1 to exert bioactivity, the influence of molecular size and chain conformation of β-glucan on its interaction with Dectin-1 is still unclear. This work investigated the molecular sizes and chain conformations of five water-soluble yeast β-glucan (WYG1-5) fractions as well as their interactions with Dectin-1 by fluorescence spectroscopy and microscale thermophoresis. Results revealed a spherical conformation for higher molecular weight WYG and a stiff chain conformation for smaller molecular weight WYG. The WYG and Dectin-1 interactions were in the order of WYG-2 > WYG-1 > WYG-3 > WYG-4 > WYG-5. The spherical WYG-2 exhibited the largest binding constant of 7.91 × 105 M1 and the lowest dissociation constant of 22.1 nM to Dectin-1. Additionally, the underlying interaction mechanism showed that it may be easier for spherical WYG with longer side chains to interact with receptor Dectin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Cuisine and Nutrition, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Qilin Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
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Sabirov D, Tukhbatullina AA, Shepelevich IS. Molecular size and molecular structure: Discriminating their changes upon chemical reactions in terms of information entropy. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 110:108052. [PMID: 34715466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural descriptors take the central place in the digitalization of chemical reactions. Information entropy is one of such descriptors that has been a seminal for numerous derivative indices. Previously, we have studied the rules of calculating information entropies of molecular ensembles based on the corresponding values of constituting molecules and found that the complexity of the ensemble has the contributions from the molecular structure and the size of the molecules. Considering chemical reaction as the conversion of one molecular ensemble to another allows calculating the change in information entropy as well as its components associated with molecular-structure and molecular-size changes. We demonstrate that both total information entropy change and its contributions are characteristic for the selected classes of chemical reactions and exemplify this approach with the cycloaddition and exchange reactions widespread in organic chemistry.
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Wyatt PJ. Differential light scattering and the measurement of molecules and nanoparticles: A review. Anal Chim Acta X 2021; 7-8:100070. [PMID: 34485894 PMCID: PMC8406046 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past few decades, the application of light scattering techniques to a broad range of scientific disciplines has increased significantly, especially in the field of analytical chemistry. The resulting interest in and use of light scattering methods suggests the need for an easily understood introduction and review of material for those new to the method as well as for current users in need of a refresher. In many respects, the theory and its applications may appear so overwhelming for many studying the field for the first time, that they rarely can spend the time just needed to understand the basic measurements and their interpretations. A variety of applications in analytical chemistry especially have resulted in a greater understanding of many of the macromolecular processes themselves from molar mass distributions, to the macromolecular interactions responsible for aggregation processes, to determinations of structure and function. The use of such analytical processes to obtain a better understanding of nanoparticle structure and function has become almost universal. Deriving the distribution of fractionated macromolecules by light scattering. Deriving the distribution of fractionated nanoparticles by light scattering. Deriving the masses of fractionated macromolecules from their scattered light. Deriving the size of nanoparticles from the angular variation of scattered light. Deriving bacterial size and structure by light scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Wyatt
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, 6330 Hollister Avenue, Santa Barbara, 93117, CA, USA
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12
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Li H, Lei N, Yan S, Yang J, Yu T, Wen Y, Wang J, Sun B. The importance of amylopectin molecular size in determining the viscoelasticity of rice starch gels. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 212:112-118. [PMID: 30832838 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Amylose content as the key indicator in determining the viscoelasticity of starch gels has been widely accepted. In this study, 7 rice varieties are deliberately selected to investigate the structural basis of gel viscoelasticity of starches with similar amylose content. By quantifying starch molecular structure and rheological properties of starch gels, we find (i) starch with similar amylose content forms significantly different gel networks in terms of K*, n* and tan δ; (ii) molecular sizes of rice starches are significantly different between samples; (iii) the chain-length distributions (CLDs) of both amylopectin and amylose are parameterized by mathematic model fitting, and no large variations of these fitted parameters between samples are observed; (iv) amylopectin size are negatively correlated with K* (p < 0.01) while positively correlated with tan δ (p < 0.05). Molecular mechanisms are put forward to explain the role of amylopectin size in contributing to the strength of gel network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ningyu Lei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shu Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingyuan Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yangyang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
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13
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Watanabe CH, Monteiro ASC, Gontijo ESJ, Lira VS, Bueno CDC, Kumar NT, Fracácio R, Rosa AH. Toxicity assessment of arsenic and cobalt in the presence of aquatic humic substances of different molecular sizes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 139:1-8. [PMID: 28092735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The release of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems can be influenced by humic acids. In this study, toxicity tests using environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenic and cobalt were conducted both in the presence and absence of aquatic humic substances (AHS) and the fractions of different molecular sizes in the range of (<5, 5-10;10-30; 30-100 and >100kDa) using the microcrustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia. AHS together with arsenic reduced the toxicity, and the toxicity decreased in fractions of larger molecular size AHS. Despite the presence of cobalt, the reduction in toxicity was not observed and that depended on the molecular size of AHS. There was a trend of enhanced toxicity for Co in fractions of larger molecular sizes, opposed to that found for arsenic. Thus, the humic substances alter toxicity of trace elements, and this effect varies depending on the size of the humic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Hitomi Watanabe
- Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Sorocaba, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Adnivia Santos Costa Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Araraquara, Av. Professor Francisco Degni, 55 - Jardim Quitandinha, CEP: 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Erik Sartori Jeunon Gontijo
- Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Sorocaba, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vivian Silva Lira
- Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Sorocaba, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Castro Bueno
- Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Sorocaba, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Nirmal Tej Kumar
- Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Sorocaba, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Fracácio
- Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Sorocaba, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - André Henrique Rosa
- Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Sorocaba, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
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Lin B, Hua M, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Lv L, Pan B. Effects of organic acids of different molecular size on phosphate removal by HZO-201 nanocomposite. Chemosphere 2017; 166:422-430. [PMID: 27705829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Various organic acids in wastewater effluent could significantly influence the performance of phosphate adsorbent. This study focused on the effects of organic acids of different-molecular-size on phosphate adsorption by a novel nanocomposite HZO-201. Three organic acids (gallic acid (GA), tannic acid (TA) and humic acid (HA)) with distinct molecular size (HA > TA > GA) were chosen for this purpose. Both isotherm and kinetic tests of phosphate adsorption were conducted in the single-phosphate and binary system, and a series of microscopic techniques (i.e., XPS, FT-IR and SEM-EDX) and N2 adsorption-desorption test were employed to explore the underlying mechanism. It was found that GA could greatly weaken phosphate adsorption capability of HZO-201 by directly competing for ammonium group on the nanocomposite, TA exhibited significant inhibition on phosphate adsorption rate mainly through pore constriction/blockage, while HA posed negligible impact on phosphate adsorption because of the size exclusion effect. It was also observed that although GA, TA and HA showed substantial influence on bulky HZO due to complexation, their impact on the nano-HZO loaded inside HZO-201 was little. The covalently bounded ammonium group and the networking pore structure of HZO-201 may play important roles in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ming Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Yanyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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15
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Urrea JL, Collado S, Oulego P, Díaz M. Effect of wet oxidation on the fingerprints of polymeric substances from an activated sludge. Water Res 2016; 105:282-290. [PMID: 27636151 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thermal pre-treatments of activated sludge involve the release of a high amount of polymeric substances into the bulk medium. The molecular size of these polymers will largely define the subsequent biological treatment of the liquid effluent generated. In this work, the effects of wet oxidation treatment (WO) on the fingerprints of the polymeric substances which compose the activated sludge, were analysed. For a better understanding of these transformations, the sludge was separated into its main fractions: soluble microbial products (SMP), loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) and naked cells, and then each one was subjected to WO separately (190 °C and 65 bar), determining the fingerprints evolution by size exclusion technique. Results revealed a fast degradation of larger molecules (over 500 kDa) during the first minutes of treatment (40 min). WO also increases the absorptive properties of proteins (especially for 30 kDa), which is possibly due to the hydroxylation of phenylalanine amino acids in their structure. WO of naked cells involved the formation of molecules between 23 and 190 kDa, which are related to the release of cytoplasmic polymers, and more hydrophobic polymers, probably from the cell membrane. The results allowed to establish a relationship between the location of polymeric material and its facility to become oxidised; thus, the more internal the polymeric material in the cell, the easier its oxidation. When working directly with the raw sludge, hydrolysis mechanisms played a key role during the starting period. Once a high degree of solubilisation was reached, the molecules were rapidly oxidised into other compounds with refractory characteristics. The final effluent after WO showed almost 90% of low molecular weight solubilised substances (0-35 kDa).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Urrea
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Ovieo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergio Collado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Ovieo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Oulego
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Ovieo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Ovieo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain.
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16
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D'Agostino A, Stellavato A, Corsuto L, Diana P, Filosa R, La Gatta A, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. Is molecular size a discriminating factor in hyaluronan interaction with human cells? Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:21-30. [PMID: 27987920 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays there is a great interest in investigating the effect of particular hyaluronan fragments in the biomedical field and in cosmeceutical applications. Literature has reported that very low molecular weight HA (Mw<5kDa) has an inflammatory effect, whilst HA ranging from 15 to 250 has shown controversial effects. This work aims to give better elucidation on the correlation between the different sized HA fragments and their biological functions. In this respect, a simple and effective degradation strategy is used to obtain several HA fragments. Also, an hydrodynamic and structural characterization was performed in order to obtain samples suitable to evaluate cellular response. In particular an in vitro scratch test in time lapse experiments was used to study the effect of HA fragments, ranging from 1800 to 6kDa on wound dermal reparation based on human keratinocytes. All high and low Mw HA used in this study allowed for faster wound closure compared to the un-treated cells, except for 6kDa that, on the contrary, prevented repair. In addition, TGF-β 1, TNFα and IL-6, representative biomarkers of the inflammation phase occurring in wound healing process, were quantified by RT-PCR. A general up-regulation trend of these biomarkers was found with the HA molecular weight reduction. LHA6kDa was the only treatment that induced a major inflammatory response (over 30 fold increase respect to control) confirming the recent literature outcomes. IL-6 protein level evaluated through ELISA assay corroborated the previous results. Furthermore, activation of key HA receptors, such as CD44, RHAMM, TLR4, with respect to hyaluronan size, was evaluated, at transcriptional level showing selective recognition by HA 1800, 1400, 500 for CD44, whilst the lower Mw fragments activated TLR-4 moderately at 50 and 15kDa. An increase to "alarm" level was found for 6kDa fragments. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed this data. The present research work demonstrated that the diverse pharma grade hyaluronan fragments could modulate cellular processes differently. From 1800kDa down to 50kDa, CD44 was the recognized receptor and pro-inflammatory biomarkers were only slightly up-regulated during wound healing in the presence of HA. Finally our outcomes showed that the lower the fragment size the higher the concern for inflammatory cytokines up-regulation; repair process impairment was highlighted only for 6kDa chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luisana Corsuto
- Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paola Diana
- Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Annalisa La Gatta
- Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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17
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Zuo L, Ai J, Fu H, Chen W, Zheng S, Xu Z, Zhu D. Enhanced removal of sulfonamide antibiotics by KOH-activated anthracite coal: Batch and fixed-bed studies. Environ Pollut 2016; 211:425-434. [PMID: 26802515 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of sulfonamide antibiotics in aquatic environments poses potential risks to human health and ecosystems. In the present study, a highly porous activated carbon was prepared by KOH activation of an anthracite coal (Anth-KOH), and its adsorption properties toward two sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole and sulfapyridine) and three smaller-sized monoaromatics (phenol, 4-nitrophenol and 1,3-dinitrobenzene) were examined in both batch and fixed-bed adsorption experiments to probe the interplay between adsorbate molecular size and adsorbent pore structure. A commercial powder microporous activated carbon (PAC) and a commercial mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) possessing distinct pore properties were included as comparative adsorbents. Among the three adsorbents Anth-KOH exhibited the largest adsorption capacities for all test adsorbates (especially the two sulfonamides) in both batch mode and fixed-bed mode. After being normalized by the adsorbent surface area, the batch adsorption isotherms of sulfonamides on PAC and Anth-KOH were displaced upward relative to the isotherms on CMK-3, likely due to the micropore-filling effect facilitated by the microporosity of adsorbents. In the fixed-bed mode, the surface area-normalized adsorption capacities of Anth-KOH for sulfonamides were close to that of CMK-3, and higher than that of PAC. The irregular, closed micropores of PAC might impede the diffusion of the relatively large-sized sulfonamide molecules and in turn led to lowered fixed-bed adsorption capacities. The overall superior adsorption of sulfonamides on Anth-KOH can be attributed to its large specific surface area (2514 m(2)/g), high pore volume (1.23 cm(3)/g) and large micropore sizes (centered at 2.0 nm). These findings imply that KOH-activated anthracite coal is a promising adsorbent for the removal of sulfonamide antibiotics from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Jing Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Heyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shourong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Zhaoyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China; School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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18
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Ji B, Zhao C, Yan K, Sun G. Effects of acid diffusibility and affinity to cellulose on strength loss of polycarboxylic acid crosslinked fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:282-8. [PMID: 27083819 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) imparts good anti-wrinkle property to cotton fabrics and results in significant strength loss due to cross-linking and acid degradation of cellulose simultaneously. However, benzophenone-3,3',4,4'- tetracarboxylic acid (BPTCA), an aromatic acid, crosslinks cellulose effectively but causes less strength loss to the products under similar conditions. The difference in damages to cellulose fibers was analyzed by using diffusibility and corresponding affinity of the acids to cellulose fibers, which were estimated by their molecular sizes and Hansen solubility parameters (HSP). Both experimental results and theoretical speculations revealed consistent agreement, indicating that smaller acid molecules could diffuse into cellulose fiber more rapidly and deeply, resulting in more acid degradation. Besides, the aliphatic acid such as BTCA has higher molecular affinity than BPTCA to cellulose, causing additional more degradation of cellulose. Both factors are potential reasons of the observed more severe tensile strength loss of the BTCA treated cotton fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Ji
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Division of Textiles and Clothing, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cunyi Zhao
- Division of Textiles and Clothing, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kelu Yan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Gang Sun
- Division of Textiles and Clothing, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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He W, Choi I, Lee JJ, Hur J. Coupling effects of abiotic and biotic factors on molecular composition of dissolved organic matter in a freshwater wetland. Sci Total Environ 2016; 544:525-534. [PMID: 26674681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, temporal and spatial variations in five defined molecular size fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were examined for a well preserved wetland (Upo Wetland) and its surrounding areas, and the influencing factors were explored with many biotic and abioic parameters. For each DOM sample, the five size fractions were determined by size-exclusion chromatography coupled with organic carbon detector (SEC-OCD). For 2-year long monthly monitoring, bio-polymers (BP), humic substances (HS), building blocks (BB), low molecular-weight (LMW) neutrals, and LMW acids displayed the median values of 264, 1884, 1070, 1090, and 11 μg-CL(-1), respectively, accounting for 6.2%, 41.7%, 24.5%, 26.4%, and 0.4% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The dominant presence of HS indicated that terrestrial input played important roles in DOM composition of the freshwater ecosystem, which contrasted with coastal wetlands in other reports. Both seasonal and periodic patterns in the variations were found only for HS and BB among the size fractions. It was also notable that the sources of HS were seasonally shifted from aquagenic origin in winter to pedogenic origin in summer. The correlations among the size fractions revealed that BB and LMW neutrals might be degradation products from HS and humic-like substances (HS+BB), respectively, while LMW acids, from LMW neutrals. Principle component analysis revealed that the humic-like substances and the aromaticity of DOM were associated with temperature, chlorophyll a, phosphorous, and rainfall, whereas the other fractions and the molecular weight of HS were primarily affected by solar irradiation. Significant correlations between DOM composition and some biotic factors further suggested that DOM may even affect the biological communities, which provides an insight into the potential coupling effects of biotic and abiotic factors on DOM molecular composition in freshwater wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Ilhwan Choi
- Water Analysis and Research Center, K-water, 560 Sintanjin-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 307-711, South Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Lee
- Department of Biological Education, Daegu University, Gyungbuk 712-714, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
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20
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Sarin H. Permeation thresholds for hydrophilic small biomolecules across microvascular and epithelial barriers are predictable on basis of conserved biophysical properties. In Silico Pharmacol 2016; 3:5. [PMID: 26820890 PMCID: PMC4471070 DOI: 10.1186/s40203-015-0009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neutral small hydrophiles are permeable to varying degrees, across the aqueous pores of phospholipid bilayer protein channels, with their potential for permeation into cells being predictable, on the basis of hydrophilicity and size. Here, it is hypothesized that permeation thresholds for small hydrophiles, across capillary zona occludens tight junction and inter-epithelial junction pore complexes are predictable, on the basis of predicted hydrophilicity in context of predicted molecular size and charge distribution, as are those of cations and anions, on the basis of predicted ionization in context of predicted atomic size. Methods Small hydrophiles are categorized by charge distribution. 2-dimensional plots of predicted hydrophilic octanol-to-water partition coefficient (HOWPC; unitless) and predicted van der Waals diameter (vdWD; nm) are generated for each category. The predicted HOWPC-to-vdWD ratio (nm-1), and vdWDs for permeable hydrophile at the maximum and minimum HOWPC-to-vdWD, vdWD @ MAXimum HOWPC-to-vdWD and vdWD @ MINimum HOWPC-to-vdWD are determined. For cations and anions, the ionization-to-atomic diameter ratios (CI or AI-to-AD ratios; nm-1) are determined. Results Per sizes of mixed and pure polyneutral hydrophiles, the permeation size maximum for hydrophiles across tight junction pore complexes is >0.69 ≤ 0.73 nanometers and across inter-epithelial junction pore complexes is ≥ 0.81 nanometers. For hydrophiles with anionicity or cationicity, the vdWDs @ MAXimum HOWPC-to-vdWD are less than those of mixed and polyneutral hydrophiles across both tight and inter-epithelial junctions, ranges specific to category and junction type. For cations, the permeation threshold across tight junctions is between the CI-to-AD ratio of Na+ (+2.69 nm-1) and CH3-Hg+ (+2.36 nm-1), with CH3-Hg+ and K+ (+2.20 nm-1) being permeable; and for divalent cations, the threshold across inter-epithelial junctions is between the CI-to-AD ratio of Mg2+ (+6.25 nm-1) and Ca2+ (+5.08 nm-1) , Ca2+ being semi-permeable. For anions, the permeation threshold across tight junctions is between the AI-to-AD ratio of Cl- (-4.91 nm-1) and Br- (-4.17 nm-1), and the threshold across inter-epithelial junctions is between the AI-to-AD ratio of F- (-7.81 nm-1) and Cl- (-4.91 nm-1). Conclusions In silico modeling reveals that permeation thresholds, of small molecule hydrophiles, cations and anions across junctional pore complexes, are conserved in the physiologic state. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40203-015-0009-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, WV, USA.
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