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Sims RR, Bendifallah I, Grimm C, Mohamed-Lafirdeen A, Lu X, St-Pierre F, Papagiakoumou E, Emiliani V. Scanless two-photon voltage imaging. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2412371. [PMID: 36747617 PMCID: PMC9900978 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2412371/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parallel light-sculpting methods have been used to perform scanless two-photon photostimulation of multiple neurons simultaneously during all-optical neurophysiology experiments. We demonstrate that scanless two-photon excitation also enables high-resolution, high-contrast, voltage imaging by efficiently exciting fluorescence in a large fraction of the cellular soma. We present a thorough characterisation of scanless two-photon voltage imaging using existing parallel approaches and lasers with different repetition rates. We demonstrate voltage recordings of high frequency spike trains and sub-threshold depolarizations in intact brain tissue from neurons expressing the soma-targeted genetically encoded voltage indicator JEDI-2P-kv. Using a low repetition-rate laser, we perform recordings from up to ten neurons simultaneously. Finally, by co-expressing JEDI-2P-kv and the channelrhodopsin ChroME-ST in neurons of hippocampal organotypic slices, we perform single-beam, simultaneous, two-photon voltage imaging and photostimulation. This enables in-situ validation of the precise number and timing of light evoked action potentials and will pave the way for rapid and scalable identification of functional brain connections in intact neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R. Sims
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Imane Bendifallah
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Christiane Grimm
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - François St-Pierre
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Valentina Emiliani
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
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Spampinato GLB, Ronzitti E, Zampini V, Ferrari U, Trapani F, Khabou H, Agraval A, Dalkara D, Picaud S, Papagiakoumou E, Marre O, Emiliani V. All-optical inter-layers functional connectivity investigation in the mouse retina. Cell Rep Methods 2022; 2:100268. [PMID: 36046629 PMCID: PMC9421538 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We developed a multi-unit microscope for all-optical inter-layers circuits interrogation. The system performs two-photon (2P) functional imaging and 2P multiplexed holographic optogenetics at axially distinct planes. We demonstrated the capability of the system to map, in the mouse retina, the functional connectivity between rod bipolar cells (RBCs) and ganglion cells (GCs) by activating single or defined groups of RBCs while recording the evoked response in the GC layer with cell-type specificity and single-cell resolution. We then used a logistic model to probe the functional connectivity between cell types by deriving the "cellular receptive field" describing how RBCs impact each GC type. With the capability to simultaneously image and control neuronal activity at axially distinct planes, the system enables a precise interrogation of multi-layered circuits. Understanding this information transfer is a promising avenue to dissect complex neural circuits and understand the neural basis of computations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emiliano Ronzitti
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Valeria Zampini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Ulisse Ferrari
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Francesco Trapani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Hanen Khabou
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Marre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
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Rowlands CJ, Bruns OT, Franke D, Fukamura D, Jain RK, Bawendi MG, So PTC. Increasing the penetration depth of temporal focusing multiphoton microscopy for neurobiological applications. J Phys D Appl Phys 2019; 52:264001. [PMID: 33191950 PMCID: PMC7655118 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab16b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The first ever demonstration of temporal focusing with short wave infrared (SWIR) excitation and emission is demonstrated, achieving a penetration depth of 500 µm in brain tissue. This is substantially deeper than the highest previously-reported values for temporal focusing imaging in brain tissue, and demonstrates the value of these optimized wavelengths for neurobiological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Franke
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Dai Fukamura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory for Tumour Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory for Tumour Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Peter T C So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Chen IW, Ronzitti E, Lee BR, Daigle TL, Dalkara D, Zeng H, Emiliani V, Papagiakoumou E. In Vivo Submillisecond Two-Photon Optogenetics with Temporally Focused Patterned Light. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3484-97. [PMID: 30833505 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1785-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To better examine circuit mechanisms underlying perception and behavior, researchers need tools to enable temporally precise control of action-potential generation of individual cells from neuronal ensembles. Here we demonstrate that such precision can be achieved with two-photon (2P) temporally focused computer-generated holography to control neuronal excitability at the supragranular layers of anesthetized and awake visual cortex in both male and female mice. Using 2P-guided whole-cell or cell-attached recordings in positive neurons expressing any of the three opsins ReaChR, CoChR, or ChrimsonR, we investigated the dependence of spiking activity on the opsin's channel kinetics. We found that in all cases the use of brief illumination (≤10 ms) induces spikes of millisecond temporal resolution and submillisecond precision, which were preserved upon repetitive illuminations up to tens of hertz. To reach high temporal precision, we used a large illumination spot covering the entire cell body and an amplified laser at high peak power and low excitation intensity (on average ≤0.2 mW/μm2), thus minimizing the risk for nonlinear photodamage effects. Finally, by combining 2P holographic excitation with electrophysiological recordings and calcium imaging using GCaMP6s, we investigated the factors, including illumination shape and intensity, opsin distribution in the target cell, and cell morphology, which affect the spatial selectivity of single-cell and multicell holographic activation. Parallel optical control of neuronal activity with cellular resolution and millisecond temporal precision should make it easier to investigate neuronal connections and find further links between connectivity, microcircuit dynamics, and brain functions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent developments in the field of optogenetics has enabled researchers to probe the neuronal microcircuit with light by optically actuating genetically encoded light-sensitive opsins expressed in the target cells. Here, we applied holographic light shaping and temporal focusing to simultaneously deliver axially confined holographic patterns to opsin-positive cells in the living mouse cortex. Parallel illumination efficiently induced action potentials with high temporal resolution and precision for three opsins of different kinetics. We extended the parallel optogenetic activation at low intensity to multiple neurons and concurrently monitored their calcium dynamics. These results demonstrate fast and temporally precise in vivo control of a neuronal subpopulation, opening new opportunities for revealing circuit mechanisms underlying brain functions.
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Rowlands CJ, Park D, Bruns OT, Piatkevich KD, Fukumura D, Jain RK, Bawendi MG, Boyden ES, So PTC. Wide-field three-photon excitation in biological samples. Light Sci Appl 2017; 6:e16255. [PMID: 29152380 PMCID: PMC5687557 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Three-photon wide-field depth-resolved excitation is used to overcome some of the limitations in conventional point-scanning two- and three-photon microscopy. Excitation of chromophores as diverse as channelrhodopsins and quantum dots is shown, and a penetration depth of more than 700 μm into fixed scattering brain tissue is achieved, approximately twice as deep as that achieved using two-photon wide-field excitation. Compatibility with live animal experiments is confirmed by imaging the cerebral vasculature of an anesthetized mouse; a complete focal stack was obtained without any evidence of photodamage. As an additional validation of the utility of wide-field three-photon excitation, functional excitation is demonstrated by performing three-photon optogenetic stimulation of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin; action potentials could reliably be excited without causing photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rowlands
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Demian Park
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kiryl D Piatkevich
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute and MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Peter TC So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Park JK, Rowlands CJ, So PTC. Enhanced Axial Resolution of Wide-Field Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy by Line Scanning Using a Digital Micromirror Device. Micromachines (Basel) 2017; 8:85. [PMID: 29387484 DOI: 10.3390/mi8030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Temporal focusing multiphoton microscopy is a technique for performing highly parallelized multiphoton microscopy while still maintaining depth discrimination. While the conventional wide-field configuration for temporal focusing suffers from sub-optimal axial resolution, line scanning temporal focusing, implemented here using a digital micromirror device (DMD), can provide substantial improvement. The DMD-based line scanning temporal focusing technique dynamically trades off the degree of parallelization, and hence imaging speed, for axial resolution, allowing performance parameters to be adapted to the experimental requirements. We demonstrate this new instrument in calibration specimens and in biological specimens, including a mouse kidney slice.
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Paluch-Siegler S, Mayblum T, Dana H, Brosh I, Gefen I, Shoham S. All-optical bidirectional neural interfacing using hybrid multiphoton holographic optogenetic stimulation. Neurophotonics 2015; 2:031208. [PMID: 26217673 PMCID: PMC4512959 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.2.3.031208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of neural information processing could potentially be advanced by combining flexible three-dimensional (3-D) neuroimaging and stimulation. Recent developments in optogenetics suggest that neurophotonic approaches are in principle highly suited for noncontact stimulation of network activity patterns. In particular, two-photon holographic optical neural stimulation (2P-HONS) has emerged as a leading approach for multisite 3-D excitation, and combining it with temporal focusing (TF) further enables axially confined yet spatially extended light patterns. Here, we study key steps toward bidirectional cell-targeted 3-D interfacing by introducing and testing a hybrid new 2P-TF-HONS stimulation path for accurate parallel optogenetic excitation into a recently developed hybrid multiphoton 3-D imaging system. The system is shown to allow targeted all-optical probing of in vitro cortical networks expressing channelrhodopsin-2 using a regeneratively amplified femtosecond laser source tuned to 905 nm. These developments further advance a prospective new tool for studying and achieving distributed control over 3-D neuronal circuits both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Paluch-Siegler
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion City, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Tom Mayblum
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion City, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Hod Dana
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Inbar Brosh
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion City, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Inna Gefen
- Ruppin Academic Center, School of Engineering, Medical Engineering, Emeq Hefer 4025000, Israel
- Address all correspondence to: Inna Gefen, E-mail: ; Shy Shoham, E-mail:
| | - Shy Shoham
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion City, Haifa 3200000, Israel
- Address all correspondence to: Inna Gefen, E-mail: ; Shy Shoham, E-mail:
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Abstract
A method for selectively inducing apoptosis in tumor nodules is presented, with close-to-cellular level resolution, using 3D-resolved widefield temporal focusing illumination. Treatment times on the order of seconds were achieved using Verteporfin as the photosensitizer, with doses of 30 μg ml-1 and below. Results were achieved on both 2D and 3D cell cultures, demonstrating that treatment was possible through approximately one hundred microns of dense tumor nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rowlands
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jackie Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sebastien G M Uzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Klein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter T C So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Abstract
Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF), when combined with nonlinear microscopy, can improve the axial excitation confinement of wide-field and line-scanning imaging. Because two-photon excited fluorescence depends inversely on the pulse width of the excitation beam, SSTF decreases the background excitation of the sample outside of the focal volume by broadening the pulse width everywhere but at the geometric focus of the objective lens. This review theoretically describes the beam propagation within the sample using Fresnel diffraction in the frequency domain, deriving an analytical expression for the pulse evolution. SSTF can scan the temporal focal plane axially by adjusting the GVD in the excitation beam path. We theoretically define the axial confinement for line-scanning SSTF imaging using a time-domain understanding and conclude that line-scanning SSTF is similar to the temporally-decorrelated multifocal multiphoton imaging technique. Recent experiments on the temporal focusing effect and its axial confinement, as well as the axial scanning of the temporal focus by tuning the GVD, are presented. We further discuss this technique for axial-scanning multiphoton fluorescence fiber probes without any moving parts at the distal end. The temporal focusing effect in SSTF essentially replaces the focusing of one spatial dimension in conventional wide-field and line-scanning imaging. Although the best axial confinement achieved by SSTF cannot surpass that of a regular point-scanning system, this trade-off between spatial and temporal focusing can provide significant advantages in applications such as high-speed imaging and remote axial scanning in an endoscopic fiber probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Durst
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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