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Rejbrand C, Fure B, Sonnby K. Stand-alone virtual reality exposure therapy as a treatment for social anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ups J Med Sci 2023; 128:9289. [PMID: 37807998 PMCID: PMC10552696 DOI: 10.48101/ujms.v128.9289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Social anxiety is common and can have far-reaching implications for affected individuals, both on social life and working performance. Usage of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) has gained traction. The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate the effect of stand-alone VRET on social anxiety symptoms. Method We searched systematically in PubMed, Embase, PSYCinfo, and ERIC in May 2022 for studies with participants with social anxiety symptoms receiving stand-alone VRET. Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies in a two-step procedure, and the risk of bias was assessed. Results Of 158 hits, 7 studies were selected for full-text reading, 6 were chosen for evaluation, and 5 were included in meta-analyses. VRET resulted in a significantly lower anxiety score in treated individuals with a standard mean difference of -0.82, 95% confidence interval -1.52 to -0.13, compared to controls. Conclusion Stand-alone VRET may reduce social anxiety symptoms. However, despite promising results, there is still uncertainty as the effect estimate is based on few studies with few participants each and a high risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rejbrand
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Brynjar Fure
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Karin Sonnby
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Västmanland, Västerås, Sweden
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2
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Nishio M, Sakanashi S, Uchida N, Oma S, Kimura H, Kukihara H, Koga K. Ability of older male caregivers to seek help when caring for a wife or mother with dementia living at home. J Rural Med 2023; 18:182-188. [PMID: 37448702 PMCID: PMC10336345 DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2022-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to clarify factors associated with the ability to seek help among older male caregivers who care for women with dementia in their families. Patients and Methods: This information will inform strategies to support their continued provision of long-term care. Participants were 364 male caregivers recruited from three places: The study period was 2017-2018. We obtained ethical approval for this study from the relevant ethics committee. Results: The ability to seek help for care problems among male caregivers was normally distributed. We found that more than 90% of older male caregivers did not actively seek help to resolve care problems, suggesting that older male caregivers had problems with long-term care. In the high score group, health status and the number of emotional support persons in the household were significantly and somewhat strongly positively correlated. The low score group showed a significant and rather weak positive correlation between economic status and health status, and the number of emotional supporters inside and outside the household. Positive correlations for the high score group were self-esteem and depressive symptoms, and self-esteem and resources. Positive correlations for the low score group were self-esteem and depressive symptoms, self-esteem and resources, and resources and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Male caregivers are more likely to seek help if they are employed or play a role in their community. Nurses also need to support male caregivers with positive words and praise to help them use available support and resources and continue to provide long-term care. It is important for healthcare professionals to observe whether a caregiver presents with depressive symptoms or has long-term care problems because older male caregivers do not seek help. Collaboration between caregivers and medical, long-term care, and welfare professionals is necessary. Direct and timely intervention is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Nishio
- Department of Nursing, Nishikyushu University, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinji Oma
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | | | | | - Kayoko Koga
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Japan
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Weiss-Sidi M, Riemer H. Help others-be happy? The effect of altruistic behavior on happiness across cultures. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1156661. [PMID: 37425146 PMCID: PMC10326385 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has established that altruistic behavior increases happiness. We examined this phenomenon across cultures, differentiating between individualistic and collectivist cultures. We propose that cultural variations in the notion of altruism lead to different effects of helping on the helper's happiness. For individualists, altruism is linked to self-interest ("impure" altruism), and helping others results in increased happiness for the helper. For collectivists, altruism is focused on the recipient ("pure" altruism), and helping others is less likely to enhance the helper's happiness. Four studies support our predictions. Study 1 measured the dispositions toward altruism among people with various cultural orientations. Consistent with our predictions, the findings showed that individualism (collectivism) was positively associated with tendencies reflecting more "impure" ("pure") altruism. Two experimental studies then examined the moderating role of cultural orientation on the effect of spending money on oneself versus others (Study 2) or of doing a kind action (making tea for oneself versus others; Study 3). Both experimental studies demonstrated that altruistic behavior had a positive effect on happiness for individualists but not for collectivists. Finally, Study 4, which utilized data from the World Values Survey to examine the altruism-happiness link in various countries, displayed a stronger link between altruistic behavior and happiness in individualistic (vs. collectivist) cultures. Altogether, this research sheds light on cultural differences in the display of altruism, revealing different motivations for and consequences of altruistic behaviors.
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Karakiewicz-Krawczyk K, Zdziarski K, Landowski M, Nieradko-Heluszko A, Kotwas A, Szumilas P, Knyszyńska A, Karakiewicz B. The Opinions of Poles about the Need to Provide Humanitarian Aid to Refugees from the Area Covered by the Russian-Ukrainian War. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13369. [PMID: 36293949 PMCID: PMC9603443 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The armed conflict in Ukraine has caused a lot of emotions around the world. Many countries have been involved in helping brutally attacked people, especially mothers and children. The versatile involvement of large powers is monitored and noticeable by the media. Active help from Poland is a very visible sign of human solidarity with the suffering Ukrainian nation. Open hearts, houses and institutions and humanitarian and medical aid are elements of Polish kindness and empathy. The aim of the research was to collect Poles' opinions about the need to provide humanitarian aid to Ukrainians from the territories of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Capturing feelings of Poles towards Ukrainians during the war is an interesting issue that shows subjective opinions about the existential situation perceived in the space of mutual personal interactions. The results showing opinions on help were collected from a group of 1012 people throughout Poland with the help of an authorial questionnaire. The obtained data shows a positive attitude of Poles to Ukrainians. The most willing to help are people over 49 years old, more often with a good and very good financial situation. Respondents believe that general assistance from other countries and the European Parliament is not sufficient. Military support is accepted the most by the oldest participants of research, and less by the age group up to 30 years who support medical help more. More concerned about the ongoing conflict are respondents under the age of 30 and the least wealthy, including, more often, women. The richest respondents are least afraid of the effects of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The conducted research confirms the openness of Polish society to refugees and brings opinions about existential solidarity with the suffering Ukrainian nation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Zdziarski
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Landowski
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Maritime University of Szczecin, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nieradko-Heluszko
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Artur Kotwas
- Independent Research and Biostatistics Laboratory, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paweł Szumilas
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Knyszyńska
- Department of Humanities and Occupational Therapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-103 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Karakiewicz
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
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Ma JS, Batterham PJ, Kõlves K, Woodward A, Bradford S, Klein B, Titov N, Mazzer K, O'Riordan M, Rickwood DJ. Community expectations and anticipated outcomes for crisis support services-Lifeline Australia. Health Soc Care Community 2022; 30:1775-1788. [PMID: 34459526 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crisis lines provide a critical first line of mental wellbeing support for community members in distress. Given the increasing referral to such services, there is a need to understand what the expectations of the community are around the role of such services in our public health responses. A computer assisted telephone interview was undertaken between 28th October and 30th November 2019. The aim was to explore expectations and anticipated outcomes of Lifeline Australia's crisis support services from a nationally representative community sample (N = 1,300). Analysis was undertaken to determine if demographic variables (age, gender, indigenous status, country of birth, culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) status, sexual orientation, household composition, region and State/territory) and past service use affected community expectations. Results showed that a majority of respondents expected Lifeline to listen and provide support, recommend other services, and provide information. Help-seekers were expected to feel heard and listened to, receive safety advice or support to stay safe, and feel more hopeful. Lifeline was expected to prioritise people feeling suicidal, in immediate personal crisis, and experiencing domestic violence. Findings reveal that community members hold expectations for Lifeline Australia to serve as a suicide prevention and general crisis support service, which are congruent with the service's aims. There was little variation in community expectations of crisis support services based on demographic factors and past service use. The results show that the community has extensive and diverse expectations for this national crisis service to meet both short and longer-term needs for all vulnerable members of the community-entailing a very substantial public health service responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Ma
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Philip J Batterham
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kairi Kõlves
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alan Woodward
- Centre for Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Britt Klein
- Health Transformation and Innovation Centre, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Nickolai Titov
- Department of Psychology, MindSpot, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kelly Mazzer
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Megan O'Riordan
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Tanskanen AO, Danielsbacka M. Editorial: Family and Extended Kin. Front Sociol 2022; 7:906081. [PMID: 35592090 PMCID: PMC9110676 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.906081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antti O. Tanskanen
- Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Population Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirkka Danielsbacka
- Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Population Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Yin L, Mao R, Ke Z. Charity Misconduct on Public Health Issues Impairs Willingness to Offer Help. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182413039. [PMID: 34948644 PMCID: PMC8700860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Charity organizations positively impact our societies but charity misconduct impairs people’s willingness to contribute to charity and functional health systems on public health issues. This study investigates the impact of charity misconduct on people’s willingness to offer help on public health issues and possible ways of reducing the negative impact brought by charity misconduct news through four studies (Ntotal = 1269). Results showed that charity misconduct on public health issues significantly reduced individuals’ willingness to offer help via both the charity involved with the misconduct and any charity they prefer (Study 1 and 2). Furthermore, news on charity misconduct reduced people’s general willingness to help in contexts that did not involve charity (Study 3). Finally, presenting charity nonmisconduct news after charity misconduct news increases individuals’ willingness to offer help via the nonmisconduct charity (Study 4), suggesting a potential way to nudge people to provide help in the fight against the negative impact brought by charity misconduct news. The findings show the backfire of reporting charity misconduct news and have important implications for potential ways to facilitate people to offer help.
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Abstract
Adolescent self-harm is a widespread phenomenon, and a significant problem worldwide. This study describes the experiences of help from the perspective of Finnish people who have suffered self-harm during adolescence. Data were collected from 27 participants as essays and interviews. Participants included both females and males with different backgrounds and treatment experiences. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis. Participants described having received help from other people in informal and formal ways, and they had both positive and negative experiences of help. The results show that several barriers exist for self-harming adolescents to access help, thus improvement in this area are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marja Kaunonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Kylmä
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Rissanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Savonia University of Applied Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Liisa Aho
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Nakonechna MM, Stepura E, Papucha M, Koshel V, Segal A, Fedorova A. Personal, semantic and communicational aspects of helping among adolescents. Curr Issues Personal Psychol 2021; 9:37-45. [PMID: 38013700 PMCID: PMC10663718 DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2021.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main research question of the article is how the perception of help and the style of interpersonal relations are connected. In a broad sense, the question refers to the problem of constant and situational variables of prosocial activity. The main methodological framework is Vygotsky's cultural-historical psychology, in particular, the mechanism of interiorization and the interaction of interpsychological and intrapsychological processes. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE Over 215 participants (students attending school and university, living in Ukraine, aged from 12 to 22 years) took part in our experiment, but because not all of them completed all the necessary forms correctly, only 193 participants' answers were further analyzed. Our two research techniques were Leary's Interpersonal Behavior Circle Personal Inventory and the semantic differential (N = 193). RESULTS Each disposition from Leary's questionnaire had at least one significant correlation with the way Ukrainian adolescents perceive help. The semantic aspects of perceiving help were investigated with the help of ranking the qualities of the semantic differential for the words "help the other". CONCLUSIONS The identified correlations contribute to the psychological analysis of the detailed characteristics of perceiving help concerning personal dispositions. Personal, communicational and semantic aspects of help are interconnected and their further research can bring rich insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene Stepura
- G. S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Papucha
- Nizhyn Gogol State University, Nizhyn, Ukraine
- G. S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Anna Fedorova
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Huang C, Xu X, Cai Y, Ge Q, Zeng G, Li X, Zhang W, Ji C, Yang L. Mining the Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients in China: Analysis of Social Media Posts. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e19087. [PMID: 32401210 PMCID: PMC7236610 DOI: 10.2196/19087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, pneumonia cases of unknown origin were reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Identified as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the number of cases grew rapidly by human-to-human transmission in Wuhan. Social media, especially Sina Weibo (a major Chinese microblogging social media site), has become an important platform for the public to obtain information and seek help. OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the characteristics of suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients who asked for help on Sina Weibo. METHODS We conducted data mining on Sina Weibo and extracted the data of 485 patients who presented with clinical symptoms and imaging descriptions of suspected or laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19. In total, 9878 posts seeking help on Sina Weibo from February 3 to 20, 2020 were analyzed. We used a descriptive research methodology to describe the distribution and other epidemiological characteristics of patients with suspected or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. The distance between patients' home and the nearest designated hospital was calculated using the geographic information system ArcGIS. RESULTS All patients included in this study who sought help on Sina Weibo lived in Wuhan, with a median age of 63.0 years (IQR 55.0-71.0). Fever (408/485, 84.12%) was the most common symptom. Ground-glass opacity (237/314, 75.48%) was the most common pattern on chest computed tomography; 39.67% (167/421) of families had suspected and/or laboratory-confirmed family members; 36.58% (154/421) of families had 1 or 2 suspected and/or laboratory-confirmed members; and 70.52% (232/329) of patients needed to rely on their relatives for help. The median time from illness onset to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was 8 days (IQR 5.0-10.0), and the median time from illness onset to online help was 10 days (IQR 6.0-12.0). Of 481 patients, 32.22% (n=155) lived more than 3 kilometers away from the nearest designated hospital. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that patients seeking help on Sina Weibo lived in Wuhan and most were elderly. Most patients had fever symptoms, and ground-glass opacities were noted in chest computed tomography. The onset of the disease was characterized by family clustering and most families lived far from the designated hospital. Therefore, we recommend the following: (1) the most stringent centralized medical observation measures should be taken to avoid transmission in family clusters; and (2) social media can help these patients get early attention during Wuhan's lockdown. These findings can help the government and the health department identify high-risk patients and accelerate emergency responses following public demands for help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjie Xu
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyang Cai
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinmin Ge
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwang Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The Health Center of Nansheng Town, Wuzhishan, China
| | - Xiaopan Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.,Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Pudong New Area, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weide Zhang
- Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Ji
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Norouzadeh R, Anoosheh M, Ahmadi F. Contingency Help: The Main Strategy of Iranian Nurses in Dealing With the Family of the End-of-Life Patients. Omega (Westport) 2019; 83:426-445. [PMID: 31188718 DOI: 10.1177/0030222819854909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Families are struggling with many challenges in the final stages of patient life. It is important to understand what actions nurses do for the family of the end-of-life (EOL) patients. This study aimed to explain the main strategy of nurses' dealing with the family of the EOL patients. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Semistructured interviews were conducted on 32 nurses from hospitals in Tehran. Nurses used six measures of explaining the bitter reality, effective communication, management of violence, referral, consolation, and reinforcement. "Contingency help" was conceptualized as the main strategy. Nurses through "contingency help" were involved in solving the emotional, physical, financial, and spiritual needs of the family. Nurses will be able to apply the results of this study to the development of care policies for the family of the EOL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Norouzadeh
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Monireh Anoosheh
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fazlollah Ahmadi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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12
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Arrazola RA, Seidenberg AB, Ahluwalia IB. Percentage of current tobacco smoking students receiving help or advice to quit: Evidence from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 56 countries, 2012-2015. Tob Prev Cessat 2019; 5:5. [PMID: 30793066 PMCID: PMC6379901 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We assessed self-reported receipt of help or advice to stop smoking among current tobacco smoking students enrolled in school. METHODS Using cross-sectional data collected between 2012–2015 from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), and representing the latest year for which data were collected, we calculated prevalence of receipt of help or advice to stop smoking among current tobacco smoking students aged 13–15 years from 56 countries. The sources of help or advice assessed in the GYTS were: 1) from a program or professional, 2) from a friend, and 3) from a family member. Overall response rates ranged from 60.3% in Nicaragua to 99.2% in Sudan. The analytic sample size ranged from 55 in Gabon to 950 in Bulgaria. RESULTS In 53 of the 56 assessed countries, more than half of current tobacco smoking students received help or advice to quit from either a program or professional, friend, or family member (range=39.9% San Marino to 96.9% Timor-Leste). From a friend or family member only, the range was 37.2% Bahamas to 69.9% Montenegro, and from a program or professional only, the range was 3.7% Latvia to 34.2% Togo. CONCLUSIONS Family and friends are the most common sources of help or advice to quit smoking among current tobacco smoking students in the GYTS countries assessed, while programs and professionals were the least common. The use of evidence-based measures is critical to prevent and reduce tobacco use among youth and to ensure they are receiving appropriate help or advice to quit.
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Affiliation(s)
- René A Arrazola
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, United States
| | - Andrew B Seidenberg
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Indu B Ahluwalia
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, United States
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Abstract
Infants begin to understand some of the meanings of the adjective good at around thirteen months, but it is not clear when they start to map it to concepts in the moral domain. We investigated infants' and toddlers' knowledge of good in the domains of help and fairness. Participants at 20 and 30 months were shown computer animations involving helpful and hindering agents, or agents who performed fair or unfair distributions, and were asked to "pick the good one". Toddlers at 30 months took good as referring to helping, but not to the fair agents. However, when asked "to pick one", they choose the fair distributor. These findings suggest that by 30 months toddlers have started to map good to some socio-moral features, such as a helping disposition, but not to fairness in distributive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Franchin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences,University of Trento,Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Surian
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences,University of Trento,Italy
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Abstract
Purpose: Scholars agree that effective rehabilitation relies on a bedrock of reciprocity, relational trust, and authenticity. It is therefore essential for practitioners to develop insight into the complex dynamics within helping relationships. This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of visually impaired students' experience of informal helping relationships. Methods: Ten visually impaired students at a South African university participated in one of two semi-structured focus group interviews (six and four in each group, respectively) wherein we explored their experience of informal helping relationships. Interpretive phenomenological analysis was used to make sense of the data. Results: Help, according to the participants, can militate against visibility and complete acceptance, and has the potential to cause helpers to feel entrapped. By contrast, some students found that help offered benefits to relationships by boosting the helper's self-esteem and affording disabled students the opportunity to make friends. Conclusion: Decisions whether to accept help were mediated more by relationship factors than by the need for help. These findings are important for rehabilitation professionals, as deep relationship can come into being during the course of a rehabilitation process. Although this study was conducted in an informal setting, the relational dynamics that we explore are also applicable to clinical relationships between disabled persons and rehabilitation professionals. Implications for rehabilitation In this paper, we provide an overview of the intricacies involved in care and helping relationships; In order for rehabilitation to be successful, these relationships should ideally be real, trusting, and authentic; Yet, authenticity and spontaneity often get lost in helping relationships, as help-recipients may deny help when they need it, and accept help when perfectly able to cope without it. These decisions are mediated more by relationship factors than by the need for help; In their daily practice, it is essential for health professionals to be mindful of these relational intricacies within care relationships; We recommend that professionals remain motivated to continuously reflect on their own actions and on the emotional investment they might have in their role as a helper; Our last recommendation is for rehabilitation professionals to spend energy on exploring, through open and transparent discussions with their disabled patients, the relational dynamics in their relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lourens
- a Department of Psychology , University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Brian Watermeyer
- b Department of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Leslie Swartz
- c Department of Psychology , Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch , South Africa
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Abstract
The AAPML is a French association offering support for health professionals and private practice doctors suffering from stress via a helpline. It provides information and training for health professionals and takes into account their engagement in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Galam
- 16, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
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16
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Appleton L, Perkins E. The construction of help during radiotherapy: Redefining informal care. Psychooncology 2017; 26:2057-2062. [PMID: 28294461 DOI: 10.1002/pon.4420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study will explore how help is constructed during and following radiotherapy for patients with cancer. METHODS Grounded theory methods were used in the study to explore the way in which family members and friends constructed a role for themselves in relation to patients receiving radiotherapy. A total of 22 helpers were interviewed. Patients were being treated for a range of cancers including breast, prostate, colorectal, and head and neck. RESULTS Respondents in this study consistently defined themselves as "helpers" rather than "carers." While radiotherapy as a treatment modality was mostly seen as noninvasive, the cancer diagnosis cast a long shadow over the lives of helpers and patients creating a separation in longstanding relationships. Helpers experienced this separation as "otherness." Help became an important vehicle for bridging this separation. Individuals developed different ways of knowing about the patient as the basis for providing help. Two different types of help were identified in this study: the behind the scenes, largely invisible work that helpers undertook to help the patient without their knowledge and the explicit visible help that was much more commonly negotiated and discussed between helpers and patients. CONCLUSIONS The study provides the basis for a greater understanding on the part of professionals into the impact of diagnosis and radiotherapy treatment on family and friends. In doing so, the study identifies opportunities for the experience of helpers to be recognised and supported by professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Appleton
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, Wirral, UK
| | - Elizabeth Perkins
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, William Rathbone VI Chair of Community Nursing Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Fennell KM, Martin K, Wilson CJ, Trenerry C, Sharplin G, Dollman J. Barriers to Seeking Help for Skin Cancer Detection in Rural Australia. J Clin Med 2017; 6:E19. [PMID: 28208803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores rural South Australians’ barriers to help-seeking for skin cancer detection. A total of 201 randomly selected rural adults (18–94 years, 66% female) were presented with a skin-cancer-related scenario via telephone and were asked the extent to which various barriers would impede their help-seeking, based on an amended version of the Barriers to Help-Seeking Scale. Older (≥63 years) and less educated participants endorsed barriers more strongly than their younger, more educated counterparts in the following domains; “Concrete barriers and distrust of caregivers”, “Emotional control”, “Minimising problem and Normalisation”, “Need for control and self-reliance” (every domain other than “Privacy”). Socioeconomic disadvantage, gender, and farmer status did not predict stronger overall barriers, but some gender and occupation-related differences were detected at the item level. Farmers were also more likely to endorse the “Minimising problem and normalization” domain than their non-farmer working rural counterparts. Widely endorsed barriers included the tendency to minimise the problem, a desire to remain in control/not be influenced by others, reluctance to show emotion or complain, and having concerns about privacy or waiting times.
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18
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De Groot AS, McClaine E, Moise L, Martin W. Time for T?: Thoughts about the 2009 novel H1N1 influenza outbreak and the role of T cell epitopes in the next generation of influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin 2010; 6:161-63. [PMID: 20431339 PMCID: PMC2936654 DOI: 10.4161/hv.6.2.11333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cross Protection
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Vaccination
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19
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Abstract
Immunological memory provides the basis for successful vaccines. It is important to understand the properties of memory cells. There is much known about the phenotype and functions of memory CD8 T cells, less about memory B cells, while CD4 memory T cells have proved difficult to study. Differences in the types of memory CD4 cells studied and the difficulties of tracking the small number of cells have led to conflicting and unclear results. Here we discuss the different systems used to study CD4 memory cells and ask whether, and in what circumstances, memory CD4 cells could provide protection against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K L MacLeod
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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