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Wang YJ, Liu YY, Chen D, Du DL, Müller-Schärer H, Yu FH. Clonal functional traits favor the invasive success of alien plants into native communities. Ecol Appl 2024; 34:e2756. [PMID: 36196517 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits are frequently proposed to determine the invasiveness of alien species. However, few empirical studies have directly manipulated functional traits and tested their importance in the invasion success of alien species into native plant communities, particularly under global change. We manipulated clonal integration (a key clonal functional trait) of four alien clonal plants by severing inter-ramet connections or keeping them intact and simulated their invasion into native plant communities with two levels of species diversity, population density and nutrient availability. High community diversity and density impeded the invasion success of the alien clonal plants. Clonal integration of the alien plants promoted their invasion success, particularly in the low-density communities associated with low species diversity or nutrient addition, which resulted in a negative correlation between the performance of alien plants and native communities, as expected under global change. Thus, clonal integration can favor the invasion success of alien clonal plants into degraded resident communities with a high degree of disturbance and eutrophication. Our findings confirm the role of clonal functional traits in facilitating alien plant invasions into native plant communities and suggest that clonal functional traits should be considered to efficiently restore degraded communities heavily invaded by alien clonal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Wang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Duo Chen
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dao-Lin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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Moro C, Douglas T, Phillips R, Towstoless M, Hayes A, Hryciw DH, Lexis L, Tangalakis K. Unpacking and validating the "integration" core concept of physiology by an Australian team. Adv Physiol Educ 2023; 47:436-442. [PMID: 37227229 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00144.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Consensus was reached on seven core concepts of physiology using the Delphi method, including "integration," outlined by the descriptor "cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems interact to create and sustain life." This core concept was unpacked by a team of 3 Australian physiology educators into hierarchical levels, identifying 5 themes and 10 subthemes, up to 1 level deep. The unpacked core concept was then circulated among 23 experienced physiology educators for comments and to rate both level of importance and level of difficulty for each theme and subtheme. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA to compare between and within themes. The main theme (theme 1: the body is organized within a hierarchy of structures, from atoms to molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems) was almost universally rated as Essential. Interestingly, the main theme was also rated between Slightly Difficult to Not Difficult, which was significantly different from all other subthemes. There were two separate subsets of themes in relation to importance, with three themes rating between Essential and Important and the two other themes rating as Important. Two subsets in the difficulty of the main themes were also identified. While many core concepts can be taught concurrently, Integration requires the application of prior knowledge, with the expectation that learners should be able to apply concepts from "cell-cell communication," "homeostasis," and "structure and function," before understanding the overall Integration core concept. As such, themes from the Integration core concept should be taught within the endmost semesters of a Physiology program.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article proposes the inclusion of a core concept regarding "integration" into physiology-based curricula, with the descriptor "cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems interact to create and sustain life." This concept expands prior knowledge and applies physiological understanding to real-world scenarios and introduces contexts such as medications, diseases, and aging to the student learning experience. To comprehend the topics within the Integration core concept, students will need to apply learned material from earlier semesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moro
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Tracy Douglas
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Australia
| | - Ruben Phillips
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Alan Hayes
- College of Health & Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Louise Lexis
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Kathy Tangalakis
- First Year College, Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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You W, Li N, Zhang J, Song A, Du D. The Plant Invader Alternanthera philoxeroides Benefits from Clonal Integration More than Its Native Co-Genus in Response to Patch Contrast. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2371. [PMID: 37375996 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Different connected parts of clonal plants often grow in different patches and the resource contrast between patches has an important effect on the material transfer between the connected ramets. However, it is unclear whether the effect of clonal integration differs between the invasive clonal plant and the related native species in response to patch contrast. To explore this, we grew the clonal fragment pairs of plant invader Alternanthera philoxeroides and its co-genus native species A. sessilis under high contrast, low contrast, and no contrast (control) nutrient patch environments, respectively, and with stolon connections either severed or kept intact. The results showed that, at the ramet level, clonal integration (stolon connection) significantly improved the growth of apical ramets of both species, and such positive effects were significantly greater in A. philoxeroides than in A. sessilis. Moreover, clonal integration greatly increased the chlorophyll content index of apical ramets and the growth of basal ramets in A. philoxeroides but not in A. sessilis under low and high contrast. At the whole fragment level, the benefits of clonal integration increased with increasing patch contrast, and such a positive effect was more pronounced in A. philoxeroides than in A. sessilis. This study demonstrated that A. philoxeroides possesses a stronger ability of clonal integration than A. sessilis, especially in patchy environments with a higher degree of heterogeneity, suggesting that clonal integration may give some invasive clonal plants a competitive advantage over native species, thus facilitating their invasion in patchy habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua You
- Institute of the Environment and Ecology, College of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Institute of the Environment and Ecology, College of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of the Environment and Ecology, College of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ao Song
- Institute of the Environment and Ecology, College of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of the Environment and Ecology, College of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Zhao J, Cai C. Effects of physiological integration on nitrogen use efficiency of moso bamboo in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1203881. [PMID: 37384361 PMCID: PMC10295134 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1203881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Moso bamboo is one of the important clonal plants with complex underground rhizome-root system. Ramets connected by rhizome can translocate and share nitrogen (N), which may affect the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of moso bamboo. The aims of this study were to investigate the mechanisms of N physiological integration and its relationship with NUE of moso bamboo. Methods A pot experiment was conducted to trace the movement of 15N between the connected ramets of moso bamboo in both homogeneous and heterogeneous N environments. Results Results showed that N translocation within clonal fragments of moso bamboo was detected in both homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. The intensity of physiological integration (IPI) was significantly lower in homogeneous environments than that in heterogeneous environments. 15N translocation between the connected ramtes of moso bamboo was determined by the source-sink relationship in heterogeneous environments, and the 15N allocation of the fertilized ramet was higher than that of the connected unfertilized ramet. The NUE of connected treatment was significantly higher than that of severed treatment, which suggested that physiological integration significantly improved the NUE of moso bamboo. In addition, the NUE of moso bamboo was significantly higher in heterogeneous environments than that in homogeneous environments. The contribution rate of physiological integration (CPI) on NUE in heterogeneous environments was significantly higher than that in homogenous environments. Discussion These results will provide theoretical basis for precision fertilization in moso bamboo forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Bamboo Research, Northwest Zhejiang Bamboo Forest Ecosystem Positioning Observation and Research Station, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunju Cai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
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Ievinsh G. Halophytic Clonal Plant Species: Important Functional Aspects for Existence in Heterogeneous Saline Habitats. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1728. [PMID: 37111952 PMCID: PMC10144567 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant modularity-related traits are important ecological determinants of vegetation composition, dynamics, and resilience. While simple changes in plant biomass resulting from salt treatments are usually considered a sufficient indicator for resistance vs. susceptibility to salinity, plants with a clonal growth pattern show complex responses to changes in environmental conditions. Due to physiological integration, clonal plants often have adaptive advantages in highly heterogeneous or disturbed habitats. Although halophytes native to various heterogeneous habitats have been extensively studied, no special attention has been paid to the peculiarities of salt tolerance mechanisms of clonal halophytes. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to identify probable and possible halophytic plant species belonging to different types of clonal growth and to analyze available scientific information on responses to salinity in these species. Examples, including halophytes with different types of clonal growth, will be analyzed, such as based on differences in the degree of physiological integration, ramet persistence, rate of clonal expansion, salinity-induced clonality, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gederts Ievinsh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
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Tong L, Wu W, Lin Y, Chen D, Zeng R, Lu L, Song Y. Insect Herbivory on Main Stem Enhances Induced Defense of Primary Tillers in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1199. [PMID: 36904060 PMCID: PMC10005496 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Clonal plants are interconnected to form clonal plant networks with physiological integration, enabling the reassignment as well as sharing of resources among the members. The systemic induction of antiherbivore resistance via clonal integration may frequently operate in the networks. Here, we used an important food crop rice (Oryza sativa), and its destructive pest rice leaffolder (LF; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) as a model to examine defense communication between the main stem and clonal tillers. LF infestation and MeJA pretreatment on the main stem for two days reduced the weight gain of LF larvae fed on the corresponding primary tillers by 44.5% and 29.0%, respectively. LF infestation and MeJA pretreatment on the main stem also enhanced antiherbivore defense responses in primary tillers: increased levels of a trypsin protease inhibitor, putative defensive enzymes, and jasmonic acid (JA), a key signaling compound involved in antiherbivore induced defenses; strong induction of genes encoding JA biosynthesis and perception; and rapid activation of JA pathway. However, in a JA perception OsCOI RNAi line, LF infestation on main stem showed no or minor effects on antiherbivore defense responses in primary tillers. Our work demonstrates that systemic antiherbivore defense operate in the clonal network of rice plants and JA signaling plays a crucial role in mediating defense communication between main stem and tillers in rice plants. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the ecological control of pests by using the systemic resistance of cloned plants themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wanghui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Forest Inventory & Planning Institute, Nanning 530022, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yibin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Daoqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Long Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Zhang XM, He LX, Xiao X, Lei JP, Tang M, Lei NF, Yu FH, Chen JS. Clonal integration benefits an invader in heterogeneous environments with reciprocal patchiness of resources, but not its native congener. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1080674. [PMID: 36531348 PMCID: PMC9751628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1080674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many of the world's most invasive plants are clonal, and clonal functional traits are suggested to contribute to their invasiveness. Clonal integration is one of the most important clonal functional traits, but it is still unclear whether clonal integration can benefit invasive alien clonal plants more than native ones in heterogeneous environments with reciprocal patchiness of resources and whether invasive plants show a higher capacity of division of labor than native ones in such environments. We grew connected (allowing clonal integration) and disconnected (preventing clonal integration) ramet pairs of an invasive plant Wedelia trilobata and its occurring native congener W. chinensis in the environment consisting of reciprocal patches of light and soil nutrients (i.e., a high-light but low-nutrient patch and a low-light but high-nutrient patch). Clonal integration greatly promoted the growth of the invasive species, but had no significant effect on the native one. Both invasive and native species showed division of labor in terms of morphology, biomass allocation, and/or photosynthetic physiology, but the capacity of labor division did not differ between the invasive and the native species. We conclude that in heterogeneous environments consisting of reciprocal patches of resources, which are common in nature, clonal integration can confer invasive plants a competitive advantage over natives, but this difference is not related to their capacity of labor division. This study highlights the importance of clonal integration for plants in heterogeneous environments and suggests that clonal integration can contribute to the invasion success of alien clonal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Xuan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing-Pin Lei
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Min Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Ning-Fei Lei
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jin-Song Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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Adomako MO, Alpert P, Du DL, Yu FH. Effects of fragmentation of clones compound over vegetative generations in the floating plant Pistia stratiotes. Ann Bot 2021; 127:123-133. [PMID: 32805737 PMCID: PMC7750722 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Clonal plants dominate many plant communities, especially in aquatic systems, and clonality appears to promote invasiveness and to affect how diversity changes in response to disturbance and resource availability. Understanding how the special physiological and morphological properties of clonal growth lead to these ecological effects depends upon studying the long-term consequences of clonal growth properties across vegetative generations, but this has rarely been done. This study aimed to show how a key clonal property, physiological integration between connected ramets within clones, affects the response of clones to disturbance and resources in an aquatic, invasive, dominant species across multiple generations. METHODS Single, parental ramets of the floating stoloniferous plant Pistia stratiotes were grown for 3 weeks, during which they produced two or three generations of offspring; connections between new ramets were cut or left intact. Individual offspring were then used as parents in a second 3-week iteration that crossed fragmentation with previous fragmentation in the first iteration. A third iteration yielded eight treatment combinations, zero to three rounds of fragmentation at different times in the past. The experiment was run once at a high and once at a low level of nutrients. RESULTS In each iteration, fragmentation increased biomass of the parental ramet, decreased biomass of the offspring and increased number of offspring. These effects persisted and compounded from one iteration to another, though more recent fragmentation had stronger effects, and were stronger at the low than at the high nutrient level. Fragmentation did not affect net accumulation of mass by groups after one iteration but increased it after two iterations at low nutrients, and after three iterations at both nutrient levels. CONCLUSIONS Both the positive and negative effects of fragmentation on clonal performance can compound and persist over time and can be stronger when resource levels are lower. Even when fragmentation has no short-term net effect on clonal performance, it can have a longer-term effect. In some cases, fragmentation may increase total accumulation of mass by a clone. The results provide the first demonstration of how physiological integration in clonal plants can affect fitness across generations and suggest that increased disturbance may promote invasion of introduced clonal species via effects on integration, perhaps especially at lower nutrient levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Opoku Adomako
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Peter Alpert
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Dao-Lin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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Liu J, Chen C, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Gao Y. The Intensity of Simulated Grazing Modifies Costs and Benefits of Physiological Integration in a Rhizomatous Clonal Plant. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E2724. [PMID: 32326471 PMCID: PMC7215795 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Clonal plants in grasslands are special species with physiological integration which can enhance their ability to tolerate herbivory stress especially in heterogeneous environments. However, little is known about how grazing intensity affects the trade-off between the benefits and costs of physiological integration, and the mechanism by which physiological integration improves compensatory growth in response to herbivory stress. We examined the effects of simulated grazing intensity on compensatory growth and physiological integration in a clonal species Leymus chinensis with a greenhouse experiment. This experiment was conducted in a factorial design involving nutrient heterogeneity (high-high, high-low, low-high, low-low), simulated grazing by clipping (0%, 25%, 50% or 75% shoot removal) and rhizome connection (intact versus severed) treatments. Compensatory indexes at 25% and 50% clipping levels were higher than that at 75% clipping level except in low-low nutrient treatments. Physiological integration decreased and increased compensatory indexes when the target-ramets worked as exporter and importer, respectively. Generally, clipping increased both benefits and costs of physiological integration, but its net benefits (benefits minus costs) changed with clipping intensity. Physiological integration optimized compensatory growth at light and moderate clipping intensity, and its net benefits determined the high capacity of compensatory growth. Grassland managements such as grazing or mowing at light and moderate intensity would maximize the profit of physiological integration and improve grassland sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (J.L.); (C.C.); (Y.P.); (Y.Z.)
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Guo J, Li H, Yang Y. Phenotypic Plasticity in Sexual Reproduction Based on Nutrients Supplied From Vegetative Ramets in a Leymus chinensis Population. Front Plant Sci 2020; 10:1681. [PMID: 32010165 PMCID: PMC6976537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is considered a major mechanism that allows plants to adapt to heterogeneous environments. The physiological integration between the interconnected rhizomes or stolons of clonal plants influences the plasticity of such plants in heterogeneous environments. However, the determinants of plasticity of reproductive ramets in clonal plants in homogeneous environments are unclear. Here, we chose Leymus chinensis, a perennial rhizomatous grass, and conducted a series of field experiments in situ, including grading sampling of reproductive ramets and different connection forms of vegetative ramets labeled with 15N at four reproductive stages. Reproductive ramet biomass, inflorescence biomass, seed number, seed-setting percentage, reproductive allocation, and reallocation significantly increased with an increase in the number of vegetative ramets connected to tillering nodes, and the plasticity indexes of these six phenotypic characteristics showed similar increasing trends. The amount of nutrients supplied from the connected vegetative ramets to the reproductive ramets was significantly affected by the transfer direction, reproductive stage, and position order of the vegetative ramets. Throughout the sexual reproduction stage, nutrients were preferentially transferred to the acropetal reproductive ramet in L. chinensis populations. The amount of nutrients supplied from the connected vegetative ramets to the reproductive ramets at the milk-ripe stage, when sexual reproduction was most vigorous, was significantly larger than that at other reproductive stages. The amount of nutrients supplied from the spacer vegetative ramet to the acropetal reproductive ramet was significantly larger than that to the basipetal reproductive ramet. The closer the vegetative ramet was to the reproductive ramet, the more nutrients were supplied; the amount of nutrients supplied was significantly negatively related to the position order of the vegetative ramet. We identified the determinant of plasticity in sexual reproduction in clonal plants in a homogeneous environment: physiological integration between ramets within clones. Our results are vital for better understanding the adaptation of populations and even the evolution of species of clonal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Lu HZ, Brooker R, Song L, Liu WY, Sack L, Zhang JL, Yu FH. When facilitation meets clonal integration in forest canopies. New Phytol 2020; 225:135-142. [PMID: 31571219 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have explored how - within the same system - clonality and positive plant-plant interactions might interact to regulate plant community composition. Canopy-dwelling epiphytes in species-rich forests provide an ideal system for studying this because many epiphytic vascular plants undertake clonal growth and because vascular epiphytes colonize canopy habitats after the formation of nonvascular epiphyte (i.e. bryophyte and lichen) mats. We investigated how clonal integration of seven dominant vascular epiphytes influenced inter-specific interactions between vascular epiphytes and nonvascular epiphytes in a subtropical montane moist forest in southwest China. Both clonal integration and environmental buffering from nonvascular epiphytes increased survival and growth of vascular epiphytes. The benefits of clonal integration for vascular epiphytes were higher when nonvascular epiphytes were removed. Similarly, facilitation from nonvascular epiphytes played a more important role when clonal integration of vascular epiphytes was eliminated. Overall, clonal integration had greater benefits than inter-specific facilitation. This study provides novel evidence for interactive effects of clonality and facilitation between vascular and nonvascular species, and has implications for our understanding of a wide range of ecosystems where both high levels of clonality and facilitation are expected to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zheng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rob Brooker
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Liang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China
| | - Wen-Yao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
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Li XX, Fan ZW, Shen YD, Wang Y, Liu Y, Huang QQ. Nutrient addition does not increase the benefits of clonal integration in an invasive plant spreading from open patches into plant communities. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2019; 21:1090-1096. [PMID: 31344291 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One benefit of clonal integration is that resource translocation between connected ramets enhances the growth of the ramets grown under stressful conditions, but whether such resource translocation reduces the performance of the ramets grown under favourable conditions has not produced consistent results. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that resource translocation to recipient ramets may reduce the performance of donor ramets when resources are limiting but not when resources are abundant. We grew Mikania micrantha stolon fragments (each consisting of two ramets, either connected or not connected) under spatially heterogeneous competition conditions such that the developmentally younger, distal ramets were grown in competition with a plant community and the developmentally older, proximal ramets were grown without competition. For half of the stolon fragments, slow-release fertiliser pellets were applied to both the distal and proximal ramets. Under both the low and increased soil nutrient conditions, the biomass, leaf number and stolon length of the distal ramets were higher, and those of the proximal ramets were lower when the stolon internode was intact than when it was severed. For the whole clone, the biomass, leaf number and stolon length did not differ between the two connection treatments. Connection did not change the biomass of the plant communities competing with distal ramets of M. micrantha. Although clonal integration may promote the invasion of M. micrantha into plant communities, resource translocation to recipient ramets of M. micrantha will induce a cost to the donor ramets, even when resources are relatively abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-X Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Z-W Fan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Y-D Shen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Q-Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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13
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Xi DG, You WH, Hu AA, Huang P, Du DL. Developmentally Programmed Division of Labor in the Aquatic Invader Alternanthera philoxeroides Under Homogeneous Soil Nutrients. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:485. [PMID: 31057587 PMCID: PMC6477181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clonal traits can contribute to plant invasiveness, but little is known about the roles of division of labor (a key clonal trait) in homogeneous habitats. The hypothesis tested is that clonal integration allows division of labor and increases the overall performance of an invasive clonal plant, especially under higher soil nutrients. Clonal fragment pairs of aquatic invader Alternanthera philoxeroides (each with four ramets and a stolon apex) were grown in two homogenous habitats with high or low soil nutrient supply, and with stolon connections being either severed (clonal integration prevented) or kept intact (clonal integration allowed). Results showed that stolon connection allowed the division of labor within the clonal fragment, with basal ramets specializing in acquisition of belowground resources and apical ramets specializing in acquisition of aboveground expansion. Moreover, the capacity for division of labor was greater, which brought the clonal fragments of A. philoxeroides stronger clonal propagation and better performance in high nutrient habitats than in low nutrient habitats. The results supported our hypotheses that the developmentally programmed division of labor may facilitate the clonal expansion of this aggressive invader in some homogeneous habitats with high resource availability.
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14
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Xu L, Wu X, Xiang D. Risk Expansion of Cr Through Amphibious Clonal Plant from Polluted Aquatic to Terrestrial Habitats. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:422-430. [PMID: 33817111 PMCID: PMC7874729 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource sharing between the connected ramets of clonal plants through physiological integration can increase the tolerance of plants to environmental stress. However, the role of physiological integration in the translocation of heavy-metal pollutants between different habitats receives little attention, especially in the aquatic-terrestrial ecotones. An amphibious clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides was used to simulate plant expansion from unpolluted soil to a chromium (Cr)-polluted water environment. Basal older ramets growing in unpolluted soil were connected or disconnected with apical younger ramets of the same fragments in polluted environments at different Cr concentrations. Harvested basal ramets were also used for decomposition tests for the loss of residual mass and release of Cr to soil. With increasing Cr concentration there was reduction in biomass of the apical ramets, especially those separated from the basal parts. Cr was detected in the basal ramets with connection to apical parts. The decomposition of plant litter from the basal ramets connected with polluted apical parts might release retained Cr to unpolluted soil. The amount and chemical forms of Cr in the plant litter changed over time. It is concluded that Cr could be transferred from polluted aquatic to unpolluted terrestrial habitats through amphibious clonal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- School of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.,Center for Rural Environmental Studies, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Xiao Wu
- International Office of Cooperation & Exchange, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Dan Xiang
- School of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.,Center for Rural Environmental Studies, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
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15
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Xu SN, Liu YH, Li HY, Chen ZL, Li Y, Zhang LH. [ Physiological integration of growth, carbohydrates, and soluble protein of Zoysia japonica clonal ramets under nutrient heterogeneity]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2018; 29:3569-3576. [PMID: 30460803 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201811.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to analyze the changes of growth, the contents of carbohydrates and soluble protein of Zoysia japonica clonal ramets under nutrient heterogeneity, where the connected and disconnected ramets were treated with different nutrient levels. The results indicated that under the nutrient heterogeneity the parent ramets in middle or high nutrient levels improved the aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and total biomass, with the enhancement of 32.5%, 22.1% and 24.8% at high nutrient level, respectively, reduced the root/shoot ratio, the contents of soluble sugar and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), with the reduction of 7.7%, 15.2% and 13.1% in high nutrient level, respectively, but had no significant impacts on the contents of starch, cellulous, and soluble protein of the connected daughter ramets. The daughter ramets in middle and high nutrient levels had no significant impacts on the growth and the contents of carbohydrates and soluble protein of the connected parent ramets. There was a significant physiological integration effects from parent to the daughter ramets on the biomass, root/shoot, the contents of soluble sugar and NSC. The intensity of physiological integration was proportional to the nutrient gradient of ramets, but had no significant physiological integration effects on the contents of starch, cellulous and soluble protein. The daughter ramets had no physiological integration for any indicator of the parent ramets. There was a unidirectional physiological integration between parent and daughter ramets of Z. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Nan Xu
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036
| | - Yan Hong Liu
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036
| | - Hong Yi Li
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036
| | - Zhong Lin Chen
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036
| | - Yue Li
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036
| | - Li Hong Zhang
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036
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16
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Duchoslavová J, Jansa J. The direction of carbon and nitrogen fluxes between ramets in Agrostis stolonifera changes during ontogeny under simulated competition for light. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:2149-2158. [PMID: 29474701 PMCID: PMC6020861 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Resource sharing is universal among connected ramets of clonal plants and is driven both by the developmental status of the ramets and the resource gradients. Above-ground competition forms spatial light gradients, but the role of resource sharing in such competition is unclear. We examined translocation of resources between mother and daughter ramets of Agrostis stolonifera under light heterogeneity throughout ramet ontogeny. We labelled ramets with 13C and 15N to estimate the bidirectional translocation of resources at three developmental stages of the daughters. In addition, we compared the final biomass of integrated and severed ramets in order to estimate the effect of integration on growth. Young developing daughters were supported by carbon, whereas nitrogen was only translocated towards daughters at the beginning of rooting, regardless of the light conditions. Shading of mothers was a major determinant of resource translocation between developed ramets, with carbon being preferentially moved to daughters from shaded mothers while nitrogen translocation was limited from daughters to shaded mothers. Surprisingly, the absolute amounts of translocated resources did not decline during development. Growth of daughters was enhanced by integration regardless of the shading. Overall, A. stolonifera maximizes the resource translocation pattern in order to enable it to spread from unfavourable habitats, rather than compensating for light heterogeneity among ramets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Duchoslavová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
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17
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Xui SN, Liu YC, Liu YH, Chen ZL, Li Y, Zhang LH. [ Physiological integration of growth and photosynthesis of Zoysia japonica clonal ramets under nutrient heterogeneity]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2018; 29:811-817. [PMID: 29722223 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201803.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to analyze the changes of growth and photosynthesis of clonal ramets under nutrient heterogeneity, where the connected and disconnected ramets were treated with different nutrient levels. The results showed that under the nutrient heterogeneity the parent ramets in middle or high nutrient levels improved leaf length, leaf width, root mass, leaf mass, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of the connected daughter ramets, with an increase of 16.0%, 8.3%, 24.4%, 58.1%, 30.3%, 54.0%, 9.2% and 21.9% in high nutrient level, respectively, but reduced the root/shoot and intercellular CO2 concentration of the connected daughter ramets, with a decreases of 21.6% and 31.5% in high nutrient level, respectively. In contrast, the daughter ramets in the middle or high nutrient level had no significant impacts on the growth and photosynthesis of the connected parent ramets. There was a physiological integration from the parent ramets to the daughter ramets. The larger the nutrient differences of ramets was, the stronger the intensity of physiological integration was. The daughter ramets were the unidirectional beneficiary from the physiological integration, as the daughter ramets benefited from the parent ramets but had no positive effects on the daughter ramets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Nan Xui
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yi Chen Liu
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yan Hong Liu
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Zhong Lin Chen
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
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18
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Wang YJ, Müller-Schärer H, van Kleunen M, Cai AM, Zhang P, Yan R, Dong BC, Yu FH. Invasive alien plants benefit more from clonal integration in heterogeneous environments than natives. New Phytol 2017; 216:1072-1078. [PMID: 28944478 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
What confers invasive alien plants a competitive advantage over native plants remains open to debate. Many of the world's worst invasive alien plants are clonal and able to share resources within clones (clonal integration), particularly in heterogeneous environments. Here, we tested the hypothesis that clonal integration benefits invasive clonal plants more than natives and thus confers invasives a competitive advantage. We selected five congeneric and naturally co-occurring pairs of invasive alien and native clonal plants in China, and grew pairs of connected and disconnected ramets under heterogeneous light, soil nutrient and water conditions that are commonly encountered by alien plants during their invasion into new areas. Clonal integration increased biomass of all plants in all three heterogeneous resource environments. However, invasive plants benefited more from clonal integration than natives. Consequently, invasive plants produced more biomass than natives. Our results indicate that clonal integration may confer invasive alien clonal plants a competitive advantage over natives. Therefore, differences in the ability of clonal integration could potentially explain, at least partly, the invasion success of alien clonal plants in areas where resources are heterogeneously distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Wang
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Heinz Müller-Schärer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
- Ecology, Biology Department, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Ai-Ming Cai
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rong Yan
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Dong
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
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Luo FL, Xing YP, Wei GW, Li CY, Yu FH. Clonal integration facilitates spread of Paspalum paspaloides from terrestrial to cadmium-contaminated aquatic habitats. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:859-867. [PMID: 28836322 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous environmental pollutant with high toxicity to plants, which has been detected in many wetlands. Clonal integration (resource translocation) between connected ramets of clonal plants can increase their tolerance to stress. We hypothesised that clonal integration facilitates spread of amphibious clonal plants from terrestrial to Cd-contaminated aquatic habitats. The spread of an amphibious grass Paspalum paspaloides was simulated by growing basal older ramets in uncontaminated soil connected (allowing integration) or not connected (preventing integration) to apical younger ramets of the same fragments in Cd-contaminated water. Cd contamination of apical ramets of P. paspaloides markedly decreased growth and photosynthetic capacity of the apical ramets without connection to the basal ramets, but did not decrease these properties with connection. Cd contamination did not affect growth of the basal ramets without connection to the apical ramets, but Cd contamination of 4 and 12 mg·l-1 significantly increased growth with connection. Consequently, clonal integration increased growth of the apical ramets, basal ramets and whole clones when the apical ramets were grown in Cd-contaminated water of 4 and 12 mg·l-1 . Cd was detected in the basal ramets with connection to the apical ramets, suggesting Cd could be translocated due to clonal integration. Clonal integration, most likely through translocation of photosynthates, can support P. paspaloides to spread from terrestrial to Cd-contaminated aquatic habitats. Amphibious clonal plants with a high ability for clonal integration are particularly useful for re-vegetation of degraded aquatic habitats caused by Cd contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-L Luo
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Y-P Xing
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - G-W Wei
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - C-Y Li
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - F-H Yu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Wang P, Alpert P, Yu FH. Clonal integration increases relative competitive ability in an invasive aquatic plant. Am J Bot 2016; 103:2079-2086. [PMID: 27965239 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Physiological integration between connected ramets is well known to increase performance of clonal plant species. However, no direct evidence appears to exist that integration can increase the ability of clonal species to compete with other species within mixed communities. We tested this hypothesis using two floating, invasive, aquatic species in which fragmentation-and thus extent of integration-is likely to vary between habitats and times. METHODS Individual ramets of Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes were grown in monoculture or in mixture, and new stolons bearing new offspring were severed or left intact. After 6 wk, the numbers of offspring and second-generation (2°) offspring produced by each original ramet, or parent, were counted; and the final dry mass of each parent, its stolons, its offspring, and its 2° offspring were measured. KEY RESULTS Fragmentation decreased the relative competitive ability of Pistia, but not that of Eichhornia. This was mainly because Pistia accumulated ∼30% less dry mass of offspring when fragmented and grown with Eichhornia than in other treatments. Offspring of Pistia were smaller than those of Eichhornia in all treatments. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that clonal integration can increase competitive ability in some clonal species. In this case, integration appeared to enable the small offspring of Pistia to compete more effectively with the large offspring of Eichhornia. Lower rates of fragmentation may select for production of more numerous, smaller vegetative offspring in clonal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forest University, Beijing 100083, China
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Peter Alpert
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forest University, Beijing 100083, China
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21
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Abstract
Clonal plants are widespread throughout the plant kingdom and dominate in diverse habitats. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of environment is pervasive at multiple scales, even at scales relevant to individual plants. Clonal integration refers to resource translocation and information communication among the ramets of clonal plants. Due to clonal integration, clonal plant species possess a series of peculiar attributes: plasticity in response to local and non-local conditions, labor division with organ specialization for acquiring locally abundant resources, foraging behavior by selective placement of ramets in resource-rich microhabitats, and avoidance of intraclonal competition. Clonal integration has very profound ecological consequences for clonal plants. It allows them to efficiently cope with environmental heterogeneity, by alleviating local resource shortages, buffering environmental stresses and disturbances, influencing competitive ability, increasing invasiveness, and altering species composition and invasibility at the community level. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of research on the ecological consequences of plant clonal integration based on a large body of literature. We also attempt to propose perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghong Liu
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- National Science Library, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
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22
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Liu F, Liu J, Dong M. Ecological Consequences of Clonal Integration in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:770. [PMID: 27446093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00770/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Clonal plants are widespread throughout the plant kingdom and dominate in diverse habitats. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of environment is pervasive at multiple scales, even at scales relevant to individual plants. Clonal integration refers to resource translocation and information communication among the ramets of clonal plants. Due to clonal integration, clonal plant species possess a series of peculiar attributes: plasticity in response to local and non-local conditions, labor division with organ specialization for acquiring locally abundant resources, foraging behavior by selective placement of ramets in resource-rich microhabitats, and avoidance of intraclonal competition. Clonal integration has very profound ecological consequences for clonal plants. It allows them to efficiently cope with environmental heterogeneity, by alleviating local resource shortages, buffering environmental stresses and disturbances, influencing competitive ability, increasing invasiveness, and altering species composition and invasibility at the community level. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of research on the ecological consequences of plant clonal integration based on a large body of literature. We also attempt to propose perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghong Liu
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; National Science Library, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
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Lechuga-Lago Y, Sixto-Ruiz M, Roiloa SR, González L. Clonal integration facilitates the colonization of drought environments by plant invaders. AoB Plants 2016; 8:plw023. [PMID: 27154623 PMCID: PMC4925925 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasion represents one of the main threats for biodiversity conservation at the global scale. Identifying the mechanisms underlying the process of biological invasions is a crucial objective in the prediction of scenarios of future invasions and the mitigation of their impacts. In this sense, some plant attributes might better explain the success of invasive plant species than others. Recently, clonal growth has been identified as an attribute that could contribute to the invasiveness of plants. In this experiment, we aim to determine the effect of physiological integration (one of the most striking attributes associated with clonal growth) in the performance (at morphological and physiological levels) of the aggressive invader Carpobrotus edulis, when occupying stressful environments. To achieve this objective we performed a greenhouse experiment in which apical ramets of C. edulis were water-stressed and the connection with the basal ramets was either left intact (physiological integration is allowed) or severed (physiological integration is impeded). Our results show that clonal integration allowed apical ramets to buffer drought stress in terms of photochemical activity, and as a consequence, to increase their growth in comparison with severed apical ramets. Interestingly, this increase in biomass was mainly due to the production of aboveground structures, increasing the spread along the soil surface, and consequently having important implications for the colonization success of new environments by this aggressive invader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza Lechuga-Lago
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Marta Sixto-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Sergio R Roiloa
- BioCost Group, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Luís González
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
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Lu HZ, Song L, Liu WY, Xu XL, Hu YH, Shi XM, Li S, Ma WZ, Chang YF, Fan ZX, Lu SG, Wu Y, Yu FH. Survival and Growth of Epiphytic Ferns Depend on Resource Sharing. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:416. [PMID: 27066052 PMCID: PMC4814527 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Locally available resources can be shared within clonal plant systems through physiological integration, thus enhancing their survival and growth. Most epiphytes exhibit clonal growth habit, but few studies have tested effects of physiological integration (resource sharing) on survival and growth of epiphytes and whether such effects vary with species. We conducted two experiments, one on individuals (single ramets) and another on groups (several ramets within a plot), with severed and intact rhizome treatments (without and with physiological integration) on two dominant epiphytic ferns (Polypodiodes subamoena and Lepisorus scolopendrium) in a subtropical montane moist forest in Southwest China. Rhizome severing (preventing integration) significantly reduced ramet survival in the individual experiment and number of surviving ramets in the group experiment, and it also decreased biomass of both species in both experiments. However, the magnitude of such integration effects did not vary significantly between the two species. We conclude that resource sharing may be a general strategy for clonal epiphytes to adapt to forest canopies where resources are limited and heterogeneously distributed in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Liang Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
| | - Wen-Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Yao Liu
| | - Xing-Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
| | - Xian-Meng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Su Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
| | - Wen-Zhang Ma
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Yan-Fen Chang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
| | - Ze-Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
| | - Shu-Gang Lu
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan UniversityKunming, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
- Fei-Hai Yu
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Chen BJW, Vermeulen PJ, During HJ, Anten NPR. Testing for disconnection and distance effects on physiological self-recognition within clonal fragments of Potentilla reptans. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:215. [PMID: 25904925 PMCID: PMC4387473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that belowground self-recognition in clonal plants can be disrupted between sister ramets by the loss of connections or long distances within a genet. However, these results may be confounded by severing connections between ramets in the setups. Using Potentilla reptans, we examined severance effects in a setup that grew ramet pairs with connections either intact or severed. We showed that severance generally reduced new stolon mass but had no effect on root allocation of ramets. However, it did reduce root mass of younger ramets of the pairs. We also explored evidence for physiological self-recognition with another setup that avoided severing connections by manipulating root interactions between closely connected ramets, between remotely connected ramets and between disconnected ramets within one genet. We found that ramets grown with disconnected neighbors had less new stolon mass, similar root mass but higher root allocation as compared to ramets grown with connected neighbors. There was no difference in ramet growth between closely connected- and remotely connected-neighbor treatments. We suggest that severing connections affects ramet interactions by disrupting their physiological integration. Using the second setup, we provide unbiased evidence for physiological self-recognition, while also suggesting that it can persist over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin J. W. Chen
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Vermeulen
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Heinjo J. During
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niels P. R. Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
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Li ZJ, Fan DY, Chen FQ, Yuan QY, Chow WS, Xie ZQ. Physiological integration enhanced the tolerance of Cynodon dactylon to flooding. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2015; 17:459-465. [PMID: 25557716 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many flooding-tolerant species are clonal plants; however, the effects of physiological integration on plant responses to flooding have received limited attention. We hypothesise that flooding can trigger changes in metabolism of carbohydrates and ROS (reactive oxygen species) in clonal plants, and that physiological integration can ameliorate the adverse effects of stress, subsequently restoring the growth of flooded ramets. In the present study, we conducted a factorial experiment combining flooding to apical ramets and stolon severing (preventing physiological integration) between apical and basal ramets of Cynodon dactylon, which is a stoloniferous perennial grass with considerable flooding tolerance. Flooding-induced responses including decreased root biomass, accumulation of soluble sugar and starch, as well as increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in apical ramets. Physiological integration relieved growth inhibition, carbohydrate accumulation and induction of antioxidant enzyme activity in stressed ramets, as expected, without any observable cost in unstressed ramets. We speculate that relief of flooding stress in clonal plants may rely on oxidising power and electron acceptors transferred between ramets through physiological integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang P, Xu YS, Dong BC, Xue W, Yu FH. Effects of clonal fragmentation on intraspecific competition of a stoloniferous floating plant. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2014; 16:1121-6. [PMID: 24661501 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance is common and can fragment clones of plants. Clonal fragmentation may affect the density and growth of ramets so that it could alter intraspecific competition. To test this hypothesis, we grew one (low density), five (medium density) or nine (high density) parent ramets of the floating invasive plant Pistia stratiotes in buckets, and newly produced offspring ramets were either severed (with fragmentation) or remained connected to parent ramets (no fragmentation). Increasing density reduced biomass of the whole clone (i.e. parent ramet plus its offspring ramets), showing intense intraspecific competition. Fragmentation decreased biomass of offspring ramets, but increased biomass of parent ramets and the whole clone, suggesting significant resource translocation from parent to offspring ramets when clones were not fragmented. There was no interaction effect of density x fragmentation on biomass of the whole clone, and fragmentation did not affect competition intensity index. We conclude that clonal fragmentation does not alter intraspecific competition between clones of P. stratiotes, but increases biomass production of the whole clone. Thus, fragmentation may contribute to its interspecific competitive ability and invasiveness, and intentional fragmentation should not be recommended as a measure to stop the rapid growth of this invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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28
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Oborny B, Hubai AG. Patch size and distance: modelling habitat structure from the perspective of clonal growth. Ann Bot 2014; 114:389-98. [PMID: 24942002 PMCID: PMC4217637 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study considers the spatial structure of patchy habitats from the perspective of plants that forage for resources by clonal growth. Modelling is used in order to compare two basic strategies, which differ in the response of the plant to a patch boundary. The 'avoiding plant' (A) never grows out of a good (resource-rich) patch into a bad (resource-poor) region, because the parent ramet withdraws its subsidy from the offspring. The 'entering plant' (E) always crosses the boundary, as the offspring is subsidized at the expense of the parent. In addition to these two extreme scenarios, an intermediate mixed strategy (M) will also be tested. The model is used to compare the efficiency of foraging in various habitats in which the proportion of resource-rich areas (p) is varied. METHODS A stochastic cellular automata (CA) model is developed in which habitat space is represented by a honeycomb lattice. Each cell within the lattice can accommodate a single ramet, and colonization can occur from a parent ramet's cell into six neighbouring cells. The CA consists of two layers: the population layer and the habitat. In the population layer, a cell can be empty or occupied by a ramet; in the habitat layer, a cell can be good (resource-rich) or bad (resource-poor). The habitat layer is constant; the population layer changes over time, according to the birth and death of ramets. KEY RESULTS Strategies M and E are primarily limited by patch distance, whereas A is more sensitive to patch size. At a critical threshold of the proportion of resource-rich areas, p = 0·5, the mean patch size increases abruptly. Below the threshold, E is more efficient than A, whilst above the threshold the opposite is true. The mixed strategy (M) is more efficient than either of the pure strategies across a broad range of p values. CONCLUSIONS The model predicts more species/genotypes with the 'entering' strategy, E, in habitats where resource-rich patches are scattered, and more plants with the 'avoiding' strategy, A, in habitats where the connectivity of resource-rich patches is high. The results suggest that the degree of physiological integration between a parent and an offspring ramet is important even across a very short distance because it can strongly influence the efficiency of foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Oborny
- Department of Plant Taxonomy, Ecology, and Theoretical Biology, Loránd Eötvös University, 1/C Pázmány Péter stny., Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Andras G Hubai
- Department of Plant Taxonomy, Ecology, and Theoretical Biology, Loránd Eötvös University, 1/C Pázmány Péter stny., Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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Luo FL, Chen Y, Huang L, Wang A, Zhang MX, Yu FH. Shifting effects of physiological integration on performance of a clonal plant during submergence and de-submergence. Ann Bot 2014; 113:1265-74. [PMID: 24723445 PMCID: PMC4030817 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Submergence and de-submergence are common phenomena encountered by riparian plants due to water level fluctuations, but little is known about the role of physiological integration in clonal plants (resource sharing between interconnected ramets) in their adaptation to such events. Using Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) as an example, this study tested the hypotheses that physiological integration will improve growth and photosynthetic capacity of submerged ramets during submergence and will promote their recovery following de-submergence. METHODS Connected clones of A. philoxeroides, each consisting of two ramet systems and a stolon internode connecting them, were grown under control (both ramet systems untreated), half-submerged (one ramet system submerged and the other not submerged), fully submerged (both ramet systems submerged), half-shaded (one ramet system shaded and the other not shaded) and full-shaded (both ramet systems shaded) conditions for 30 d and then de-submerged/de-shaded for 20 d. The submerged plants were also shaded to very low light intensities, mimicking typical conditions in turbid floodwater. KEY RESULTS After 30 d of submergence, connections between submerged and non-submerged ramets significantly increased growth and carbohydrate accumulation of the submerged ramets, but decreased the growth of the non-submerged ramets. After 20 d of de-submergence, connections did not significantly affect the growth of either de-submerged or non-submerged ramets, but de-submerged ramets had high soluble sugar concentrations, suggesting high metabolic activities. The shift from significant effects of integration on both submerged and non-submerged ramets during the submergence period to little effect during the de-submergence period was due to the quick recovery of growth and photosynthesis. The effects of physiological integration were not found to be any stronger under submergence/de-submergence than under shading/de-shading. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that it is not just the beneficial effects of physiological integration that are crucial to the survival of riparian clonal plants during periods of submergence, but also the ability to recover growth and photosynthesis rapidly after de-submergence, which thus allows them to spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Li Luo
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Huang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ao Wang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang N, Yu FH, Li PX, He WM, Liu FH, Liu JM, Dong M. Clonal integration affects growth, photosynthetic efficiency and biomass allocation, but not the competitive ability, of the alien invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides under severe stress. Ann Bot 2008; 101:671-8. [PMID: 18250108 PMCID: PMC2710179 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many notorious alien invasive plants are clonal, but little is known about some roles and aspects of clonal integration. Here, the hypothesis is tested that clonal integration affects growth, photosynthetic efficiency, biomass allocation and competitive ability of the exotic invasive weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae). METHODS The apical parts of Alternanthera were grown either with or without the lawn grass Schedonorus phoenix (tall fescue) and their stolon connections to the basal parts grown without competitors were either severed or left intact. KEY RESULTS Competition greatly reduced the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F(v)/F(m)) and growth (biomass, number of ramets and leaves, total stolon length and total leaf area) of the apical Alternanthera, but not the biomass of S. phoenix. Stolon connections significantly increased F(v)/F(m) and growth of Alternanthera. However, such effects on growth were smaller with than without competition and stolon connections did not alter the relative neighbour effect of Alternanthera. Stolon connections increased Alternanthera's biomass allocation to roots without competition, but decreased it with competition. CONCLUSIONS Clonal integration contributed little to Alternanthera's competitive ability, but was very important for Alternanthera to explore open space. The results suggest that the invasiveness of Alternanthera may be closely related to clonal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ping-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Feng-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ji-Ming Liu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Abstract
Plant defense theory suggests that inducible resistance has evolved to reduce the costs of constitutive defense expression. To assess the functional and potentially adaptive value of induced resistance it is necessary to quantify the costs and benefits associated with this plastic response. The ecological and evolutionary viability of induced defenses ultimately depends on the long-term balance between advantageous and disadvantageous consequences of defense induction. Stoloniferous plants can use their inter-ramet connections to share resources and signals and to systemically activate defense expression after local herbivory. This network-specific early-warning system may confer clonal plants with potentially high benefits. However, systemic defense induction can also be costly if local herbivory is not followed by a subsequent attack on connected ramets. We found significant costs and benefits of systemic induced resistance by comparing growth and performance of induced and control plants of the stoloniferous herb Trifolium repens in the presence and absence of herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Department of Ecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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ROILOA SR, RETUERTO R. Small-scale heterogeneity in soil quality influences photosynthetic efficiency and habitat selection in a clonal plant. Ann Bot 2006; 98:1043-52. [PMID: 16987921 PMCID: PMC2803599 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In clonal plants, internode connections allow translocation of photosynthates, water, nutrients and other substances among ramets. Clonal plants form large systems that are likely to experience small-scale spatial heterogeneity. Physiological and morphological responses of Fragaria vesca to small-scale heterogeneity in soil quality were investigated, together with how such heterogeneity influences the placement of ramets. As a result of their own activities plants may modify the suitability of their habitats over time. However, most experiments on habitat selection by clonal plants have not generally considered time as an important variable. In the present study, how the foraging behaviour of clonal plants may change over time was also investigated. METHODS In a complex of environments with different heterogeneity, plant performance was determined in terms of biomass, ramet production and photosynthetic activity. To identify habitat selection, the number of ramets produced and patch where they rooted were monitored. KEY RESULTS Parent ramets in heterogeneous environments showed significantly higher maximum and effective quantum yields of photosystem II than parents in homogeneous environments. Parents in heterogeneous environments also showed significantly higher investment in photosynthetic biomass and stolon/total biomass, produced longer stolons, and had higher mean leaf size than parents in homogeneous environments. Total biomass and number of offspring ramets were similar in both environments. However, plants in homogeneous environments showed random allocation of offspring ramets to surrounding patches, whereas plants in heterogeneous environments showed preferential allocation of offspring to higher-quality patches. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that F. vesca employs physiological and morphological strategies to enable efficient resource foraging in heterogeneous environments and demonstrate the benefits of physiological integration in terms of photosynthetic efficiency. The findings indicate that short-term responses cannot be directly extrapolated to the longer term principally because preferential colonization of high-quality patches means that these patches eventually show reduced quality. This highlights the importance of considering the time factor in experiments examining responses of clonal plants to heterogeneity.
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Saitoh T, Seiwa K, Nishiwaki A. Effects of resource heterogeneity on nitrogen translocation within clonal fragments of Sasa palmata: an isotopic (15N) assessment. Ann Bot 2006; 98:657-63. [PMID: 16845138 PMCID: PMC3292057 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Clonal fragments of the rhizomatous dwarf bamboo Sasa palmata, which widely predominates in temperate regions of Japan, were grown under heterogeneous resource conditions such as gap understories or nutrient-patchy grassland. Clonal fragments develop multiple ramets with long rhizomes and appear to be physiologically integrated by the translocation of assimilates. The glasshouse experiment reported here was designed to clarify the mechanisms of physiological integration of nitrogen more precisely. METHODS To assess how resource conditions influence the amount of nitrogen translocation, and which organ acts as the strongest sink, two experiments were conducted that traced movement of 15N label between interconnected pairs of ramets to compare homogeneous and heterogeneous light and soil nitrogen conditions. KEY RESULTS The amount of 15N translocated to leaves was between 9% and 11% greater in high-N and high-light ramets in the heterogeneous compared with homogeneous treatments. Under heterogeneous soil nitrogen conditions, translocation increased from individual ramets in resource-rich patches to ramets in resource-poor patches, while the reverse was true under heterogeneous light environments, reflecting differences in the positions of leaves that act as the strongest sinks. Neither the mass increments nor the total mass of clonal fragments was significantly affected by heterogeneity of either light or nutrients, possibly because the experimental period was too short for differences to manifest themselves. CONCLUSIONS This study clearly demonstrated that nitrogen is readily translocated between ramets, particularly under heterogeneous resource conditions. The translocation patterns were governed by functional 'division of labour' mechanisms that resulted in net nitrogen movement from understory sites to gaps, thereby enhancing the carbon acquisition of the whole fragment. Thus, physiological integration may provide benefits for S. palmata when it is growing under heterogeneous conditions in which there are deficits of certain environmental resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Saitoh
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology, Department of Biodiversity Science, Tohoku University, Narugo, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.
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Abstract
This review reports on the processes associated with costs of reproduction, including some theoretical considerations, definitions and methodological aspects, followed by a list of the situations where costs are difficult to find. Despite some exceptions, case studies, examined by trade-offs between reproduction and other life-history traits, generally support the predictions of the cost of reproduction hypothesis. The cost of reproduction as an evolutionary determinant of sexual dimorphism in life history traits in dioecious species was specifically tested, considering that the higher cost of reproduction in females has driven the life history traits related to sexual dimorphism. Females of woody dioecious species were consistently smaller than males supporting the costs of reproduction hypothesis. By contrast, females of herbaceous perennials were generally the larger sex, which did not fit the expectations of the hypothesis. Finally, the mechanisms that enable the compensation of the reproductive costs are detailed, including the plastic responses of photosynthesis and growth, the effects of the timing of investment, plant architecture and plant physiological integration. Contents Summary 321 I. Introduction 321 II. Theory on costs of reproduction 322 III. Methodological aspects 324 IV. Empirical evidence 328 V. Plant size and costs of reproduction 330 VI. Costs of reproduction in sexually dimorphic plants 331 VII. Compensation of the costs 333 VIII. Concluding comments and future perspectives 336 Acknowledgements 337 References 337.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Obeso
- Ecology unit, Departamento Biología Organismos & Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
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