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Akagi Y, Kinugasa T, Mizobe T, Kawahara A, Kage M, Shirouzu K. Expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and thymidylate synthase in patients with primary colorectal cancer, and associations with site of first metastasis. Anticancer Res 2012; 32:2277-2282. [PMID: 22641663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM The activity of the widely used anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is determined by the presence of several enzymes, including dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), and thymidylate synthase (TS). This study compared the expression levels of these enzymes between primary colorectal cancer with and without distant metastases, and examined whether these expression patterns are associated with hematogenous metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among 40 patients with colorectal cancer, 20 had no metastasis and 20 had distant metastasis. Strong expression on immunohistochemistry was classified as positive, while weak, moderate or no expression was classified as negative. RESULTS Positive expressions of DPD, OPRT and TS in primary colorectal cancer tissue were seen in 47.5%, 75% and 20%, respectively. However, no relationships were observed among the expressions of DPD, OPRT and TS. Expressions of OPRT (p=0.029) and TS (p=0.017) in primary tissues were significantly associated with hematogenous metastasis. Patterns of the expression of the three enzymes varied, and were classified in six ways. A tendency was seen for primary colorectal cancer with DPD-high expression to have liver metastasis and for that with DPD-low expression, to have lung metastasis. CONCLUSION High expression levels of OPRT and TS in colorectal cancer appear to be significantly involved in metastasis after curative surgery. The organs in which metastases arise may be controlled by the expression of DPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Akagi
- Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
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Tanaka T, Kawashima H, Matsumura K, Yamashita-Hosono T, Yoshimura R, Kuratsukuri K, Harimoto K, Nakatani T. Overexpression of orotate phosphoribosyl transferase in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 2009; 21:33-37. [PMID: 19082440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) is the initial enzyme of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) activation, in which 5-FU is converted to 5-fluorouridinemonophosphate. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is a degrading enzyme that catabolizes 5-FU. In this study, we investigated the expression of these enzymes in normal prostate gland (NP), hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) and hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Forty-two prostatic tissue specimens were obtained from patients who had undergone prostate needle biopsies without any treatments or with PSA failure after initial androgen deprivation. The tissue samples derived from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were made by laser-captured microdissection and from those RNA was extracted. The levels of OPRT and DPD mRNA expression were examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The level of OPRT mRNA expression in the HSPC or the HRPC specimens was significantly higher than that in the NP specimens. Immunohistochemical staining for OPRT revealed strong expression of OPRT in prostate cancer cells. There was a significant correlation between OPRT mRNA expression levels and the tumor pathological grade. Furthermore, the OPRT/DPD expression ratio, a powerful predictive factor to evaluate 5-FU sensitivity, in the HRPC group was significantly higher than that in the low grade HSPC group. Thus, 5-FU may be an effective option for some HRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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Tsutani Y, Yoshida K, Sanada Y, Wada Y, Konishi K, Fukushima M, Okada M. Decreased orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activity produces 5-fluorouracil resistance in a human gastric cancer cell line. Oncol Rep 2008; 20:1545-1551. [PMID: 19020740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human gastric cancer cells, we established a cell line MKN45/F2R, which acquired 5-FU resistance as a result of continuous exposure to increasing dosages of 5-FU over a year. The cell line showed 157-fold elevated 5-FU resistance compared to the MKN45 human gastric cancer parental cell line. Furthermore, the cells acquired crossresistance to paclitaxel and docetaxel. To identify the mechanism of 5-FU resistance, the expressions of 5-FU metabolic enzymes were examined. Although protein expression and activity of thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase did not change, orotate phosphoribosyl-transferase (OPRT) protein expression and activity significantly decreased in the 5-FU resistant MKN45/F2R cells. Interestingly, expression of proteins related to taxane resistance including P-glycoprotein, class III beta-tubulin and Bcl-2 increased in MKN45/F2R cells. OPRT-knockout MKN45 parent cells using small interfering RNA demonstrated 15.8-fold increased resistance to 5-FU compared to the control cells. However, resistance to paclitaxel and docetaxel was not observed. These results strongly indicate that decreased activity of OPRT plays an important role in the acquired resistance of gastric cancer cells towards 5-FU; however, it does not play a direct role in paclitaxel and docetaxel resistance. Further studies are now underway to identify genes related to crossresistance to these chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsutani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Sanada Y, Yoshida K, Hihara J, Okada M. Expression of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase in colorectal carcinoma: an immunohistochemical analysis in several components of neoplastic lesions. Oncol Rep 2008; 20:1005-1011. [PMID: 18949394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of the expression of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) in several components of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Fifty-six surgically-resected samples of CRC were subjected to immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal anti-OPRT antibody. Grading was performed independently for several components of CRC, including mucosal carcinoma lesions (n=56), infiltrative lesions (n=53), lymphovascularly invasive lesions (n=34) and metastatic lymph nodes (n=17). The expression of OPRT in mucosal carcinoma and infiltrative lesions correlated significantly only with the presence of lymphovascular invasion (p=0.0007 and <0.0001, respectively). The frequency of OPRT expression in mucosal carcinoma, infiltrative and lymphovascularly invasive lesions as well as metastatic lymph nodes was 32.1, 69.8, 88.2 and 88.8%, respectively. In addition, nuclear staining of OPRT was observed in metastatic lymph nodes and lymphovascularly invasive lesions. Our results suggest that OPRT is involved in the invasion and metastasis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sanada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institution for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Sameshima S, Tomozawa S, Kojima M, Koketsu S, Motegi K, Horikoshi H, Okada T, Kon Y, Sawada T. 5-Fluorouracil-related gene expression in primary sites and hepatic metastases of colorectal carcinomas. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:1477-1481. [PMID: 18630501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of the mRNA expressions of 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-related genes in the primary sites and liver metastases of colorectal carcinomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinomas were included (n = 43). The expression ratios to beta-actin of mRNA of thymidine synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and oroteta phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) were measured in primary and liver metastases of colorectal carcinomas by laser-captured microdissection and real time PCR. RESULTS The ratios for the expression of TS, DPD, TP and OPRT mRNAs were significantly correlated between paired primary sites and liver metastases. The mRNA expression ratios of DPD and TP showed a significant correlation both in primary sites and in liver metastases. CONCLUSION Enzymes of the primary colorectal carcinomas can be used in predicting the therapeutic efficacy of 5FU against liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Sameshima
- Department of Surgery, Gunma Cancer Center, 617-1 Takabayashi-nishi, Ota, Gunma 373-8550, Japan.
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Sameshima S, Tomozawa S, Horikoshi H, Motegi K, Hirayama I, Koketsu S, Okada T, Kojima M, Kon Y, Sawada T. 5-Fluorouracil-related gene expression in hepatic artery infusion-treated patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinomas. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:389-393. [PMID: 18383874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM To predict the therapeutic efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) for patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinomas, 5FU-related gene expressions were examined in primary colorectal carcinomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma received HAI of 5FU. The expressions of the mRNAs for thymidine synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and oroteta phophoribosyl transferase (OPRT) in primary colorectal carcinomas were measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS The response rate was 52.6% (20/38). The overall median survival time was 29.1 months. DPD and TP expression was significantly higher in the progressive disease (PD) group than in the complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) group (p = 0.032, p = 0.014), respectively. The levels of DPD and TP mRNAs showed a significant correlation (r = 0.76, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The expression of DPD and TP mRNAs in primary colorectal carcinomas was significantly predictive of the therapeutic response to 5FU HAI.
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Itashiki Y, Harada K, Ferdous T, Yoshida H. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand alone and in combination with fluoropyrimidine anticancer agent, S-1, on tumor growth of human oral squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Anticancer Res 2007; 27:2365-75. [PMID: 17695527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy has shown little antitumor activity against advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic methods for patients with advanced OSCC. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family that selectively induces apoptosis of cancer cells. S-1 is a new oral antineoplastic agent that can induce apoptosis in various types of cancer cells, including OSCC. Hence, combined treatment of cancer cells with TRAIL and S-1 might exert dramatic antitumor effects on OSCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the response of human OSCC cells to TRAIL alone and in combination with S-1 was examined using nude mouse xenograft models. S-1 (10 mg/kg/day, 5 times/week) was administered orally and TRAIL (1 mg/kg, 5 times/week) was injected into peritumoral tissue for three weeks. Apoptotic cells were detected by a TUNEL method. The protein expression of thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) were assessed using immunohistochemistry; their gene expression was determined using microdissection and RT-PCR, and their protein levels using ELISA. RESULTS Combined therapy of TRAIL and S-1 exerted antitumor effects on human OSCC xenografts markedly and significantly induced apoptotic cells in tumors treated with TRAIL plus S-1. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of TS and DPD were down-regulated, and that OPRT expression was up-regulated in tumors treated with TRAIL plus S-1. In the same way, microdissection and RT-PCR revealed that the expression of TS and DPD mRNA was down-regulated and that expression of OPRT mRNA was up-regulated in tumors administered the combined treatment. Moreover, ELISA indicated that the protein levels of TS and DPD were down-regulated, and that OPRT was up-regulated in tumors treated with the combined therapy. During the experimental period, no loss of body weight was observed in mice treated with the combined therapy. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the combination of TRAIL and S-1 is effective against OSCC and has the potential of being a new therapeutic tool for future treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Itashiki
- Department of Therapeutic Regulation for Oral Tumors, Institute of Health Bioscience, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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8
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Kinoshita M, Kodera Y, Hibi K, Nakayama G, Inoue T, Ohashi N, Ito Y, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Nakao A. Gene expression profile of 5-fluorouracil metabolic enzymes in primary colorectal cancer: potential as predictive parameters for response to fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Anticancer Res 2007; 27:851-6. [PMID: 17465211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) have been reported to be predictive parameters for the efficacy of fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy. Therapy guided by chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance assays may lead to rational treatment decisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS mRNA expression of TS, DPD, TP, and OPRT were quantified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after harvesting from paraffin embedded specimens through microdissection. In vitro chemosensitivity testing by histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) was performed with fresh specimens of the primary tumor from 49 patients with colorectal cancer. Correlations between the results of a chemosensitivity test (the T/C ratio; the percentage of optical density of a tumor treated with anticancer drugs in relation to the optical density of the tumor cultured in RPMI 1640 medium only) and the gene expression were assessed. RESULTS The gene expression of TS, TP, and OPRT had no correlation with clinicopathological factors, survival, and T/C ratio. The DPD mRNA levels (0.295 vs. 0.381, p = 0.2460) and OPRT/DPD ratio (5.535 vs. 4.394. p = 0.226) had a weak correlation with the T/C ratio. Of the eleven patients who were actually treated with chemotherapy, the responders had higher OPRT/DPD ratios (8.065 vs. 4.081, p = 0.090). CONCLUSION The DPD mRNA level and OPRT/DPD ratio evaluated from paraffin embedded specimens are candidates for further evaluation as predictors of response against 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizunobu Kinoshita
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Oeda M, Yoshida K, Sanada Y, Wada Y, Suzuki T, Mizuiri H, Konishi K, Shigematsu H, Tanabe K, Fukushima M. The expression profiles of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in gastric cancer and their clinical significance. Oncol Rep 2006; 16:1165-72. [PMID: 17089033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) is an enzyme that causes the activation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is known to catabolize 5-FU, which is widely used in chemotherapeutic treatments for patients with a variety of malignant tumors including gastric and colorectal cancer. The expression and activities of these two enzymes therefore play important roles in the response of cancer patients to chemotherapy. However, little is known about the expression of these enzymes in gastric cancer. In the present study, we further elucidate the expression patterns of ORPT and DPD and their clinicopathological significance by immunohistochemical analysis in 221 and RT-PCR in 36 gastric cancer samples. The expression of OPRT by immunohistochemical analysis was detected in 117 (52.9%) cases, whereas DPD was detected in 66 (29.9%) cases. Moreover, the level of expression of OPRT was found to correlate with the depth of tumor invasion and a poorer prognosis. Although the mRNA and protein expression of OPRT and DPD levels did not correlate, an inverse correlation in the expression of OPRT and DPD was observed by RT-PCR. The survival benefit of post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy could not be confirmed in our present analysis. However, among the patients who had received such treatment with 5-FU or its derivatives, the prognosis in cases with low DPD levels was better than that in cases with high DPD expression by immunohistochemical analysis. These results indicate that the expression of OPRT and DPD are important predictors of both survival and the response to adjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Oeda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Noda E, Maeda K, Inoue T, Nishihara T, Nishiguchi Y, Ohira M, Hirakawa K. Expression of genes for 5-FU-metabolizing enzymes and response to irinotecan plus 5-FU-leucovorin in colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 2006; 26:4653-8. [PMID: 17214322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is initially catabolized by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the target enzyme of 5-FU. In addition, activation of 5-FU to form various nucleotides via three pathways requires phosphorylation by orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, thymidine phosphorylase and uridine phosphorylase, respectively. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive value of the expression of these genes in patients receiving irinotecan plus 5-FU/leucovorin therapy (IFL) for colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-seven patients with metastatic, or recurrent colorectal cancer were studied. Enzyme gene expression was measured in primary tumors by the real-time reverse transcription PCR method. RESULTS The TS mRNA level was significantly higher in the responders than in the non-responders (p=0.0409). CONCLUSION The effect of IFL therapy may be determined by the extent of TS mRNA expression. It is suggested that assay of TS mRNA may be useful for predicting the effect of intravenous regimens such as FOLFIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Noda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-7Asahimachi Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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Harada K, Kawashima Y, Yoshida H, Sato M. Thymidylate synthase expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma predicts response to S-1. Oncol Rep 2006; 15:1417-23. [PMID: 16685374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the predictive value of expression of thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), or orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) genes for response to S-1. Twenty-five patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) received S-1 80 mg/m2/day. Pretreatment tumor biopsies were analyzed for TS, DPD, TP or OPRT mRNA expression by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. TS protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal TS antibody. Twenty-five patients were evaluable for response and gene expression. Six of the 25 (24%) achieved complete remission and 4 of the 25 (16%) had a partial response. Median TS/beta-actin was 2.51 (range 0.98-7.07). Median TS/beta-actin was 1.26 in responding patients and 3.43 in non-responders (P=0.0001). Ten of 11 patients with TS/beta-actin <1.80 and 0 of 15 with higher values responded (P<0.0001). Overall survival was 29.7 months in patients with TS/beta-actin <1.80 and 41.7 months in patients with higher values (P=0.0013). No correlations were seen between expression of DPD, TP or OPRT mRNA and response or survival. Weak TS staining was seen in 6 of 25 tumors evaluable for immunohistochemistry, including 5 responders. All 4 of the patients with both weak staining and TS/beta-actin <1.80 responded. High TS mRNA expression predicts non-response to S-1. On the other hand, high levels of DPD or TP mRNA and low levels of OPRT mRNA are not associated with S-1 resistance. TS mRNA expression is considered to be a useful prognostic factor in OSCC patients with S-1 single-agent therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Harada
- Therapeutic Regulation for Oral Tumor, Institute of Health Bioscience, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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Miyoshi Y, Uemura H, Ishiguro H, Kitamura H, Nomura N, Danenberg PV, Kubota Y. Expression of thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thymidine phosphorylase, and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005; 8:260-5. [PMID: 15999119 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) are involved in the metabolism of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. No reports have examined the expression of these enzymes in prostate cancer (CaP). A total of 25 previously untreated, hormone-sensitive CaP tissue samples and 11 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimens were examined. Tissue of CaP and BPH tissue samples were obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections by laser-captured microdissection, and then RNA was extracted. mRNA expression of TS, DPD, TP, and OPRT was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. TS and OPRT expression levels were significantly higher in CaP samples than in BPH. DPD expression level in poorly differentiated CaP was significantly lower than that in CaP with more favorable--well or moderately differentiated--histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyoshi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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Kodera Y, Fujiwara M, Yokoyama H, Ohashi N, Miura S, Ito Y, Koike M, Ito K, Nakao A. Combination of oral fluoropyrimidine and docetaxel: reappraisal of synergistic effect against gastric carcinoma xenografts. In Vivo 2005; 19:861-6. [PMID: 16097439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synergistic antitumor effect of a combination of docetaxel and capecitabine is reported to be attributable to docetaxel-mediated up-regulation of thymidine phosphorylase (dThdPase). MATERIALS AND METHODS Intravenous docetaxel (15 mg/kg) was given to nude mice bearing xenografts of the gastric cancer cell lines MKN45 and MKN28. Mice were sacrificed on days 7, 10 and 22 and tumor samples were taken to measure the activities of thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, dThdPase and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase. The efficacy of capecitabine or S-1, alone and in combination with docetaxel, was then evaluated in vivo. Docetaxel was administered intravenously on days 8 and 22 at 15 mg/kg, while capecitabine (269 mg/kg) or S-1 (7.5 mg/kg) were administered orally 5 times a week for 4 weeks. RESULTS Tumor regression was observed only for a combination of capecitabine and docetaxel against MKN28, while additive growth inhibition was obtained by the combination of docetaxel and both S-1 and capecitabine on MKN45 tumor xenografts. Induction of dThdPase activity was observed only for MKN45. The activity of no other enzyme was significantly affected following administration of docetaxel. CONCLUSION The combination of oral fluoropyrimidine and docetaxel showed augmented antitumor activity, but this may be attributed to mechanisms other than changes in 5-fluorouracil-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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Wang H, Dong PD, Zhang LH, Ji JF. [Expression of metabolic enzymes of fluoropyrimidines in primary colorectal cancer and its clinical significance]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2005; 37:269-72. [PMID: 15968317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of metabolic enzymes of fluoropyrimidines in primary colorectal cancer. METHODS Sixty-one cases of pathological confirmed primary colorectal cancer were collected in Beijing Cancer Hospital from August 2003 to February 2004. The expressions of thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) were detected in paired tumor tissues and non-cancerous tissues by RT-PCR. RESULTS Expression of each enzyme in tumor tissues was positively correlated with that in paired non-cancerous tissues respectively. Compared with the expression of each enzyme in cancer with that in non-cancer, OPRT was higher in cancer while that of DPD and TS was comparable. The expression of OPRT was approximately 4.38-folds higher in colorectal cancer tissues than that in non-cancerous tissues (P=0.000). The lowest expression of OPRT was found in mucinous carcinoma while the highest levels in poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma. There were correlations between the ratio of tumor tissues/non-cancerous tissues OPRT expression (T/N) and metastasis to the lymph nodes (r=0.36; P=0.005), small vessel invasion (r=0.26; P=0.041) and differentiation (r=-0.33; P=0.009). CONCLUSION The detection of three enzymes by means of RT-PCR is practical and can be used in clinical application. Our results also suggest that OPRT is a potential biomarker in predicting prognosis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Surgery, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100036, China
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Kawai K, Watabe S, Matsuda M, Sakamoto K, Kamano T. Correlation Between Expression of Orotate Phosphoribosyl Transferase and 5-Fluorouracil Sensitivity, as Measured by Apoptosis Index in Colorectal Cancer Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 35:197-203. [PMID: 16110121 DOI: 10.1385/ijgc:35:3:197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Fluorouracil remains a key drug in the treatment of colorectal cancer, and the development of a simple and effective test for selecting patients likely to benefit from postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is an important objective. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to clarify the feasibility of measuring apoptotic cell rate (AI%) in tumor after short-term oral 5-fluorouracil administration prior to surgery with the objective of establishing a simpler method to test for sensitivity. METHODS Forty-five colorectal cancer patients were allocated to two groups, and 21 patients were given oral 5-FU for 3 d prior to surgery. The AI% in surgical specimen, detected by TUNEL staining, was compared in the 5-FU-loaded and control groups. The correlation of AI% with 5-FU metabolic enzyme mRNA levels in tumor was also evaluated. RESULTS The AI% was significantly higher in the tumor tissue of patients receiving 5-FU than in the control group (p < 0.0005). Although insignificant, thymidylate synthase mRNA level and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase mRNA demonstrated a weak positive correlation with AI%. CONCLUSIONS The AI% measurement in tumor tissue following a 5-FU oral load for 3 d prior to surgery was feasible. It remains to be elucidated if this measurement as a new 5-FU sensitivity test reflects the prognosis with 5-FU-based postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kawai
- The Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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16
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Ichikawa W, Uetake H, Shirota Y, Yamada H, Takahashi T, Nihei Z, Sugihara K, Sasaki Y, Hirayama R. Both gene expression for orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and its ratio to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase influence outcome following fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1486-92. [PMID: 14562021 PMCID: PMC2394351 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of 5-fluorouracil into its nucleotides requires phosphorylation by three pathways involving orotate phosphoribosyl-transferase (OPRT), uridine phosphorylase (UP), or thymidine phosphorylase (TP). In this study, we investigated the association between gene expressions of these three enzymes and antitumour effect. Gene expressions in primary colorectal tumours were analysed by a real-time reverse transcriptional-polymerase chain reaction method in 37 patients receiving oral treatment of tegafur-uracil and leucovorin for metastatic diseases. The median values of OPRT mRNA expressions were 1.39 and 0.85 for responding tumours and nonresponding tumours, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference (P=0.0008). Responding tumours had statistically lower expressions of TP mRNA than nonresponding tumours (P=0.006). However, there was no difference in UP mRNA expression between responding and nonresponding tumours. Patients with high OPRT (>/=1.0) gene expression survived longer than those with low OPRT (<1.0) expression. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) gene expressions were measured. Responding tumours had a statistically higher OPRT/DPD ratio than the nonresponding ones (P=0.003). When the median value of the OPRT/DPD ratio was selected as the cutoff value, patients with a high OPRT/DPD ratio survived statistically longer than those with a low ratio (P=0.0014). In conclusion, both the expression of OPRT gene and the OPRT/DPD ratio might be useful as predictive parameters for the efficacy of fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ichikawa
- Second Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical School, 38, Moro-Hongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
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17
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Ochiai T, Sugitani M, Nishimura K, Noguchi H, Watanabe T, Sengoku H, Kihara A, Okano M. [Correlation between 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) sensitivity as measured by collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST) and expression of orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), thymidylate synthase (TS), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2001; 28:661-7. [PMID: 11383215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The levels of OPRT, DPD, and TS were determined in colorectal cancer tissue specimens, and 5-FU sensitivity was measured by CD-DST. The correlation between enzyme activity and 5-FU sensitivity was then studied. Six patients with colorectal carcinoma who had undergone surgical resection in our institution between May and August 2000 were studied. The CD-DST method was used to measure the sensitivity to 5-FU under three sets of conditions: 0.2 microgram/ml x 5 days (A), 1.0 microgram/ml x 1 day (B), and 10.0 micrograms/ml x 3 h (C). The coefficients of correlation of tumor sensitivity to 5-FU and OPRT activity were A: 0.8246, B: 0.7670, and C: 0.7856, and to DPD activity were A: 0.2525, B: 0.3928, and C: 0.4337, while the coefficients of correlation to TS enzyme levels were A: -0.5240, B: -0.4770, and C: -0.6131. These findings demonstrate a high degree of correlation between OPRT activity at the tumor site and tumor sensitivity to 5-FU under a variety of conditions, suggesting that OPRT activity can be a useful indicator in predicting the anti-tumor effectiveness of 5-FU for a specific tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ochiai
- Dept. of Surgery, Toubu Chiiki Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan, Health and Medical Treatment Corporation
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18
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Witte JF, Tsou R, McClard RW. Cloning, overproduction, and purification of native and mutant recombinant yeast orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and the demonstration from magnetization inversion transfer that a proposed oxocarbocation intermediate does not have a kinetic lifetime. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 361:106-12. [PMID: 9882434 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene for orotate phosphoribosyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been subcloned into an Escherichia coli overexpression vector and the enzyme has been produced in large quantities, thus simplifying the purification to one step. We were able to repeat the published (J. Victor, L. B. Greenberg, and D. L. Sloan J. Biol. Chem. 254, 2647-2655, 1979). 32PPi/5-phosphorylribose 1-alpha-diphosphate exchange experiments and could demonstrate the exchange by magnetization inversion transfer NMR experiments as well. However, when contaminating orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) was eliminated with OMP decarboxylase, any evidence of magnetization transfer vanished. Consequently, it is concluded that a ping pong mechanism is not operable and that a previously proposed oxocarbocation intermediate along the pathway to OMP does not persist long enough in the catalytic cycle of this enzyme to be recognized by NMR exchange experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Witte
- Arthur F. Scott Laboratory of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, 97202-8199, USA
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Vonstein V, Johnson SP, Yu H, Casadaban MJ, Pagratis NC, Weber JM, Demirjian DC. Molecular cloning of the pyrE gene from the extreme thermophile Thermus flavus. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:4540-3. [PMID: 7635839 PMCID: PMC177211 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.15.4540-4543.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutants of the extreme thermophile Thermus flavus in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway (Pyr-) were isolated by resistance to 5-fluoroorotic acid. The pyrE gene, which codes for the orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, was cloned by recombination with one of the isolated Pyr- T. flavus mutant strains. It was subcloned by complementation of an Escherichia coli pyrE mutant strain and was sequenced. The deduced polypeptide sequence extends over 183 amino acids. Several independent Pyr- mutations were mapped within the pyrE locus by recombination with fragments of the cloned gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vonstein
- ThermoGen, Inc., Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D Knecht
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA
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Porter L, Yang J, Rawls J. Expression of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis genes during spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 370:567-74. [PMID: 7660970 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2584-4_119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Porter
- T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA
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22
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Abstract
We have substituted on a plasmid the native promoter of the Escherichia coli rph-pyrE operon with an inducible transcription-initiation signal. The plasmid was used to study the mRNA chains derived from the operon at different intracellular concentrations of UTP and as a function of time following induction of transcription. The results showed that dicistronic rph-pyrE mRNA was formed when the UTP pool was low, and that a monocistronic rph mRNa was the major transcription product in high-UTP pools, thus supporting an UTP-controlled attenuation mechanism for regulation of pyrE gene expression. However, the dicistronic rph-pyrE transcript was rapidly processed into two monocistronic mRNA units, and a cleavage site was mapped near the attenuator in the intercistronic region, close to the site where transcription was terminated in high-UTP pools. Furthermore, the major 3' end of the pyrE mRNA was mapped near a palindromic structure of similarity to the family of repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences, 35 nucleotide residues after stop codon of the pryE gene.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Escherichia coli/enzymology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genes, Bacterial
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Operon
- Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase/biosynthesis
- Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase/genetics
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Terminator Regions, Genetic
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Andersen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry B, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Neuhard J, Kelln RA. A chromosomal mutation mediating increased expression of pyrE in Salmonella typhimurium is located within the proposed attenuator. Can J Microbiol 1988; 34:686-7. [PMID: 3061622 DOI: 10.1139/m88-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A chromosomal mutation resulting in 15- to 20-fold increased expression of the Salmonella typhimurium pyrE gene has been cloned and sequenced. The mutation was found to be a single base-pair transition of GC to AT, and occurred within a region of dyad symmetry (attenuator) located just upstream of the pyrE structural gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neuhard
- Enzyme Division, University Institute of Biological Chemistry B, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Paulus TJ, McGarry TJ, Shekelle PG, Rosenzweig S, Switzer RL. Coordinate synthesis of the enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1982; 149:775-8. [PMID: 6120161 PMCID: PMC216572 DOI: 10.1128/jb.149.2.775-778.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of Bacillus subtilis that were resistant to repression of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic enzymes were selected by isolating spontaneous uracil-tolerant derivatives of a uracil-sensitive strain, which lacks arginine-repressible carbamyl phosphate synthetase. The relative content of all six enzymes of uridylic acid biosynthesis de novo in these strains was in a constant ratio over a 10-fold range of derepression, which indicates that synthesis of these enzymes is coordinately regulated.
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25
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Jones ME. The genes for and regulation of the enzyme activities of two multifunctional proteins required for the de novo pathway for UMP biosynthesis in mammals. Mol Biol Biochem Biophys 1980; 32:165-82. [PMID: 6108501 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81503-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UMP biosynthesis requires six enzyme activities. Five of these enzyme centers are clustered into two multienzymatic proteins which are known to, or appear to, sequester the intermediates carbamyl approximately P, carbamyl aspartate and orotidylic acid. The advantages of sequestering these intermediates appear to be a conservation of energy, since two intermediates, carbamyl approximately P and orotidylate, might otherwise be rapidly degraded in mammalian cells. Carbamyl-aspartate appears not to be degraded rapidly in mammalian cells but it can pass into the blood and could possible disrupt brain metabolism by action as an acetylaspartate analog, if it passes the blood-brain barrier. For this, and possible for other reasons, there may be advantages to the fact that these intermediates are not other reasons, there may be advantages to the fact that these intermediates are not readily released from Complex A and U. In addition, these multienzymatic proteins may have other kinetic advantages, some of which have been discussed above. Studies with intact cells illustrate that azauridine, a chemical designed originally as an antineoplastic drug, produces a "ripple" effect when it inhibits the last enzyme of this pathway which leads to a sequential accumulation of pools of the various intermediates or their metabolites. This same agent increases the amount of some of the enzymes of this biosynthetic pathway in cells exposed to this drug. Both of these effects can negate the effectiveness of this potential antineoplastic drug. Sophisticated drug design may depend on whole-cell studies, such as those discussed here, in addition to the classic studies on the inhibition of a single enzyme center to select drugs that may be without significant side effects when they are finally tested in animals.
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