Canadian Radiology Medical Student Interest Groups: What They Are and How We Can Help Them Improve

BACKGROUND

Radiology interest groups (RIGs) can serve as a means of increasing exposure of the radiology specialty early in the medical curriculum while also increasing educational opportunities. However, the organizational structure and various functions of individual RIGs in Canada are not well-documented. We performed a survey of all active RIGs in Canada for the purpose of better understanding their structure, function, and opportunities for improvement.

METHODS

A 21-question survey was sent to current or recent former medical student leaders of all active RIGs in Canada during the 2016-2017 academic year.

RESULTS

Radiology interest groups were identified in 88% (15/17) of Canadian medical schools. We received a 100% (15/15) response rate. Events held by RIGs consist mostly of lunch and learns (67%, 10/15), career panels (53%, 8/15), networking events (40%, 6/15), and curriculum-related events (40%, 6/15). General mentorship (93%, 13/14), shadowing opportunities (86%, 12/14), and research mentorship (63%, 8/14) were most often cited in their top 3 choices for opportunities for improvement. Sixty-six percent indicated that if a radiology society were to host a page for their interest group, they would be interested in posting content and/or links.

CONCLUSIONS

Canadian RIGs offer increased early awareness and education about radiology in the medical curriculum. Radiology departments can facilitate improvement in Canadian RIGs through targeted institutional mentorship, research opportunities, and shadowing programs for their members.

Osteitis Deformans in a Macaque (Macaca mulatta)

The course of an illness that resembled osteitis deformans was followed with radiographs and clinical chemistry for 10 months after onset in an adult male macaque. Radiographically, the appendicular bones had thickened cortices, coarse trabeculae, and osteolysis. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were elevated. Histologically, the long bones of the limbs and calvarium showed the mosaic pattern characteristic of osteitis deformans.

Pair housing of rabbits reduces variances in growth rates and serum alkaline phosphatase levels

New Council of Europe regulations mandate housing of two rabbits in the same cage space currently used to house one, provided the animals are socially compatible. This study was designed to assess changes in growth and selected serum chemistry parameters due to pair housing or single housing of rabbits. Six sets of four female siblings of Crl:KBL(NZW)BR rabbits were used. The animals were seven weeks old on arrival. Two siblings of each set were allocated to pair housing, two to single housing. The animals were housed in stainless steel cages (120 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm) with a perforated floor, including a shelf (60 cm x 30 cm) at 30 cm height from the floor. The rabbits were provided with an aspen cube (5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm), one item per animal. The rabbits were weighed and blood samples were taken from the auricular central artery at four different times during the study. Blood sera were assayed for a set of routinely assayed clinical chemistry parameters: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (APHOS), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol (CHOL) and protein (PROT). Mean and variance profiles over the study period were statistically analysed by multivariate analysis of variance. No differences in mean profiles were detected; however, weight (P = 0.0002) and APHOS (P = 0.017) variances were significantly lower in pair-housed animals. The reduction in variance on growth and APHOS attributable to pair housing appears to be rather large. During the 21-week study, occasional fighting was seen between the pair-housed rabbits. After sexual maturity, further major fighting bouts resulted in significant trauma that necessitated the cessation of the study. In conclusion, pair housing appears to have a decreasing effect on growth and APHOS variance, but antisocial behaviour such as fighting remains a serious problem.

Temporal variation in cellular proliferation during recornification of mouse tail skin

The influence of the time of injury on subsequent epidermal regeneration is unknown. Epidermal cell proliferation of tail skin in C57BL/6J mice in response to tape stripping was followed for 7 days by radiolabelled thymidine incorporation and autoradiography. The homeostatic labelling index (LI) of the basal epidermis of unmanipulated, unwounded (control) animals was 7.6% and did not vary depending on the time of day. Tape stripping increased the LI of epidermal basal cells 110% above control values 24 h after injury. Labelling indexes of epidermal basal cells in the skin adjacent to the wounded area were 7.0%. Basal cell DNA synthesis stimulated by wounding exhibited a distinct temporal variation at 24 h postinjury, with tail skin wounded at 12.00 h found to be 275% greater than control values and elevated 78% from LIs recorded at any other time point. This temporal spike was due to the time of day at which wounding occurred rather than the time point when the LI was determined. Mice wounded at 12.00 h and terminated 27 h later (15.00 h) had LIs that were 52% greater than wounds created at 09.00 h and examined at 12.00 h the following day. Higher levels of DNA synthesis in tail skin injured at 12.00 h compared to wounding at 09.00 h was detected 12-48 h after injury. Furthermore, DNA synthesis in wounds created at 12.00 h returned to baseline levels 1-2 days earlier than tail skin wounded at 09.00 h. Investigation of other strains of mice detected differences in radiolabelling of epidermal basal cells 24 h after tape stripping at 12.00 h or 09.00 h in CD-1 and BALB/cJ mice, but not in the C3H/HeJ strain. These results indicate: (a) there is no diurnal variation in the LI of mouse tail skin under normal homeostatic conditions (b) tape stripping is a potent stimulator of basal cell turnover in the epidermis (c) the time of wounding determines the magnitude of the increase in the LI of basal cells following injury, and (d) the proliferative response to wounding of the tail is dependent on the strain of mouse.

Reinitiated expression of EJras transgene in targeted epidermal cells of transgenic rabbits by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus infection

Transgenic rabbits carrying the EJras oncogene have been established in our laboratory (Am. J. Pathol. 155 (1999) 315). The expression of the ras gene is targeted to the epidermal keratinocytes using the upstream regulatory region (URR) of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). All of the transgenic rabbits develop keratoacanthomas at multiple sites in the skin at 2-3 days after birth, and the tumors spontaneously regress in 1.5-2 months. With regression of the keratoacanthomas, the rabbits appear normal and EJras expression is undetectable in their skin. To determine if CRPV infection would reinitiate the expression of the EJras transgene and make the rabbits more sensitive to tumorigenesis, the rabbits were infected with CRPV at 2 months of age when the keratoacanthomas had regressed. This study shows that CRPV infection of the transgenic rabbit skin could shorten the latency required for CRPV papilloma initiation, and significantly increase the tumor growth and persistence rate compared with non-transgenic rabbits. Furthermore, EJras expression became detectable in the CRPV induced papillomas in transgenic rabbits, but not in the papillomas of non-transgenic rabbits. These results indicate that CRPV infection is able to reinitiate the expression of the CRPV URR controlled EJras oncogene carried by the transgenic rabbits and that the expression of EJras can enhance the tumorigenesis of CRPV infection.

The opioid growth factor, [Met5]-enkephalin, inhibits DNA synthesis during recornification of mouse tail skin

Opioid peptides serve as tonically active negative growth regulators in renewing and regenerating epithelia. To examine the involvement of opioids in renewal of the stratum corneum after tape stripping of tail skin, C57BL/6 J mice were given systemic injections of the potent opioid antagonist, naltrexone (NTX, 20 mg/kg i.p.) following injury. Blockade of opioid-receptor interaction by NTX for 4 h resulted in an elevation of 36-66% in basal cell DNA synthesis measured 24 h after injury. Injection of the endogenous opioid peptide, [Met5]-enkephalin (OGF, 10 mg/kg i.p.) 4 h before termination, suppressed radiolabelled thymidine incorporation in the basal cell layer by 37-46% at 24 h after wounding. The magnitude of the effects on DNA synthesis of OGF, but not NTX, depended on the timing of administration with respect to injury. OGF maximally depressed basal cell labelling (72%) when given 16 h after tape stripping. Concomitant administration of naloxone (10 mg/kg) with OGF blocked the inhibition of DNA synthesis; naloxone alone at the dosage utilized had no effect on cell labelling. Both OGF and its receptor, OGFr, were detected by immunocytochemistry in the basal and suprabasal cell layers, but not the cornified layer of tape stripped and uninjured tail skin. These results indicate: (a) a native opioid peptide and its receptor are expressed in epidermal cells of injured and uninjured mouse tail skin; (b) removal of the stratum corneum by tape stripping does not disrupt the function of the endogenous opioid growth system; (c) the proliferative response to wounding of the tail is tonically inhibited by the receptor-mediated action of an endogenous opioid peptide; and (d) DNA synthesis by basal cells can be elevated by disrupting opioid peptide receptor interactions.

In vivo effects of chronic treatment with [MET5]-enkephalin on hematological values and natural killer cell activity in athymic mice

The role of endogenous opioids in immunological mechanisms was examined by subjecting athymic (nu/nu) mice to chronic injections of the opioid agonist [Met5]-enkephalin (MET) or continuous opioid receptor blockade with naltrexone (NTX). After 8 days of treatment, neither excess peptide nor deprivation of opioids from receptors had any effect on body weight, spleen index (spleen to body weight ratio), total and differential white blood cell counts, and natural killer (NK) cell activity in peripheral blood or splenic lymphocytes. At 28 days, chronic treatment with MET or NTX had no effect on any of these parameters with the exception of an elevation from controls in NK cell activity in peripheral blood in mice receiving NTX, and subnormal NK cell activity related to splenic lymphocytes in the MET group. These results suggest that chronic exposure to an opioid agonist, or persistent opioid receptor blockade, have little influence on a variety of immunological properties in athymic mice, suggesting that native opioids such as MET do not play a marked role in defense mechanisms in the athymic mouse.

Development of keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas in transgenic rabbits with targeted expression of EJras oncogene in epidermis

Activated ras genes have been frequently identified in both benign and malignant human tumors, including keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, we developed two lines of transgenic rabbits in which the expression of EJras has been specifically targeted to the rabbit epidermal keratinocytes, using the upstream regulatory region of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. All of the F1 transgenic progenies developed multiple keratoacanthomas at about 3 days after birth. The rabbits developed an average of 20 tumors, which usually reached the size of approximately 1 cm in diameter and then spontaneously regressed in about 2 months, similar to keratoacanthoma regression in humans. In addition, up to 18% of the rabbits then developed squamous cell carcinoma at about 5 months of age. The expression of EJras was detectable in all of the keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas. These results strongly support the involvement of the ras oncogene in both the initiation and regression of keratoacanthoma, and in the development of squamous cell carcinomas. These novel transgenic rabbits, with their consistent tumorigenic phenotype at an early age, high similarity to the human lesions, and easy accessibility for examination, manipulation, biopsy, and treatment, should provide a unique model system for studying ras activation-related tumor initiation, regression, and progression, and for evaluating antitumor therapies.

The home inventory of dangers and safety precautions-2: addressing critical needs for prescriptive assessment devices in child maltreatment and in healthcare

OBJECTIVE

This paper describes the development and preliminary validation of a prescriptive home danger and safety precaution instrument containing 14 epidemiological categories to be used in the design and evaluation of family-tailored injury prevention and safety interventions.

METHOD

The HIDSP-2 evolved from application and revision of the previous home danger and safety precaution recognition and observation instruments. As part of this process, the suitability of the HIDSP-2 for use in a broad-based trial was evaluated with 29 low income parents exhibiting individual learning needs. Inter-rater reliability and stability of scores were examined. Internal consistency was examined for total dangers and precautions and for those categories in which there were sufficient items to do so.

RESULTS

Administrative time was reduced while continuing usefulness in the identification and remediation of dangers and implementation of precautions was demonstrated. Stability of observation was high. Alphas as a measure of internal consistency was satisfactory for total danger and precautions separately; however, those for most individual categories were low. There was significant reduction in the number of dangers identified initially and significant improvement in the safety precautions implemented.

CONCLUSIONS

The HIDSP-2 can assist healthcare, education, disability, and child protective service workers in the development of home safety plans for remediating home dangers and implementing precautions. While we see this instrument as eminently suitable for use in broad-based interventions and in epidemiological studies, further research must continue to examine the psychometric characteristics of the individual danger and precaution categories.

Diagnoses commonly missed in childhood. Long-term outcome and implications for treatment

Psychiatric and developmental disorders with onset in early childhood are often missed and commonly overlooked by adult psychiatrists. These disorders have important continuities into adulthood and are powerful predictors of chronicity, comorbidity, and severity. It is essential that they are recognized and taken into account in the assessment and treatment of the adult patient.

Fatal trematodiasis in research turtles

During a 5-year period, 16 freshwater turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans and Chrysemys picta) that were purchased for research purposes died spontaneously. Clinical signs of disease included lethargy, constant swimming, swimming sideways, hemiplegia, and ulcerative lesions on the carapace. At necropsy, subcutaneous edema, hepatic necrosis, pancreatic necrosis, splenic necrosis, and intestinal parasites were identified. Histologically, trematode eggs were seen within the liver, brain, spleen, kidney, myocardium, lung, pancreas, testes, and bladder, and were associated with granulomatous reactions. The size and distribution of the eggs were consistent with Spirorchis sp. infection, although adults could not be found to confirm the species. Spirorchid flukes are 1 to 2 mm long and inhabit the heart and blood vessels where they produce eggs. Spirorchis parvus are capable of invading various tissues, including pancreas and the central nervous system. The pathogenicity of the flukes seems to be related to widespread deposition of the eggs, which may block small blood vessels within the intestines, causing necrosis and bacteremia. Antemortem diagnosis is made by direct examination of fecal smears for eggs. Postmortem diagnosis is accomplished by examination of tissues for adult parasites and microgranulomas associated with the fluke eggs. The parasite requires a snail intermediate host to complete its life cycle. Intramuscular or oral administration of praziquantel is reported to be an effective treatment.

Human melanoma metastasis is inhibited following ex vivo treatment with an antisense oligonucleotide to protein kinase C-alpha

To determine whether alteration of PKC alpha expression would affect the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells, replicate cultures of C8161 cells were treated in vitro with a phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) that specifically inhibits PKC alpha expression (ISIS-3521). Control C8161 cultures were treated with a scrambled sequence ODN, cationic liposomes or were left untreated. Northern blots demonstrated 70% inhibition of PKC alpha mRNA in ISIS-3521-treated cells compared to controls. Metastasis was suppressed by 75% when ISIS-3521-treated cells were injected intravenously into athymic mice. These results show that PKC alpha expression is important in the regulation of human melanoma metastasis.

Rabbit genital tissue is susceptible to infection by rabbit oral papillomavirus: an animal model for a genital tissue-targeting papillomavirus

Rabbit oral papillomavirus (ROPV) is a mucosatropic papillomavirus which naturally infects oral mucosal sites of domestic rabbits. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that rabbit genital mucosa is also susceptible to ROPV infection by using the athymic mouse xenograft system and adult immunocompetent rabbits. Subrenal xenografts of ROPV-infected rabbit vulvar and penile sheath tissues were strongly positive for ROPV infection by histologic, in situ hybridization, and Southern analyses. Direct inoculation of adult rabbit penises with infectious ROPV produced small raised lesions of approximately 1 by 1 by 1 mm that were ROPV positive by both in situ hybridization and Southern analyses and were also viral capsid antigen positive by immunohistological staining. Infection of rabbit genital tissues with ROPV may be a useful animal model for the study of genital tissue-targeting papillomaviruses.

Opioid receptor blockade during prenatal life modifies postnatal behavioral development

The ontogeny of physical characteristics, spontaneous motor, and sensorimotor behaviors of preweaning rats, as well as ambulation and emotionality at weaning (day 21) were studied in rats exposed to 50 mg/kg naltrexone (NTX) or saline (controls) daily throughout gestation by maternal administration; all animals were cross-fostered to untreated mothers at birth. Morphine challenge tests and nociceptive measures revealed that this dosage of opioid antagonist blocked opioid receptors for 24 h. At birth and weaning, animals in the NTX group weighed 12 and 20%, respectively, more than control offspring. The age at which a specific physical characteristic, spontaneous motor behavior, or reflex initially appeared and the age at which 100% of the animals demonstrated a particular characteristic/behavior often were accelerated in animals prenatally exposed to NTX. The frequency of ambulation was subnormal in the NTX group, and the frequency and/or incidence of rearing, grooming, wet-dog shakes, and defecation were reduced from normal levels in these opioid antagonist-exposed rats. These results imply that interactions of endogenous opioid systems during embryogenesis are determinants of somatic, physical, and behavioral development in postnatal life.

Chronic exposure to the opioid antagonist naltrexone during pregnancy: maternal and offspring effects

The role of endogenous opioids in pregnancy and parturition, and the influence exerted on prenatal and postnatal features of the offspring, were studied in rats. Females received daily injections of 50 mg/kg naltrexone (NTX), a dosage found to block opioids from interacting with opioid receptors for 24 h, throughout pregnancy. No effects on the length of gestation, course of pregnancy, litter size, or the viability of the mother or offspring were noted. The body weights, crown-rump lengths, and wet and dry weights of the brain, heart, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle (triceps surae) in neonates delivered by NTX-treated rats were substantially elevated compared to newborn animals of saline-injected mothers. Offspring exposed to NTX during prenatal life were larger in body weight and length, and organ wet and dry weights on postnatal days 10 and 21. By weaning (day 21 ), body weights of NTX-exposed rats were 36% greater than controls, and increases were observed in the wet weights of brain (18%), heart (42%), kidney (38%), lungs (22%), liver (44%), and triceps surae (246%). These data lead us to hypothesize that native opioids are important growth-inhibiting, tonically active regulators of prenatal ontogeny, and that events occurring in prenatal life are determinants to postnatal outcome insofar as somatic development.

Experimental pneumonia virus of mice infection of guineapigs spontaneously infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica

Guineapigs that were intranasally inoculated with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) seroconverted to PVM by 11 days post-infection. During the course of study (2-60 days post-infection) no gross or histologic lesions were identified within the lungs that could be attributed to PVM infection. Mild rhinitis and tracheitis were found in most animals and acute purulent bronchopneumonia in two animals, which may have resulted from spontaneous subclinical Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. Viral and bacterial respiratory diseases of the guineapig are briefly reviewed.

Optic neuropathy following simulation of orbital hemorrhage in the nonhuman primate

The goal of the study was to determine, using a nonhuman primate (NHP) model, the minimum duration of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) (induced by an inflated catheter) necessary to produce significant visual system deficits. In Old World monkeys (Macaca mulatta), a catheter was placed retrobulbarly in one orbit and inflated with saline for either 180 min (10 monkeys) or 240 min (six monkeys subjects). Baseline color fundus photographs, monochromatic photography, fluorescein angiography, and IOP measurements were performed preoperatively and at either 2, 4, or 6 weeks postoperatively on both eyes of each monkey prior to killing and histological analysis. Optic neuropathy was demonstrated in eight of these NHPs. In the two most severe cases (240 min inflation condition), complete nerve fiber atrophy with central retinal artery occlusion was observed. Sector nerve fiber atrophy, extending from the temporal disc to beyond the macula, was noted in the other six monkeys, five of which were in the 180 min inflation condition. Thus, optic neuropathy, sufficient to produce visual loss, was noted following increased IOP (> or = 50 mm Hg) for 180 min or 240 min. These data emphasize the need for timely intervention to mitigate the potential detrimental effects of retrobulbar hemorrhage when it occurs in humans.

Transgenic mice expressing the thymus leukemia antigen fail to control cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection

TL-transgenic mice expressing the thymus leukemia antigen demonstrate a lack of viral clearance following cutaneous HSV infection of the footpad. In this study, both uninfected and HSV-infected TL-transgenic mice demonstrate increased concentrations of IL-4 as well as decreased concentrations of IFN-gamma which may possibly underlie the impairment of viral clearance. Furthermore, lymphocytes from HSV-infected nontransgenic mice, adoptively transferred into HSV-infected TL-transgenic mice, promoted viral clearance and led to an increase in IFN-gamma production. Transgenic mice which were subcutaneously injected with IFN-gamma in the right footpad were also capable of clearing the viral challenge; however, clearance was restricted solely to the right footpad. These studies support the possibility of perturbations in the immune system of TL-transgenic mice and effectively demonstrate the utility of this model system in the study of HSV clearance, persistence, and potential spontaneous reactivation. Moreover, the TL-transgenic animals may provide a useful model system for additional studies requiring a host system skewed toward a Th2 phenotype.

Immortalization of inbred rabbit keratinocytes from a Shope papilloma and tumorigenic transformation of the cells by EJ-ras

An immortalized cell line of keratinocytes, named SPG1-3, was established from a papilloma induced from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-infected inbred rabbit skin. The cells have reached 60 passages in culture and are still growing well, but they are not tumorigenic in athymic mice. Although CRPV DNA was present as extrachromosomal episomes in the papilloma from which the cell line was derived from a single colony of keratinocytes, there was no CRPV DNA detectable in the cells. Three sub-cell lines of SPG1-3EJ, SPG1-3EJ1 and SPG1-3EJ2 were then established from the EJ-ras transfected SPG1-3 cells. All of the three sub-lines contained both EJ-ras DNA and a 1.2 kb transcript of EJ-ras, and they are malignantly tumorigenic in athymic mice. These data indicate that CRPV genome and its expression might be essential for the initiation and maintenance of neoplasia, but not for the maintenance of immortalization of the tumor-derived cells. In addition, some oncogenes such as EJ-ras may play an essential role in tumorigenic and malignant conversion of the immortalized cells. These cell lines derived from inbred rabbit skin may provide a useful in vitro system for better understanding of the oncogenic processes of papillomavirus-involved neoplastic progression by transfecting the cells with CRPV genes and serial transplantation to the inbred rabbits for studying host immune responses to the viral oncogenic potential.

Opioid growth factor ([Met5]enkephalin) prevents the incidence and retards the growth of human colon cancer

Endogenous opioid peptides serve as growth factors in normal and neoplastic cells and tissues, and both opioids and their receptors have been identified in human colon cancer. This study examined the hypothesis that opioids serve to modulate the growth of human colon cancer. Daily administration of the native opioid growth factor (OGF), [Met5]enkephalin, at dosages of 0.5, 5, or 25 mg/kg prevented the occurrence of human colon cancer HT-29 xenografts in nude mice. More than 80% of the mice receiving OGF beginning at the time of tumor cell inoculation did not exhibit neoplasias within 3 wk, in comparison with a tumor incidence of 93% in control subjects. Even 7 wk after cancer cell inoculation, 57% of the mice given OGF did not display a tumor. OGF delayed tumor appearance and growth in animals developing colon cancer with respect to the control group. The suppressive effects of OGF on oncogenicity were opioid receptor mediated. OGF and its receptor, zeta (zeta), were detected in transplanted human HT-29 colon tumors. Surgical specimens of human colon cancers also contained OGF. These results show that a naturally occurring opioid peptide acts as a potent negative regulator of human gastrointestinal cancer and may suggest pathways for tumor etiology, progression, treatment, and prophylaxis.

Identification and characterization of zeta-opioid receptor in human colon cancer

Opioid growth factor (OGF, [Met5]enkephalin) inhibits the growth of human colon cancer in nude mice in a receptor-mediated fashion. Ligand binding assays using HT-29 human colon cancer tissue and [3H][Met5]enkephalin were performed to characterize the receptor responsible for the growth-regulatory effects of OGF in colon cancer. Specific and saturable binding was detected, and Scatchard analysis revealed that the data were consistent for a single binding site with a binding affinity of 15.4 +/- 2.0 nM and a binding capacity of 364.8 +/- 25.7 fmol/mg protein. Subcellular fractionation studies revealed that binding was restricted to the nuclear fraction. Competition experiments showed that cold [Met5]enkephalin was the most effective ligand at displacing [3H][Met5]enkephalin. Binding to radiolabeled [Met5]enkephalin also was detected in colon cancers obtained from surgical resections. The function, pharmacological and biochemical characteristics, distribution, and subcellular location of this OGF receptor in human colon cancer are consistent with the zeta-opioid receptor.

Bladder dysfunction in the spontaneously diabetic male Abyssinian-Hartley guinea pig

The spontaneously diabetic adult male Abyssinian-Hartley guinea pig develops bladder hypertrophy and voiding dysfunction. In contrast to animals with chemically induced diabetes, this animal demonstrates changes in bladder function in the absence of diuresis. The diabetic guinea pigs void a total daily volume similar to that of control animals, but have a greater mean volume per void and a longer interval between voiding. Cystometry demonstrates that the diabetic guinea pig produces greater intraluminal bladder pressure, but maintains voiding pressure for a shorter interval. A significantly decreased contractile response of the diabetic bladder base may be responsible for the bladder hypertrophy and voiding dysfunction.

Inhibition of human colon cancer by intermittent opioid receptor blockade with naltrexone

Nude mice inoculated with human colon cancer (HT-29) and receiving 0.1 mg/kg naltrexone (NTX) beginning immediately after tumor cell injection exhibited a marked retardation in tumorigenicity. This dosage of NTX, which blocked opioid receptors for 6-8 h/day, resulted in a delay of 2.4-fold in tumor appearance compared to control subjects. At the time (10 days) when all control mice had tumors, 80% of the mice in the 0.1 mg/kg NTX group had no signs of neoplasia. Binding capacity, but not affinity, of [3H][Met5]-enkephalin was reduced 85% of control levels in tumor tissue from mice of the 0.1 NTX group. Plasma, but not tumor tissue levels of [Met5]-enkephalin were elevated (2.5-fold) in contrast to control values. These results suggest that daily intermittent opioid receptor blockade with NTX provokes the interaction of opioids and receptors in the interval following drug availability, with opioids serving to inhibit tumorigenicity of human colon cancer.

Histologic development of the sheath that forms around long-term implanted central venous catheters

BACKGROUND

Chronically implanted catheters often become covered with a thin, white adherent covering of tissue that has been referred to as a fibrin sheath. This tissue often interferes with catheter function.

METHODS

To chronicle the development of this sheath, rats were implanted with silicone rubber central venous catheters. Five rats were euthanized at 3,7, and 60 days postimplantation so that gross necropsy and histology could be performed on the catheterized vessels.

RESULTS

The coating that developed around the external portion of the catheter started as a dark red thrombus containing fibrin and progressed into vascularized, fibrous connective tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

The translucent to white sheath that forms around chronically implanted catheters is not composed of fibrin and is therefore not likely to be dissolved by fibrinolytic agents such as urokinase, streptokinase, or tissue plasminogen activator.

Comparison of the effects of five adjuvants on the antibody response to influenza virus antigen in guinea pigs

Five adjuvants were tested for their effect on the immune response in guinea pigs to the hemagglutinin antigen of influenza virus strain B/Panama. Vaccines containing 924 micrograms of hemagglutinin antigen/ml were prepared at high and low doses of Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants, Syntex adjuvant, RIBI's adjuvant, TiterMax adjuvant, and aluminum phosphate adjuvant. Responses to these vaccines were compared with those to a control vaccine containing influenza virus B/Panama hemagglutinin antigen and saline. On day 28, vaccines containing the following adjuvant doses had significantly higher titers than the titer for the control: Freund adjuvants at high and low doses, RIBI at high dose, TiterMax at high and low doses, and aluminum phosphate at high dose. On day 42, vaccines containing the following adjuvant doses had significantly higher titers than that for the control: Freund adjuvants at high and low doses, RIBI at high dose, TiterMax at high dose, and aluminum phosphate at high dose. Freund adjuvants at high and low doses, RIBI adjuvant at high dose, and aluminum phosphate at high dose caused significantly greater swelling at the inoculation site than did the control vaccine. TiterMax adjuvant at high and low doses, and aluminum phosphate at low dose caused minor swelling at the inoculation site, but it was not significantly different from the swelling caused by the control vaccine. Syntex adjuvant at high and low doses, RIBI at low dose, and control (saline/antigen) at high and low doses caused no swelling after inoculation. Overall, the high dose of adjuvants caused greater tissue swelling than did the low dose of adjuvants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Comparison of anesthesia induced by ketamine-fentanyl combination and maintained by propofol or etomidate in New Zealand white rabbits

Ketamine-fentanyl-propofol and ketamine-fentanyl-etomidate combinations were administered intravenously to four groups of rabbits. Each group received ketamine (30 mg/kg of body weight) and fentanyl (0.025 mg/kg) for anesthesia induction. Either propofol or etomidate was administered by an infusion pump to maintain anesthesia. The rabbit's responses to noxious stimuli were determined before anesthesia was induced and at 10-min intervals thereafter until the rabbit recovered. The effects of the anesthetic combinations on the cardiopulmonary system were measured by monitoring respiratory and heart rates, blood pressure, and arterial blood gas tensions. Etomidate infused at the rate of 0.2 or 0.1 mg/kg/min could maintain surgical anesthesia with fewer effects on the cardiopulmonary system for 40 and 30 min respectively. However, the high mortality and side effects such as hemolysis in these two groups preclude the clinical use of etomidate for anesthesia maintenance. Propofol administered intravenously at rates of 0.8 and 0.4 mg/kg/min could maintain surgical anesthesia for 40 and 30 min respectively. However, relatively severe hypotension, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis were associated with this drug. Recovery from the propofol infusion was very rapid. Ketamine-fentanyl-etomidate combination is not recommended for clinical anesthesia in rabbits. Ketamine-fentanyl-propofol combination at a dosage of 30-0.025-0.4 mg/kg/min can be safely used for short-term surgery.

Methylation of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus DNA and tissue-specific expression in transgenic rabbits

Transgenic rabbits carrying multiple copies of CRPV genomic DNA were described previously (Peng et al. (1993) J. Virol. 67, 1698-1701). CRPV DNA was detectable in all tissues of the transgenic rabbits, however, the transcripts of CRPV genes only were found in skin and skin tumors. Tumor development was also restricted to skin. To study the mechanism involving tissue-specific expression of CRPV genes in rabbits, cellular DNAs, isolated from different normal tissues and skin tumors, were digested with the two isoschizomeric restriction endonucleases MspI (methylation resistant) and HpaII (methylation sensitive), respectively, and analyzed by Southern blot. CRPV DNA, especially its upstream regulatory region (URR), was extensively methylated in all normal tissues, but methylation was remarkably reduced in skin tumors. These data suggest that extensive methylation of CRPV genome, especially in the URR, might be a factor in controlling its tissue-specific expression.

N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity within BAL from macaques exposed to generic coal dusts

N-acetyl-beta(beta)-D-glucosaminidase is a lysosomal enzyme secreted by alveolar macrophages in response to phagocytosis of particulate material. Alveolar macrophages participate in the degradation and fibrosis of pulmonary tissue that results in pneumoconiosis. Known quantities of four characterized respirable dusts were bronchoscopically placed into the right caudal lung lobe of macaque monkeys. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected from dust-exposed right lung and unexposed left lung of the same individuals at 2-week intervals for 12 weeks after dust instillation. The samples were tested for N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity to determine if the enzyme levels could serve as an indicator of pulmonary injury induced by generic coal dusts when compared to known fibrogenic and nuisance dusts. Installation of generic quartz, anthracite, or TiO2 dusts produced significant elevations of enzyme activity and increased numbers of macrophages in the dust-exposed lobes. Elevations in enzymatic activity and macrophage numbers were greatest in response to generic quartz dust. These results suggest that quantitative levels of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity may be a useful indicator of acute and chronic lung injury following exposure to fibrogenic and nonfibrogenic dusts.

An animal model of visual loss from orbital hemorrhage

Intraorbital hemorrhage may arise spontaneously or following orbital or periorbital surgery or trauma and may be associated with visual loss or impairment. This project was designed to evaluate the ophthalmic effects and underlying mechanism(s) associated with visual impairment secondary to intraorbital hemorrhage. An experimental surgical procedure was developed to simulate intraorbital hemorrhage. A reversible state of unilateral visual loss secondary to acutely increased intraorbital volume was induced and maintained under general anesthesia for either 90, 120, or 180 min duration in nine adult nonhuman primates (NHPs) (Macaca arctoides). Color funduscopic photography, i.v. fluorescein angiography, electrophysiological testing, and tonometry were obtained during baseline, experimental, and follow-up procedures. The globes and optic nerves were obtained for histopathologic evaluation. One of three animals in the 180 min experimental group exhibited clinical and histopathological changes of optic neuropathy 6 weeks after the experimental procedure. Optic neuropathy is one of several proposed etiologies for producing visual loss secondary to intraorbital hemorrhage. This study offers a reliable, safe, and reversible technique to study the effects of acutely increased intraorbital volume in nonhuman primates. The animal model described may be useful for evaluating mechanism(s) involved with visual impairment in other acquired optic neuropathies.

Use of capillary electrophoresis-isoelectric focusing for the determination of bovine hemoglobin variants

A capillary electrophoretic technique was developed to monitor patterns of hemoglobin production in young calves subjected to multiple phlebotomies. The method is similar to one previously described for the determination of human hemoglobin variants in whole blood using isoelectric focusing. After a single collection of one-half the circulating blood volume, there were obvious alterations in hemoglobin chain variants. HbA levels diminished as blood loss increased with minimum values corresponding to maximum blood loss. HbF levels did not appear to be affected. Also visible during the regenerative process were atypical overlapping peaks preceding the normal hemoglobin peaks. At the conclusion of the 18-day study, most of the electropherograms had returned to initial states. These changes were found to be a sensitive indicator of accelerated erythropoiesis in contrast to the standard technique of total hemoglobin determination by colorimetric means.

The response of various hematologic parameters in the young bovine subjected to multiple phlebotomies

Specific guidelines for the optimal collection of blood from calves maintained as donors do not exist. This investigation was conducted to document erythrocytic changes in calves subjected to controlled blood loss. Two groups of Holstein calves ranging in age from 2 to 5 months were compared. Six animals were designated controls and six were subjected to a series of three blood collections over an 8 day period. Each collection was roughly 50% of the total circulating blood volume (30 ml/kg of body weight). Hematologic values were compared for 18 days. All calves survived the study. There was no significant difference in circulating cortisol levels or growth rate between groups. Packed cell volumes (PCVs) for the phlebotomized group did not return to original levels during the monitoring period (initial 36%, final 26%), but were within normal limits at 30 days. All phlebotomized calves had a high reticulocyte count (0% control, 11% phlebotomized). Reticulocytes were not observed until the PCV fell below 20. HbF to HbA ratios were a sensitive and acute indicator of accelerated erythropoiesis. Variant ratios stabilized within 18 days. Other parameters compared were red cell indices, total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, total plasma protein, total hemoglobin values, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios.

Anaesthetic effects of chloral hydrate, pentobarbitone and urethane in adult male rats

Chloral hydrate, pentobarbitone and urethane were evaluated and compared for onset, duration and depth of anaesthesia, cardiovascular and respiratory effects, nociception and mortality in adult male rats. Chloral hydrate (300 and 400 mg/kg) severely depressed the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Duration of anaesthesia was linearly related to dose, and anaesthetic depth and analgesia were excellent. Pentobarbital (40 mg/kg) produced a short period of light surgical anaesthesia. Moderate to severe respiratory and cardiovascular depression occurred. Duration of anaesthesia was not related to dose. Urethane (1.2 and 1.5 g/kg) caused moderate cardiovascular depression. In addition, mortality was high at the 1.5 g/kg dose. Duration of anaesthesia was greater than 24 h for most animals. Anaesthesia depth and analgesia were excellent.

Papillomas and carcinomas in transgenic rabbits carrying EJ-ras DNA and cottontail rabbit papillomavirus DNA

Two transgenic rabbits (TRI and TRIII) that carried cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) DNA alone were identified; another (TRII) carried both CRPV DNA and EJ-ras. TRI and TRIII developed extensive skin papillomas at about 1 month of age, and transcripts of CRPV DNA were detectable only in skin and/or papillomas. TRII developed extensive squamous carcinomas of the skin at a very early age. Transcription of both CRPV DNA and EJ-ras was found in the skin cancers. Thus, the tissue specificity of CRPV DNA expression in transgenic rabbits was the same as in virion-infected animals. The expression of EJ-ras could be dependent on the expression of certain CRPV genes and may be a critical cofactor of CRPV DNA in the progression of carcinomas.

Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam

The combination of tiletamine and zolazepam is an important dissociative anesthetic-tranquilizer. However, little is known about the effects of this combination on the heart and respiration in rats. Adult, male rats anesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam alone or tiletamine-zolazepam combined with xylazine or butorphanol were evaluated for changes in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial blood pH, and blood gases during a 75-min period of anesthesia. Rats anesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam had increased mean arterial blood pressure and less respiratory depression than did rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Tiletamine-zolazepam combined with xylazine at either dose produced bradycardia and a marked hypotension that persisted throughout the 75-min period. This combination produced respiratory depression comparable to tiletamine-zolazepam alone. The addition of butorphanol to tiletamine-zolazepam caused a transient hypotension and bradycardia. Tiletamine-zolazepam plus butorphanol produced a mild to severe respiratory depression that was dose and time dependent. These results demonstrate that: a) Tiletamine-zolazepam is cardiostimulatory, a property consistent with the known cardiovascular effects of other dissociative anesthetics; b) xylazine plus tiletamine-zolazepam is a potent cardiovascular depressant combination; and c) tiletamine-zolazepam plus butorphanol at specific doses is an anesthetic-analgesic combination with minimal effects on cardiovascular and respiratory function.

Antinociceptive properties of tiletamine-zolazepam improved by addition of xylazine or butorphanol

A combination of tiletamine HCl and zolazepam HCl is frequently used as an anesthetic, but little is known about the antinociceptive properties of tiletamine-zolazepam. The antinociceptive properties of tiletamine-zolazepam alone or combined with xylazine or butorphanol were determined in the adult male rate using the tail-flick test. Changes in tail-flick latency were determined at 15, 45, and 75 min after IP drug administration of sterile water, sodium pentobarbital, morphine, tiletamine-zolazepam, xylazine, butorphanol, and tiletamine-zolazepam plus xylazine or butorphanol. Tail-flick latency approximated 100% maximum possible effect (MPE) at 15-75 min postinjection in morphine-treated rats. Tiletamine-zolazepam, xylazine, and butorphanol alone, at any dose utilized, produced less than 50% MPE. However, the combination of tiletamine-zolazepam with butorphanol or xylazine increased tail-flick latency approximately three times greater than tiletamine-zolazepam alone. These results demonstrate that: a) consonant with earlier findings, analgesia and anesthesia are independent states; b) tiletamine-zolazepam is not an effective combination with respect to analgesia; but c) in concert with appropriate drugs, it can exhibit potent antinociceptive properties.

Effect of in-house transport on murine plasma corticosterone concentration and blood lymphocyte populations

The effect of in-house transport on plasma corticosterone concentration and blood lymphocyte populations of laboratory mice was investigated. Mice were transported within a research facility at 0900 hours in a pattern designed to simulate that commonly used by investigators prior to experimental manipulation. Plasma corticosterone concentration and WBC count were determined at 0.25, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after transport. A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in plasma corticosterone concentration was seen in mice immediately after transport. The normal circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone concentration was altered for the subsequent 24-hour period. Corresponding significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in total WBC numbers, lymphocyte count, and thymus gland weight were observed. The decrease in total blood lymphocyte numbers at 4 hours was reflected in B- and T-lymphocyte populations. The subsequent acute increase in plasma corticosterone concentration was associated with alterations in the cellular components of the immune system. Results of the study indicated that routine in-house transport of laboratory mice should be considered a stressful stimulus.

An evaluation of three intravenous anesthetic regimens in New Zealand rabbits

Intravenous anesthetics can be readily administered to rabbits through the marginal ear vein. In this study, three intravenous anesthetic protocols were evaluated in New Zealand White rabbits. The three anesthetic regimens were: (a) pentobarbital (40 mg/kg); (b) ketamine-xylazine (25-5 mg/kg); (c) midazolam-xylazine-alfentanil (1-1-0.1 mg/kg). The anesthetics were injected slowly over defined time intervals. Reactions to noxious stimuli were determined before and after administration of the anesthetics. Additionally, the effects of the anesthetic agents on the rabbit's cardiopulmonary system were evaluated. Rabbits anesthetized with midazolam-xylazine-alfentanil did not have a pedal withdrawal or ear pinch reflex throughout the testing period. The ketamine-xylazine combination produced a shorter duration of non-responsiveness to noxious stimuli. Rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital had the greatest variability in response to noxious stimuli. Apnea occurred in at least one rabbit in each group. A side effect unique to the midazolam-xylazine-alfentanil group was the occurrence of opisthotonus or seizure activity during or shortly after the administration of alfentanil. Hypotension, hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis were characteristic of the cardiopulmonary effects of the anesthetics. When choosing an anesthetic regimen for rabbits, intravenous infusion should be considered as an option. Advantages include ease of administration, possibility of redosing as required, and minimal requirements for equipment. Disadvantages of intravenous anesthetic infusion in rabbits include potential for lethal overdose and metabolic alterations after administration.

Cystitis, urolithiasis and cystic calculi in ageing guineapigs

Nineteen cases of cystitis were diagnosed at necropsy and/or by histology in a group of 170 (96 females, 74 males) guineapigs (11.2%). Seventeen of the 19 cases (89.4%) were females. The mean age of guineapigs with cystitis was 34.7 months, which was higher than the mean age of 24 months of the 170 members of the study group. In addition, 6 cases of urolithiasis and cystic calculi in 5 females and one male were also found in the 170 guineapigs (3.5%). The mean age of the 6 cases was 30 months, which was also higher than the mean age of the 170 animals. The study suggests that aged female guineapigs were much more predisposed to cystitis and urolithiasis or cystic calculi than male and young guineapigs. The cause may be related to infection with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp, cystic calculi, diabetes mellitus and female guineapig urogenital anatomy and function.

Effect of cage population density on plasma corticosterone and peripheral lymphocyte populations of laboratory mice

The effect of different population densities of mice per cage on plasma corticosterone, peripheral lymphocytes and specific lymphocyte subpopulations was investigated. The animals were housed in groups of 2, 4 or 8 mice per cage and the blood samples were taken from each animal of these groups on days one, 7 and 14. A significant elevation (P less than 0.05) in plasma corticosterone concentration was observed in the group of 8 mice per cage on days one and 7 as compared with those of 2 or 4 mice per cage. The number of peripheral lymphocytes was significantly decreased in the groups of 2 (P less than 0.01) and 8 (P less than 0.05) mice per cage as compared with the group of 4 mice per cage on day one. A significantly decreased number of lymphocytes (P less than 0.01) in the group of 8 mice per cage continued to day 7. There were no significant differences in specific lymphocyte subpopulations observed among these groups. The results of this study suggest that a population density of 4 mice per cage induced minimal stress compared to that induced by the population densities of 2 or 8 mice per cage. Since stress is known to induce alteration in a variety of biological functions, the population density of mice per cage should be considered in the interpretation of research data.

Spontaneous reproductive tract leiomyomas in aged guinea-pigs

Seven of 83 female guinea-pigs were found to have reproductive tract leiomyomas at necropsy. Sixty-three of these guinea-pigs also had cystic rete ovarii. Eleven separate leiomyomas were identified, the most common site of formation being the uterine body or horn. The tumours contained histological evidence of smooth muscle, abundant fibrous connective tissue and occasional foci of fibrocartilage and bone. Mitotic figures were identified in only one tumour. The mean age of guinea-pigs with leiomyomas was 47.6 months, and the mean age of the study population was 33.1 months. Two other reproductive tract tumours identified in the 83 guinea-pigs were an ovarian teratoma and a cavernous haemangioma. These data indicate that leiomyomas are the most common reproductive tract tumour in this colony of aged female guinea-pigs and that they are frequently seen in conjunction with cystic rete ovarii.

Use of cage space by guineapigs

Cage space requirements for laboratory animals have been established by Government Regulation and Recommendations. In order to test the adequacy of these space allocations, the use of cage floor area by breeding groups of guineapigs was studied. A computer-coupled video tracking system capable of imaging in low light intensity as well as total darkness was used to determine the average per cent occupancy by guineapigs in all portions of a cage over 12-h light and dark cycles. Simultaneous time synchronized slow motion video recordings permitted an analysis of activity to be coordinated with cage use data. Results of the study revealed that breeding groups of guineapigs utilize the periphery of the cage almost to the total exclusion of the centre of the cage. Approximately 75-85% of all occupancy in both the day and evening hours occurred in 47% of the cage floor area located along the periphery. Analysis of video recordings revealed that the animals remained active throughout the day and night with no prolonged period of quiescence that could be associated with sleep. Results of this study suggest that while guidelines for housing guineapigs based on area allocation per animal can be formulated and are easy to administer, they cannot be supported by the behavioural characteristics of these animals or careful quantitation of their pattern of cage space utilization.

An evaluation of three anaesthetic regimes in the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

The effect of several anaesthetic agents on the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) was investigated. Pentobarbitone sodium at a dose of 50 mg/kg sedated the animals but did not produce analgesia or anaesthesia. A combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine at 40 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively, sedated the animals, but anaesthetic levels were not attained. Halothane was most effective in producing anaesthesia in Monodelphis domestica. Hypothermia was a major side effect with all three anaesthetic regimes.

Hazards of urethane (ethyl carbamate): a review of the literature

Urethane (ethyl carbamate) is used alone or in combination with other drugs to produce anaesthesia in laboratory animals. Although originally studied as a potential phytocide, urethane demonstrated antineoplastic properties when administered to rats with the Walker rat carcinoma 256. Subsequent trials in humans led to its use as a chemotherapeutic agent for various leukaemias. Mice develop pulmonary adenomas earlier in life and at a higher incidence following urethane administration. Urethane's carcinogenic influence is greater in neonatal mice; it also has a transplacental influence in mice. In rats, urethane increases the incidence of pulmonary adenomas, Zymbal Gland tumours, and a variety of other neoplasms. Urethane is absorbed sufficiently from the skin of laboratory animals to produce a transient narcosis. The carcinogenic effect appears to be due to an undefined oncogenic intermediate formed in the blood. Considering the properties urethane demonstrates in animals, the safety of its use by laboratory personnel is in question. However, if appropriate guidelines are followed, urethane should continue to be a useful anaesthetic agent for laboratory animals.

An evaluation of analgesia associated with the immobility response in laboratory rabbits

The immobility response (IR) was studied in rabbits to evaluate its analgesic properties and reliability as a method of restraint. The participation of the endogenous opioid system in IR was studied indirectly by evaluating the effects of the narcotic antagonist naloxone on this phenomenon. Twenty-four adult New Zealand White rabbits were subjected to six noxious stimuli while restrained by IR and while restrained under control conditions. Testing on each animal was repeated under both conditions following the administration of naloxone. The noxious stimuli consisted of three levels of electric shock (10 volts, 30 volts, and 50 volts) applied to the shaved forearm, and mechanical pressure applied to the pinna, front toe, and hind toe. Withdrawal and changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration were used as indicators of pain perception. Distress associated with noxious electrical and pressure stimulation was significantly reduced by IR, which suggested that the phenomenon does have a significant analgesic component. However, the rabbits showed wide variability in their susceptibility to IR induction, and even animals which did not withdraw in response to noxious stimulation under IR sometimes exhibited physiological changes suggestive of distress. Therefore, IR should not be considered as a reliable or humane alternative to analgesic/anesthetic drugs for laboratory rabbits. Naloxone had little effect on IR or IR-associated analgesia.