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Wolfsberger JG, Hunt EC, Bobba SS, Love-Rutledge S, Vogler B. Metabolite quantification: A fluorescence-based method for urine sample normalization prior to 1H-NMR analysis. Metabolomics 2022; 18:80. [PMID: 36261660 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics is a multi-discipline approach to systems biology that provides a snapshot of the metabolic status of a cell, tissue, or organism. Metabolomics uses mass spectroscopy (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to analyze biological samples for low molecular weight metabolites. OBJECTIVE Normalize urine sample pre-acquisition to perform a targeted quantitative analysis of selected metabolites in rat urine. METHODS Urine samples were provided from rats on a control diet (n = 10) and moderate sucrose diet (n = 8) collected in a metabolic cage during an eight hour fast. Urine from each sample was prepared by two different methods. One sample was a non-normalized sample of 1200 µL and the second sample was a variable volume-normalized to the concentration of urobilin in a standard sample of urine. The urobilin concentration in all samples was determined by fluorescence. Ten metabolites for each non-normalized and normalized urine sample were quantified by integration to an internal standard of DSS. RESULTS Both groups showed an improvement in pH range going from non-normalized to normalized samples. In the group on the control diet, eight metabolites had significant improvement in range, while the remaining two metabolites had insignificant improvement in range comparing the non-normalized sample to the normalized sample. In the group on the moderate sucrose diet all ten metabolites showed significant improvement in range going from non-normalized to normalized samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings describe a pre-acquisition method of urine normalization to adjust for differences in hydration state of each organism. This results in a narrower concentration range in a targeted analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gerard Wolfsberger
- Chemistry Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama, 35899, USA
| | - Emily C Hunt
- Chemistry Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama, 35899, USA
| | - Sai Sumedha Bobba
- James Clemens High School, 11306 County Line Rd, Madison, Alabama, 35756, USA
| | - Sharifa Love-Rutledge
- Chemistry Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama, 35899, USA
| | - Bernhard Vogler
- Chemistry Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama, 35899, USA.
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Prakash S, Mishra AK. Rapid and sensitive naked eye detection of faecal pigments using their enhanced solid-state green fluorescence on a zinc acetate substrate. Anal Methods 2022; 14:2907-2912. [PMID: 35861373 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00878e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of trace faecal pigments in real-time and on-site detection remains a challenge for water quality monitoring. Herein, a simple, low-cost and rapid fluorescence-based analytical method has been developed in a solid matrix for faecal pigments like stercobilin and urobilin detection. This was made possible due to significant enhancement of green solid-state fluorescence (520 nm) by zinc(II) complexation with faecal pigments embedded in the surface of zinc acetate crystals. It enables naked-eye detection of these pigments even at a 10 μM level when excited with 365 nm blue-UV. It was demonstrated that easily available white cellulose paper strips or TLC silica plates coated with zinc acetate can be used as substrates. A photophysical study of solid-state faecal pigments-zinc(II) complexes suggests that green fluorescence enhancement results from the complexation, which can be attributed to the substantial decrease of the non-radiative decay rate (knr) as well as more efficient use of excitation light. The observation of reduced interference of humic acid fluorescence makes faecal pigment detection more efficient by this proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
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Prakash S, Mishra AK. Photophysics of faecal pigments stercobilin and urobilin in aliphatic alcohols: introduction of a sensitive method for their detection using solvent phase extraction and fluorometry. Anal Methods 2021; 13:5573-5588. [PMID: 34787126 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01539g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Faecal pigments (FPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and are a primary contaminant in groundwater and surface water. This article presents a new analytical paradigm by a fluorescence coupled extraction-based method involving FP fluorescence enhancement and minimization of background fluorescence for high sensitivity detection. FPs show higher fluorescence intensity in aliphatic alcohols due to the breaking down of higher-order H-aggregates into lower-order H-aggregates (dimers). DFT studies using the B3LYP functional and LANL2DZ basis set show π-π stacking and hydrogen-bonding contributions towards forming H-aggregated dimers of FPs in the implicit and explicit solvent environments of 1-hexanol. This study is the first report on the extractability of FPs using 1-hexanol as an efficient extraction medium in comparison to higher-order aliphatic alcohols (1-butanol, 1-hexanol and 1-octanol). Furthermore, FP-Zn(II) complexes in 1-hexanol medium significantly enhance the fluorescence emission intensity (∼14-17 times), and the emission intensity remains stable over time. This further helps to increase the detection limit of FPs in the picomolar to sub-picomolar concentration range. This study proposes a protocol involving extraction of FPs by 1-hexanol followed by the complexation of FPs with Zn(II) in the alcohol media and subsequent fluorimetric detection of the FP-Zn(II) complex with a high level of sensitivity, enabled by reduced interference from the background fluorescence of humic acid. The complexation behaviour of FPs with various metal salts was also examined, which provided an understanding of the fluorescence behaviour of FPs with various other metal ions commonly present in natural environmental water. The proposed analytical method has been further validated using real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Prakash S, Panigrahi SK, Dorner RP, Wagner M, Schmidt W, Mishra AK. Understanding the photophysics of stercobilin-Zn(II) and urobilin-Zn(II) complexes towards faecal pigment analysis. Chemosphere 2021; 265:129189. [PMID: 33307503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A detailed photophysical study of two faecal pigments (FPs), Urobilin (UB) and Stercobilin (SB), and their zinc complexes [FP-Zn(II)] was carried out. The enhancement of UB and SB fluorescence resulting from the formation of their Zn(II) complexes was attributed to the complexation-induced rigidity of the chromophoric units, and the corresponding decrease of nonradiative decay rate constants of the excited singlet states (knr). The effect of various physicochemical environments was also studied in detail in order to understand the fluorescence behaviour of the Zn(II) complexes. FP-Zn(II) complexes have a lower solubility in water that results in the formation of molecular aggregates. The aggregation-induced loss of fluorescence of FP-Zn(II) complexes could be overcome by using the appropriate mixture of ethanol and water (70:30). Molecular orbital calculations on the FP-Zn(II) complexes provided a good idea of the geometry of the complexes and helped rationalise the enhancement of fluorescence after complexation. This study could pave the way towards developing a convenient non-extraction aqueous phase analytical procedure for detection of FPs using Zn(II) complexation method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wido Schmidt
- Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Dresden, Germany
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MOSCOWITZ A, KRUEGER WC, KAY IT, SKEWES G, BRUCKENSTEIN S. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE OPTICAL ACTIVITY IN THE UROBILINS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 52:1190-4. [PMID: 14231439 PMCID: PMC300420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.52.5.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Chedekel M, Bovey FA, Brewster AI, Petryka ZJ, Weimer M, Watson CJ, Moscowitz A, Lightner DA. On the existence of a mono-vinyl d- urobilin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:1599-601. [PMID: 4525451 PMCID: PMC388283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.5.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromic acid degradation of a d-urobilin, obtained after incubation of bilirubin in fecal bacterial cultures, gave methylvinylmaleimide and methylethylmaleimide. The d-urobilin, molecular weight 588, C(33)H(40)-N(4)O(6), clearly showed the presence of both vinyl and ethyl resonances in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. These results point unambiguously to a urobilin structure with one vinyl and one ethyl beta-substituent.
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Watson CJ, Weimer M, Petryka ZJ, Lightner DA, Moscowitz A, Davis E, Beach NA. A new method of interpretation of the ferric chloride oxidation patterns of the urobilinoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 131:414-22. [PMID: 5787214 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lightner DA, Moscowitz A, Petryka ZJ, Jones S, Weimer M, Davis E, Beach NA, Watson CJ. Mass spectrometry and ferric chloride oxidation applied to urobilinoid structures. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 131:566-76. [PMID: 5787225 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gray CH. Outstanding bile pigment problems. Acta Med Okayama (1952) 1969; 23:149-63. [PMID: 4242308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gray CH, Nicholson DC. Recent developments in our knowledge of the urobilins. Medicine (Baltimore) 1967; 46:83-90. [PMID: 6027465 DOI: 10.1097/00005792-196703000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Ogryzlo MA, Urowitz MB, Weber HM, Houpt JB. The treatment of gout and disorders of uric acid metabolism with allopurinol. Can Med Assoc J 1966; 95:1120-7. [PMID: 5923471 PMCID: PMC1935821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Allopurinol (4-hydroxypyrazolo (3,4-d)-pyrimidine) is a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor which inhibits the oxidation of naturally occurring oxypurines, thus decreasing uric acid formation. The clinical and metabolic effects of this agent were studied in 80 subjects with primary and secondary gout and other disorders of uric acid metabolism. Allopurinol has been universally successful in lowering the serum uric acid concentration and uric acid excretion to normal levels, while not significantly affecting the clearance of urate or other aspects of renal function. Oxypurine excretion increased concomitantly with the fall in urine uric acid. The agent is particularly valuable in the management of problems of gout with azotemia, acute uric acid nephropathy and uric acid urolithiasis. The minor side effects, clinical indications and theoretical complications are discussed.
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Watson CJ, Moscowitz A, Lightner D, Krueger WC, Weimer M. The isolation of crystalline i-urobilinogen (mesobilirubinogen) from feces. Comparison with crystalline d-urobilinogen (H44) and seprartion of natural i-urobilin into optically active components. J Biol Chem 1966; 241:5037-43. [PMID: 5925866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Cole WJ, Gray CH, Nicholson DC, Norman M. The chemistry of the bile pigments. VI. The effect of metal complex formation upon optical activity and spectral absorption of urobilins. J Chem Soc Perkin 1 1966; 15:1321-6. [PMID: 5949483 DOI: 10.1039/j39660001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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HERINGOVA A, JIRSA M, JIRSOVA V. [ISOLATION OF UROBILINOID IN INFANT FECES AND A STUDY OF ITS PROPERTIES]. Cas Lek Cesk 1964; 103:1132-5. [PMID: 14206284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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GADEHOLT H, HAUGEN J. CENTRILOBULAR HEPATIC NECROSIS IN CARDIAC FAILURE. ONE CASE WITH SEVERE ACUTE JAUNDICE. Acta Med Scand 1964; 176:525-8. [PMID: 14221662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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LOZZIO B, MACHADO E, LEW V, ROYER M. [CATABOLISM OF HEMOGLOBIN DURING RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM HYPERFUNCTION PRODUCED BY P-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE]. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1964; 1:293-305. [PMID: 14220267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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KANAI M, NOMOTO S. [A SIMPLE LIVER FUNCTION TEST AND ITS EVALUATION]. Naika 1964; 14:638-48. [PMID: 14202908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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RABITTI G, AGNOLUCCI MT, DELLACASA L, BONATI B. [ENZYMOLOGICAL AND LIVER-BIOPSY FINDINGS IN VIRAL HEPATITIS. STUDY OF AN EPIDEMIC FOCUS IN MODENA]. Minerva Med 1964; 55:2255-9. [PMID: 14177759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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MULDER E. [CONGENITAL SPHEROCYTOSIS IN INFANTS AND OLDER CHILDREN. II]. Maandschr Kindergeneeskd 1964; 32:173-85. [PMID: 14171924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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ROYER M, LOZZIO BB, GORODISCH S. CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION AND PROPORTIONAL DETERMINATION OF L-, I- AND D- UROBILINS. Acta Physiol Lat Am 1964; 14:94-8. [PMID: 14175170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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LOPATKA B, RZESZUT L. [HETERO-HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST WITH CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTES AND HYPER UROBILINOGENURIA IN PROPHYLACTIC STUDIES ON VIRAL HEPATITIS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN THE CITY OF BIALYSTOK]. Przegl Epidemiol 1964; 18:67-70. [PMID: 14189169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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CARBONELL-JUANICO M, CARBONELL-ESTRANY M. [AGENESIS OF THE INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS. APROPOS OF A CASE]. Rev Esp Pediatr 1964; 20:1-13. [PMID: 14151584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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PAWELSKI S, DAROCHA T, ZDZIECHOWSKA H, KOWALSKI H, KONOPKA L. [COMPARISON OF THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF DETERMINING THE LIFE SPAN OF ERYTHROCYTES LABELED WITH CR51 AND EXCRETION OF BILE PIGMENTS IN HEMOLYTIC SYNDROMES]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1964; 34:1245-50. [PMID: 14241956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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ERYKALOVA OK. [DETERMINATION OF UROBILIN IN THE URINE BY FLUOROMETRY]. Lab Delo 1964; 10:99-100. [PMID: 14138470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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POSTOL GS, POPVSKAIA MI, PIOTROVITS EA, SHANGINA DA, TRASKUNOVA ID. [CLINICAL ASPECTS OF BOTKIN'S DISEASE AND ITS COURSE IN CHILDREN]. Pediatriia 1963; 42:61-2. [PMID: 14162638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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DENEGRI E. [VARIOUS RAPID TECHNICS FOR CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE URINE]. Minerva Med 1963; 54:3334-41. [PMID: 14128427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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BOTTINI E. [CURRENT PROBLEMS IN THE METABLISM OF BILIARY PIGMENTS WITH PARTICULAR REGARD TO THE NEONATAL PERIOD]. Recenti Prog Med 1963; 35:410-50. [PMID: 14103763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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GIANNOTTI B, REALI UM. [URINARY PORPHYRINS AND THEIR PRECURSORS: OBSERVATIONS ON THE METHODS OF DETERMINATION]. Rass Dermatol Sifilogr 1963; 16:206-46. [PMID: 14100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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NEUMEISTER K. [CLINICAL-CHEMICAL STUDIES ON ALTERATION OF LIVER FUNCTION BY ROENTGEN RAYS]. Strahlentherapie 1963; 122:68-75. [PMID: 14093435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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LOZZIO B, COLOMBATO L, ACCAME E, PEREZ V, ROYER M. [NORMAL UROBILINEMIA, IN HEPATOPATHIES AND IN HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS]. Medicina (B Aires) 1963; 23:239-44. [PMID: 14090912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
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LOZZIO BB, ACCAME E, COLOMBATO L, ROYER M. [CONCENTRATION AND NATURE OF THE UROBILINS OF THE NORMAL HUMAN PLASMA]. Medicina (B Aires) 1963; 23:236-8. [PMID: 14090911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
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GRACHEVA AG. [THE EFFECT OF RICKETS AND HYPOTROPHY ON THE ENZYMATIC FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN]. Pediatriia 1963; 42:51-4. [PMID: 14088505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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GORBOVSKAIA TG. [PHOTOELECTROCOLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY OF UROBILIN IN THE URINE]. Lab Delo 1963; 9:40-1. [PMID: 14097600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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TOLSTOVA II, RUDENSKAIA IN. [EFFECT OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE ON SOME INDICES OF FAT METABOLISM IN BOTKIN'S DISEASE IN CHILDREN]. Vopr Okhr Materin Det 1963; 8:48-51. [PMID: 14069401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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