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Farhat LC, Flores JM, Avila-Quintero VJ, Polanczyk GV, Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Bloch MH, Cortese S. Treatment Outcomes With Licensed and Unlicensed Stimulant Doses for Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81:157-166. [PMID: 37878348 PMCID: PMC10600727 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Importance Stimulants (methylphenidate and amphetamines) are often prescribed at unlicensed doses for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Whether dose escalation beyond US Food and Drug Administration recommendations is associated with positive risk benefits is unclear. Objective To investigate the impact, based on averages, of stimulant doses on treatment outcomes in adults with ADHD and to determine, based on averages, whether unlicensed doses are associated with positive risk benefits compared with licensed doses. Data Sources Twelve databases, including published (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Sciences) and unpublished (ClinicalTrials.gov) literature, up to February 22, 2023, without language restrictions. Study Selection Two researchers independently screened records to identify double-blinded randomized clinical trials of stimulants against placebo in adults (18 years and older) with ADHD. Data Extraction and Synthesis Aggregate data were extracted and synthesized in random-effects dose-response meta-analyses and network meta-analyses. Main Outcome Measures Change in ADHD symptoms and discontinuations due to adverse events. Results A total of 47 randomized clinical trials (7714 participants; mean age, 35 (SD, 11) years; 4204 male [56%]) were included. For methylphenidate, dose-response curves indicated additional reductions of symptoms with increments in doses, but the gains were progressively smaller and accompanied by continued additional risk of adverse events dropouts. Network meta-analyses showed that unlicensed doses were associated with greater reductions of symptoms compared with licensed doses (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.23; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.02; very low certainty of evidence), but the additional gain was small and accompanied by increased risk of adverse event dropouts (odds ratio, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.19-3.43; moderate certainty of evidence). For amphetamines, the dose-response curve approached a plateau and increments in doses did not indicate additional reductions of symptoms, but there were continued increments in the risk of adverse event dropouts. Network meta-analysis did not identify differences between unlicensed and licensed doses for reductions of symptoms (SMD, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.08; very low certainty of evidence). Conclusions and Relevance Based on group averages, unlicensed doses of stimulants may not have positive risk benefits compared with licensed doses for adults with ADHD. In general, practitioners should consider unlicensed doses cautiously. Practitioners may trial unlicensed doses if needed and tolerated but should be aware that there may not be large gains in the response to the medication with those further increments in dose. However, the findings are averages and will not generalize to every patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C. Farhat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M. Flores
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Guilherme V. Polanczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cipriani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Toshi A. Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/ School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael H. Bloch
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Center for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Bakouni H, Sharafi H, Bahremand A, Drouin S, Ziegler D, Bach P, Le Foll B, Schütz CG, Tardelli V, Ezard N, Siefried K, Jutras-Aswad D. Bupropion for treatment of amphetamine-type stimulant use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 253:111018. [PMID: 37979478 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-analysis (PROSPERO-ID: CRD42022362962), pooled effect estimates of outcomes, from placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials (RCTs) examining bupropion efficacy and safety for amphetamine-type stimulant use disorder (ATSUD) treatment. METHOD Electronic databases were searched for records published to October 31st, 2022, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EBM Reviews, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, trial registries. Inclusion criteria were RCTs comparing bupropion to placebo in ATSUD. Cochrane RoB2 tool and GRADE evidence certainty assessment were employed. Outcomes included amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use by urinalysis, retention in treatment, treatment adherence, ATS craving, addiction severity, depressive symptom severity, drop-out following adverse events (AEs), and serious AEs. Random-effect meta-analysis was conducted presenting standardized mean difference (SMD), risk ratio (RR), and risk difference (RD). RESULTS Eight RCTs (total N=1239 participants) were included. Bupropion compared to placebo was associated with reduced ATS use (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.96), end-of-treatment ATS craving (SMD: -0.38; 95%CI: -0.63, -0.13), and adherence (RR: 0.91; 95%CI: 0.84, 0.99). Subgroup analysis showed greater reduction in ATS use with longer trial duration (12 weeks) (RR: 0.85; 95%CI: 0.78, 0.93) and greater reduction in end-of-treatment ATS craving in studies with mixed ATS use frequency (SMD: -0.46; 95%CI: -0.70, -0.22) and male-only samples (SMD: -1.26; 95%CI: -1.87, -0.65). CONCLUSION Bupropion showed a significant modest reduction in ATS use and ATS craving (both rated as very low-quality evidence), larger in males (craving), and with longer treatment (ATS use). These results may inform future studies. More research is warranted on who might benefit from bupropion as ATSUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Bakouni
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Heidar Sharafi
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Arash Bahremand
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Drouin
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniela Ziegler
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paxton Bach
- University of British Columbia, Department of Medicine; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian G Schütz
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Service Authority, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vitor Tardelli
- Translational Addictions Research Lab (TARL), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadine Ezard
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney Alcohol and Drug Service, Darlinghurst, Australia; The National Centre for Clinical Research on Emerging Drugs (NCCRED), The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
| | - Krista Siefried
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney Alcohol and Drug Service, Darlinghurst, Australia; The National Centre for Clinical Research on Emerging Drugs (NCCRED), The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
| | - Didier Jutras-Aswad
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Brynte C, Konstenius M, Khemiri L, Bäcker A, Guterstam J, Levin FR, Jayaram-Lindström N, Franck J. The Effect of Methylphenidate on Cognition in Patients with Comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Amphetamine Use Disorder: An Exploratory Single-Blinded within-Subject Study. Eur Addict Res 2023; 30:1-13. [PMID: 38029734 DOI: 10.1159/000535016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with poor treatment outcomes. Two randomized controlled trials, utilizing robust doses of stimulants, demonstrated a significant effect on treatment outcomes in patients with ADHD/SUD. This study aimed to investigate differences in executive functioning and explore the dose-dependent effect of OROS-methylphenidate (MPH) in patients with comorbid ADHD and amphetamine use disorder (ADHD+AMPH) and patients with ADHD only. METHODS Three groups (ADHD+AMPH, ADHD only, and healthy controls) were assessed repeatedly with a neuropsychological test battery. An exploratory within-subject single-blinded design was employed where the ADHD only group received a maximum dose of 72 mg OROS-MPH, the ADHD+AMPH group a maximum dose of 180 mg, whereas the healthy subjects did not receive any study medication. Both ADHD groups received the same dose titration up to 72 mg OROS-MPH. RESULTS The ADHD+AMPH group demonstrated a significantly poorer motor inhibition and spatial working memory and reported more severe ADHD symptoms compared to the ADHD only group. 180 mg OROS-MPH was associated with a significant improvement in executive functioning in the dual diagnosis group. However, the exploratory study design and recruitment issues do not allow for any conclusion to be drawn regarding the effect of 180 mg OROS-MPH. CONCLUSION Patients with ADHD+AMPH present with more severe neurocognitive deficits compared to ADHD only. The effect of 180 mg OROS-MPH on cognition in patients with ADHD+AMPH was inconclusive. Future studies should consider recruitment issues and high drop-out rates in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Brynte
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maija Konstenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotfi Khemiri
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amanda Bäcker
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joar Guterstam
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frances R Levin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nitya Jayaram-Lindström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Franck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chong TTJ, Fortunato E, Bellgrove MA. Amphetamines Improve the Motivation to Invest Effort in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6898-6908. [PMID: 37666665 PMCID: PMC10573750 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0982-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevailing frameworks propose that a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is lower motivation. An important component of motivation is the willingness to engage in cognitively or physically effortful behavior. However, the degree to which effort sensitivity is impaired in ADHD has rarely been tested, and the efficacy of stimulant medication in ameliorating any such impairments is unclear. Here, we tested 20 individuals with ADHD (11 males, 9 females) who were managed with amphetamine-based medication (dexamfetamine, lisdexamfetamine), and 24 controls (8 males, 16 females). Individuals with ADHD were tested over two counterbalanced sessions, ON and OFF their usual amphetamine-based medication. In each session, participants performed an effort-based decision-making task, in which they were required to choose how much cognitive or physical effort they were willing to engage in return for reward. Our results revealed three main findings. First, individuals with ADHD had lower motivation relative to controls to invest effort in both the cognitive and physical domains. Second, amphetamine increased motivation uniformly across both domains. Finally, the net effect of amphetamine treatment was to mostly restore motivation across both domains of effort relative to healthy controls. These data provide clear evidence for a heightened sensitivity to both cognitive and physical effort in ADHD, and reveal the efficacy of amphetamine-based drugs in restoring effort sensitivity to levels similar to controls. These findings confirm the existence of reduced motivational drive in ADHD, and more broadly provide direct causal evidence for a domain-general role of catecholamines in motivating effortful behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A core feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to be a heightened aversion to effort. Surprisingly, however, the degree to which effort sensitivity is impaired in ADHD has rarely been tested. More broadly, the relative efficacy of catecholamines in motivating the investment of cognitive and physical effort is unclear. We tested 20 individuals with ADHD ON and OFF amphetamines, and compared their behavior on an effort-based decision-making task to 24 controls. When tested OFF medication, the ADHD group was less cognitively and physically motivated than controls. However, amphetamines led to a comparable increase in motivation across both domains. This demonstrates the efficacy of catecholamines in facilitating domain-general effort, and highlights the broader potential of such drugs to treat disorders of motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor T-J Chong
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Erika Fortunato
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Tardelli V, Xu KY, Bisaga A, Levin FR, Fidalgo TM, Grucza RA. Prescription amphetamines in people with opioid use disorder and co-occurring psychostimulant use disorder initiating buprenorphine: an analysis of treatment retention and overdose risk. BMJ Ment Health 2023; 26:e300728. [PMID: 37500184 PMCID: PMC10387656 DOI: 10.1136/bmjment-2023-300728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently diagnosed in patients with substance use disorders (SUDs), including opioids. There remains concern about the safety and efficacy of prescription amphetamines (PAs) and their impact on effectiveness of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment with buprenorphine. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of PAs on OUD buprenorphine treatment retention and/or SUD-related emergency admission or drug-related poisonings. METHODS We used a retrospective cohort design with a secondary analysis of data from Merative MarketScan Commercial and Multi-State Medicaid Databases from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2016. Individuals included were aged 12-64 years, had an OUD diagnosis and were prescribed buprenorphine. Our analysis used multivariable Cox regression to evaluate the relationship between PA receipt and time to buprenorphine discontinuation. The second part focused on subsamples of buprenorphine initiators who had either (1) any SUD-related emergency admissions or (2) drug-related poisoning. These outcomes were modelled as a function of PA exposure using conditional logistic regression models as part of a within-person, case-crossover design. FINDINGS Our sample had 90 269 patients with OUD (mean age 34.2 years (SD=11.3)) who initiated buprenorphine. Being prescribed a PA was associated with improved buprenorphine retention among individuals both with (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.91 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.97)) and without a concurrent psychostimulant use disorder (PSUD) (aHR 0.92 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.93)). CONCLUSIONS PA use was associated with improved buprenorphine retention in people with OUD with and without co-occurring PSUD. The risks of acute SUD-related events and drug-related poisonings associated with PA use did not differ when comparing PA-using days with days without PA use. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Patients with OUD on buprenorphine should receive treatment with a PA when indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Tardelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Addictions Research Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatr, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Y Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adam Bisaga
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
- Division of Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Frances R Levin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Thiago M Fidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard A Grucza
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Health and Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Bang Madsen K, Robakis TK, Liu X, Momen N, Larsson H, Dreier JW, Kildegaard H, Groth JB, Newcorn JH, Hove Thomsen P, Munk-Olsen T, Bergink V. In utero exposure to ADHD medication and long-term offspring outcomes. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1739-1746. [PMID: 36759544 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) medication is increasingly being used during pregnancy. Concerns have been raised as to whether ADHD medication has long-term adverse effects on the offspring. The authors investigated whether in utero exposure to ADHD medication was associated with adverse long-term neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in offspring. The population-based cohort study in the Danish national registers included 1,068,073 liveborn singletons from 1998 to 2015 followed until any developmental diagnosis, death, emigration, or December 31, 2018. Children of mothers who continued ADHD medication (methylphenidate, amphetamine, dexamphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, modafinil, atomoxetine, clonidine) during pregnancy and children of mothers who discontinued ADHD medication before pregnancy were compared using Cox regression. Main outcomes were neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, impairments in vision or hearing, epilepsy, seizures, or growth impairment during childhood or adolescence. In total, 898 children were exposed to ADHD medication during pregnancy compared to 1270 children whose mothers discontinued ADHD medication before pregnancy. After adjustment for demographic and psychiatric characteristics of the mother, no increased risk of any offspring developmental disorders was found combined (aHR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.17) or for separate subcategories. Similarly, no increased risk was found for any sub-categories of outcomes in the negative control or sibling controlled analyses. Neurodevelopment and growth in offspring do not differ based on antenatal exposure to ADHD medication. These findings provide reassurance for women with ADHD who depend on ADHD medication for daily functioning and who consider continuing medication in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Bang Madsen
- NCRR - National Centre for Register-based Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Thalia K Robakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- NCRR - National Centre for Register-based Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Natalie Momen
- NCRR - National Centre for Register-based Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Larsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Werenberg Dreier
- NCRR - National Centre for Register-based Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helene Kildegaard
- Hans Christian Andersen's Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Bjerg Groth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Audiology, Zealand University Hospital, Universty of Copenhagen, Køge, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey H Newcorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Per Hove Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Research Center at the Department for Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Trine Munk-Olsen
- NCRR - National Centre for Register-based Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Research Unit of Psychiatry, Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Veerle Bergink
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Elabi OF, Pass R, Sormonta I, Nolbrant S, Drummond N, Kirkeby A, Kunath T, Parmar M, Lane EL. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Grafts Alleviate L-DOPA Induced Dyskinesia. J Parkinsons Dis 2022; 12:1881-1896. [PMID: 35466951 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First-in-human studies to test the efficacy and safety of human embryonic stem cells (hESC)-derived dopaminergic cells in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are imminent. Pre-clinical studies using hESC-derived dopamine neuron transplants in rat models have indicated that the benefits parallel those shown with fetal tissue but have thus far failed to consider how ongoing L-DOPA administration might impact on the graft. OBJECTIVE To determine whether L-DOPA impacts on survival and functional recovery following grafting of hESC-derived dopaminergic neurons. METHODS Unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned rats were administered with either saline or L-DOPA prior to, and for 18 weeks following surgical implantation of dopaminergic neural progenitors derived from RC17 hESCs according to two distinct protocols in independent laboratories. RESULTS Grafts from both protocols elicited reduction in amphetamine-induced rotations. Reduced L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia preceded the improvement in amphetamine-induced rotations. Furthermore, L-DOPA had no effect on overall survival (HuNu) or dopaminergic neuron content of the graft (TH positive cells) but did lead to an increase in the number of GIRK2 positive neurons. CONCLUSION Critically, we found that L-DOPA was not detrimental to graft function, potentially enhancing graft maturation and promoting an A9 phenotype. Early improvement of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia suggests that grafts may support the handling of exogenously supplied dopamine earlier than improvements in amphetamine-induced behaviours indicate. Given that one of the protocols will be employed in the production of cells for the European STEM-PD clinical trial, this is vital information for the management of patients and achieving optimal outcomes following transplantation of hESC-derived grafts for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama F Elabi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel Pass
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Irene Sormonta
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sara Nolbrant
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicola Drummond
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Agnete Kirkeby
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tilo Kunath
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma L Lane
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Cheng Z, Diao F, Chen GH, Lin CQ, Li L, Wu ZY, Cao XB. Benzodiazepines and Amphetamines Use among Methadone Maintenance Participants and Their Associations with Treatment Adherence. Biomed Environ Sci 2021; 34:499-502. [PMID: 34284859 DOI: 10.3967/bes2021.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Cheng
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fei Diao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guo Hong Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Qing Lin
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zun You Wu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao Bin Cao
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- From the Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, and Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, and the Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
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10
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Drugs for ADHD. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2020; 62:9-15. [PMID: 31999670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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11
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Farrell M, Martin NK, Stockings E, Bórquez A, Cepeda JA, Degenhardt L, Ali R, Tran LT, Rehm J, Torrens M, Shoptaw S, McKetin R. Responding to global stimulant use: challenges and opportunities. Lancet 2019; 394:1652-1667. [PMID: 31668409 PMCID: PMC6924572 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We did a global review to synthesise data on the prevalence, harms, and interventions for stimulant use, focusing specifically on the use of cocaine and amphetamines. Modelling estimated the effect of cocaine and amphetamine use on mortality, suicidality, and blood borne virus incidence. The estimated global prevalence of cocaine use was 0·4% and amphetamine use was 0·7%, with dependence affecting 16% of people who used cocaine and 11% of those who used amphetamine. Stimulant use was associated with elevated mortality, increased incidence of HIV and hepatitis C infection, poor mental health (suicidality, psychosis, depression, and violence), and increased risk of cardiovascular events. No effective pharmacotherapies are available that reduce stimulant use, and the available psychosocial interventions (except for contingency management) had a weak overall effect. Generic approaches can address mental health and blood borne virus infection risk if better tailored to mitigate the harms associated with stimulant use. Substantial and sustained investment is needed to develop more effective interventions to reduce stimulant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Natasha K Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Annick Bórquez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Javier A Cepeda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Ali
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucy Thi Tran
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute Mental Health Policy Research & Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Epidemiological Research Unit, Technische Universität Dresden, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Dresden, Germany; Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marta Torrens
- Addiction Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steve Shoptaw
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset disorder characterised by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD can persist into adulthood and can affects individuals' social and occupational functioning, as well as their quality of life and health. ADHD is frequently associated with other mental disorders such as substance use disorders and anxiety and affective disorders. Amphetamines are used to treat adults with ADHD, but uncertainties about their efficacy and safety remain. OBJECTIVES To examine the efficacy and safety of amphetamines for adults with ADHD. SEARCH METHODS In August 2017, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, 10 other databases, and two trials registers, and we ran citation searches for included studies. We also contacted the corresponding authors of all included studies, other experts in the field, and the pharmaceutical company, Shire, and we searched the reference lists of retrieved studies and reviews for other published, unpublished, or ongoing studies. For each included study, we performed a citation search in Web of Science to identify any later studies that may have cited it. SELECTION CRITERIA We searched for randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy of amphetamines (at any dose) for ADHD in adults aged 18 years and over against placebo or an active intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors extracted data from each included study. We used the standardised mean difference (SMD) and the risk ratio (RR) to assess continuous and dichotomous outcomes, respectively. We conducted a stratified analysis to determine the influence of moderating variables. We assessed trials for risk of bias and drew a funnel plot to investigate the possibility of publication bias. We rated the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach, which yielded high, moderate, low, or very low quality ratings based on evaluation of within-trial risk of bias, directness of evidence, heterogeneity of data; precision of effect estimates, and risk of publication bias. MAIN RESULTS We included 19 studies that investigated three types of amphetamines: dexamphetamine (10.2 mg/d to 21.8 mg/d), lisdexamfetamine (30 mg/d to 70 mg/d), and mixed amphetamine salts (MAS; 12.5 mg/d to 80 mg/d). These studies enrolled 2521 participants; most were middle-aged (35.3 years), Caucasian males (57.2%), with a combined type of ADHD (78.8%). Eighteen studies were conducted in the USA, and one study was conducted in both Canada and the USA. Ten were multi-site studies. All studies were placebo-controlled, and three also included an active comparator: guanfacine, modafinil, or paroxetine. Most studies had short-term follow-up and a mean study length of 5.3 weeks.We found no studies that had low risk of bias in all domains of the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool, mainly because amphetamines have powerful subjective effects that may reveal the assigned treatment, but also because we noted attrition bias, and because we could not rule out the possibility of a carry-over effect in studies that used a cross-over design.Sixteen studies were funded by the pharmaceutical industry, one study was publicly funded, and two studies did not report their funding sources.Amphetamines versus placeboSeverity of ADHD symptoms: we found low- to very low-quality evidence suggesting that amphetamines reduced the severity of ADHD symptoms as rated by clinicians (SMD -0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.04 to -0.75; 13 studies, 2028 participants) and patients (SMD -0.51, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.28; six studies, 120 participants).Retention: overall, we found low-quality evidence suggesting that amphetamines did not improve retention in treatment (risk ratio (RR) 1.06, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.13; 17 studies, 2323 participants).Adverse events: we found that amphetamines were associated with an increased proportion of patients who withdrew because of adverse events (RR 2.69, 95% CI 1.63 to 4.45; 17 studies, 2409 participants).Type of amphetamine: we found differences between amphetamines for the severity of ADHD symptoms as rated by clinicians. Both lisdexamfetamine (SMD -1.06, 95% CI -1.26 to -0.85; seven studies, 896 participants; low-quality evidence) and MAS (SMD -0.80, 95% CI -0.93 to -0.66; five studies, 1083 participants; low-quality evidence) reduced the severity of ADHD symptoms. In contrast, we found no evidence to suggest that dexamphetamine reduced the severity of ADHD symptoms (SMD -0.24, 95% CI -0.80 to 0.32; one study, 49 participants; very low-quality evidence). In addition, all amphetamines were efficacious in reducing the severity of ADHD symptoms as rated by patients (dexamphetamine: SMD -0.77, 95% CI -1.14 to -0.40; two studies, 35 participants; low-quality evidence; lisdexamfetamine: SMD -0.33, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.01; three studies, 67 participants; low-quality evidence; MAS: SMD -0.45, 95% CI -1.02 to 0.12; one study, 18 participants; very low-quality evidence).Dose at study completion: different doses of amphetamines did not appear to be associated with differences in efficacy.Type of drug-release formulation: we investigated immediate- and sustained-release formulations but found no differences between them for any outcome.Amphetamines versus other drugsWe found no evidence that amphetamines improved ADHD symptom severity compared to other drug interventions. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Amphetamines improved the severity of ADHD symptoms, as assessed by clinicians or patients, in the short term but did not improve retention to treatment. Amphetamines were associated with higher attrition due to adverse events. The short duration of studies coupled with their restrictive inclusion criteria limits the external validity of these findings. Furthermore, none of the included studies had an overall low risk of bias. Overall, the evidence generated by this review is of low or very low quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Castells
- Universitat de GironaUnit of Clinical Pharmacology, TransLab Research Group, Department of Medical SciencesEmili Grahit, 77GironaCataloniaSpain17071
| | - Lídia Blanco‐Silvente
- Universitat de GironaUnit of Clinical Pharmacology, TransLab Research Group, Department of Medical SciencesEmili Grahit, 77GironaCataloniaSpain17071
| | - Ruth Cunill
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de DéuParc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu ‐ NumanciaBarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08735
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Zhou Z, Zhou ZY, Kelkar SS, Sikirica V, Xie J, Grebla R. Medication use in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a commercially-insured population in the United States. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:585-592. [PMID: 29186993 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1411792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine real-world prescription medication usage among commercially-insured adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US. METHODS Adults with ADHD who received ≥1 ADHD medication during 2013 were identified from a large US claims database. Combination therapy was defined as an overlap of ≥30 days between the index (first treatment ≥30 days in 2013) and another medication(s). Patients were classified into six groups: long-acting (LA) monotherapy, short-acting (SA) monotherapy, LA + LA, SA + SA, LA + SA, and >2 therapies. Analyses compared baseline characteristics by regimen, ranked combination regimens, and estimated daily average consumption (DACON) for monotherapy users. RESULTS Of 206,443 adults with ADHD (mean age = 32.9 years; 51.6% female), 56.9% used LA monotherapy, 30.7% SA monotherapy, and 12.5% used combination therapies (LA + SA: 10.3%; LA + LA: 1.3%; SA + SA: 0.4%; >2 therapies: 0.5%). Extended-release mixed amphetamine salts (MAS-XR, 39.2%) and lisdexamfetamine (LDX, 31.5%) were the most common LA monotherapies. Nearly all SA monotherapy patients received immediate-release mixed amphetamine salts (MAS-IR; 81.7%). The top three therapies among combination categories were: (a) LA + LA: branded MAS-XR + generic MAS-XR (13.7%), LDX + generic MAS-XR (10.8%), LDX + guanfacine ER (10.7%); (b) SA + SA: generic MAS-IR + clonidine IR (33.5%), generic MAS-IR + generic MPH SA (17.9%), branded MAS-IR + generic MAS-IR (11.1%); (c) LA + SA: generic MAS-XR+/-IR (39.2%), LDX + generic MAS-IR (16.7%), LA + SA generic MPH (12.6%). Among monotherapy users, DACON was 1.2 ± 0.6 (LA) and 2.1 ± 0.9 (SA) tablets. CONCLUSIONS There is significant treatment heterogeneity among US adults with ADHD. A sizable proportion of patients received monotherapies at above the recommended dosages or combination therapies, suggesting existing single-tablet regimens may not meet patients' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- a Analysis Group, Inc. , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | | | | | - Jipan Xie
- d Analysis Group, Inc. , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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14
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Hennissen L, Bakker MJ, Banaschewski T, Carucci S, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Dittmann RW, Hollis C, Kovshoff H, McCarthy S, Nagy P, Sonuga-Barke E, Wong ICK, Zuddas A, Rosenthal E, Buitelaar JK. Cardiovascular Effects of Stimulant and Non-Stimulant Medication for Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Trials of Methylphenidate, Amphetamines and Atomoxetine. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:199-215. [PMID: 28236285 PMCID: PMC5336546 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are treated with stimulant and non-stimulant medication. ADHD medication may be associated with cardiovascular effects. It is important to identify whether mean group effects translate into clinically relevant increases for some individual patients, and/or increase the risk for serious cardiovascular adverse events such as stroke or sudden death. OBJECTIVES To evaluate potential cardiovascular effects of these treatments, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of methylphenidate (MPH), amphetamines (AMP), and atomoxetine (ATX) on diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP, SBP) and heart rate (HR) in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS We conducted systematic searches in electronic databases (PsychINFO, EMBASE and Medline) to identify published trials which involved individuals who were (i) diagnosed with ADHD and were aged between 0-18 years; (ii) treated with MPH, AMP or ATX and (iii) had their DBP and SBP and/or HR measured at baseline (pre) and the endpoint (post) of the study treatment. Studies with an open-label design or a double-blind randomised control design of any duration were included. Statistical analysis involved calculating differences between pre- and post-treatment measurements for the various cardiovascular parameters divided by the pooled standard deviation. Further, we assessed the percentage of clinically relevant increased BP or HR, or documented arrhythmias. RESULTS Eighteen clinical trials met the inclusion criteria (10 for MPH, 5 for AMP, and 7 for ATX) with data from 5837 participants (80.7% boys) and average duration of 28.7 weeks (range 4-96 weeks). All three medications were associated with a small, but statistically significant pre-post increase of SBP (MPH: standard mean difference [SMD] 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.42, p < 0.01; AMP: SMD 0.09, 95% CI 0.03-0.15, p < 0.01; ATX: SMD 0.16, 95% CI 0.04-0.27, p = 0.01). MPH did not have a pre-post effect on DBP and HR. AMP treatment was associated with a small but statistically significant pre-post increase of DBP (SMD 0.16, CI 0.03-0.29, p = 0.02), as was ATX treatment (SMD 0.22, CI 0.10-0.34, p < 0.01). AMP and ATX were associated with a small to medium statistically significant pre-post increase of HR (AMP: SMD 0.37, CI 0.13-0.60, p < 0.01; ATX: SMD 0.43, CI 0.26-0.60, p < 0.01). The head-to-head comparison of the three medications did not reveal significant differences. Sensitivity analyses revealed that AMP studies of <18 weeks reported higher effect sizes on DBP compared with longer duration studies (F(1) = 19.55, p = 0.05). Further, MPH studies published before 2007 reported higher effect sizes on SBP than studies after 2007 (F(1) = 5.346, p = 0.05). There was no effect of the following moderators: type of medication, doses, sample size, age, gender, type of ADHD, comorbidity or dropout rate. Participants on medication reported 737 (12.6%) other cardiovascular effects. Notably, 2% of patients discontinued their medication treatment due to any cardiovascular effect. However, in the majority of patients, the cardiovascular effects resolved spontaneously, medication doses were changed or the effects were not considered clinically relevant. There were no statistically significant differences between the medication treatments in terms of the severity of cardiovascular effects. CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant pre-post increases of SBP, DBP and HR were associated with AMP and ATX treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD, while MPH treatment had a statistically significant effect only on SBP in these patients. These increases may be clinically significant for a significant minority of individuals that experience larger increases. Since increased BP and HR in general are considered risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during adult life, paediatric patients using ADHD medication should be monitored closely and regularly for HR and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Hennissen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (204), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 9100 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille J Bakker
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (204), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 9100 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Paediatric Psychopharmacology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sara Carucci
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari and "A. Cao" Microcitemico Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Coghill
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
- Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Marina Danckaerts
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Ralf W Dittmann
- Paediatric Psychopharmacology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chris Hollis
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hanna Kovshoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Peter Nagy
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian C K Wong
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1 N 1AX, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alessandro Zuddas
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari and "A. Cao" Microcitemico Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eric Rosenthal
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (204), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 9100 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly prevalent in adolescents and often persists into adulthood, most studies about treatment were performed in children. Less is known about ADHD treatment in adolescents. OBJECTIVE To review the evidence for pharmacological and psychosocial treatment of ADHD in adolescents. EVIDENCE REVIEW The databases of CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for articles published between January 1, 1999, and January 31, 2016, on ADHD treatment in adolescents. Additional studies were identified by hand-searching reference lists of retrieved articles. Study quality was rated using McMaster University Effective Public Health Practice Project criteria. The evidence level for treatment recommendations was based on Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. FINDINGS Sixteen randomized clinical trials and 1 meta-analysis, involving 2668 participants, of pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for ADHD in adolescents aged 12 years to 18 years were included. Evidence of efficacy was stronger for the extended-release methylphenidate and amphetamine class stimulant medications (level 1B based on Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria) and atomoxetine than for the extended-release α2-adrenergic agonists guanfacine or clonidine (no studies). For the primary efficacy measure of total symptom score on the ADHD Rating Scale (score range, 0 [least symptomatic] to 54 [most symptomatic]), both stimulant and nonstimulant medications led to clinically significant reductions of 14.93 to 24.60 absolute points. The psychosocial treatments combining behavioral, cognitive behavioral, and skills training techniques demonstrated small- to medium-sized improvements (range for mean SD difference in Cohen d, 0.30-0.69) for parent-rated ADHD symptoms, co-occurring emotional or behavioral symptoms, and interpersonal functioning. Psychosocial treatments were associated with more robust (Cohen d range, 0.51-5.15) improvements in academic and organizational skills, such as homework completion and planner use. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Evidence supports the use of extended-release methylphenidate and amphetamine formulations, atomoxetine, and extended-release guanfacine to improve symptoms of ADHD in adolescents. Psychosocial treatments incorporating behavior contingency management, motivational enhancement, and academic, organizational, and social skills training techniques were associated with inconsistent effects on ADHD symptoms and greater benefit for academic and organizational skills. Additional treatment studies in adolescents, including combined pharmacological and psychosocial treatments, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Chan
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts3Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason M Fogler
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts3Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul G Hammerness
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts3Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Punja S, Shamseer L, Hartling L, Urichuk L, Vandermeer B, Nikles J, Vohra S. Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2:CD009996. [PMID: 26844979 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009996.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric conditions affecting children and adolescents. Amphetamines are among the most commonly prescribed medications to manage ADHD. There are three main classes of amphetamines: dexamphetamine, lisdexamphetamine and mixed amphetamine salts, which can be further broken down into short- and long-acting formulations. A systematic review assessing their efficacy and safety in this population has never been conducted. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of amphetamines for ADHD in children and adolescents. SEARCH METHODS In August 2015 we searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertation and Theses, and the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov, and checked the reference lists of relevant studies and reviews identified by the searches. No language or date restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA Parallel-group and cross-over randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing amphetamine derivatives against placebo in a pediatric population (< 18 years) with ADHD. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently extracted data on participants, settings, interventions, methodology, and outcomes for each included study. For continuous outcomes, we calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) and for dichotomous outcomes we calculated the risk ratio (RR). Where possible, we conducted meta-analyses using a random-effects model. We also performed a meta-analysis of the most commonly reported adverse events in the primary studies. MAIN RESULTS We included 23 trials (8 parallel-group and 15 cross-over trials), with 2675 children aged three years to 17 years. All studies compared amphetamines to placebo. Study durations ranged from 14 days to 365 days, with the majority lasting less than six months. Most studies were conducted in the United States; three studies were conducted across Europe. We judged 11 included studies to be at a high risk of bias due to insufficient blinding methods, failing to account for dropouts and exclusions from the analysis, and failing to report on all outcomes defined a priori. We judged the remaining 12 studies to be at unclear risk of bias due to inadequate reporting.Amphetamines improved total ADHD core symptom severity according to parent ratings (SMD -0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.86 to -0.27; 7 studies; 1247 children/adolescents; very low quality evidence), teacher ratings (SMD -0.55; 95% CI -0.83 to -0.27; 5 studies; 745 children/adolescents; low quality evidence), and clinician ratings (SMD -0.84; 95% CI -1.32 to -0.36; 3 studies; 813 children/adolescents; very low quality evidence). In addition, the proportion of responders as rated by the Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) scale was higher when children were taking amphetamines (RR 3.36; 95% CI 2.48 to 4.55; 9 studies; 2207 children/adolescents; very low quality evidence).The most commonly reported adverse events included decreased appetite, insomnia/trouble sleeping, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, headaches, and anxiety. Amphetamines were associated with a higher proportion of participants experiencing decreased appetite (RR 6.31; 95% CI 2.58 to 15.46; 11 studies; 2467 children/adolescents), insomnia (RR 3.80; 95% CI 2.12 to 6.83; 10 studies; 2429 children/adolescents), and abdominal pain (RR 1.44; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.00; 10 studies; 2155 children/adolescents). In addition, the proportion of children who experienced at least one adverse event was higher in the amphetamine group (RR 1.30; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.44; 6 studies; 1742 children/adolescents; low quality evidence).We performed subgroup analyses for amphetamine preparation (dexamphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, mixed amphetamine salts), amphetamine release formulation (long acting versus short acting), and funding source (industry versus non industry). Between-group differences were observed for proportion of participants experiencing decreased appetite in both the amphetamine preparation (P < 0.00001) and amphetamine release formulation (P value = 0.008) subgroups, as well as for retention in the amphetamine release formulation subgroup (P value = 0.03). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Most of the included studies were at high risk of bias and the overall quality of the evidence ranged from low to very low on most outcomes. Although amphetamines seem efficacious at reducing the core symptoms of ADHD in the short term, they were associated with a number of adverse events. This review found no evidence that supports any one amphetamine derivative over another, and does not reveal any differences between long-acting and short-acting amphetamine preparations. Future trials should be longer in duration (i.e. more than 12 months), include more psychosocial outcomes (e.g. quality of life and parent stress), and be transparently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Punja
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 8B16B- 11111 Jasper Ave, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5K 0L4
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Amyx ML, Hastings KB, Reynolds EJ, Weakley JA, Dinkel S, Patzel B. Management and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on College Campuses. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2015; 53:46-51. [PMID: 26535764 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20151021-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on college campuses is a serious and often underdiagnosed condition. The current investigation analyzed current best practice guidelines for the management of ADHD in a mid-sized university in the Midwestern United States. Best practices were identified through a review of current evidence-based literature on ADHD management. A data collection tool was developed and used to organize data and determine adherence with best practice guidelines. Investigators revealed that policy and procedures followed best practice guidelines. Development and implementation of ADHD protocols on college campuses allows nurse practitioners to confidently provide safe, quality care to patients diagnosed with ADHD.
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19
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Abstract
The role of stimulants for treating severe depression remains controversial, especially when it comes to bipolar depression. Potential benefits have to be weighed against risks, including addictive potential and treatment-emergent mania. But not all stimulants are the same. Modafinil and its R-enantiomer armodafinil seem to have positive augmentation effects when coupled with standard treatment of bipolar depression, while also having a relative low risk of addiction and manic switches. A recent hypothesis derived from the observation of hypovigilance in manic patients postulates that modafinil may also have a beneficial effect in reducing manic behaviors. Further controlled studies are needed to clarify the benefits and risks of stimulants, both in bipolar depression and mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Grunze
- From Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience, Academic Psychiatry Campus of Aging and Vitality, Wolfson Research Building, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
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Setyawan J, Guérin A, Hodgkins P, Gauthier G, Cloutier M, Wu E, Erder MH. Treatment persistence in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective analysis of patients initiated on lisdexamfetamine vs other medications. J Med Econ 2013; 16:1275-89. [PMID: 24004347 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2013.839947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare treatment persistence in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of patients initiated on lisdexamfetamine (LDX) vs other ADHD medications. METHODS A large US administrative claims database was used to select ADHD patients who initiated an ADHD medication (index treatment) during/after 2007. Patients were classified, based on age and previous treatment status, as treatment-naïve or previously treated children and adolescents (6-17 years) and treatment-naïve or previously treated adults (18 years and older). Furthermore, patients were classified into seven mutually exclusive treatment groups, based on their index treatment: LDX, atomoxetine (ATX), osmotic-release methylphenidate hydrochloride long-acting (OROS MPH), other methylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate short-acting (MPH SA) and long-acting (MPH LA), and amphetamine/dextroamphetamine short acting (AMPH SA) and long-acting (AMPH LA). Treatment persistence, analyzed through discontinuation (interruption of the index treatment for ≥30 consecutive days), was compared between treatment groups using multivariate Cox proportional hazards. Patients were followed until first treatment discontinuation or up to 12 months after the initiation of the index treatment, whichever occurred first. RESULTS Among children and adolescents, LDX patients had a significantly lower discontinuation rate compared to other treatment groups (range hazard ratios [HRs]; 1.04-2.26; all p < 0.05), except when compared to treatment-naïve patients on ATX and OROS MPH, where no statistically significant differences were found and where LDX had a higher risk of discontinuation, respectively. Among adults, LDX patients had a significantly lower discontinuation rate compared to patients in other treatment groups (range HR; 1.14-1.86; all p < 0.05), except for the comparison with AMPH LA patients, where differences were not statistically significant. LIMITATIONS This study did not control for ADHD severity. CONCLUSION LDX-treated patients were associated with higher persistence compared to patients initiated on other ADHD medications, except for the comparisons with OROS MPH and ATX treated patients in treatment-naïve children and adolescents and AMPH LA-treated patients in adults.
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Klein S, Ho V, Tazkarji B, Auten B. FPIN's clinical inquiries: Management of ADHD in preschool-aged children. Am Fam Physician 2013; 88:398-400. [PMID: 24134048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Klein
- University of Toronto Family Medicine Residency Program, Trillium Health Centre, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Singh I. Not robots: children's perspectives on authenticity, moral agency and stimulant drug treatments. J Med Ethics 2013; 39:359-366. [PMID: 22930677 PMCID: PMC3664392 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2011-100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this article, I examine children's reported experiences with stimulant drug treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in light of bioethical arguments about the potential threats of psychotropic drugs to authenticity and moral agency. Drawing on a study that involved over 150 families in the USA and the UK, I show that children are able to report threats to authenticity, but that the majority of children are not concerned with such threats. On balance, children report that stimulants improve their capacity for moral agency, and they associate this capacity with an ability to meet normative expectations. I argue that although under certain conditions stimulant drug treatment may increase the risk of a threat to authenticity, there are ways to minimise this risk and to maximise the benefits of stimulant drug treatment. Medical professionals in particular should help children to flourish with stimulant drug treatments, in good and in bad conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilina Singh
- Department of Social Science, Health and Medicine, King's College London, King's Building, Strand, London WC2R 2L, UK.
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Hammerschlag C. Adderall in the land of Oz. Caring 2013; 32:55. [PMID: 23697076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Brossard-Racine M, Shevell M, Snider L, Bélanger SA, Majnemer A. Motor skills of children newly diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder prior to and following treatment with stimulant medication. Res Dev Disabil 2012; 33:2080-2087. [PMID: 22796639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Motor difficulties are common in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although preliminary evidence has suggested that methylphenidate can improve the motor skills in children with ADHD and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), the effect of stimulant medication on motor performance in children newly diagnosed with ADHD with or without motor impairment remains unclear. A cohort study of 49 medication-naïve children (39 male; mean age 8.4±1.3 years) with ADHD was conducted. Children were evaluated using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children and the developmental test of visual motor integration at diagnosis and again three months following daily treatment with a stimulant medication. Motor difficulties were highly present at baseline (73.5%) but resolved in a subset after treatment with stimulant medication, suggesting that their motor difficulties may be attributed in part to their attentional problems. Nevertheless, motor impairment persisted in 55.1% of the sample. The severity of the behavioural symptoms was significantly associated with balance skills in children without motor impairments (r(2)=0.30, p<0.01) and with visual motor integration skills in children with persisting motor difficulties (r(2)=0.27, p<0.01). Attentional difficulties negatively affect the motor skills of children with ADHD. Following the use of stimulant medication, an important subset continued to demonstrate motor difficulties. The improvement in behaviour was insufficient to resolve motor problems and these children should therefore be targeted for rehabilitation services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Brossard-Racine
- Advanced Pediatric Brain Imaging Research Laboratory, Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology/Fetal and Transitional Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Modesto-Lowe V, Meyer A, Soovajian V. A clinican's guide to adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Conn Med 2012; 76:517-523. [PMID: 23155670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been traditionally viewed as a childhood ailment, longitudinal data suggest that it persists into adulthood for most affected individuals. Adult ADHD is now recognized as a legitimate diagnosis with clinical and epidemiological implications. It is estimated that 4% of American adults are afflicted by this disorder. There have been advances in adultADHD screening tools, diagnostic guidelines, medication delivery systems and psychosocial treatments. Despite these gains, there is great variability among clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. This article reviews controversies surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD and suggests strategies to overcome existing obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Modesto-Lowe
- Addiction Services Division, Connecticut Valley Hospital, Middletown, USA
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Saguil A, Sheridan R. Amphetamines for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am Fam Physician 2012; 86:413-415. [PMID: 22963059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Saguil
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital Family Medicine Residency, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA.
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Ramos-Quiroga JA, Chalita PJ, Vidal R, Bosch R, Palomar G, Prats L, Casas M. [Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults]. Rev Neurol 2012; 54 Suppl 1:S105-S115. [PMID: 22374761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To review the latest data available concerning the diagnosis and treatment of adults with attention deficit hyper-activity disorder (ADHD). DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSIONS A number of different instruments for evaluating ADHD have been adapted to the adult patient and allow a reliable diagnosis of the disorder to be reached. Semi-structured interviews, like the Diagnostisch Interview Voor ADHD 2.0 (DIVA), simplify the task of performing a rigorous evaluation of both the symptoms of the disorder in adulthood and the dysfunctions generated by ADHD. Quick screening instruments that allow better detection of ADHD in adults, such as the Adult Self-Report Scale 1.1 (ASRS), have been validated. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the number of studies focused on ADHD in adults and that research has provided solid data regarding the safety and effectiveness of different treatments. According to the recommendations of the European Consensus statement by the European Network Adult ADHD, the treatment ought to be multimodal, which means combining pharmacological interventions with psychological and psychosocial ones. Methylphenidate displays a high degree of effectiveness and safety in the treatment of adults at doses of around 1 mg/kg/day. Amphetamines, such as lisdexamphetamine, have also proved to be effective in the treatment of adults with ADHD. Among non-stimulant treatments, atomoxetine has proved to be effective and safe in adults in doses of about 80-100 mg/day. Excellent studies have been conducted on the cognitive-behavioural treatment of adults with ADHD, the results of which highlight its effectiveness in both the short and the long term.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a childhood onset disorder that can persist into adulthood. Amphetamines are used to treat adult ADHD, but uncertainties persist about their efficacy and safety. OBJECTIVES To examine the efficacy and safety of amphetamines for adults with ADHD, as well as the influence of dose, drug type and release formulation type. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, clinicaltrials.gov, UK Clinical Trials Gateway and references obtained from articles and experts in the field. We conducted the electronic searches on 25 February 2010. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of amphetamine derivatives against placebo or an active intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors extracted data from each included study. We used the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the risk ratio (RR) to assess continuous and dichotomous outcomes, respectively. We conducted a stratified analysis to determine the influence of moderating variables. We assessed the trials for risk of bias and drew a funnel plot to investigate the possibility of publication bias. MAIN RESULTS We included seven studies, which enrolled 1091 participants. All studies were placebo-controlled and three included an active comparator: guanfacine, modafinil and paroxetine. Most studies had short-term follow-up, with a mean study length of 8.1 weeks. Amphetamines improved ADHD symptom severity (SMD = -0.72; 95% CI -0.87 to -0.57) but did not improve retention in treatment overall and were associated with increased dropout due to adverse events (RR 3.03; 95% CI 1.52 to 6.05). The three amphetamine derivatives investigated (dextroamphetamine, lisdexamphetamine and mixed amphetamine salts (MAS)) were all efficacious for reducing ADHD symptoms, but MAS also increased retention in treatment. Different doses did not appear associated with differences in efficacy. We investigated immediate and sustained drug release formulations but found no difference between them on any outcome. When amphetamines were compared to other drug interventions, no differences were found. We did not find any study to be at low risk of bias overall, mainly because amphetamines have powerful subjective effects that may reveal the assigned treatment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Amphetamines improved short-term ADHD symptom severity. MAS also increased retention in treatment. Amphetamines were associated with higher attrition due to adverse events. The short study length and the restrictive inclusion criteria limit the external validity of these findings. Furthermore, the possibility that the results of the included studies were biased was high, which could have led to an overestimation of amphetamine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Castells
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Hechtman
- Division of Child Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Quebec
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Castellanos FX, Acosta MT. [Towards an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological treatments of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Rev Neurol 2011; 52 Suppl 1:S155-S160. [PMID: 21365598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate and the amphetamines are the most frequently used medications for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These medications modulate both norepinephrine as well as dopamine. Methyl-phenidate is a pure blocker of the norepinephrine and dopamine transporters. The amphetamines also block reuptake of both catecholamines, but they also release all three monoamines, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, from presynaptic vesicles. Amphetamines are the most robust agents in increasing synaptic dopamine levels, since they do so regardless of the endogenous level of the relevant neurons. Stimulant-evoked synaptic increases of dopamine have been demonstrated in the striatum in humans, but pharmacologic effects are likely relevant to therapeutic action in other regions, particularly the prefrontal cortex. Blockade of noradrenergic reuptake in the prefrontal cortex may also indirectly increase prefrontal dopamine levels, but there is also evidence that noradrenergic effects are mediated by alpha-2a noradrenergic receptors. A recent study in non-human primates found that methylphenidate and atomoxetine both increased the efficiency of prefrontal pyramidal neurons, but via distinct mechanisms. Methylphenidate decreased non-specific signals, i.e., neuronal noise, via D1 receptors. By contrast, atomoxetine increased the strength of specific signals via activation of alpha-2 receptors. These findings, although in non-human primates, suggest that combinations of agents working on these complementary systems (D1 and alpha-2a) may be worth considering and evaluating rigorously in patients with ADHD with sub-optimal responses to monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA.
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McNiel AD, Muzzin KB, DeWald JP, McCann AL, Schneiderman ED, Scofield J, Campbell PR. The nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among dental and dental hygiene students. J Dent Educ 2011; 75:365-376. [PMID: 21368261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the nonmedical use of prescription attention deficit disorder (ADD) stimulant medication among dental and dental hygiene students. A questionnaire was used to examine demographic information, student experiences, and perceptions of prescription stimulant medication and to determine if students used a prescription stimulant nonmedically. In 2008, 401 surveys were mailed to dental education institutions in the south-central region of the United States, and 243 surveys (61 percent) were returned. The survey found that 12.4 percent of these students used a prescription stimulant nonmedically and, of those, 70 percent took it to improve attention and/or concentration. The most commonly reported stimulant medication used nonmedically was Adderall (77 percent). The majority (87 percent) of the students obtained the medication through friends, and 90 percent began using the drug in college. Even though 74 percent of the students reported being stressed, chi-square analysis found no significant association between nonmedical use of ADD stimulant medication and stress level (p=0.585). Sixteen percent of the students surveyed felt it was easy to obtain stimulant medication for nonmedical use at their school, and 17 percent thought it was a problem within their institution. These results may help administrators and faculty members become aware of potential problems with the misuse of ADD stimulant medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D McNiel
- Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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Jardin B, Looby A, Earleywine M. Characteristics of college students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms who misuse their medications. J Am Coll Health 2011; 59:373-377. [PMID: 21500055 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2010.513073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current investigation is to examine the characteristics of college students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms who misuse their prescribed psychostimulant medications. METHODS AND PARTICIPANTS Forty-three undergraduate students with a prescription for Ritalin or Adderall completed structured interviews and a battery of questionnaires. RESULTS Analyses revealed that compared to non-misusers, misusers were significantly more likely to report using a greater number of illicit substances, including nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, and opiates, over the past year. Additionally, compared to non-misusers, misusers were significantly more likely to report greater negative expectancies effects, experience more hyperactivity symptoms, and score higher on a measure of sensation seeking. CONCLUSION The findings have important implications for future prevention initiatives. In particular, knowledge regarding the extent of misuse in populations with and without prescriptions and variables associated with misuse is essential to the development of effective prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Jardin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA.
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Abstract
This genealogy of the ADHD subject will demonstrate that over the course of the twentieth century a new relation between power, knowledge, the body, and ethical practices of self-formation emerged around the ADHD-type in ways that are not captured by the received critical perspective. By examining the history of knowledge and practices surrounding the ADHD-type, this work will argue that the deviant subject that was located relative to external institutional moral/juridical values or standards is replaced over the course of the century by a new intelligibility of rational self-management. A further analysis of this emergent intelligibility attempts to advance the critical understanding of the increasingly prevalent ADHD phenomenon by showing how novel drug and brain imaging technologies work to link behaviors to identity, establishing new relations of power to the subject not captured by the received medicalization perspective. This work will be of interest to anybody interested in the relations among knowledge, drugs, power, and the ADHD subject.
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Zhong YJ, Zhang C, Wang GF. Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A/2C agonist on the genioglossus activity and sleep apnea in rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010; 123:2094-2098. [PMID: 20819548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a common neurotransmitter in the brain which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sleep apnea. Dysfunction of 5-HT and 5-HT(2) receptors may lead to the collapse of the upper airway and the instability of respiratory control, which in turn produce apnea. Genioglossus (GG) is one of the most important oropharyngeal muscles maintaining the upper airway open. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 5-HT and 5-HT(2) receptor on GG activity and the sleep apnea in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. METHODS Microinjection probes were placed within the fourth ventricle of sixteen SD rats. After recovery for a week, the electromyogram (EMG) of GG was recorded in the anesthetized and vagotomized rats. The changes of GG activity before and after the microinjection of 5-HT or 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist -2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride (DOI) were observed. Probes were also laid in another eight SD rats. Electroencephalogram (EEG), EMG of neck muscle and respiration were recorded at the same time a week later. The effects of DOI on the occurrence of sleep apnea were explored. RESULTS Both 5-HT and DOI significantly enhanced the activity of GG just 3 minutes after the completion of injection. The effect of 5-HT disappeared quickly and the effect of DOI lasted for more than 27 minutes. DOI also significantly decreased the post-sigh apnea index in non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and decreased the spontaneous apnea index only in NREM sleep (P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION 5-HT and 5-HT(2A/2C) system correlated closely with the pathogenesis of the sleep apnea syndrome and 5-HT receptors may become the target of the drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-jue Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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Gabriel A. The mixed amphetamine salt extended release (Adderall XR, Max-XR) as an adjunctive to SSRIS or SNRIS in the treatment of adult ADHD patients with comorbid partially responsive generalized anxiety: an open-label study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2:87-92. [PMID: 21432593 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-010-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To examine the changes in partially responsive anxiety symptoms utilizing adjunctive treatment with the mixed amphetamine salt extended release (Adderall XR, MAX-XR) in the treatment of adult ADHD patients, with comorbid refractory anxiety. Consenting adult patients (n = 32) with confirmed diagnosis of generalized anxiety (GA) and comorbid (ADHD) participated in this open-label study. All patients had significant comorbid anxiety symptoms (HAM-A > 7) and failed to respond to 8-week trials of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) or Norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). All patients were treated with the "Mixed Amphetamine salts Extended Release Adderall XR, (MAS-XR), as adjunctive to SSRIs or to SNRIs and were followed for at least 12 weeks. The primary effectiveness measure was the Clinical Global Impression severity subscale (CGI-S). Other scales included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), the adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) symptom checklist, and Sheehan's disability scale. Baseline measures prior to the treatment with MAS-XR were compared to those at 4, 8, and at 12 weeks of treatment. Monitoring for pulse, blood pressure, and weight changes was carried out at baseline and at end point. All patients completed this open-label trial. There was significant and robust resolution of symptoms of all effectiveness measures, including the symptoms of anxiety, as shown by changes from baseline in HAM-A, ASRS-v1.1, and CGI at 8 weeks. Also there was significant reduction in the disability score at 12 weeks. Patients tolerated the treatment, and there were no significant cardiovascular changes at 12 weeks. There was decrease in mean weight at 12 weeks by 2.2 kg (P < .001). Mixed amphetamine salts MAS-XR can be used in adult patients with ADHD and comorbid anxiety symptoms. Larger controlled studies are needed to support the effectiveness of mixed amphetamine salts in patients with comorbid anxiety symptoms. Treatments need to include the targeting of the ADHD symptoms effectively in order to achieve better resolution of anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Gabriel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary and Calgary Health Region, Canada.
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A washout period needed before switching from a neuroleptic to an amphetamine. Prescrire Int 2009; 18:165. [PMID: 19743579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
(1) Abrupt replacement of risperidone with methylphenidate can lead to severe agitation in children; (2) Abruptly switching from one pharmacological class to another can lead to complications.
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Annas CL, Annas GJ. Enhancing the fighting force: medical research on American soldiers. J Contemp Health Law Policy 2009; 25:283-308. [PMID: 19537561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent and highly morbid neurobehavioral disorder afflicting children, adolescents, and adults throughout the world. This article discusses the clinical assessment of adult ADHD, reviews the results of recent adult ADHD treatment studies with an emphasis on medications currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and discusses the clinical management and monitoring of ADHD pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hammerness
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, 185 Alewife Brook Parkway, Suite 2000, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Guerrero ILB, Sander C. [Falling sleep inopportunely: treatment of narcolepsy]. MMW Fortschr Med 2008; 150:35-37. [PMID: 19156954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors used quantitative and qualitative methodologies to investigate college students' perceptions and use of illegal Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) stimulants during spring and summer 2006. PARTICIPANTS From fall 2005 through fall 2006, the authors studied 1,811 undergraduates at a large, public, southeastern research university in the United States. METHODS The authors administered surveys to these students and conducted 175 in-depth interviews. RESULTS Of the study participants, 34% reported the illegal use of ADHD stimulants. Most illegal users reported using ADHD stimulants primarily in periods of high academic stress and found them to reduce fatigue while increasing reading comprehension, interest, cognition, and memory. Furthermore, most had little information about the drug and found procurement to be both easy and stigmafree. CONCLUSIONS This study supplies a rich understanding of the growing national trend of illegal ADHD stimulant use. The authors discuss strategies for stemming the tide of ADHD stimulant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D DeSantis
- The Department of Communication, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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41
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Soileau EJ. Medications for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adolesc Med State Art Rev 2008; 19:254-ix. [PMID: 18822831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ADHD is recognized as a neurologic condition rather than just bad behavior. Medical treatment has been recognized as very helpful. Risks of untreated ADHD are substantial. Every life area is negatively affected including school performance, drug abuse and dependence risk, driving performance, sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancy and family cohesiveness to mention some of them. Frequent misinformation in the popular media causes apprehension about medical treatment. Even after almost 60 years stimulants remain the mainstay in treatment of ADHD. Newer release systems have produced longer acting and smoother acting medication. Side effects have always been brief and mild however, newer forms cause fewer side effects than older preparations and cover symptoms for more of the waking hours of each day. Although studies in adolescents are less numerous than in children the literature standard supports the safety and efficacy of stimulants in adolescents. In addition there are non-stimulant medications that have shown efficacy in adolescents. There are now a greater number of medications and more effective medications than ever before. Clinical pearls in medication management are shared in practical terms so that these newer treatments can be used to help those affected with ADHD more effectively than ever before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl J Soileau
- Department of Family Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans at Lake Charles Memorial Hospital, 1525 Oak Park Blvd, Lake Charles, LA 70601, USA.
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ECGs before stimulants in children. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2008; 50:60. [PMID: 18654112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Whitley HP, Moorman KL. Interference with Smoking-Cessation Effects of Varenicline After Administration of Immediate-Release Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine. Pharmacotherapy 2007; 27:1440-5. [PMID: 17896898 DOI: 10.1592/phco.27.10.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An 18-year-old man with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was prescribed varenicline for smoking cessation. He quit smoking after 1 week of therapy and remained smoke free for the next 17 days. During that time, he had also been taking amphetamine-dextroamphetamine (Adderall) on work days for his ADHD. Because his supply of amphetamine-dextroamphetamine was diminishing, he took only half (30 mg every morning) of his prescribed dosage from days 4-12 of varenicline therapy. He further reduced his dosage to 15 mg every morning on days 13 and 14 of varenicline therapy, and his supply of amphetamine-dextroamphetamine was depleted on day 15. On day 23 of varenicline therapy, he received and filled a new prescription for amphetamine-dextroamphetamine and resumed his prescribed dosage (30 mg twice/day). He began smoking again within 48 hours. Rechallenge with varenicline while the patient continued to receive amphetamine-dextroamphetamine yielded similar results. Data suggest that addition of amphetamine to varenicline may negate the partial agonism of varenicline, resulting in elimination of the smoking-cessation aid's benefits. Other potential mechanisms for the drug interaction may also exist. Thus, varenicline may not aid smoking cessation in patients undergoing treatment with amphetamine and amphetamine-like drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather P Whitley
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA.
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Wu EQ, Birnbaum HG, Zhang HF, Ivanova JI, Yang E, Mallet D. Health care costs of adults treated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who received alternative drug therapies. J Manag Care Pharm 2007; 13:561-9. [PMID: 17874862 PMCID: PMC10437561 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2007.13.7.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many therapies exist for treating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also referred to as attention-deficit disorder (ADD), but there is no research regarding cost differences associated with initiating alternative ADD/ADHD drug therapies in adults. OBJECTIVE To compare from the perspective of a large self-insured employer the risk-adjusted direct health care costs associated with 3 alternative drug therapies for ADD in newly treated patients: extended-release methylphenidate (osmotic release oral system-MPH), mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS-XR), or atomoxetine. METHODS We analyzed data from a US claims database of 5 million beneficiaries from 31 large self-insured employers (1999-2004). Analysis was restricted to adults aged 18 to 64 years with at least 1 diagnosis of ADD/ADHD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] codes 314.0x--attention deficit disorder; 314.00--attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity; or 314.01--attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity) and at least 1 pharmacy claim for OROS-MPH, MAS-XR, or atomoxetine identified using National Drug Codes. In preliminary analysis, we calculated the duration of index ADHD drug therapy as time from index therapy initiation to a minimum 60-day gap. Because the median duration of index ADHD drug therapy was found to be approximately 90 days, the primary measures were total direct medical plus drug costs and medical-only costs computed over 6 months following therapy initiation. Adults were required to have continuous eligibility 6 months before and 6 months after their latest drug therapy initiation and no ADHD therapy during the previous 6 months. Cost was measured as the payment amount made by the health plan to the provider rather than billed charges, and it excluded patient copayments and deductibles. Medical costs included costs incurred for all-cause inpatient and outpatient/other services. Costs were adjusted for inflation to 2004 U.S. dollars using the consumer price index for medical care. T tests were used for descriptive cost comparisons. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to compare costs of adults receiving alternative therapies, adjusting for demographic characteristics, substance abuse, depression, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index. RESULTS Of the 4,569 patients who received 1 of these 3 drug therapies for ADHD, 31.8% received OROS-MPH for a median duration of 99 days of therapy, 34.0% received MAS-XR for a median 128 days, and 34.2% received atomoxetine for a median 86 days. In the 6-month follow-up period, the mean (standard deviation) total medical and drug costs were $2,008 ($3,231) for OROS-MPH, $2,169 ($4,828) for MAS-XR, and $2,540 ($4,269) for atomoxetine-treated adults. The GLM for patient characteristics suggested that 6-month, risk-adjusted mean medical costs, excluding drug costs, for adults treated with OROS-MPH were $142 less (10.4%, $1,220 vs. $1,362) compared with MAS-XR (P =0.022) and $132 less (9.8%, $1,220 vs. $1,352) compared with atomoxetine (P =0.033); risk-adjusted mean medical costs were not significantly different between MAS-XR and atomoxetine. The GLM comparison of risk-adjusted total direct costs, including drug cost, was on average $156 less (8.0%, $1,782 vs. $1,938) for OROS-MPH compared with MAS-XR (P = 0.017) and $226 less (11.3%, $1,782 vs. $2,008) compared with atomoxetine (P <0.001); the risk-adjusted total direct costs were not significantly different between MAS-XR and atomoxetine. Two high-cost outliers (greater than 99.96th percentile, 1 each for OROS-MPH and atomoxetine) accounted for $47 (30%) of the $156 cost difference between OROS-MPH and MAS-XR and $11 (5%) of the $226 cost difference between OROS-MPH and atomoxetine, and the medical diagnoses for the highest-cost claims for these 2 outlier patients were unrelated to ADHD. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for patient characteristics including substance abuse, depression, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index, adults treated with OROS-MPH had, on average, slightly lower medical and total medical and drug costs than those treated with MAS-XR or atomoxetine over the 6-month period after drug therapy initiation. Approximately 30% of the cost difference compared with MAS-XR was attributable to 1 high-cost outlier with medical diagnoses for the highest-cost claim that were unrelated to ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Q Wu
- Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA 02199, USA.
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De Backer JW, Vos WG, Devolder A, Verhulst SL, Germonpré P, Wuyts FL, Parizel PM, De Backer W. Computational fluid dynamics can detect changes in airway resistance in asthmatics after acute bronchodilation. J Biomech 2007; 41:106-13. [PMID: 17698073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a bronchodilator in asthmatics is only partially described by changes in spirometric values since no information on regional differences can be obtained. Imaging techniques like high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) provide further information but lack detailed information on specific airway responses. The aim of the present study was to improve the actual imaging techniques by subsequent analysis of the imaging data using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We studied 14 mild to moderately severe asthmatics. Ten patients underwent HRCT before and 4h after inhalation of a novel long acting beta(2) agonist (LABA) that acts shortly after inhalation. Four patients were studied for chronic effects and underwent CT scans twice after adequate wash-out of bronchodilators. In the active group, a significant bronchodilator response was seen with a forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) increase of 8.78 +/- -6.27% pred vs -3.38 +/- 6.87% pred in the control group. The changes in FEV1 correlated significantly with the changes in distal airway volume (r = 0.69, p = 0.007), total airway resistance (r = -0.73, p = 0.003) and distal airway resistance (r = -0.76, p = 0.002) as calculated with the CFD method. The changes in distal R(aw) were not fully homogeneous. In some patients with normal FEV1 at baseline, CFD-based changes in R(aw) were still detectable. We conclude that CFD calculations, based on airway geometries of asthmatic patients, provide additional information about changes in regional R(aw). All changes in the CFD-based calculated R(aw) significantly correlate with the observed changes in spirometric values therefore validating the CFD method for the studied application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W De Backer
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
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Abstract
There has been a real interest recently in developing once-daily beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (ultra-long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists [ultra-LABAs]) for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in an attempt to simplify their management, although an increasing amount of convincing data show an association of LABAs with a rise in asthma-related deaths and life-threatening experiences. This paper reviews the effects of different ultra-LABAs that are at varying stages of development. Arformoterol, carmoterol, indacaterol and GSK-159797 are ultra-LABAs that are likely to be introduced into the market before 2010. It is plausible that once-daily dose administration of an LABA will lead to increased convenience for patients, which may also lead to enhancement of adherence, and may have advantages leading to improved overall clinical outcomes in patients with asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Matera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology, 2nd University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Faraone SV, Wigal SB, Hodgkins P. Forecasting three-month outcomes in a laboratory school comparison of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR) and atomoxetine (Strattera) in school-aged children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2007; 11:74-82. [PMID: 17606774 DOI: 10.1177/1087054706292196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare observed and forecasted efficacy of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS-XR; Adderall) with atomoxetine (Strattera) in ADHD children. METHOD The authors analyze data from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group, forced-dose-escalation laboratory school study of children ages 6 to 12 with ADHD combined or hyperactive/impulsive type. Primary efficacy measures are attention and deportment scores on the SKAMP behavioral rating scale, and secondary efficacy measures are academic performance scores from the PERMP test. RESULTS MAS-XR elicits greater improvements than atomoxetine in each domain within 3 weeks of treatment, including attention, number of math problems attempted and correct, and overall clinical functioning. Treatment differences in each outcome measure at subsequent weeks are projected from generalized estimating equations to become greater with the duration of extension of the treatment regimen. CONCLUSION This study suggests that relative advantages of MAS-XR seen in the first 3 weeks are likely to be maintained in subsequent weeks.
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Lehmkuhl G. [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders in children and adolescents: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines]. MMW Fortschr Med 2007; 149 Suppl 2:10-3; quiz 14. [PMID: 17724960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) requires extensive diagnosis. Check lists and questionnaires may be helpful. Comorbidities are common and must be clarified. ADHD should be treated over a longer period of time. A multimodal treatment concept is recommended in which the administration of psychostimulants is combined with educational and behavioural therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lehmkuhl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters der Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
AIMS To describe the connections among the likelihood of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), medical and non-medical methylphenidate and amphetamine use and the diversion of prescribed methylphenidate in the general adolescent population. DESIGN Cross-sectional self-reported anonymous data from the 2002 Student Drug Use Survey in the Atlantic Provinces. SETTING The Atlantic provinces of Canada. PARTICIPANTS A total of 12,990 students participated. MEASUREMENTS The outcomes were a positive ADHD screening test, medical and non-medical use of methylphenidate, medical and non-medical use of amphetamine and the giving and selling of methylphenidate medication by students with a prescription. The Ontario Child Health Study Hyperactivity Scale was used to screen for ADHD. FINDINGS The prevalence of a positive ADHD screening test was 6% with no significant gender difference. The prevalence of medical and non-medical methylphenidate use and medical and non-medical amphetamine use was 2.0%, 6.6%, 1.2% and 8.7%, respectively. A positive ADHD screening test was independently predictive of these four patterns of use. About 26% of students with prescribed methylphenidate gave or sold some of their medication. Students in a class where at least one student had given or sold some of their prescribed pills had a 1.52-fold increased risk of non-medical methylphenidate use than their counterparts in classes where no giving or selling had taken place. CONCLUSIONS Connections were demonstrated at the population level between ADHD, medical methylphenidate use, the diversion of prescribed methylphenidate and the non-medical use of methylphenidate. The appropriate assessment and management of ADHD are essential to minimize both the risk of diversion and of substance use associated with unrecognized or untreated ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Poulin
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Abstract
AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a lifelong condition that begins in childhood and continues with adult manifestations related to the core symptoms. Approximately 50% to 75% of children with ADHD continue to meet criteria for the disorder as adolescents and adults. Adults with the disorder increasingly present to primary care physicians, psychiatrists, and other practitioners for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the diagnosis of ADHD in adults requires knowledge of age-dependent decline of symptoms over time. Retrospective recall of symptoms and impairment are valid methods of diagnosing the disorder. ADHD is also a brain disorder with a strong neurobiologic basis, complex etiology, and genetic component. Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities give rise to abnormalities in the brain and subsequent behavioral and cognitive deficits, which may produce the symptoms associated with ADHD. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of ADHD have provided evidence that abnormalities in the brain are caused by the disorder itself rather than treatment of the disorder. Psychiatric comorbidity is common among patients with ADHD and tends to complicate treatment. Acute and long-term use of long-acting stimulant formulations (methylphenidate and amphetamine compounds) have shown robust efficacy and tolerability consistent with the treatment response established in children with ADHD. Non-stimulant medications have demonstrated efficacy as well, and may be preferred in patients with tic and substance use disorders.In this expert roundtable supplement, Timothy E. Wilens, MD, reviews the epidemiology and clinical presentation of adult ADHD. Next, Joseph Biederman, MD, provides an overview of recent advances in the neurobiology of ADHD. Thomas J. Spencer, MD, reviews stimulant treatment of adult ADHD, and Lenard A. Adler concludes with a discussion of non-stimulant trials in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Spencer
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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