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Tai SY, Chi YC, Chien YW, Kawachi I, Lu TH. Dashboard With Bump Charts to Visualize the Changes in the Rankings of Leading Causes of Death According to Two Lists: National Population-Based Time-Series Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e42149. [PMID: 37368475 PMCID: PMC10337380 DOI: 10.2196/42149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health advocates and the media often use the rankings of the leading causes of death (CODs) to draw attention to health issues with relatively high mortality burdens in a population. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) publishes "Deaths: leading causes" annually. The ranking list used by the NCHS and statistical offices in several countries includes broad categories such as cancer, heart disease, and accidents. However, the list used by the World Health Organization (WHO) subdivides broad categories (17 for cancer, 8 for heart disease, and 6 for accidents) and classifies Alzheimer disease and related dementias and hypertensive diseases more comprehensively compared to the NCHS list. Regarding the data visualization of the rankings of leading CODs, the bar chart is the most commonly used graph; nevertheless, bar charts may not effectively reveal the changes in the rankings over time. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to use a dashboard with bump charts to visualize the changes in the rankings of the leading CODs in the United States by sex and age from 1999 to 2021, according to 2 lists (NCHS vs WHO). METHODS Data on the number of deaths in each category from each list for each year were obtained from the Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research system, maintained by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Rankings were based on the absolute number of deaths. The dashboard enables users to filter by list (NCHS or WHO) and demographic characteristics (sex and age) and highlight a particular COD. RESULTS Several CODs that were only on the WHO list, including brain, breast, colon, hematopoietic, lung, pancreas, prostate, and uterus cancer (all classified as cancer on the NCHS list); unintentional transport injury; poisoning; drowning; and falls (all classified as accidents on the NCHS list), were among the 10 leading CODs in several sex and age subgroups. In contrast, several CODs that appeared among the 10 leading CODs according to the NCHS list, such as pneumonia, kidney disease, cirrhosis, and sepsis, were excluded from the 10 leading CODs if the WHO list was used. The rank of Alzheimer disease and related dementias and hypertensive diseases according to the WHO list was higher than their ranks according to the NCHS list. A marked increase in the ranking of unintentional poisoning among men aged 45-64 years was noted from 2008 to 2021. CONCLUSIONS A dashboard with bump charts can be used to improve the visualization of the changes in the rankings of leading CODs according to the WHO and NCHS lists as well as demographic characteristics; the visualization can help users make informed decisions regarding the most appropriate ranking list for their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Tai
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Chi
- Department of Healthcare Information and Management, School of Health Technology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chien
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tsung-Hsueh Lu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Tai S, Chi Y, Lo Y, Chien Y, Kwachi I, Lu T. Ranking of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia among the leading causes of death in the US varies depending on NCHS or WHO definitions. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2023; 15:e12442. [PMID: 37223335 PMCID: PMC10201209 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We compared the ranking of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) among the leading causes of death (LCODs) between those according to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) lists by sex. METHOD The number of deaths in each LCOD category was obtained from CDC WONDER. RESULTS According to the WHO list, ADRD was the second LCOD from 2005 to 2013, the first from 2014 to 2020, and the third in 2021, respectively, for women and was the second in 2018 and 2019, the third in 2020, and the fourth in 2021, respectively, for men. According to the NCHS list, Alzheimer's disease was the fourth in 2019 and 2020 for women and was the seventh from 2016 to 2019 for men. DISCUSSION The ranking of ADRD among the LCODs according to the WHO list was higher than those according to the NCHS list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu‐Yu Tai
- Department of Family MedicineKaohsiung Municipal Ta‐Tung Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University HospitalSchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Ying‐Chen Chi
- Department of Healthcare Information & ManagementSchool of Health TechnologyMing Chuan UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Tai Lo
- Department of Geriatrics and GerontologyNational Cheng Kung University HospitalCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Department of Public HealthCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Wen Chien
- Department of Public HealthCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Ichiro Kwachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral SciencesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tsung‐Hsueh Lu
- Department of Public HealthCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
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Ma J, Yabroff KR, Siegel RL, Cance WG, Koh HK, Jemal A. Progress in Reducing Disparities in Premature Mortality in the USA: a Descriptive Study. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:2923-2930. [PMID: 35731369 PMCID: PMC9485393 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-07268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eliminating health disparities among different segments of the US population is an overarching goal of the US Healthy People 2020 objectives. OBJECTIVE Examine changes in educational, rural-urban, and racial disparities in premature mortality during the past 10 years. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Descriptive analysis of US mortality data from 2007 to 2017. MAIN MEASURES Relative and absolute rural-urban, educational attainment, and Black-White disparities in premature mortality for all-cause and top 10 causes of death among persons ages 25-74 years, estimated as rate ratios and rate differences between ≤12 and ≥16 years of education, rural versus urban, and non-Hispanic Black (Black) versus non-Hispanic White (White), respectively, in 2007 and 2017. KEY RESULTS During 2007-2017, mortality rates in persons aged 25-74 years in the USA increased for several leading causes of death, especially in persons with <16 years of education, rural residents, and White people. As a result, disparity in mortality between 2007 and 2017 widened on both relative and absolute scales for all-cause and for 6 of the top 10 causes of death by education and for all-cause and for 9 of the top 10 causes by rural/urban residence. In contrast, Black-White disparities narrowed for all-cause and for all 7 causes that Black people had a higher rate than White people. For all-cause mortality for example, absolute disparities in the number of deaths per 100,000 person-years between 2007 and 2017 increased from 454.0 (95%CI, 446.0-462.1) to 542.7 (535.6-549.7) for educational attainment and from 85.8 (82.8-88.8) to 140.5 (137.6-143.4) for rural versus urban; in contrast, absolute Black-White disparity decreased from 315.3 (311.0-319.7) to 221.7 (218.1-225.3). CONCLUSIONS Educational and rural-urban disparities in premature mortality widened, whereas Black-White disparities narrowed in the USA between 2007 and 2017, though overall rates remained considerably higher in Black people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemin Ma
- Surveillance & Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K Robin Yabroff
- Surveillance & Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Siegel
- Surveillance & Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William G Cance
- Office of the Chief Medical and Scientific Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard K Koh
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Surveillance & Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Mesceriakova-Veliuliene O, Kalediene R. Changes in Mortality Inequalities in Urban and Rural Populations during 1990-2018: Lithuanian Experience. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021; 57:750. [PMID: 34440956 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Reduction in health inequalities is a highly important task in public health policies worldwide. In Lithuania, inequalities in mortality by place of residence are among the greatest, compared to other European Union (EU) countries. However, studies on inequalities in mortality by place of residence over a long-term period have not been investigated in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to present changes in mortality inequalities in urban and rural populations during 1990-2018. Materials and Methods: Mortality rates from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, external causes, and gastrointestinal diseases in urban and rural population by sex were calculated per 100,000 populations and were standardized by age. Inequalities in mortality were assessed using rate differences and rate ratio. For the assessment of inequality trends during 1990-2018, the joinpoint regression analysis was applied. Results: Mortality between urban and rural populations varied. In rural areas, mortality lower than that in urban areas was observed only in 1990 among women, in case of mortality from cancer and gastrointestinal diseases (compared with in 2018) (p < 0.05). In 2018, mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, and external causes in urban and rural areas was lower than in 1990 in both sexes. However, mortality from gastrointestinal diseases was higher (p < 0.05). In 2018, mortality from cancer among both sexes was lower only in urban areas (p < 0.05). Mortality inequalities between rural and urban areas decreased statistically significantly only among men from external causes and from all causes (respectively, on average, by 0.52% per year and, on average, by 0.21% per year). Meanwhile, mortality from cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases increased in both sexes, and mortality from cancer and all causes of death increased among women. The increase in the inequalities of mortality from gastrointestinal diseases was the most rapid: among men-on average, by 0.69% per year, and among women-on average, by 1.43% per year, p < 0.0001. Conclusions: During 1990-2018, the inequalities in mortality by place of residence in Lithuania statistically significantly decreased only among men, in terms of mortality from external causes and from all causes. Therefore, reduction in inequalities in mortality must be the main the health policy challenge in Lithuania.
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Garcia MC, Faul M, Dowling NF, Thomas CC, Iademarco MF. Bridging the Gap in Potentially Excess Deaths Between Rural and Urban Counties in the United States. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:177-180. [PMID: 31968202 PMCID: PMC7036603 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919900890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena C. Garcia
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark Faul
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole F. Dowling
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryll C. Thomas
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael F. Iademarco
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Office of the Surgeon General,
Washington, DC, USA
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Cao H, Wang J, Li Y, Li D, Guo J, Hu Y, Meng K, He D, Liu B, Liu Z, Qi H, Zhang L. Trend analysis of mortality rates and causes of death in children under 5 years old in Beijing, China from 1992 to 2015 and forecast of mortality into the future: an entire population-based epidemiological study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015941. [PMID: 28928178 PMCID: PMC5623503 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse trends in mortality and causes of death among children aged under 5 years in Beijing, China between 1992 and 2015 and to forecast under-5 mortality rates (U5MRs) for the period 2016-2020. METHODS An entire population-based epidemiological study was conducted. Data collection was based on the Child Death Reporting Card of the Beijing Under-5 Mortality Rate Surveillance Network. Trends in mortality and leading causes of death were analysed using the χ2 test and SPSS 19.0 software. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was fitted to forecast U5MRs between 2016 and 2020 using the EViews 8.0 software. RESULTS Mortality in neonates, infants and children aged under 5 years decreased by 84.06%, 80.04% and 80.17% from 1992 to 2015, respectively. However, the U5MR increased by 7.20% from 2013 to 2015. Birth asphyxia, congenital heart disease, preterm/low birth weight and other congenital abnormalities comprised the top five causes of death. The greatest, most rapid reduction was that of pneumonia by 92.26%, with an annual average rate of reduction of 10.53%. The distribution of causes of death differed among children of different ages. Accidental asphyxia and sepsis were among the top five causes of death in children aged 28 days to 1 year and accident was among the top five causes in children aged 1-4 years. The U5MRs in Beijing are projected to be 2.88‰, 2.87‰, 2.90‰, 2.97‰ and 3.09‰ for the period 2016-2020, based on the predictive model. CONCLUSION Beijing has made considerable progress in reducing U5MRs from 1992 to 2015. However, U5MRs could show a slight upward trend from 2016 to 2020. Future considerations for child healthcare include the management of birth asphyxia, congenital heart disease, preterm/low birth weight and other congenital abnormalities. Specific preventative measures should be implemented for children of various age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Children’s Health Care, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Li
- Department of Children’s Health Care, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Children’s Health Care, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Hu
- Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Meng
- Department of Hospital Management, School of Health Administration and Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dian He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Han Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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Martínez-Pérez B, de la Torre-Díez I, López-Coronado M, Sainz-De-Abajo B. Comparison of mobile apps for the leading causes of death among different income zones: a review of the literature and app stores. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2014; 2:e1. [PMID: 25099695 PMCID: PMC4114467 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The advances achieved in technology, medicine, and communications in the past decades have created an excellent scenario for the improvement and expansion of eHeath and mHealth in particular. Mobile phones, smartphones, and tablets are exceptional means for the application of mobile health, especially for those diseases and health conditions that are the deadliest worldwide. Objective The main aim of this paper was to compare the amount of research and the number of mobile apps dedicated to the diseases and conditions that are the leading causes of death according to the World Health Organization grouped by different income regions. These diseases and conditions were ischemic heart disease; stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases; lower respiratory infections; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; diarrheal diseases; HIV/AIDS; trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers; malaria; and Alzheimer disease and other dementias. Methods Two reviews were conducted. In the first, the systems IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and PubMed were used to perform a literature review of applications related to the mentioned diseases. The second was developed in the currently most important mobile phone apps stores: Google play, iTunes, BlackBerry World, and Windows Phone Apps+Games. Results Search queries up to June 2013 located 371 papers and 557 apps related to the leading causes of death, and the following findings were obtained. Alzheimer disease and other dementias are included in the diseases with more apps, although it is not among the top 10 causes of death worldwide, whereas lower respiratory infections, the third leading cause of death, is one of the less researched and with fewer apps. Two diseases that are the first and second of low-income countries (lower respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases) have very little research and few commercial applications. HIV/AIDS, in the top 6 of low-income and middle-income zones, is one of the diseases with more research and applications, although it is not in the top 10 in high-income countries. Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers are the third cause of death in high-income countries but are one of the least researched diseases with regard to apps. Conclusions Concerning mobile apps, there is more work done in the commercial field than in the research field, although the distribution among the diseases is similar in both fields. In general, apps for common diseases of low- and middle-income countries are not as abundant as those for typical diseases of developed countries. Nevertheless, there are some exceptions such as HIV/AIDS, due to its important social conscience; and trachea, bronchus and lung cancers, which was totally unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Martínez-Pérez
- University of Valladolid, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, and Telematics Engineering, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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