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Ma Y, Mason EM, McGinn EM, Parker J, Oxley JD, St Louis KO. Attitudes toward stuttering of college students in the USA and China: A cross-cultural comparison using the POSHA-S. J Fluency Disord 2024; 79:106037. [PMID: 38301423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the attitudes toward stuttering among college students in China and the USA using the POSHA-S survey, which assesses knowledge about stuttering and attitudes toward it. We investigated how cultural and social differences between the two groups influenced these attitudes. METHODS We collected 199 responses to the POSHA-S survey from various universities in China and the USA. We conducted a statistical analysis of 15 summary scores generated from the POSHA-S to determine if there were significant differences in attitudes toward stuttering between the two groups. Additionally, we retrieved percentile ranks relative to the global POSHA-S database to compare attitudes in both groups with global median scores. RESULTS The study revealed that Chinese college students hold more negative attitudes toward stuttering compared to their American counterparts and the global median scores. We discussed the social and cultural factors that may contribute to these attitudes. Furthermore, our findings emphasized the importance of addressing the lack of accurate information about stuttering in China, which could be a key factor driving these negative attitudes. CONCLUSION These results underscore the urgent need to raise awareness about stuttering and promote a shift in public attitudes, especially among college students in China, who play influential roles in society's future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 East Coliseum Boulevard, CLCB 113, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, United States.
| | - Emmalee M Mason
- Prosser Memorial Hospital, 326 Chardonnay Ave., Prosser, WA 99350, United States
| | - Evynn M McGinn
- Signature Home Health, 454 NE Revere Ave, Bend, OR 97701, United States
| | - Jordan Parker
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Fort Hays State University, 600 Park St., Hays, KS 67601, United States
| | - Judith D Oxley
- Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 43170 Lafayette, LA 70504, United States
| | - Kenneth O St Louis
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 4382, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
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Chang T, Wang MC, Jia L, Ranjbar O. Degree of persistence of energy mix diversification of the US states: fresh evidence using LM unit root tests with sharp or smooth breaks and cross-sectional dependence. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:91415-91439. [PMID: 37479931 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Diversification of energy mix is related to the heterogeneity of contributions of energy sources in the energy consumption basket of nations. Its persistent degree reveals the efficiency of energy-related policies or shocks to diversify the contributions of energy sources in the energy mix. For the first time, the current study measures the diversification level of energy mix of the USA and its 51 states and examines its stochastic behavior to analyze its degree of persistence. To this end, we calculated the diversification of energy mix using Herfindahl-Hirschman index over the period 1960-2020. Then, we applied two novel versions of LM unit root tests that can incorporate sharp or smooth breaks and common factors (to control for cross-sectional dependence) to quantify the stochastic behavior of time series of Herfindahl-Hirschman index. Our results indicate (i) the energy mix of most of the US states diversified over the period. (ii) Most parts of diversification of energy mix occurred from mid of the 1970s to first half of the 1990s. (iii) Sharp breaks of deterministic part (intercept and slope of the linear trend) of Herfindahl-Hirschman indexes occurred coinciding with oil prices shocks in two decades 1970 and 1980. (iv) The Herfindahl-Hirschman index of most of states display stationary behavior, which indicate the pro-diversification policies, e.g., which are implemented to develop renewable energy sources, have transitory effects and policymakers should implement long-horizon policies to achieve their targeted level of diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsangyao Chang
- School of Economics, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Finance, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chih Wang
- Department of Insurance and Finance, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Linyu Jia
- Center for Japanese Studies, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Omid Ranjbar
- Department of Africa, Trade Promotion Organization of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Fujita-Imazu S, Xie J, Dhungel B, Wang X, Wang Y, Nguyen P, Khin Maung Soe J, Li J, Gilmour S. Evolving trends in drug overdose mortality in the USA from 2000 to 2020: an age-period-cohort analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 61:102079. [PMID: 37483548 PMCID: PMC10359729 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug overdose deaths in the USA have increased rapidly in the past 20 years, and understanding patterns and trends in mortality is essential to develop policy responses. This study aimed to determine whether cohort patterns in mortality due to drug overdose have changed in the past two decades and assess these patterns by race and sex. Methods The national records of accidental drug overdose death were extracted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data for 2000-2020. Age-period-cohort analysis was performed to examine independent effects of age, period and birth cohort on accidental drug overdose mortality. Findings The number of accidental drug overdose deaths increased by 622% between 2000 and 2020, and age-standardized mortality rates increased nearly four-fold in both men and women. Age-period-cohort decomposition found rapid increases in mortality since 2012 in men and women, with higher mortality risk in cohorts born after 1990. The fastest increase occurred in Black Americans since 2012, and Americans of all races born after 1975 had significantly higher mortality risk, with mortality risk increasing rapidly in more recent cohorts. The peak of mortality has shifted from the 40-59 age group to the 30-40 year age group in the past decade. Interpretation The burden of drug overdose mortality has shifted to younger Americans, and a new generation of Americans are at significantly higher and rapidly increasing risk of overdose death. Urgent action is needed to prevent an entire generation of young people being consigned to decades of preventable mortality. Funding None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Fujita-Imazu
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinzhao Xie
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bibha Dhungel
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xinran Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Surveillance and Policy Evaluation, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - July Khin Maung Soe
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinghua Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stuart Gilmour
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
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Babula M. The Association of Prayer Frequency and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A Comparative Study of the USA, India and Turkey. J Relig Health 2023; 62:1832-1852. [PMID: 36065069 PMCID: PMC9444082 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explores whether Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Inglehart's values paradigm underlies associations between prayer frequency and happiness. Responses from a comparative analysis of wave six from the World Values Survey for India (n = 4078), Turkey (n = 1605) and the USA (n = 2232) were used to examine associations between prayer frequency and happiness. Prayer frequency interacted with Maslow's model to associate with happiness in India and Turkey. The self-expression variables entirely supplant prayer and are associated with happiness in the USA. The implications are discussed for generating models that impact happiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Babula
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Kartal MT, Ali U, Nurgazina Z. Asymmetric effect of electricity consumption on CO 2 emissions in the USA: analysis of end-user electricity consumption by nonlinear quantile approaches. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:83824-83838. [PMID: 35771334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study examines the asymmetric effect of electricity consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by analyzing end-user groups. In this context, the study focuses on the USA, which is the largest economy. The study includes the most available monthly data from January 1973 to November 2021, performs nonlinear quantile approaches as Granger causality-in-quantiles, nonparametric causality-in-quantiles, and quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR). Besides, quantile regression (QR) approach is used for robustness checks. The empirical results show that (i) correlation relationship between the electricity consumption and CO2 emissions changes according to the terms; (ii) there are generally causality effects in quantiles excluding some lower (0.05, 0.25), middle (0.70, 0.75), and high (0.95) quantiles, while the results for end-user groups vary; (iii) similarly, there is nonparametric causality from the end-user electricity consumption indicators to the CO2 emissions for the mean (return) and the variance (volatility) in most of the quantiles excluding some; (iv) the effects of the electricity consumption indicators on the CO2 emissions are higher in lower quantiles; (v) the QR results show the robustness of the QQR results. Overall, the effects of the electricity consumption indicators on the CO2 emissions are asymmetric and change according to the terms, quantiles, mean, variance, and end-user groups. Furthermore, policy implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Tevfik Kartal
- Borsa Istanbul Strategic Planning, Financial Reporting, and Investor Relations Directorate, Reşitpaşa Mahallesi Borsa İstanbul Caddesi No: 4, 34467, Istanbul, Sarıyer, Turkey.
| | - Uzair Ali
- School of Economics, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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Ogueji IA, Demoko Ceccaldi BM, Okoloba MM, Maloba M, Adejumo AO, Ogunsola OO. Black People Narrate Inequalities in Healthcare Systems that Hinder COVID-19 Vaccination: Evidence from the USA and the UK. J Afr Am Stud (New Brunsw) 2022; 26:297-313. [PMID: 36247030 PMCID: PMC9552157 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-022-09591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented global health emergency. As a novel condition, there is no known definitive treatment for the condition, except for the use of vaccines as a control measure. In the literature, the issue of inequalities in healthcare systems has been documented as a hindrance to COVID-19 vaccination; however, the specific inequalities in healthcare systems that hinder COVID-19 vaccination are poorly understood. Guided by the fundamental cause theory (FCT), this study aims to address this gap among Black people, a minority group vulnerable to inequalities in healthcare systems. Thirty-five Black people (age range = 21-58 years) residing in either the United States of America (USA) or the United Kingdom (UK) participated in this study. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed using thematic analysis. Most USA participants and a few UK participants narrated that no inequalities in healthcare systems hinder them from receiving COVID-19 vaccines. Contrarily, most UK participants and a few USA participants narrated inequalities in healthcare systems that hinder them from receiving COVID-19 vaccines. These are mistrust of the healthcare system, health policies regarding COVID-19 vaccination, historical factors (such as historical abuse of Black bodies by health professionals), residential location, and dissatisfaction with health services. In terms of what governments must do to correct these inequalities, participants recommended the need for acknowledgment and community engagement. This is the first international collaboration to examine this problem. Important implications for theory, healthcare systems, and COVID-19 vaccination program planning are highlighted. Finally, there are members of other minority groups and vulnerable communities who are not Black people. Such groups could face unique inequalities that hinder COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, future studies should include such groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - May Maloba
- Global Health Innovations (GHI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Adebayo O. Adejumo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
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Emerson A, Lipnicky A, Schuster B, Kelly PJ. Physical health programs and interventions with women during incarceration: a scoping review. Int J Prison Health 2021; 18:285-299. [PMID: 34555277 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The USA outpaces most other countries in the world in the rates at which it incarcerates its citizens. The one million women held in US jails and prisons on any day in the USA face many physical health challenges, yet interventional work to address physical health in carceral settings is rare. This study's purpose was to summarize the literature on programs and interventions implemented with women in US carceral settings (jail or prison) that primarily addressed a physical health issue or need. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A scoping review was conducted. The authors searched databases, reference lists, individual journals and websites for physical health program descriptions/evaluations and research studies, 2000-2020, that included women and were set in the USA. FINDINGS The authors identified 19 articles and a range of problem areas, designs, settings and samples, interventions/programs, outcomes and uses of theory. The authors identified two cross-cutting themes: the carceral setting as opportunity and challenges of ethics and logistics. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS Much potential remains for researchers to have an impact on health disparities by addressing physical health needs of women during incarceration. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Interventional and programmatic work to address physical health needs of women during incarceration is sparse and diversely focused. This review uniquely summarizes the existing work in a small and overlooked but important area of research and usefully highlights gaps in that literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Emerson
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ashlyn Lipnicky
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Bernard Schuster
- Department of Population Healath, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Patricia J Kelly
- College of Nursing, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Mizusawa M, Totten M, Zhang SX. A Case of Scedosporium aurantiacum Infection in the United States. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:127-130. [PMID: 33392858 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scedosporium aurantiacum is one of the emergent opportunistic fungal pathogens among immunocompromised hosts. Colonization of S. aurantiacum can also occur in patients with underlying lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis. S. aurantiacum is highly resistant to multiple antifungal agents, and management of the infected patients can be very challenging compared to those infected with other species of Scedosporium. Clinical cases have been geographically restricted mostly in Australia with a small number of cases identified in Europe and Japan. Although clinical isolates of S. aurantiacum from the USA have been included in several research studies, no clinical case of S. aurantiacum infection from the USA has been described. We report a case of S. aurantiacum infection acquired in the SA. Awareness of S. aurantiacum among healthcare providers and the species-level identification for Scedosporium are critically important for appropriate selection of antifungal agents and improvement of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Mizusawa
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Marissa Totten
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean X Zhang
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Bilgili F, Kuşkaya S, Ünlü F, Gençoğlu P. Does waste energy usage mitigate the CO 2 emissions? A time-frequency domain analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:5056-5073. [PMID: 31848956 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There exist many seminal studies in the literature searching the influences of total renewable usage (or usage of its some components) on CO2 emissions. However, to the best of our knowledge, there does not exist a research work in the literature considering the co-movements between waste energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This paper aims at observing the possible negative or positive impacts of waste energy consumption on environmental quality (in terms of CO2) by monitoring the whole sample period and all subsample periods in the USA for the monthly period 1980:1-2018:12. This paper searches also the positive or negative lead-lag relations between waste and CO2 emissions, if exist, by considering high frequency (1-3-year cycle) and low frequency (3-8-year cycle) of the same sample period and subsample periods. The findings obtained by this research in general might underline (a) the outcome indicating that waste energy usage has been effective in diminishing the carbon emissions after the second half of the 2010s in the USA and (b) the energy policy act(s) in the USA implemented which eventually resulted in lower CO2 emissions in the USA especially after the second half of the 2000s. The paper suggests as well some policy proposals which might result in positive contribution of waste energy on environmental quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faik Bilgili
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Sevda Kuşkaya
- Justice Vocational College, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ünlü
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Pelin Gençoğlu
- Research and Application Center of Kayseri, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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10
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Pata UK. How is COVID-19 affecting environmental pollution in US cities? Evidence from asymmetric Fourier causality test. Air Qual Atmos Health 2020; 13:1149-1155. [PMID: 32837615 PMCID: PMC7362316 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on PM2.5 emissions in eight selected US cities with populations of more than 1 million. To this end, the study employs an asymmetric Fourier causality test for the period of January 15, 2020 to May 4, 2020. The outcomes indicate that positive shocks in COVID-19 deaths cause negative shocks in PM2.5 emissions for New York, San Diego, and San Jose. Moreover, in terms of cases, positive shocks in COVID-19 cause negative shocks in PM2.5 emissions for Los Angeles, Chicago, Phoenix, Philadelphia, San Antonio, and San Jose. Overall, the findings of the study highlight that the pandemic reduces environmental pressure in the largest cities of the USA. This implies that one of the rare positive effects of the virus is to reduce air pollution. Therefore, for a better environment, US citizens should review the impact of current production and consumption activities on anthropogenic environmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Korkut Pata
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000 Merkez/Osmaniye, Turkey
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11
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Okubo Y, Nochioka K, Sakakibara H, Hataya H, Terakawa T, Testa M, Sundel RP. Nationwide epidemiological survey of childhood IgA vasculitis associated hospitalization in the USA. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35:2749-2756. [PMID: 27596741 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At the national level, IgA vasculitis-related hospitalizations among children in the USA are scarce. Furthermore, nationwide epidemiology and hospital course of children with IgA vasculitis have not been fully described in the USA, and disparities by race/ethnicity remain unknown. Hospital discharge records of patients aged 19 years or younger were obtained from the 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database, and they were weighted to estimate the annual hospitalization rates with respect to age, gender, and race/ethnicity in the USA. Annual hospitalization rates were calculated using weighted case estimates and US census data. Negative binomial regression was used to ascertain the factors associated with length of hospital stay. Total annual hospitalization rates showed a significant decreasing trend, ranging from 2.45 per 100,000 children in 2003 to 1.89 per 100,000 children in 2012 (p < 0.001). The peak ages of the hospitalized children with IgA vasculitis were 2 and 7 years, and male-to-female ratios were 1.38-1.44. Factors associated with length of hospital stay were patients' ages (10-14 and 15-19 years), race/ethnicity (Hispanic, Asian, and Pacific Islander), comorbid electrolyte abnormality, GI hemorrhage, intussusception, renal symptoms, and GI symptoms. The annual hospitalization rates for IgA vasculitis are declining in the USA across multiple age groups. GI and renal manifestations are associated with increased length of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Okubo
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of General Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan. .,Harvard School of Public Health, 158 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | | | - Hiroshi Sakakibara
- Department of General Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hataya
- Department of General Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Terakawa
- Department of General Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marcia Testa
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert P Sundel
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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