1
|
Waldock J, Weiss CD, Wang W, Levine MZ, Jefferson SN, Ho S, Hoschler K, Londt BZ, Masat E, Carolan L, Sánchez-Ovando S, Fox A, Watanabe S, Akimoto M, Sato A, Kishida N, Buys A, Maake L, Fourie C, Caillet C, Raynaud S, Webby RJ, DeBeauchamp J, Cox RJ, Lartey SL, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Sanz-Muñoz I, Eiros JM, Sánchez-Martínez J, Duijsings D, Engelhardt OG. An external quality assessment feasibility study; cross laboratory comparison of haemagglutination inhibition assay and microneutralization assay performance for seasonal influenza serology testing: A FLUCOP study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129765. [PMID: 36926342 PMCID: PMC10011125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction External Quality Assessment (EQA) schemes are designed to provide a snapshot of laboratory proficiency, identifying issues and providing feedback to improve laboratory performance and inter-laboratory agreement in testing. Currently there are no international EQA schemes for seasonal influenza serology testing. Here we present a feasibility study for conducting an EQA scheme for influenza serology methods. Methods We invited participant laboratories from industry, contract research organizations (CROs), academia and public health institutions who regularly conduct hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays and have an interest in serology standardization. In total 16 laboratories returned data including 19 data sets for HAI assays and 9 data sets for MN assays. Results Within run analysis demonstrated good laboratory performance for HAI, with intrinsically higher levels of intra-assay variation for MN assays. Between run analysis showed laboratory and strain specific issues, particularly with B strains for HAI, whilst MN testing was consistently good across labs and strains. Inter-laboratory variability was higher for MN assays than HAI, however both assays showed a significant reduction in inter-laboratory variation when a human sera pool is used as a standard for normalization. Discussion This study has received positive feedback from participants, highlighting the benefit such an EQA scheme would have on improving laboratory performance, reducing inter laboratory variation and raising awareness of both harmonized protocol use and the benefit of biological standards for seasonal influenza serology testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Waldock
- Vaccines, Science Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stacie N Jefferson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sammy Ho
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Hoschler
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon Z Londt
- hVivo The Queen Mary Bioenterprises (QMB) Innovation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Masat
- hVivo The Queen Mary Bioenterprises (QMB) Innovation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Carolan
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephany Sánchez-Ovando
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annette Fox
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Akimoto
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Sato
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kishida
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amelia Buys
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lorens Maake
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cardia Fourie
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah L Lartey
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Claudia M Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Iván Sanz-Muñoz
- National Influenza Centre of Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José María Eiros
- National Influenza Centre of Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Martínez
- National Influenza Centre of Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Danny Duijsings
- Viroclinics, Clinical Virology Services, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Vaccines, Science Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Everett HE, Nash B, Londt BZ, Kelly MD, Coward V, Nunez A, van Diemen PM, Brown IH, Brookes SM. Interspecies Transmission of Reassortant Swine Influenza A Virus Containing Genes from Swine Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H1N2) Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:273-281. [PMID: 31961298 PMCID: PMC6986826 DOI: 10.3201/eid2602.190486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) virus has become established in swine in the United Kingdom and currently co-circulates with previously enzootic swine influenza A virus (IAV) strains, including avian-like H1N1 and human-like H1N2 viruses. During 2010, a swine influenza A reassortant virus, H1N2r, which caused mild clinical disease in pigs in the United Kingdom, was isolated. This reassortant virus has a novel gene constellation, incorporating the internal gene cassette of pH1N1-origin viruses and hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of swine IAV H1N2 origin. We investigated the pathogenesis and infection dynamics of the H1N2r isolate in pigs (the natural host) and in ferrets, which represent a human model of infection. Clinical and virologic parameters were mild in both species and both intraspecies and interspecies transmission was observed when initiated from either infected pigs or infected ferrets. This novel reassortant virus has zoonotic and reverse zoonotic potential, but no apparent increased virulence or transmissibility, in comparison to pH1N1 viruses.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sutton DA, Allen DP, Fuller CM, Mayers J, Mollett BC, Londt BZ, Reid SM, Mansfield KL, Brown IH. Development of an avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV-1) L-gene real-time RT-PCR assay using minor groove binding probes for application as a routine diagnostic tool. J Virol Methods 2018; 265:9-14. [PMID: 30579921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease is a devastating disease of poultry caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a virulent form of avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV-1). A rapid, sensitive and specific means for the detection of NDV is fundamental for the control of this notifiable transboundary virus. Although several real-time RT-PCR assays exist for the detection of AAvV-1, diagnostic sensitivity and specificities can be sub-optimal. In this study, we describe a modification to an existing AAvV-1 l-gene RT-PCR screening assay, where the original probe set was replaced with minor groove binding (MGB) probes, to create the MGB l-gene assay. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of this assay was evaluated against a broad panel of both Class I and Class II AAvV-1 viruses of diverse and representative lineages/genotypes in both clinical samples and amplified viruses, and compared with a number of previously published real-time RT-PCR screening assays for AAvV-1. The MGB l-gene assay outperformed all other assays in this assessment, with enhanced sensitivity and specificity, detecting isolates from a broad range of virus lineages/genotypes (including contemporaneously-circulating strains). The assay has also proved its value for screening original clinical samples for the presence of AAvV-1, thus providing an improved screening assay for routine detection of this notifiable disease agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Sutton
- Qiagen, Skelton House, Lloyd St N, Manchester M15 6SH, United Kingdom
| | - David P Allen
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Chad M Fuller
- Okanagan National Alliance, 3535 Old Okanagan Highway, Westbank, BC, V4T 3L7, Canada
| | - Jo Mayers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Benjamin C Mollett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon Z Londt
- hVivo, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Mansfield
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuchipudi SV, Tellabati M, Sebastian S, Londt BZ, Jansen C, Vervelde L, Brookes SM, Brown IH, Dunham SP, Chang KC. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens but not ducks is associated with elevated host immune and pro-inflammatory responses. Vet Res 2014; 45:118. [PMID: 25431115 PMCID: PMC4246556 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses cause severe infection in chickens at near complete mortality, but corresponding infection in ducks is typically mild or asymptomatic. To understand the underlying molecular differences in host response, primary chicken and duck lung cells, infected with two HPAI H5N1 viruses and a low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H2N3 virus, were subjected to RNA expression profiling. Chicken cells but not duck cells showed highly elevated immune and pro-inflammatory responses following HPAI virus infection. HPAI H5N1 virus challenge studies in chickens and ducks corroborated the in vitro findings. To try to determine the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) in mediating pro-inflammatory response to HPAIV infection in chicken and duck cells. We found that STAT-3 expression was down-regulated in chickens but was up-regulated or unaffected in ducks in vitro and in vivo following H5N1 virus infection. Low basal STAT-3 expression in chicken cells was completely inhibited by H5N1 virus infection. By contrast, constitutively active STAT-3 detected in duck cells was unaffected by H5N1 virus infection. Transient constitutively-active STAT-3 transfection in chicken cells significantly reduced pro-inflammatory response to H5N1 virus infection; on the other hand, chemical inhibition of STAT-3 activation in duck cells increased pro-inflammatory gene expression following H5N1 virus infection. Collectively, we propose that elevated pro-inflammatory response in chickens is a major pathogenicity factor of HPAI H5N1 virus infection, mediated in part by the inhibition of STAT-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh V Kuchipudi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Road, Loughborough, Nottingham LE12 5RD, Leicestershire, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hicks DJ, Kelly M, Brookes SM, Londt BZ, Ortiz Pelaez A, Orlowska A, Brown IH, Spencer YI, Núñez A. Cytokine Expression at Different Stages of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infection in the Porcine Lung, Using Laser Capture Microdissection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e71-9. [PMID: 24889764 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has retained its ability to infect swine whilst developing the ability to transmit effectively between humans, thus making the pig a valuable model for studying disease pathogenesis in both species. Lung lesions in pigs caused by infection with influenza A viruses vary in both their severity and distribution with individual lung lobes exhibiting lesions at different stages of infection pathogenic development and disease resolution. Consequently, investigating interactions between the virus and host and their implications for disease pathogenesis can be complicated. Studies were undertaken to investigate the discrete expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators during lung lesion formation in pigs during infection with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (A/Hamburg/05/09) virus. Laser capture microdissection was used to identify and select lung lobules containing lesions at different stages of development. Dissected samples were analysed using quantitative RT-PCR to assess pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA transcripts. Differential expression of the immune mediators IL-8, IL-10 and IFN-γ was observed depending upon the lesion stage assessed. Upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA was observed in stage 2 lesions, whereas decreased mRNA expression was observed in stage 3 lesions, with IL-8 actively downregulated when compared with controls in both stage 3 and stage 4 lesions. This study highlighted the value of using laser capture microdissection to isolate specific tissue regions and investigate subtle differences in cytokine mRNA expression during lesion development in pigs infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Hicks
- Pathology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - M Kelly
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - S M Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - B Z Londt
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - A Ortiz Pelaez
- Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - A Orlowska
- Pathology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - I H Brown
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Y I Spencer
- Pathology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - A Núñez
- Pathology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Londt BZ, Brookes SM, Nash BJ, Núñez A, Kelly MD, Garçon F, Graham SP, Brown IH. Enhanced infectivity of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in pig ex vivo respiratory tract organ cultures following adaptation by in vitro passage. Virus Res 2013; 178:383-91. [PMID: 24050997 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are thought to play a role in the adaptation of avian influenza (AI) viruses to mammalian hosts. To better understand this mechanism and to identify key mutations two highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) viruses (H5N1 and H7N7) were grown in pig cells, To mimic the pressure of an immune response, these viruses were grown in the presence of antiserum to the homologous virus or porcine IFN-γ. Mutations were identified in both viruses grown in vitro in the presence and absence of antisera or IFN-γ and included the PB2 mutations, E627K or 627E,D701N, described previously as requirements for the adaptation of AI viruses to mammalian species. Additional mutations were also identified in PB1, HA, NP and M genes for viruses passaged in the presence of immune pressure. The infectivity of these viruses was then assessed using ex vivo pig bronchi and lung organ cultures. For lung explants, higher levels of virus were detected in organ cultures infected with H5N1 HPAI viruses passaged in pig cell lines regardless of the presence or absence of homologous antisera or IFN-γ when compared with the wild-type parental viruses. No infection was observed for any of the H7N7 HPAI viruses. These results suggest that the mutations identified in H5N1 HPAI viruses may provide a replication or infection advantage in pigs in vivo and that pigs may continue to play an important role in the ecology of influenza A viruses including those of avian origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Z Londt
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Breed AC, Harris K, Hesterberg U, Gould G, Londt BZ, Brown IH, Cook AJC. Surveillance for avian influenza in wild birds in the European Union in 2007. Avian Dis 2010; 54:399-404. [PMID: 20521669 DOI: 10.1637/8950-053109-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza viruses has been compulsory in the European Union (EU) since 2005, primarily as a means of detecting H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and of monitoring the circulation of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus H5 and H7 strains. In 2007, 79,392 wild birds were tested throughout the EU. H5N1 HPAI was detected in 329 birds from four Member States (MS); affected birds were almost entirely of the orders Podicipediformes (grebes) and Anseriformes (waterfowl) during the summer months. LPAI was detected in 1485 wild birds among 21 MS. A total of 1250 birds were positive for influenza A but were not discriminated any further; LPAI H5 was detected in 105 birds, exclusively of the order Anseriformes. LPAI H7 was detected in seven birds. LPAI of other subtypes was found in 123 birds. Epidemiologic evidence and phylogenetic analysis of H5N1 viruses indicate that H5N1 did not appear to persist in the EU from 2006 but was reintroduced, probably from the Middle East.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Breed
- Community Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alexander DJ, Manvell RJ, Irvine R, Londt BZ, Cox B, Ceeraz V, Banks J, Browna IH. Overview of incursions of Asian H5N1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus into Great Britain, 2005-2008. Avian Dis 2010; 54:194-200. [PMID: 20521632 DOI: 10.1637/8833-040209-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since 2005 there have been five incursions into Great Britain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N1 related to the ongoing global epizootic. The first incursion occurred in October 2005 in birds held in quarantine after importation from Taiwan. Two incursions related to wild birds: one involved a single dead whooper swan found in March 2006 in the sea off the east coast of Scotland, and the other involved 10 mute swans and a Canada goose found dead over the period extending from late December 2007 to late February 2008 on or close to a swannery on the south coast of England. The other two outbreaks occurred in commercial poultry in January 2007 and November 2007, both in the county of Suffolk. The first of these poultry outbreaks occurred on a large turkey farm, and there was no further spread. The second outbreak occurred on a free-range farm rearing turkeys, ducks, and geese and spread to birds on a second turkey farm that was culled as a dangerous contact. Viruses isolated from these five outbreaks were confirmed to be Asian H5N1 HPAI viruses; the quarantine outbreak was attributed to a clade 2.3 virus and the other four to clade 2.2 viruses. This article describes the outbreaks, their control, and the possible origins of the responsible viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Alexander
- Virology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abolnik C, Londt BZ, Manvell RJ, Shell W, Banks J, Gerdes GH, Akol G, Brown IH. Characterisation of a highly pathogenic influenza A virus of subtype H5N2 isolated from ostriches in South Africa in 2004. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2009; 3:63-8. [PMID: 19496843 PMCID: PMC4634522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The HPAI H5N2 strain that caused an outbreak in ostriches of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa in 2004 was characterized. DESIGN Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) were performed on sera from ostrich farms in the outbreak region, and intravenous pathogenicity (IVPI) tests, reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR), nucleic acid sequencing and phylogenetic comparisons were performed on the HPAI H5N2 virus isolated during the outbreak. RESULTS The deduced amino acid sequence at the HA0 cleavage site determined by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing was PQREKRRKKRGLF and thus the virus fell within the definition of a highly pathogenic virus, but in an IVPI test in chickens on the virus isolated from the index case and a value of 0.63 was recorded, which is below the criterion for highly pathogenic viruses in this in vivo test. After a further passage in embryonated eggs a second IVPI was carried out and an elevated value of 1.19 was obtained. Cloacal swabs were taken from the initial IVPI birds, inoculated into embryonated chickens eggs and a third IVPI was then performed on the resulting haemagglutinating, infective allantoic fluid. An index of 2.73 was recorded. CONCLUSIONS HI tests appeared to be the more sensitive test compared to AGID when testing for antibodies to avian influenza in sera. An ostrich-derived virus with a virulent HA0 cleavage site was not initially virulent in chickens but after passage in the latter the virulence increased. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the link between AI viruses carried by wild ducks and those infecting ostriches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Abolnik
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x5, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Four avian influenza viruses have been recognized that have genetic coding for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, but do not show virulence for chickens. The two different mechanisms that prevent this potential being expressed have been determined for A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1/83 (H5N2) and A/goose/Guandong/2/96 (H5N1), but neither of these applies to A/turkey/England/87-92BFC/91 (H5N1) or A/chicken/Texas/298313/04 (H5N2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Z Londt
- Virology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Irvine RM, Banks J, Londt BZ, Lister SA, Manvell RJ, Outtrim L, Russell C, Cox WJ, Ceeraz V, Shell W, Landeg FJ, Wilesmith JW, Alexander DJ, Brown IH. Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by Asian lineage h5n1
virus in turkeys in Great Britain in January 2007. Vet Rec 2007; 161:100-1. [PMID: 17694626 DOI: 10.1136/vr.161.3.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Irvine
- Virology Department, VLA-Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ducatez MF, Tarnagda Z, Tahita MC, Sow A, de Landtsheer S, Londt BZ, Brown IH, Osterhaus DME, Fouchier RAM, Ouedraogo JBB, Muller CP. Genetic characterization of HPAI (H5N1) viruses from poultry and wild vultures, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:611-3. [PMID: 17553279 PMCID: PMC2725980 DOI: 10.3201/eid1304.061356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) viruses from poultry and hooded vultures in Burkina Faso shows that these viruses belong to 1 of 3 sublineages initially found in Nigeria and later in other African countries. Hooded vultures could potentially be vectors or sentinels of influenza subtype H5N1, as are cats and swans elsewhere.
Collapse
|