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Lewis MA, Zhou Z, Fairlie AM, Litt DM, Geusens F, Parks KA, McCabe SE. Examining within-person associations between alcohol and cannabis use and hooking up among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Addict Behav 2024; 155:108040. [PMID: 38657402 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined daily associations between alcohol use, cannabis use, and simultaneous alcohol and cannabis/marijuana (SAM) use with the likelihood of hooking up (uncommitted sexual encounter that may or may not include intercourse). METHOD We used a longitudinal measurement burst ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design with 3-week EMA bursts with daily measurements repeated quarterly across 12 months. 1,009 (57 % female, Mean age = 20.00 [SD = 3.21]) Texan adolescents and young adults ages 15-25 participated in the study. Mixed effects logistic regression models were estimated using maximum likelihood estimation to evaluate the associations between substance use and hooking up. RESULTS Within-person results indicated that participants were more likely to hook up on days with alcohol use and on days with cannabis use, but not on days with SAM use. Participants were also more likely to hook up on drinking days with higher-than-usual alcohol use. Between-person results indicated that participants who used alcohol more often or cannabis more often on average were more likely to hook up, and participants who tended to drink more on drinking days were more likely to hook up. CONCLUSIONS Given the significant daily-level associations between alcohol and cannabis use and hooking up behavior, public health initiatives should focus on developing interventions to reduce alcohol and cannabis use and promote safer hooking up behavior among adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Population and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States.
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Population and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Dana M Litt
- Department of Population and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Femke Geusens
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 14B, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; Research Unit Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen A Parks
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The State University at New York at Buffalo, Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14226, United States
| | - Sean Esteban McCabe
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls Building Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Litt DM, Zhou Z, Fairlie AM, Graupensperger S, Cross A, Kannard E, Lee CM, Lewis MA. A daily-level examination of willingness to pregame, blackout, and hook up across drinking days: Associations with respective behavioral outcomes among adolescents and young adults. Addict Behav 2024; 153:108004. [PMID: 38457988 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Research indicates general willingness to drink (i.e., "How willing are you to drink tonight?") fluctuates day-to-day and is associated with daily-level drinking. However, it is unknown whether willingness to engage in specific alcohol-related behaviors is associated with actual engagement in those behaviors above and beyond general willingness to drink at the daily level. The present study examined whether daily-level willingness to engage in specific behaviors (i.e., pre-gaming, blacking out, hooking up) predicted engaging in those respective behaviors on drinking days above and beyond one's general willingness to drink. Participants included adolescents and young adults who were part of a longitudinal ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study on cognitions and alcohol use. Participants (N = 675; 43 % male) who reported drinking on weekend days (i.e., Friday and Saturday [N = 3,727 days]), were included. The study involved a 3-week EMA burst design with bursts occurring quarterly over 12 months. Multilevel logistic regressions indicated on drinking days when participants reported being more willing than their own average to pre-game (OR = 1.77, p <.001), black out (OR = 1.46, p <.05), or drink before hooking up (OR = 1.68, p <.001), they were more likely to pregame, black out, and hook up, respectively, whereas general willingness to drink was not associated with any outcomes at the daily level.Results suggest willingness to engage in specific behaviors may be essential to target in prevention programming in comparison to general willingness to drink when aiming to reduce specific risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Litt
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States.
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Allison Cross
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Emma Kannard
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Fairlie AM, Calhoun BH, Walukevich-Dienst K, Janson M, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Short-term changes in social role statuses across young adulthood and their relation to heavy drinking in a given month. J Res Adolesc 2024. [PMID: 38511410 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Young adulthood is a developmental period during which individuals experience shifts in their social roles in various domains, which coincides with a period of time that is also high risk for lifetime peaks in alcohol use. The current study examined age-related changes in heavy episodic drinking (HED) and high-intensity drinking (HID) and associations with short-term (i.e., monthly) variation in young adults' social roles over a 2.5-year period in a community sample of young adults who reported past-year alcohol use (N = 778, baseline age range 18-23). Results showed probabilities of past-month HED and HID changed in a nonlinear fashion across ages 18-26 with greater probabilities of use at younger ages. Most participants did not report being in the same social role status every sampled month, underscoring the presence of short-term role variation. Living with parents and being in a serious romantic relationship in a given month were negatively associated with past-month HED. Living with parents in a given month was also negatively associated with past-month HID. Being a 4-year college student and being employed full-time in a given month were not significantly related to either outcome. Findings provided partial evidence that monthly statuses were associated with heavy drinking. Several avenues for future research are described in light of the findings.
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Calhoun BH, Fairlie AM, Rhew IC, Walter T, Lee CM. An Expanded Daily Alcohol Expectancies Measure: Results on the Multilevel Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024. [PMID: 38426685 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.23-00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol expectancies are beliefs people have about the likelihood of experiencing various positive or negative consequences related to alcohol use. Expectancies have most commonly been treated as trait-like characteristics of individuals, but some researchers have assessed expectancies as state-level characteristics that vary within-persons across days. Previous work developed a 13-item daily alcohol expectancies measure. This study evaluated an expanded version of that measure that includes 10 additional expectancy items. METHOD Participants were 2- and 4-year college students (N=201; 63.7% female; 55.2% White Non-Hispanic; 75.1% 4-year students) randomized to the control group of a longitudinal study designed to test the efficacy of a just-in-time adaptive intervention delivered via mobile app to reduce high-risk alcohol use. Multilevel exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the factor structure at the daily and person levels. Multilevel models were used to evaluate the convergent validity of the resulting subscales. RESULTS Two factors, broadly representing positive and negative alcohol expectancies, were retained at the daily and person levels. Composite reliability (ω) estimates ranged from 0.85 to 0.96 and suggested that the reliability of the resulting subscales was good to strong. Associations between the daily expectancy subscales and baseline scores on an established expectancies measure provided preliminary evidence of convergent validity. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that this expanded 23-item daily alcohol expectancies measure is psychometrically sound. This measure is appropriate for use in daily or just-in-time expectancy challenge interventions and is suitable for use among 2- and 4-year college students who drink alcohol regularly and occasionally in heavy quantities and who experience alcohol-related negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Theresa Walter
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
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Guttmannova K, Fleming CB, Rhew IC, Delawalla MLM, Fairlie AM, Larimer ME, Kilmer JR. Changes in Cannabis Use From 2014 to 2019 Among Young Adults in Washington State. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:252-259. [PMID: 37793557 PMCID: PMC10842380 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding changes in cannabis use in the legalized nonmedical cannabis context is critical. Washington State, one the earliest states to implement legalization, presents a unique opportunity to examine how cannabis use and its consequences changed after the implementation of legalization for adults. With a focus on Washington State young adults, this study conducted in 2022-2023 examined changes in (1) cannabis use by sex and age, (2) preferred mode of use, and (3) cannabis use disorder symptoms. METHODS Using repeated cross-sectional data on young adults aged 18-25 years in Washington State from 2014 (premarket opening) to 2019 (N=12,945), logistic regression models assessed trends over time in the prevalence of any and frequent (20+ days) past-month cannabis use. Among individuals reporting use, multinomial logistic regressions estimated trends over time in the preferred mode of use and negative binomial regressions examined trends in the count of cannabis use disorder symptoms. RESULTS From 2014 to 2019, the prevalence of cannabis use converged by sex, with females being equally likely as males to report both any and frequent use by 2019. Among young adults reporting past-month use, smoking as the preferred mode of use decreased relative to other modes. Number of cannabis use disorder symptoms reported increased, which was not accounted for by changes in preferred mode of use. CONCLUSIONS During the 5-year period following the implementation of legalization, patterns of young adult cannabis use shifted, including particularly sharp increases among females and increases in cannabis use disorder symptoms. Future studies should investigate underlying causes for these important changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Guttmannova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Charles B Fleming
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Miranda L M Delawalla
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jason R Kilmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Graupensperger S, Calhoun BH, Fairlie AM, Lee CM. Exposure to media with alcohol-related content across young adulthood: Associations with risky drinking and consequences among high-risk 2- and 4-year college students. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:98-110. [PMID: 36992619 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to media with alcohol-related content is a known risk for alcohol use and related harms among young people. The present study used longitudinal self-report data on exposure to media with alcohol-related content to examine age trajectories across young adulthood and to estimate associations with heavy episodic drinking (HED) and negative consequences. METHOD Participants were 201 high-risk young adults enrolled in 2- and 4-year colleges (ages 18-25 at screening; 63.7% female). Repeated assessments occurred at four timepoints across a 12-month period. RESULTS Self-reported exposure to both positively and negatively portrayed alcohol-related media content decreased with age. Between-persons, controlling for alcohol use frequency, exposure to positive alcohol-related media content was positively associated with HED, and exposure to negative alcohol-related media content was inversely associated with HED; no within-person effects on HED were significant. For negative consequences, controlling for alcohol quantity, exposure to positive media content was associated with more negative consequences both between- and within-persons. Unexpectedly, exposure to negatively portrayed media content was positively associated with negative consequences at the within-person level. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Trajectories in exposure to media with alcohol-related content showed that relatively younger participants reported greater exposure, highlighting the need for policy and prevention efforts to protect this vulnerable demographic. Findings generally indicated that positive portrayals of alcohol use increase alcohol-related risks. Moreover, increased exposure to negative portrayals in a given assessment was associated with more negative consequences-potentially by normalising or glorifying high-risk drinking and consequences, though mechanistic/causal research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian H Calhoun
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Litt DM, Zhou Z, Fairlie AM, King KM, Cross A, Kannard E, Geusens F, Lewis MA. Daily level examination indicates that positive affect, but not negative affect, is associated with alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults. Psychol Addict Behav 2023; 37:1030-1038. [PMID: 37471009 PMCID: PMC10799183 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there is growing evidence that alcohol use at the daily level is associated with positive but not negative affect, results are mixed when examining marijuana use and simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use (i.e., use with overlapping effects). In addition, less is known about these daily level associations among diverse samples of adolescents and young adults. The present study will address these gaps. METHOD Participants (N = 1,006; 57.3% female, 43.1% White, Non-Hispanic, ages 15-25; Mage = 20.0) were part of a study on substance use that consisted of a 3-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) burst design (eight surveys per week, up to 2×/day) that was repeated quarterly over a 12-month period. RESULTS Within-person results indicated that on days with elevated positive affect, participants reported consuming more drinks, whereas positive affect was not significant for hours high from marijuana. In addition, on days with elevated negative affect, participants reported fewer hours high from marijuana. No association was found between negative affect and number of drinks. Finally, within-person results indicated that on alcohol or marijuana days with elevated positive affect, individuals were more likely to report SAM use. There was no association found between negative affect and SAM use. CONCLUSIONS Results have implications such that in-the-moment interventions for alcohol and SAM use may be more salient when individuals have higher positive affect than average, whereas such interventions may be more relevant for marijuana use when negative affect is lower compared to average levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Litt
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kevin M. King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Allison Cross
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Emma Kannard
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Femke Geusens
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa A. Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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Fairlie AM, Calhoun BH, Graupensperger S, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Daily-level simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use and its associations with alcohol use, marijuana use, and negative consequences in a young adult community sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken) 2023; 47:1690-1701. [PMID: 38051139 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use has been associated with greater alcohol use and consequences at the daily level, but limited research has examined SAM use in relation to marijuana use and its consequences. This study tested daily associations between SAM use and four outcomes: alcohol use (number of drinks), marijuana use (hours high), negative alcohol consequences, and negative marijuana consequences. METHODS A community sample of young adults [ages 18-25, mean (SD) = 21.61 (2.17) years] with recent alcohol and SAM use was recruited (N = 409; 50.9% female; 48.2% non-Hispanic/Latinx White). Participants completed a baseline survey and six 2-week bursts of daily surveys (81.1% of morning surveys completed) and reported on substance use and negative substance-related consequences. Multilevel modeling was used to test the main aims and to explore each specific consequence. RESULTS Among days with any alcohol use, SAM use days were associated with consuming more drinks and experiencing more total negative alcohol-related consequences than non-SAM use days. Among days with any marijuana use, SAM use days were associated with more hours being high than non-SAM use days. Exploratory models showed that SAM use was related to five specific alcohol-related consequences and two specific marijuana-related consequences. CONCLUSIONS These findings build upon prior research by showing that SAM use days are linked to consuming more drinks, reporting more hours being high from marijuana, and experiencing more total alcohol-related consequences even after controlling for the number of drinks, the number of hours high, any tobacco/nicotine use, and any other substance use. SAM use was also associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing some specific consequences related to alcohol and marijuana. The findings underscore the need for additional research on SAM use and marijuana-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian H Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Litt DM, Zhou Z, Fairlie AM, Waldron KA, Geusens F, Lewis MA. Experimental Test of Abstaining-and-Drinking Social Media Content on Adolescent and Young Adult Social Norms and Alcohol Use. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2023; 84:700-709. [PMID: 37306372 PMCID: PMC10600970 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.23-00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experimental research has demonstrated that when alcohol-related content is viewed on social media, adolescents and young adults tend to have favorable attitudes toward alcohol use. However, limited research focuses on social media norms for abstaining from alcohol use. The current study examined the role of descriptive and injunctive alcohol-abstaining-and-drinking norms via experimentally manipulated social media profiles. Experimental effects on descriptive and injunctive normative perceptions and subsequent behavior were tested. METHOD Participants (N = 306; ages 15-20 years) were recruited from the Seattle metropolitan area to complete a baseline survey and view researcher-fabricated social media profiles. Using stratified random assignment (birth sex and age), participants were randomized into one of three conditions: (a) alcohol abstaining and drinking, (b) alcohol abstaining, and (c) attention control. RESULTS The alcohol-abstaining-and-drinking condition reported greater drinking descriptive norms compared with participants in either the alcohol-abstaining or the attention-control conditions at post-experiment and 1-month follow-up. The alcohol-abstaining-and-drinking condition reported lower abstaining descriptive norms (i.e., perceiving fewer peers abstain) compared with those in the alcohol-abstaining condition at post-experiment and lower abstaining injunctive norms compared with those in the attention-control condition at 1-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to social media profiles containing both alcohol-drinking and alcohol-abstaining messages was respectively associated with individuals perceiving that peers were consuming alcohol more often and that fewer peers were abstaining. The present findings are consistent with prior experimental research that indicates alcohol displays on social media are associated with riskier drinking cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Litt
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Katja A. Waldron
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Femke Geusens
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa A. Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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Duckworth JC, Graupensperger S, Schultz NR, Gilson MS, Fairlie AM, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Alcohol and marijuana use predicting next-day absenteeism and engagement at school and work: A daily study of young adults. Addict Behav 2023; 142:107670. [PMID: 36878183 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examined effects of alcohol and marijuana use on next-day absenteeism and engagement at work and school among young adults (18-25 years old) who reported past-month alcohol use and simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use. Participants completed twice daily surveys for five, 14-day bursts. The analytic sample was 409 [64 % were enrolled in university (N = 263) and 95 % were employed (N = 387) in at least one burst]. Daily measures included: any alcohol or marijuana use, quantity of alcohol or marijuana use (i.e., number of drinks, number of hours high), attendance at work or school, and engagement (i.e., attentiveness, productivity) at school or work. Multilevel models examined between- and within-person associations between alcohol and marijuana use and next-day absenteeism and engagement at school or work. Between-persons, the proportion of days of alcohol use days was positively associated with next-day absence from school, consuming more drinks was positively associated with next-day absence from work, and the proportion of days of marijuana use was positively associated with next-day engagement at work. At the daily-level, when individuals consumed any alcohol and when they consumed more drinks than average, they reported lower next-day engagement during school and work. When individuals used marijuana and when they were high for more hours than average, they reported lower next-day engagement during school. Findings suggest alcohol and marijuana use consequences include next-day absence and decrements in next-day engagement at school and work, which could be included in interventions aimed at ameliorating harmful impacts of substance use among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Duckworth
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Johnson Tower 516, Pullman, WA 99163, United States.
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole R Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael S Gilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Walukevich-Dienst K, Calhoun BH, Fairlie AM, Cadigan JM, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Using substances to cope with social anxiety: Associations with use and consequences in daily life. Psychol Addict Behav 2023; 37:581-591. [PMID: 36442020 PMCID: PMC10225016 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using substances to cope with social anxiety is robustly related to negative consequences. The present study uses daily-level methods to test whether days young adults used substances to cope with social anxiety were associated with greater alcohol and cannabis use and consequences compared to use days without this motive. METHOD Participants were a community sample of young adults enrolled in a study on alcohol and cannabis use, which involved a baseline survey and five 2-week bursts of online daily surveys across 2 years. Aims were tested using multilevel models among a subsample of 257 participants who reported social anxiety coping motives 1 day or more during the study period; Mage = 21.8 (SDage = 2.2), 51% female; 49% non-Hispanic/Latinx White. RESULTS Compared to use days without social anxiety coping motives, days with social anxiety coping motives were associated with more drinks consumed and more positive and negative alcohol consequences on alcohol-only days, more negative cannabis consequences on cannabis-only days, and heavier use, more negative cannabis consequences, and more positive consequences for both substances on co-use days. Days with social anxiety coping motives were associated with a greater likelihood of positive item-level consequences (e.g., "was more sociable") on drinking days. Baseline social anxiety symptoms did not moderate associations. CONCLUSIONS Days young adults used substances to cope with social anxiety were high-risk days for elevated substance use and consequences, regardless of baseline social anxiety. Positive consequences attained through drinking to cope with social anxiety may be an important pathway that reinforces coping motivated use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Moreno MA, Kerr B, Fairlie AM, Lewis M. Feasibility and Acceptability of the Social Media-Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students Intervention. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:943-949. [PMID: 36872115 PMCID: PMC10428100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Community college (CC) students represent an at-risk population for alcohol use with limited access to campus interventions. The Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS) is available online, though identifying CC students at risk and connecting them to interventions remains challenging. This study tested a novel approach using social media to identify at-risk students and prompt delivery of BASICS. METHODS This randomized controlled trial examined the feasibility and acceptability of Social Media-BASICS. Participants were recruited from five CCs. Baseline procedures included a survey and social media friending. Social media profiles were evaluated using content analysis monthly for nine months. Intervention prompts included displayed alcohol references indicating escalation of or problematic alcohol use. Participants who displayed such content were randomized into the BASICS intervention or an active control. Measures and analyses assessed feasibility and acceptability. RESULTS A total of 172 CC students completed the baseline survey, mean age was 22.9 (standard deviation = 3.18) years. Most were female (81%), with many (67%) identifying as White. Among participants, 120 (70%) displayed alcohol references on social media, prompting intervention enrollment. Of randomized participants, 94 (93%) completed the preintervention survey within 28 days of the invitation. The majority of participants reported positive intervention acceptability. DISCUSSION This intervention combined two validated approaches: identification of problem alcohol use displays on social media, and provision of the Web-BASICS intervention. Findings demonstrate the feasibility for novel web-based interventions to reach CC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Bradley Kerr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Melissa Lewis
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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13
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Calhoun BH, Graupensperger S, Fairlie AM, Walukevich-Dienst K, Patrick ME, Lee CM. "Wake-and-bake" cannabis use: Predictors and cannabis-related outcomes of use shortly after waking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 248:109937. [PMID: 37236059 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given recent historical increases in young adults frequent cannabis use and changes in cannabis policies throughout the United States, there is a need to examine high-risk patterns of use. This paper examined predictors and cannabis-related outcomes of "wake-and-bake" cannabis use, operationalized as use within 30min of waking. METHODS Participants were 409 young adults (Mage=21.61 years, 50.8% female) enrolled in a longitudinal study on simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (i.e., using alcohol and cannabis at the same time such that their effects overlap). Eligibility criteria included reporting alcohol use 3+ times and simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use 1+ times in the past month. Participants completed twice-daily surveys for six 14-day bursts across two calendar years. Aims were tested using multilevel models. RESULTS Analyses were limited to cannabis use days (9406 days; 33.3% of all sampled days), and thereby to participants who reported using cannabis (384 participants; 93.9% of the sample). Wake-and-bake use was reported on 11.2% of cannabis use days and at least once by 35.4% of participants who used cannabis. On wake-and-bake use days, participants were high for more hours and had greater odds of driving under the influence of cannabis, but did not experience more negative consequences, relative to non-wake-and-bake cannabis use days. Participants who reported more cannabis use disorder symptoms and those reporting higher average social anxiety motives for cannabis use reported more frequent wake-and-bake use. CONCLUSIONS Wake-and-bake cannabis use may be a useful marker of high-risk cannabis use, including driving under the influence of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195-7238, USA.
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195-7238, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195-7238, USA
| | - Katherine Walukevich-Dienst
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195-7238, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, P.O. Box 1248, 426 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-1248, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195-7238, USA
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14
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Binger K, Kerr BR, Lewis MA, Fairlie AM, Hyzer RH, Moreno MA. Cannabis Use Among Female Community College Students Who Use Alcohol in a State With and a State Without Nonmedical Cannabis Legalization in the US. WMJ 2023; 122:95-100. [PMID: 37141471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Female community college students who use alcohol may be an at-risk group for cannabis use, especially in US states with nonmedical cannabis legalization. This study examined cannabis use among this population. We tested differences in current cannabis use across a state with versus a state without (Washington vs Wisconsin, respectively) nonmedical cannabis legalization. METHODS This cross-sectional study included female students aged 18-29 who were current alcohol users attending a community college. An online survey assessed lifetime and current cannabis use (last 60 days) via the Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record. Logistic regression tested whether community college state and demographic characteristics were associated with current cannabis use. RESULTS Among 148 participants, 75.0% (n = 111) reported lifetime cannabis use. The majority of participants from Washington (81.1%, n = 77) and Wisconsin (64.2%, n = 34) reported ever trying cannabis. Almost half of participants (45.3%, n = 67) indicated current cannabis use. Among Washington participants, 57.9% (n = 55) reported current use compared to 22.6% (n = 12) of Wisconsin participants. Washington school attendance was positively associated with current cannabis use (OR = 5.97; 95% CI, 2.50-14.28, P < 0.001), after controlling for age, race, ethnicity, grade point average, and income. CONCLUSIONS High cannabis use in this sample of female drinkers - particularly in a state with nonmedical cannabis legalization - underscores the need for prevention and intervention efforts targeted to community college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole Binger
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Bradley R Kerr
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin,
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | | | - Reese H Hyzer
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Megan A Moreno
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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15
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Waldron KA, Lewis MA, Fairlie AM, Litt DM, Zhou Z, Bryant D. Daily-level associations between alcohol use cognitions and normative perceptions among adolescents: An intensive longitudinal study. Addict Behav 2023; 143:107697. [PMID: 36965214 PMCID: PMC10122708 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is an important developmental period in which to understand the cognitive underpinnings of risky alcohol use. Normative perceptions, such as descriptive and injunctive norms, are one of the strongest and most consistent predictors in adolescent drinking research. Thus, it is essential to examine which drinking cognitions (e.g., attitudes, prototypes, perceived vulnerability) are associated with normative drinking perceptions using repeated daily-level data among adolescents. The present study assessed associations between drinking cognitions and normative perceptions using an intensive daily longitudinal design. METHODS Participants were ages 15-17 years (N = 306; 61.4% female; Mage (SD) = 16.0 (0.8)) who were part of a larger ecological momentary assessment study (EMA) on drinking cognitions and alcohol use. The study design consisted of a 3-week EMA burst design (8 surveys per week, up to 2x/day) that was repeated quarterly over the 12-month study. The present analyses used the afternoon assessment for all measures. RESULTS Our multilevel model results demonstrated that drinking attitudes, prototypes of a typical drinker, and perceived vulnerability were positively associated with both descriptive and injunctive drinking norms between individuals and within individuals across days. CONCLUSIONS Current findings have important clinical implications as they demonstrated how specific drinking cognitions were associated with variability in normative perceptions at the daily level. Findings support the delivery of intervention messaging to adolescents on days when drinking attitudes, prototypes of a typical drinker, and perceived vulnerability are elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Waldron
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Dana M Litt
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Dwalyn Bryant
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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16
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Lewis MA, Zhou Z, Parks KA, Evans-Polce R, Litt DM, Fairlie AM, Geusens F, LoParco C, McCabe SE. Polysubstance use among young adults and differences in negative alcohol-related sexual experiences. Addict Behav 2023; 138:107571. [PMID: 36502745 PMCID: PMC9780189 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare negative alcohol-related sexual experiences among individuals who used (1) alcohol only, (2) alcohol plus marijuana, and (3) alcohol plus marijuana and stimulants. Participants in the analytic sample (N = 1,015; Mean age = 19.16 (SD = 0.79); 45.42% male) completed an online baseline survey as part of an intervention study. A hurdle negative binomial model examined the associations between polysubstance use and negative alcohol-related sexual experiences. Models examined if experiences varied by demographic factors. Compared to participants that only used alcohol, those who used alcohol plus marijuana and stimulants reported a higher likelihood and average number of negative alcohol-related sexual experiences in the past 3 months. Participants that used alcohol plus marijuana had a higher likelihood of having a negative alcohol-related sexual experience in the past 3 months compared to those who only used alcohol. These findings suggest the number and risk for negative alcohol-related sexual experiences increases with the number of substances being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Kathleen A Parks
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The State University at New York at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States
| | - Rebecca Evans-Polce
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Dana M Litt
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Femke Geusens
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 box 3603, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research Foundation Flanders/FWO Vlaanderen, Leuvenseweg 38, 1000 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Cassidy LoParco
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Sean Esteban McCabe
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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17
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Waddell JT, Fairlie AM, Calhoun BH, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Planned versus unplanned drinking and cannabis use: Do facets of trait impulsivity influence daily risk? Psychol Addict Behav 2023; 37:341-352. [PMID: 36395009 PMCID: PMC9991956 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Planned and unplanned substance use have been examined as predictors of heavier alcohol and cannabis use and problems at the between-person level. However, it remains unclear whether planned versus unplanned use is riskiest at the day-level, and for whom. The present study tested whether day-level planned versus unplanned alcohol and cannabis use were associated with higher alcohol and cannabis consumption and negative consequences that day and whether two impulsive traits, lack of premeditation and positive urgency, moderated associations. METHOD Young adults (N = 409; 50.9% female) completed five bursts of daily surveys, each consisting of a morning and afternoon report across 14 consecutive days. During a baseline session, participants reported their impulsivity (UPPS-P). During afternoon surveys, participants reported their plans to use alcohol/cannabis that night. During morning surveys, participants reported number of drinks consumed/hours spent high yesterday and negative consequences experienced. RESULTS Planned drinking days were associated with a greater number of drinks and negative consequences, whereas planned cannabis use days were associated with more hours spent high but not negative consequences. In the drinking quantity model, there was a significant interaction for planned versus unplanned drinking by positive urgency. Planned drinking was associated with heavier alcohol consumption across levels of positive urgency; however, unplanned drinking was associated with heavier consumption for individuals with higher (vs. lower) levels of positive urgency. CONCLUSIONS Day-level planned drinking and cannabis use are important factors to target in just-in-time interventions. However, interventions focused on planned and unplanned drinking may be particularly effective for individuals with higher levels of positive urgency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | - Christine M. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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18
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Lewis MA, Zhou Z, Fairlie AM, Litt DM, Kannard E, Resendiz R, Walker T, Seamster M, Garcia T, Lee CM. Occasion-level investigation of playing drinking games: Associations with cognitions, situational factors, alcohol use, and negative consequences among adolescents and young adults. Addict Behav 2023; 137:107497. [PMID: 36194978 PMCID: PMC10631162 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined occasion-level associations between cognitions (willingness to drink, descriptive norms, and injunctive norms) and situational factors (familiarity with people and locations) with playing drinking games (DGs) among adolescents and young adults. Further, this study tested the associations between playing DGs, the number of drinks consumed, and the negative consequences experienced at the occasion level. Participants were 15-25-year-olds (N = 688; 43% male, 47% White, Non-Hispanic, Mean age = 21.18) who were part of a longitudinal ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study on cognitions and alcohol use. The study design consisted of a 3-week EMA burst design (8 surveys per week) that was repeated quarterly over the 12-month study (up to 2x/day) per participant. Multilevel models showed that occasion-level risks (higher willingness, higher descriptive norms, and less familiarity with people) were associated with playing DGs. When examining the within-person associations between DGs and number of drinks, results showed that playing DGs was associated with consuming more drinks. For consequences, DGs were not uniquely predictive of experiencing more consequences and riding in a vehicle with a driver who had been drinking. This study contributes to the literature by examining associations between cognitions and situational factors with DGs and the role DGs play in experiencing negative consequences among a diverse sample of adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45th St, Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Dana M Litt
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Emma Kannard
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Raul Resendiz
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Travis Walker
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Morgan Seamster
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Tracey Garcia
- Department of Psychology, Murray State University, Murray, KY, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45th St, Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Young adults may use alcohol and cannabis as sleep aids, a risky behavior that can worsen sleep health over time and lead to substance dependence. Perceived norms for such risky behaviors are often overestimated and related to one's own use. This cross-sectional study examined: (a) the extent to which college students overestimated the prevalence of alcohol and cannabis use as sleep aids (i.e., perceived descriptive norms), and (b) the extent to which perceived descriptive norms were associated with students' own use of alcohol and cannabis as sleep aids. METHODS 2,642 undergraduate college students (Mage = 18.84 years) reported past 30-day use of alcohol and cannabis as sleep aids. Participants also estimated the percent of college students who use alcohol and cannabis as sleep aids (i.e., perceived descriptive norms). RESULTS One-sample t-tests revealed participants, on average, overestimated the norms for using alcohol and cannabis as sleep aids. Participants who endorsed past 30-day use of these substances as sleep aids overestimated these norms to an even greater extent. Count regression models showed perceived descriptive norms were associated with students' use of alcohol and of cannabis as sleeps aids, in respective models, even when controlling for sleep difficulties. CONCLUSIONS College students may overestimate the prevalence of using alcohol and cannabis as sleep aids, and students who believe these behaviors are more normative report more frequent use of these substances as sleep aids. Taken together, findings may highlight the potential for norm-correcting strategies as a prudent approach to reducing/preventing the use of alcohol and cannabis as sleep aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brittney A Hultgren
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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20
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Dora J, Piccirillo M, Foster KT, Arbeau K, Armeli S, Auriacombe M, Bartholow B, Beltz AM, Blumenstock SM, Bold K, Bonar EE, Braitman A, Carpenter RW, Creswell KG, De Hart T, Dvorak RD, Emery N, Enkema M, Fairbairn C, Fairlie AM, Ferguson SG, Freire T, Goodman F, Gottfredson N, Halvorson M, Haroon M, Howard AL, Hussong A, Jackson KM, Jenzer T, Kelly DP, Kuczynski AM, Kuerbis A, Lee CM, Lewis M, Linden-Carmichael AN, Littlefield A, Lydon-Staley DM, Merrill JE, Miranda R, Mohr C, Read JP, Richardson C, O’Connor R, O’Malley SS, Papp L, Piasecki TM, Sacco P, Scaglione N, Serre F, Shadur J, Sher KJ, Shoda Y, Simpson TL, Smith MR, Stevens A, Stevenson B, Tennen H, Todd M, Treloar Padovano H, Trull T, Waddell J, Walukevich-Dienst K, Witkiewitz K, Wray T, Wright AG, Wycoff AM, King KM. The daily association between affect and alcohol use: A meta-analysis of individual participant data. Psychol Bull 2023; 149:1-24. [PMID: 37560174 PMCID: PMC10409490 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Influential psychological theories hypothesize that people consume alcohol in response to the experience of both negative and positive emotions. Despite two decades of daily diary and ecological momentary assessment research, it remains unclear whether people consume more alcohol on days they experience higher negative and positive affect in everyday life. In this preregistered meta-analysis, we synthesized the evidence for these daily associations between affect and alcohol use. We included individual participant data from 69 studies (N = 12,394), which used daily and momentary surveys to assess affect and the number of alcoholic drinks consumed. Results indicate that people are not more likely to drink on days they experience high negative affect, but are more likely to drink and drink heavily on days high in positive affect. People self-reporting a motivational tendency to drink-to-cope and drink-to-enhance consumed more alcohol, but not on days they experienced higher negative and positive affect. Results were robust across different operationalizations of affect, study designs, study populations, and individual characteristics. These findings challenge the long-held belief that people drink more alcohol following increases in negative affect. Integrating these findings under different theoretical models and limitations of this field of research, we collectively propose an agenda for future research to explore open questions surrounding affect and alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dora
- University of Washington; Seattle, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Noah Emery
- Colorado State University; Fort Collins, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Hussong
- University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexis Kuerbis
- Hunter College of the City University of New York; New York, United States
| | | | - Melissa Lewis
- University of North Texas; Fort Worth, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia Mohr
- Portland State University; Portland, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Lauren Papp
- University of Wisconsin; Madison, United States
| | | | - Paul Sacco
- University of Maryland; Baltimore, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuichi Shoda
- University of Washington; Seattle, United States
| | - Tracy L. Simpson
- University of Washington; Seattle, United States
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System; Seattle, United States
| | | | | | | | - Howard Tennen
- University of Connecticut; Farmington, United States
| | | | | | - Timothy Trull
- University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia, United States
| | | | | | | | - Tyler Wray
- Brown University; Providence, United States
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21
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Gilson MS, Cadigan JM, Fleming CB, Fairlie AM, Lewis MA, Lee CM. Young adult birthday celebrations as windows of risk for alcohol and cannabis use: 21st birthdays compared to other young adult birthdays. Psychol Addict Behav 2022; 36:798-803. [PMID: 34410756 PMCID: PMC8857295 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol use among college students during 21st birthday celebrations constitutes a well-known example of event-specific drinking when alcohol use is both pervasive and heavy. Less is known about how 21st birthday alcohol use compares to other birthday celebrations during young adulthood, whether similar increases occur for cannabis use on 21st birthdays, and whether the "21st birthday effect" is similar for noncollege young adults. Alcohol and cannabis use during 19th to 25th birthday celebrations were explored among college and noncollege students. METHOD Participants were 720 young adults of ages 18 to 23 (M = 21.1, SD = 1.7) at enrollment who completed 24 monthly surveys, and 204 reported on a 21st birthday. Participants resided in a state where cannabis was legal and were asked the month following their birthday whether they engaged in alcohol and cannabis use as part of their birthday celebration. RESULTS Multilevel models found a 21st birthday effect for alcohol use as individuals consumed over twice as many drinks on their 21st birthday than would have been expected given age trends in birthday drinking, and this effect held for college and noncollege students. A 21st birthday effect for cannabis was not found. CONCLUSIONS 21st birthday celebrations represent a high-risk drinking event for young adults in general, and the current findings suggest event-specific prevention programs targeting all young adults turning 21 are warranted. Unlike alcohol where turning 21 is associated with socially and culturally normative use, a similar 21st birthday effect was not found for cannabis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Gilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Jennifer M. Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Charles B. Fleming
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Melissa A. Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of
Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle WA
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22
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Walukevich-Dienst K, Blayney JA, Fairlie AM, Jaffe AE, Larimer ME. Social Anxiety and Pre-Party Motives Are Associated With Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences During College Students' Most Recent Pre-Party Occasion. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:820-828. [PMID: 36484579 PMCID: PMC9756407 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.21-00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Engaging in hazardous drinking behaviors, such as playing drinking games or pre-partying, is associated with excessive drinking and negative consequences among college students. Pre-partying or playing drinking games often occurs in anticipation of or during social situations. College students with elevated social anxiety who drink to cope with social anxiety symptoms in social settings may be especially vulnerable to drinking more heavily in these contexts and, in turn, experiencing more negative consequences. However, little is known about specific psychosocial factors that may inform the decision of socially anxious individuals to engage in hazardous drinking behaviors. METHOD The current study used cross-sectional data to test whether social anxiety symptoms and past-year pre-party motives were associated with (a) a greater likelihood of playing drinking games while pre-partying, (b) total alcohol consumption, and (c) consequences during students' most recent drinking occasion during which they pre-partied. RESULTS Participants were 981 college students (63.5% women, 67.9% White, mean age = 20.1 years, SD = 1.3) who reported on their most recent pre-party drinking occasion. Greater social anxiety symptoms were related to higher past-year interpersonal enhancement and intimate pursuit motives, which in turn were associated with greater alcohol consumption and more negative consequences during the most recent pre-party event. CONCLUSIONS Although preliminary, results highlight the importance of considering pre-party motives associated with social anxiety and negative drinking consequences among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica A. Blayney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna E. Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Mary E. Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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23
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Calhoun BH, Patrick ME, Fairlie AM, Graupensperger S, Walukevich-Dienst K, Lee CM. Hours high as a proxy for marijuana use quantity in intensive longitudinal designs. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 240:109628. [PMID: 36126610 PMCID: PMC9749866 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring marijuana use quantity in survey research is complicated due to wide variation in the types (e.g., flower, edibles) and potency of marijuana products and in the modes (e.g., smoking, dabbing) used to consume products. There is currently no gold standard marijuana use quantity measure for survey research. This study examined whether number of hours high can be used as a proxy for marijuana use quantity in survey research, particularly in intensive longitudinal designs. METHODS Participants came from a community sample of young adults participating in a longitudinal study on simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use that used a longitudinal measurement-burst design in which participants completed surveys on up to 14 consecutive days in up to five bursts across nearly two calendar years. Those who reported using marijuana on at least one sampled day were included in present analyses (N = 379; Mage = 21.6; 50.7 % female). Hypotheses were tested using Poisson multilevel models and a logistic regression. RESULTS Within persons, mode-specific marijuana use quantity variables predicted same-day number of hours high indicating evidence of initial criterion validity. In turn, hours high predicted same-day negative marijuana-related consequences indicating evidence of proximal predictive validity. Between persons, participants' average number of hours high was positively associated with their odds of possible cannabis use disorder following the last burst demonstrating distal predictive validity. CONCLUSIONS Number of hours high may be a parsimonious proxy for measuring marijuana use quantity (regardless of mode of use) in survey research, particularly in intensive longitudinal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA.
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, P.O. Box 1248, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Katherine Walukevich-Dienst
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
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24
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Graupensperger S, Fairlie AM, Ramirez JJ, Calhoun BH, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Daily-level associations between sleep duration and next-day alcohol and cannabis craving and use in young adults. Addict Behav 2022; 132:107367. [PMID: 35584555 PMCID: PMC9733487 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of sleep duration on next-day alcohol and cannabis craving and use among young adults. METHOD A community sample of young adults who reported recent simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use at screening (N = 409; Mage = 21.61; 50.9% female) completed twice daily surveys (morning and afternoon) for five 14-day sampling bursts (i.e., 70 days total). Daily measurements included sleep duration, alcohol and cannabis craving, and alcohol and cannabis use (i.e., number of drinks, hours high). Multilevel models enabled examining associations between sleep duration and substance use/craving at three distinct levels: daily-level, burst-level, and person-level. RESULTS At the day-level, sleep duration was inversely associated with craving for both alcohol and cannabis: Stronger craving was reported on mornings and afternoons after relatively shorter sleep duration. At the burst-level, sleep duration was inversely associated with morning and afternoon alcohol craving indicating stronger alcohol craving, but not cannabis craving, during two-week periods when young adults have accumulated shorter sleep duration. Pertaining to alcohol and cannabis use, no daily-level effects were found, but the burst-level effect showed that participants engaged in greater alcohol use during two-week bursts with shorter sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS Based on a non-clinical sample of young adults reporting substance use, results suggest shorter sleep duration may be a modifiable risk factor as it pertains to substance use and cravings. Results highlight day-level effects of shorter sleep duration on substance use cravings and adverse effects of cumulative sleep deficit on alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, United States.
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Jason J Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Brian H Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, United States
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25
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Li X, Lewis MA, Fairlie AM, Larimer ME, Mun EY. Examining the viewing pattern of Web-delivered personalized feedback interventions aimed at reducing alcohol-related risky sexual behavior among young adults. J Am Coll Health 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35834764 PMCID: PMC9839893 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2098028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined young adults' completion of the Web-based intervention content in a randomized trial that tested two Personalized Feedback Interventions (PFIs) for alcohol use and risky sex behavior (RSB). METHOD Data are from a study that evaluated efficacy of two Web-delivered PFIs (combined PFI and integrated PFI) among 269 sexually active young adults between the ages of 18 and 25. We described the view patterns of the Web-based intervention and examined if baseline sociodemographic and alcohol- and sex-related behavioral factors were associated with the completion of PFI. RESULTS Many participants viewed the intervention more than one time, and the majority finished all intervention pages in at least one session. Older participants and participants who drink more frequently prior to or during sex were more likely to complete. CONCLUSIONS Most participants, especially the young adults who were at higher risk, utilized the intervention contents as intended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Melissa A. Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mary E. Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Eun-Young Mun
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA
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26
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Lewis MA, Litt DM, Fairlie AM, Kilmer JR, Kannard E, Resendiz R, Walker T. Investigating Why and How Young Adults Utilize Protective Behavioral Strategies for Alcohol and Marijuana Use: Protocol for Developing a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e37106. [PMID: 35438642 PMCID: PMC9066324 DOI: 10.2196/37106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Lewis
- Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Dana M Litt
- Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jason R Kilmer
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emma Kannard
- Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Raul Resendiz
- Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Travis Walker
- Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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27
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Patrick ME, Parks MJ, Fairlie AM, Kreski NT, Keyes KM, Miech R. Using Substances to Cope With the COVID-19 Pandemic: U.S. National Data at Age 19 Years. J Adolesc Health 2022; 70:340-344. [PMID: 34916126 PMCID: PMC8666842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine predictors of using substances to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, including pandemic-related isolation, stress, economic hardship, demographics, and prepandemic substance use. METHODS A U.S. national sample (N = 1,244) was followed from the 12th grade in Spring 2019 to Fall 2020 (M = 19.6 years) when young adults were asked about their use of marijuana, vaping, drinking, and other drugs to cope. RESULTS In Fall 2020, 15.7% reported using marijuana, 8.9% increased vaping, and 8.2% increased drinking to cope with social distancing and isolation. In multivariable analyses controlling for demographics and prepandemic substance use, COVID-related isolation was associated with marijuana use (odds ratio = 1.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.06-1.63) and economic hardship with increased drinking (odds ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.92). There were few demographic differences. Most (>80%) who reported COVID-related substance use coping used that substance before pandemic. DISCUSSION Young people reported using substances to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, especially if they reported prepandemic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Address correspondence to: Megan E. Patrick, Ph.D., Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248
| | - Michael J. Parks
- Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Noah T. Kreski
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Richard Miech
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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28
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Calhoun BH, Lee CM, Fairlie AM. Exposure to Media Messages Portraying Effects of Alcohol Use in a Young Adult Sample. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1281-1286. [PMID: 35621116 PMCID: PMC10159589 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2076880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Young adults are prolific media users and tend to use substances, such as alcohol, more than people of other ages. Despite much research on young adults' exposure to alcohol advertisements and portrayals of alcohol use in the media, much is still unknown about the nuances of young adults' exposure to and engagement with alcohol-related media content. The present paper examined how college students' media exposure differed for messages portraying positive and negative alcohol effects, how exposure to alcohol-related content differed across media sources, which themes of alcoholrelated content were seen most, and whether exposure to alcohol-related content was associated with hazardous/harmful drinking. Method: Participants (N=500) were two- and four-year college students (Mage=20.90, SDage=1.70, 63.2% female) recruited for a longitudinal study examining the efficacy of a mobile app intervention for high-risk drinking college students. The data used here comes from the baseline survey. Results: Participants reported the greatest exposure to alcohol-related messages in movies/TV/on-demand streaming shows followed by in social media, and they reported greater exposure to messages portraying positive than negative effects of alcohol. Findings from linear regressions indicated that exposure to messages portraying positive or negative effects of alcohol generally did not predict hazardous/harmful drinking. Conclusion: This sample of high-risk college student drinkers reported seeing alcohol-related content through a variety of media sources, with most content portraying alcohol in a positive light. Future research should assess the effects that messages of different types and from different sources have on use, expectancies, norms, and other outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Fossos-Wong N, Litt DM, King KM, Kilmer JR, Fairlie AM, Larimer ME, Lee CM, Geisner IM, Cimini MD, Lewis MA. Behavioral Willingness, Descriptive Normative Perceptions, and Prescription Stimulant Misuse among Young Adults 18-20. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:287-294. [PMID: 34812094 PMCID: PMC9129089 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.2003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: It is critical to gain further understanding of etiologic factors, such as descriptive normative perceptions and behavioral willingness, that are associated with prescription stimulant misuse (PSM) among young adults. Our primary hypotheses were that descriptive normative perceptions for PSM (i.e., perceptions of how much and how often others engage in PSM) and perceived peer willingness (i.e., perceptions of how open others are to PSM under certain circumstances) would be positively associated with higher willingness to engage in PSM, which in turn would account for significant shared variance with self-reported PSM. Method: Data were collected from a U.S. sample of 18-20-year-olds (N = 1,065; 54.5% females; 70.5% White) recruited for a larger study on alcohol-related risky sexual behavior. Results: Findings indicated higher descriptive normative perceptions and higher perceived peer willingness were associated with higher participants' willingness to engage in PSM. Participants' own willingness was positively associated with PSM. Finally, participants' own willingness to use, descriptive normative perceptions, and perceived peer willingness were associated with higher willingness to engage in PSM, which accounted for significant shared variance with self-reported PSM. Conclusions: Findings suggest the potential utility of personalized feedback interventions for PSM that focus on constructs such as descriptive normative perceptions and behavioral willingness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fossos-Wong
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dana M Litt
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin M King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason R Kilmer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Irene M Geisner
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Dolores Cimini
- Center for Behavioral Health Promotion and Applied Research, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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30
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LoParco CR, Zhou Z, Fairlie AM, Litt DM, Lee CM, Lewis MA. Testing daily-level drinking and negative consequences as predictors of next-day drinking cognitions. Addict Behav 2021; 122:107042. [PMID: 34303119 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited research has examined how alcohol use and related consequences affect drinking-related cognitions, which is important as these cognitions may contribute to future drinking. The current study examines daily associations between alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences with next-day Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) social reaction pathway cognitions. METHOD Participants ages 15-25 years (N = 124, Mean age 18.7, SD = 2.87) completed daily surveys for up to three weeks (i.e., up to 11 surveys/week) using an ecological momentary assessment design. Linear mixed models and Poisson generalized mixed models were conducted to examine whether number of alcoholic drinks or number of negative alcohol-related consequences were associated with next-day PWM social reaction cognitions, including perceived vulnerability, descriptive normative perceptions of number of drinks consumed and the percentage of friends who drink, prototype favorability, prototype similarity, and willingness (i.e., openness) to drink. RESULTS Within-person results indicated more alcohol use on a given day was associated with lower next-day normative perceptions of the percentage of friends who drink on that day of the week and higher prototype similarity. Furthermore, within-person results indicated that experiencing more negative alcohol-related consequences on a given day was associated with higher perceived vulnerability and lower willingness to drink the next day. CONCLUSIONS Findings showed that next-day social reaction PWM cognitions were associated with prior day alcohol use and negative alcohol-related consequences, suggesting that an intervention might be timed to target drinking cognitions the morning following a drinking event, particularly after experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences.
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31
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Fairlie AM, Graupensperger S, Duckworth JC, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Unplanned versus planned simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use in relation to substance use and consequences: Results from a longitudinal daily study. Psychol Addict Behav 2021; 35:712-722. [PMID: 34591512 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The current study expands the literature on simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use by focusing on the distinction between unplanned and planned SAM use to identify potential intervention targets. This study explored whether unplanned or planned SAM use was associated with differences in alcohol and/or marijuana use and consequences. Method: A community sample of young adults (aged 18-25) with recent alcohol and SAM use was recruited [N = 409; mean (SD) = 21.61 (2.17) years; 50.9% female; 48.2% non-Hispanic/Latinx White]. Participants completed five 2-week bursts of online daily surveys (2 ×/day; 81.99% of morning and 82.23% of afternoon surveys completed) and reported on substance use intentions and behavior. Results: Descriptive findings showed that among days on which participants reported SAM use, 41.85% of the days were unplanned SAM use days. Based on daily-level results from multilevel models, on days with unplanned SAM use, young adults reported consuming fewer drinks, fewer hours high from marijuana, and lower subjective intoxication/high, compared to planned SAM use days, thus indicating that planned SAM use was riskier. Unplanned SAM use was not significantly associated with positive or negative consequences related to alcohol or marijuana, after accounting for the number of drinks or hours high from marijuana. Conclusions: Current findings suggest that interventions should target days on which young adults are planning to engage in SAM use. Future work is needed to identify factors that predict planned SAM use on specific occasions and also to disentangle the potential role of unplanned heavy use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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32
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Cadigan JM, Fleming CB, Patrick ME, Lewis MA, Rhew IC, Abdallah DA, Fairlie AM, Schulenberg JE, Larimer ME, Lee CM. Negative evaluation of role transitions is associated with perceived stress and alcohol consequences: Examination of the Transitions Overload Model in young adulthood using two years of monthly data. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1607-1615. [PMID: 34357596 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adulthood is characterized by transitions into and out of social roles in multiple domains. Consistent with self-medication models of alcohol use, the Transitions Overload Model (J Stud Alcohol Suppl, 14, 2002, 54) hypothesizes that one cause of increased alcohol use during young adulthood may be the stress of navigating simultaneous role transitions. This study examined the simultaneous occurrence of major developmental role transitions in the domains of education, employment, romantic relationships, and residential status and their associations with perceived stress, heavy episodic drinking (HED), and negative alcohol-related consequences. Further, we extended the Transitions Overload Model to explore whether the number of transitions rated as having a negative impact on one's life was related to perceived stress, HED, and alcohol-related consequences. METHODS A community sample of young adult drinkers (N = 767, 57% women, ages 18 to 25 years) in the Pacific Northwest provided monthly data across 2 years. Multilevel models were used to assess the average (between-person) and month-to-month (within-person) associations of role transitions with perceived stress, HED, and negative alcohol-related consequences. RESULTS Although having more role transitions was positively associated with HED frequency and alcohol-related consequences at both the between- and within-person (monthly) levels, it was not associated with increased stress. The number of transitions rated as having a negative impact on one's life, however, was positively associated with stress. Thus, rather than the total number of transitions, it is the number of negatively perceived major developmental role transitions that is associated with perceived stress and increased risk for negative alcohol-related consequences. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to Transitions Overload Model assumptions, more transitions were not a significant predictor of more perceived stress; rather, the evaluation of the transition as negative was associated with stress and negative alcohol-related outcomes. This distinction may help elucidate the etiology of stress and subsequent alcohol consequences and identify individuals at-risk of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles B Fleming
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Devon A Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Fairlie AM, Hultgren BA, Lewis MA, Lee CM. The link between planning and doing: Daily-level associations between college students' plans for and use of alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies. Psychol Addict Behav 2021; 35:577-586. [PMID: 33856838 PMCID: PMC8384646 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study expands the literature on alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies (PBS) that individuals may use to reduce risk of intoxication and/or consequences. This study used daily data collected prospectively to test (a) the extent to which college students' plans for using different types of PBS on a given day were associated with actual PBS use and (b) whether drinking intentions moderated the strength of the association between PBS plans and use. METHOD College students ages 18-24 (N = 189; mean (SD) = 20.16 (1.54) years; 48.68% female; 67.20% White/Caucasian) completed eight consecutive weekends of online daily surveys (2x/day; 83.72% completed) and reported on PBS plans/use and also drinking intentions/use. Eligibility included drinking 2 days/week in the past month and heavy episodic drinking in the past two weeks. Three PBS subscales were tested in separate multilevel models: limiting/stopping, manner of drinking, and serious harm reduction. RESULTS As hypothesized, for each PBS subscale, afternoon PBS plans were positively associated with use of that type of strategy later that night. Moderation results showed a larger positive association between daily limiting/stopping plans and use of limiting/stopping strategies on days when drinking intentions were elevated compared to days with lower drinking intentions. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicated that college students do plan to use PBS ahead of drinking occasions, and when students had stronger than usual plans for PBS, they tended to follow through on their plans. It may be beneficial to enhance students' PBS plans in interventions by addressing potential barriers to PBS. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | - Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Graupensperger S, Fairlie AM, Vitiello MV, Kilmer JR, Larimer ME, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Daily-level effects of alcohol, marijuana, and simultaneous use on young adults' perceived sleep health. Sleep 2021; 44:6325450. [PMID: 34291803 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use is increasingly prevalent among young adults but has adverse health consequences. The current study examined daily-level associations between perceived sleep health and SAM use, relative to non-substance-use days and alcohol- or marijuana-only days. We also estimated linear associations between alcohol/marijuana use and perceived sleep health and explored whether effects were moderated by combined use of alcohol and marijuana. METHODS A community sample of SAM-using young adults (N=409; Mage=21.61, SD=2.17; 50.9% female; 48.2% White; 48.9% college students) completed twice-daily surveys for five 14-day sampling bursts. Daily measurements assessed substance use and perceived sleep health in terms of subjective sleep quality, negative impact of sleep on functioning, and symptoms of insomnia. RESULTS Multilevel models indicated that, relative to non-substance-use days, participants reported poorer perceived sleep health on alcohol-only days, better perceived sleep health on marijuana-only days, and mixed evidence regarding SAM use (i.e., fewer perceived symptoms of insomnia, but poorer perceived next day functioning attributed to sleep). Daily-level estimates showed increased alcohol use was associated with poorer perceived sleep health, while stronger effects from marijuana were associated with better perceived sleep health. Across all indices of sleep health, only one linear association was moderated by combined use: The adverse association between alcohol and next day functioning was weaker on days alcohol was combined with marijuana. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide additional evidence for daily-level effects of alcohol and marijuana use on perceived sleep health and address an important literature gap regarding potential adverse effects of SAM use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington - Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington - Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael V Vitiello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington - Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason R Kilmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington - Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington - Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington - Seattle, WA, USA
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Fairlie AM, Jaffe AE, Davis KC, Litt DM, Kaysen D, Norris J, Lewis MA. Establishing a New Measure of Alcohol-Related Sexual Consequences and Examining Its Association to Alcohol Consequences Among At-Risk Young Adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021. [DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne E. Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Kelly Cue Davis
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Dana M. Litt
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jeanette Norris
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Melissa A. Lewis
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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Fleming CB, Duckworth JC, Patrick ME, Fairlie AM, Abdallah DA, Lee CM. Calendar Month Variation in Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Community Sample of Young Adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:169-177. [PMID: 33823963 PMCID: PMC8864623 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol use among adults varies by season, and drinking among 4-year college students has been linked to holidays and the academic calendar. Little research has assessed calendar-related variation in marijuana use. We examined calendar month variation in alcohol and marijuana use among a sample of young adults that was diverse with respect to college status and educational attainment. METHOD Data were drawn from a community sample of 761 individuals (57% female; ages 18-23 at enrollment). Participants were surveyed monthly for 24 consecutive months. Multilevel models accounted for nesting of monthly data within individuals. RESULTS All measures of substance use showed evidence of variation by calendar month, with the exception of hours high in months when marijuana was used. Drinks per week and peak number of drinks were relatively elevated in summer months and in October and December; the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking was also elevated in October and December. Attending a 4-year college was associated with more drinking than not being enrolled in a 4-year college, regardless of whether a 4-year degree had been obtained. Students in a 4-year college reported more drinks per week than those not in a 4-year college in September and October, whereas the peak number of drinks converged across educational status in the summer months and in December. Across educational statuses, marijuana use was highest in April and December. CONCLUSIONS Findings may guide the targeting and timing of substance use prevention programs by focusing efforts before and during higher risk months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Fleming
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Devon A. Abdallah
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Fairlie AM, Lewis MA, Waldron KA, Wallace EC, Lee CM. Understanding perceived usefulness and actual use of protective behavioral strategies: The role of perceived norms for the reasons that young adult drinkers use protective behavioral strategies. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106585. [PMID: 32805540 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current study examines the norms-behavior link by investigating a novel cognition for protective behavioral strategies (PBS)-descriptive and injunctive norms for close friends' reasons to use PBS (e.g., limit drinking, reduce consequences)-in relation to one's own perception of usefulness and personal use of PBS. Further, we tested whether the association between perceived norms for reasons to use PBS and personal PBS use was mediated by perceived usefulness of PBS. METHODS College student drinkers ages 18-24 [N = 301; 53% female, 69% White, mean age = 20.16 years (SD = 1.54)] were recruited for a larger study. Eligible students reported alcohol use 2+ days a week and 1+ occasions of heavy episodic drinking in the last two weeks. Linear regression tested whether descriptive and injunctive norms for reasons to use PBS were associated with perceived usefulness and personal use of PBS; path analysis was used to test mediation. All analyses were conducted by PBS subscale (limiting/stopping, serious harm reduction, manner of drinking). RESULTS Descriptive norms for reasons to use PBS (i.e., perceptions that close friends use PBS to reduce drinking/consequences) were positively associated with perceived usefulness and personal PBS use for limiting/stopping and to some extent manner of drinking. For each subscale, the association between descriptive norms for reasons to use PBS and personal PBS use was mediated by perceived usefulness of PBS. Results were not significant for injunctive norms. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest descriptive norms, rather than injunctive norms, for close friends' reasons to use PBS, may be relevant for inclusion in brief interventions.
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Duckworth JC, Rhew IC, Fairlie AM, Patrick ME, Schulenberg JE, Maggs JL, Lee CM. Transitions Catalyst Model: Testing within- and between-Person Associations between Social Relationships and Alcohol Use, Motives, and Consequences among Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1411-1420. [PMID: 34126857 PMCID: PMC8827109 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1928207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Transitions Catalyst Model suggests increased drinking during young adulthood is due to the notion that alcohol facilitates friendships and romantic/sexual relationships during a developmental period when these relationships are highly valued. However, little research has tested the utility of this model. We examined (1) whether young adults reported greater drinking and related consequences on months when friendships were more important to them or when they were dating casually, and (2) the extent to which social drinking motives explain these associations on a given month. Methods: Data were drawn from 752 young adults (ages 18-23 at screening) living in the Seattle, WA area (56.4% female). For 24 consecutive months, surveys assessed past month alcohol use and consequences, social drinking motives, friendship importance, and dating/relationship status. Bayesian multilevel models were conducted, adjusting for time-fixed and time-varying covariates. Results: Analyses included 11,591 monthly observations. Between-persons, greater average friendship importance was associated with greater drinking. On months when participants reported greater friendship importance than their own average, they reported greater drinking and alcohol consequences. Those who reported more months of casual dating reported greater drinking and consequences on average. Relative to casual dating months, participants reported less drinking during months they were single or in a relationship and fewer consequences during months in a relationship. Associations were partially accounted for by social motives. Discussion: Findings support the Transitions Catalyst Model. Effective strategies for reducing drinking and associated risks among young adults include brief interventions focused on how social drinking motives and relationships relate to drinking decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Duckworth
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John E Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer L Maggs
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Patrick ME, Fleming CB, Fairlie AM, Lee CM. Cross-fading motives for simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use: Associations with young adults' use and consequences across days. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 213:108077. [PMID: 32492600 PMCID: PMC7371509 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many young adults engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use so that their effects overlap. Little is known about motivations for dual substance use and associations with use and consequences. This study examined daily-level associations between cross-fading motives and levels of alcohol and marijuana use and consequences. METHODS Young adults who reported SAM use in the month prior were surveyed in two 14-day bursts. Data included 1049 SAM use days from 281 young adults (age 18-25; M age = 21.80, SD = 2.16; 50 % women). Multilevel models assessed between- and within-person effects of cross-fading motives (i.e., to enhance the effects of marijuana and/or alcohol use by using them simultaneously) on alcohol and marijuana use and consequences, after adjusting for general enhancement, social, coping, and conformity motives and the amount of alcohol and marijuana used that day. RESULTS On 76 % of SAM use days, participants endorsed cross-fading motives (i.e., to enhance the effect of alcohol or marijuana or to get drunk and high at the same time). Having stronger cross-fading motives was associated with greater alcohol use, perceived intoxication, and positive alcohol consequences at the between- and within-person levels. In addition, between-person, individuals who reported stronger cross-fading motives on average reported more negative alcohol consequences and positive marijuana consequences on average. Cross-fading motives on a given day were not associated with marijuana use or marijuana consequences that day. CONCLUSIONS Cross-fading motives were common and varied from day to day. Understanding the motivational context for dual substance use may support future interventions for cross-fading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Translational Research in Children's Mental Health and Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 1100 Washington Ave S., Suite 101, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA.
| | - Charles B Fleming
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45th St., Suite 300, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45th St., Suite 300, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45th St., Suite 300, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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Patrick ME, Fairlie AM, Cadigan JM, Abdallah DA, Larimer ME, Lee CM. Daily Motives for Alcohol and Marijuana Use as Predictors of Simultaneous Use Among Young Adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020. [PMID: 31495383 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2019.80.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on substance use motives typically examines each substance separately. However, simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use-that is, using alcohol and marijuana at the same time so that their effects overlap-is common among young adults. This study examines day-to-day fluctuations in motives for using alcohol and/ or marijuana among young adult substance users as predictors of alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use across days. METHOD Data were from a community sample of young adults who reported SAM use in the past month (analytic sample: N = 399, mean [SD] age = 21.63 [2.17]; 50.9% women). Participants reported alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use, and also motives "for alcohol and/or marijuana use" for 14 consecutive days. RESULTS Multilevel models showed that elevated enhancement motives were associated with heavy episodic drinking, drinking more, and more hours high from marijuana. Elevated social motives were associated with heavy episodic drinking and drinking more, and also with fewer hours high. Elevated conformity motives were associated with drinking more. SAM use was more likely: on alcohol days and on marijuana days with elevated enhancement and conformity motives, on alcohol days with elevated coping motives, and on marijuana days with elevated social motives. CONCLUSIONS SAM use on a given day was primarily associated with enhancement and conformity motives. Social motives were more strongly linked to alcohol use, and to some extent coping motives were linked to marijuana use in this young adult sample. Further examination of situation-specific motives and contexts of use is needed to inform development of real-time interventions for SAM use and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Research in Children's Mental Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer M Cadigan
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Devon A Abdallah
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Lee CM, Patrick ME, Fleming CB, Cadigan JM, Abdallah DA, Fairlie AM, Larimer ME. A Daily Study Comparing Alcohol-Related Positive and Negative Consequences for Days With Only Alcohol Use Versus Days With Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Community Sample of Young Adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:689-696. [PMID: 32022945 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and marijuana are psychoactive substances commonly used by young adults and are independently associated with numerous acute and long-term consequences. Many young adults engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use to cross-fade (i.e., to enhance the effects of intoxication), although the extent to which alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences increase on SAM occasions compared to alcohol-only occasions is unclear. This study examines daily data among a sample of SAM users comparing SAM days to other days when young adults only used alcohol. METHODS A sample of 409 young adults (age 18 to 25; Mage = 21.6, SD = 2.2; 50.9% women) who reported SAM use in the past month completed 2 bursts of 14 days of daily surveys (28 days in total) assessing alcohol use, alcohol-related consequences, and SAM use. RESULTS Multilevel models based on alcohol-only and SAM days (n = 3,016 days; 391 individuals) indicated young adults drank more alcohol on SAM days compared to alcohol-only days (with no marijuana use). Similarly, days with SAM use were associated with more alcohol-related positive and negative consequences. The daily association between SAM use and positive consequences was statistically significant, after accounting for the amount of alcohol consumed; in contrast, the association between SAM use and negative consequences was diminished and nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Among young adult SAM users, days with SAM use were associated with more alcohol use and positive consequences compared to days they only drank alcohol. Further examination of the motivational context for engaging in SAM use, as well as potential physiological interactions between alcohol and marijuana use on alcohol's effects, is warranted. Alcohol interventions might benefit from addressing increased alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences as risks associated with SAM use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Lee
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (CML, CBF, JMC, DAA, AMF, MEL), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Translational Research in Children's Mental Health and Institute of Child Development, (MEP), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Charles B Fleming
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (CML, CBF, JMC, DAA, AMF, MEL), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer M Cadigan
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (CML, CBF, JMC, DAA, AMF, MEL), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Devon A Abdallah
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (CML, CBF, JMC, DAA, AMF, MEL), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (CML, CBF, JMC, DAA, AMF, MEL), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E Larimer
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (CML, CBF, JMC, DAA, AMF, MEL), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Lee CM, Fairlie AM, Ramirez JJ, Patrick ME, Luk JW, Lewis MA. Self-fulfilling prophecies: Documentation of real-world daily alcohol expectancy effects on the experience of specific positive and negative alcohol-related consequences. Psychol Addict Behav 2019; 34:327-334. [PMID: 31804099 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol expectancies are consistently associated with alcohol use in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. However, little research has examined whether alcohol expectancies on specific drinking occasions are associated with reported consequences on those days, particularly when controlling for the amount of alcohol consumed, thus differentiating the extent to which reported consequences may have resulted from alcohol or an "expectancy effect." This study examined consequence-specific daily expectancy effects. College students (N = 342; mean age 19.7 [standard deviation (SD) = 1.25], 52.9% female) participated in a longitudinal measurement burst study. During four 2-week intervals, participants used mobile phones to respond to 3 surveys per day via automated telephone interviews. The results showed that on days when college students had higher-than-average expectancies for specific subjective positive consequences (e.g., feeling more relaxed, being in a better mood), they were more likely to report experiencing those same consequences as a result of their alcohol use that day, even after controlling for how much they actually drank on that day. The same held true for subjective interpersonal negative consequences (e.g., becoming aggressive, rude, or obnoxious; embarrassing oneself), but not for less subjective physical/cognitive negative consequences (e.g., having a hangover, vomiting, getting hurt/injured, forgetting). The results suggest that one's expectations about the particular effects of alcohol tend to be self-fulfilling for subjective effects of alcohol even when they are not directly tied to the physiological effects of alcohol. The findings underscore the important role of alcohol expectancies, particularly the expectation of subjective positive social and tension-reduction/relaxation effects, in understanding problematic alcohol use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Translational Research in Children's Mental Health
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Lewis MA, Litt DM, King KM, Fairlie AM, Waldron KA, Garcia TA, LoParco C, Lee CM. Examining the ecological validity of the prototype willingness model for adolescent and young adult alcohol use. Psychol Addict Behav 2019; 34:293-302. [PMID: 31750697 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study is the first ecologically valid, daily level test of the prototype willingness model (PWM), a model previously tested with hypothetical scenarios to investigate the social reaction and reasoned pathways toward engaging in health-risk behavior. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether days with elevated alcohol-favorable PWM cognitions are also associated with greater intentions and willingness to drink and increased drinking behavior on that day. Participants included 15-25-year-olds (N = 124; 57.3% female; Mage =18.7; SD = 2.87) who were part of an ecological momentary assessment study on drinking cognitions (including willingness, intentions, perceived vulnerability, social norms, prototype favorability) and alcohol use, reported across 3 weeks. Analyses accounted for the multilevel structure of the data and the various outcome distributions. Findings supported and advanced the PWM by using real-time, real-world daily data that captured within-person variation of PWM cognitions across days and showed daily level associations between PWM cognitions and alcohol use and negative consequences among adolescents and young adults, thus supporting the social reaction and reasoned pathways at the daily level. Current results may improve interventions by precisely informing the use of technology to bring interventions to adolescents and young adults in moments when they are at highest risk (i.e., days with higher than usual PMW alcohol cognitions). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana M Litt
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems
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Lee CM, Rhew IC, Patrick ME, Fairlie AM, Cronce JM, Larimer ME, Cadigan JM, Leigh BC. Learning From Experience? The Influence of Positive and Negative Alcohol-Related Consequences on Next-Day Alcohol Expectancies and Use Among College Drinkers. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 79:465-473. [PMID: 29885155 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to examine daily-level associations between alcohol-related consequences and next-day expectancies and alcohol use among frequently drinking college students using a measurement-burst daily diary study. METHOD College students (N = 327; mean age = 19.7 years, SD = 1.26; 53.4% female) participated in a yearlong study in which they completed computerized interviews daily via mobile phones for 2 weeks in each academic quarter. Multilevel modeling was used to examine whether positive and negative consequences were associated with next-day alcohol expectancies and alcohol consumption. RESULTS Experiencing positive consequences from drinking was significantly associated with higher positive expectancies and a greater number of drinks consumed on the following day. The within-person association between daily consequences and next-day positive expectancies was stronger for those who were in fraternities/sororities compared with those who were not. Negative consequences were significantly associated with higher negative expectancies the next day but were not associated with number of drinks consumed the next day. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study highlight the role of direct drinking experiences in influencing future expectations and drinking behavior using a method that enables analysis of both between- and within-person associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jessica M Cronce
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Jessica M. Cronce is now at the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer M Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Barbara C Leigh
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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45
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Patrick ME, Fairlie AM, Cadigan JM, Abdallah DA, Larimer ME, Lee CM. Daily Motives for Alcohol and Marijuana Use as Predictors of Simultaneous Use Among Young Adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 80:454-461. [PMID: 31495383 PMCID: PMC6739644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on substance use motives typically examines each substance separately. However, simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use-that is, using alcohol and marijuana at the same time so that their effects overlap-is common among young adults. This study examines day-to-day fluctuations in motives for using alcohol and/ or marijuana among young adult substance users as predictors of alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use across days. METHOD Data were from a community sample of young adults who reported SAM use in the past month (analytic sample: N = 399, mean [SD] age = 21.63 [2.17]; 50.9% women). Participants reported alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use, and also motives "for alcohol and/or marijuana use" for 14 consecutive days. RESULTS Multilevel models showed that elevated enhancement motives were associated with heavy episodic drinking, drinking more, and more hours high from marijuana. Elevated social motives were associated with heavy episodic drinking and drinking more, and also with fewer hours high. Elevated conformity motives were associated with drinking more. SAM use was more likely: on alcohol days and on marijuana days with elevated enhancement and conformity motives, on alcohol days with elevated coping motives, and on marijuana days with elevated social motives. CONCLUSIONS SAM use on a given day was primarily associated with enhancement and conformity motives. Social motives were more strongly linked to alcohol use, and to some extent coping motives were linked to marijuana use in this young adult sample. Further examination of situation-specific motives and contexts of use is needed to inform development of real-time interventions for SAM use and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Patrick
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Translational Research in Children’s Mental Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer M. Cadigan
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Devon A. Abdallah
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E. Larimer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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46
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Fairlie AM, Cadigan JM, Patrick ME, Larimer ME, Lee CM. Unplanned Heavy Episodic and High-Intensity Drinking: Daily-Level Associations With Mood, Context, and Negative Consequences. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019. [PMID: 31250798 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2019.80.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Underestimating how much one will drink has been associated with greater alcohol-related consequences. Elevated mood or drinking context may relate to drinking more than planned (or intended) among college students. The aims of the current study were to test (a) whether positive and negative mood and contextual factors on a given day were associated with the likelihood of unplanned heavy drinking (defined as unplanned heavy episodic or high-intensity drinking), and (b) whether days with unplanned heavy drinking were associated with more negative consequences. METHOD The analytic sample included 352 college students (53.4% female; 71.3% non-Hispanic White) who completed daily assessments via automated telephone interviews. Multilevel models were used to test predictors of unplanned heavy drinking (Aim 1) and predictors of consequences (Aim 2). RESULTS Almost a third (29.60%) of drinking days were unplanned heavy drinking days. Individuals with higher average positive mood across the sampled days had lower odds of unplanned heavy drinking. No significant associations were observed between negative mood and unplanned heavy drinking. Weekend days and days with special occasions were associated with lower odds of unplanned heavy drinking. Unplanned heavy drinking was associated with more negative consequences on that day. CONCLUSIONS Students were frequently not able to accurately predict the amount of alcohol they would consume on that day, which conferred an increased risk of negative consequences. Interventions could incorporate strategies that help students anticipate their alcohol consumption in order to employ protective behavioral strategies in high-risk contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer M Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Research in Children's Mental Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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47
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Fairlie AM, Cadigan JM, Patrick ME, Larimer ME, Lee CM. Unplanned Heavy Episodic and High-Intensity Drinking: Daily-Level Associations With Mood, Context, and Negative Consequences. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 80:331-339. [PMID: 31250798 PMCID: PMC6614925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Underestimating how much one will drink has been associated with greater alcohol-related consequences. Elevated mood or drinking context may relate to drinking more than planned (or intended) among college students. The aims of the current study were to test (a) whether positive and negative mood and contextual factors on a given day were associated with the likelihood of unplanned heavy drinking (defined as unplanned heavy episodic or high-intensity drinking), and (b) whether days with unplanned heavy drinking were associated with more negative consequences. METHOD The analytic sample included 352 college students (53.4% female; 71.3% non-Hispanic White) who completed daily assessments via automated telephone interviews. Multilevel models were used to test predictors of unplanned heavy drinking (Aim 1) and predictors of consequences (Aim 2). RESULTS Almost a third (29.60%) of drinking days were unplanned heavy drinking days. Individuals with higher average positive mood across the sampled days had lower odds of unplanned heavy drinking. No significant associations were observed between negative mood and unplanned heavy drinking. Weekend days and days with special occasions were associated with lower odds of unplanned heavy drinking. Unplanned heavy drinking was associated with more negative consequences on that day. CONCLUSIONS Students were frequently not able to accurately predict the amount of alcohol they would consume on that day, which conferred an increased risk of negative consequences. Interventions could incorporate strategies that help students anticipate their alcohol consumption in order to employ protective behavioral strategies in high-risk contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer M Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Translational Research in Children's Mental Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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48
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Fairlie AM, Bernstein M, Walls TA, Wood MD. Effects of measurement timing on subgroup identification using growth mixture modeling: An empirical application to alcohol use. Psychol Addict Behav 2019; 33:232-242. [PMID: 30702318 PMCID: PMC6483855 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Growth mixture modeling (GMM) identifies latent classes exhibiting distinct longitudinal patterns on an outcome. Subgroups identified by GMM may be artifactually influenced by measurement timing (e.g., timing of the initial assessment, length of the interval from the first to the last assessment, and total number of assessments) as well as the theoretically posited developmental patterns of the behavior. The current study investigated this possibility using alcohol data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 2686; 49.44% female; 71.84% White). Three assessment configurations were examined: all 12 waves, first 6 waves, and last 7 waves. Five subgroups were identified using all 12 waves: Normative (71.33%), Low-Increasing (8.45%), Low-Steady (8.97%), High-Slowly Decreasing (7.67%), and Extreme-Sharply Decreasing (3.57%). When comparing participants' subgroup membership for all 12 waves to the first six waves, 14% of the sample was differentially classified. When comparing all 12 waves to the last seven waves, 62% of the sample was differentially classified. Alterations in the timing of the initial assessment had a substantial impact on latent class estimation, underscoring the importance of selecting the developmental window a priori based on theory and empirical knowledge. The time-bounded nature of mixture modeling solutions (i.e., a selected developmental window within the course of a phenomenon) suggests that the latent subgroups should not be interpreted as representing subgroups that are present in the population. Future directions and strategies for testing alternative interpretations are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark D Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
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49
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Lewis MA, Rhew IC, Fairlie AM, Swanson A, Anderson J, Kaysen D. Evaluating Personalized Feedback Intervention Framing with a Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Young Adult Alcohol-Related Sexual Risk Taking. Prev Sci 2019; 20:310-320. [PMID: 29511966 PMCID: PMC6127012 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate personalized feedback intervention (PFI) framing with two web-delivered PFIs aimed to reduce young adult alcohol-related risky sexual behavior (RSB). Combined PFIs typically use an additive approach whereby independent components on drinking and components on RSB are presented without the discussion of the influence of alcohol on RSB. In contrast, an integrated PFI highlights the RSB-alcohol connection by presenting integrated alcohol and RSB components that focus on the role of intoxication as a barrier to risk reduction in sexual situations. In a randomized controlled trial, 402 (53.98% female) sexually active young adults aged 18-25 were randomly assigned to a combined PFI, an integrated PFI, or attention control. All assessment and intervention procedures were web-based. At the 1-month follow-up, those randomly assigned to the integrated condition had a lower likelihood of having any casual sex partners compared to those in the control group. At the 6-month follow-up, the combined condition had a lower likelihood of having any casual sex partners compared to those in the control group. When examining alcohol-related RSB, at the 1-month follow-up, both interventions showed a lower likelihood of any drinking prior to sex compared to the control group. When examining alcohol-related sexual consequences, results showed a reduction in the non-zero count of consequences in the integrated condition compared to the control at the 1-month follow-up. For typical drinks per week, those in the combined condition showed a greater reduction in the non-zero count of drinks than those in the control condition at the 1-month follow-up. While there were no significant differences between the two interventions, the current findings highlight the utility of two efficacious web-based alcohol and RSB interventions among a national sample of at-risk young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Swanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Judyth Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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50
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Fleming CB, Lee CM, Rhew IC, Ramirez JJ, Abdallah DA, Fairlie AM. Descriptive and Prospective Analysis of Young Adult Alcohol Use and Romantic Relationships: Disentangling between- and within-Person Associations Using Monthly Assessments. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:2240-2249. [PMID: 29737902 PMCID: PMC7106918 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1467455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research on romantic relationships and alcohol use among young adults has not distinguished between differences in patterns of relationship status over extended periods of time and within-person changes in status that only occur for some individuals. OBJECTIVES This study captured between-person differences in relationship patterns, assessed associations between relationship patterns and alcohol use, and examined within-person associations between alcohol use and relationship status changes. In addition, age and sex differences in between- and within-person associations were tested. METHODS We used multilevel modeling of monthly data collected over one year on alcohol use and romantic relationship status from a Seattle area community sample of 620 young adults (ages 18-24). RESULTS Participants were coded into six relationship pattern groups: (1) single-not-dating (16%), (2) stable-in-a-relationship (30%), (3) single-dating (10%), (4) ended-a-relationship (14%), (5) started-a-relationship (13%), and (6) ended-and-started-a-relationship (18%). Single-not-dating and stable-in-a-relationship groups reported the least drinking across the entire year; the single-dating, ended-a-relationship, and ended-and-started-a-relationship groups reported higher levels of drinking. Examining within-person changes in groups 3-6 revealed increases in drinking associated with months of dating among the single-dating group, months postbreakup among the ended-a-relationship group, and months of breaking up and starting a new relationship among the ended-and-started-a-relationship group. Few differences by age or sex were found for between- or within-person associations. CONCLUSIONS The findings point to heterogeneity in patterns of relationship status over time, differences in relationship patterns associated with variations in drinking, and particular time points of elevated risk for young adults who experience changes in status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Fleming
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Jason J Ramirez
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Devon Alisa Abdallah
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA
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