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Dopkins N, Fei T, Michael S, Liotta N, Guo K, Mickens KL, Barrett BS, Bendall ML, Dillon SM, Wilson CC, Santiago ML, Nixon DF. Endogenous retroelement expression in the gut microenvironment of people living with HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105133. [PMID: 38677181 PMCID: PMC11061259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous retroelements (EREs), including human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), comprise almost half of the human genome. Our previous studies of the interferome in the gut suggest potential mechanisms regarding how IFNb may drive HIV-1 gut pathogenesis. As ERE activity is suggested to partake in type 1 immune responses and is incredibly sensitive to viral infections, we sought to elucidate underlying interactions between ERE expression and gut dynamics in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). METHODS ERE expression profiles from bulk RNA sequencing of colon biopsies and PBMC were compared between a cohort of PLWH not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and uninfected controls. FINDINGS 59 EREs were differentially expressed in the colon of PLWH when compared to uninfected controls (padj <0.05 and FC ≤ -1 or ≥ 1) [Wald's Test]. Of these 59, 12 EREs were downregulated in PLWH and 47 were upregulated. Colon expression of the ERE loci LTR19_12p13.31 and L1FLnI_1q23.1s showed significant correlations with certain gut immune cell subset frequencies in the colon. Furthermore L1FLnI_1q23.1s showed a significant upregulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of PLWH when compared to uninfected controls suggesting a common mechanism of differential ERE expression in the colon and PBMC. INTERPRETATION ERE activity has been largely understudied in genomic characterizations of human pathologies. We show that the activity of certain EREs in the colon of PLWH is deregulated, supporting our hypotheses that their underlying activity could function as (bio)markers and potential mediators of pathogenesis in HIV-1 reservoirs. FUNDING US NIH grants NCI CA260691 (DFN) and NIAID UM1AI164559 (DFN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dopkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tongyi Fei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Michael
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Liotta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kaylee L Mickens
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brad S Barrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew L Bendall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Seymour BJ, Trent B, Allen BE, Berlinberg AJ, Tangchittsumran J, Jubair WK, Chriswell ME, Liu S, Ornelas A, Stahly A, Alexeev EE, Dowdell AS, Sneed SL, Fechtner S, Kofonow JM, Robertson CE, Dillon SM, Wilson CC, Anthony RM, Frank DN, Colgan SP, Kuhn KA. Microbiota-dependent indole production stimulates the development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 134:e167671. [PMID: 38113112 PMCID: PMC10866668 DOI: 10.1172/jci167671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered tryptophan catabolism has been identified in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA), but the causal mechanisms linking tryptophan metabolites to disease are unknown. Using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, we identified alterations in tryptophan metabolism, and specifically indole, that correlated with disease. We demonstrated that both bacteria and dietary tryptophan were required for disease and that indole supplementation was sufficient to induce disease in their absence. When mice with CIA on a low-tryptophan diet were supplemented with indole, we observed significant increases in serum IL-6, TNF, and IL-1β; splenic RORγt+CD4+ T cells and ex vivo collagen-stimulated IL-17 production; and a pattern of anti-collagen antibody isotype switching and glycosylation that corresponded with increased complement fixation. IL-23 neutralization reduced disease severity in indole-induced CIA. Finally, exposure of human colonic lymphocytes to indole increased the expression of genes involved in IL-17 signaling and plasma cell activation. Altogether, we propose a mechanism by which intestinal dysbiosis during inflammatory arthritis results in altered tryptophan catabolism, leading to indole stimulation of arthritis development. Blockade of indole generation may present a unique therapeutic pathway for RA and SpA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Trent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sucai Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alfredo Ornelas
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew Stahly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Erica E. Alexeev
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexander S. Dowdell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sunny L. Sneed
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jennifer M. Kofonow
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert M. Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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3
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Seymour BJ, Trent B, Allen B, Berlinberg AJ, Tangchittsumran J, Jubair WK, Chriswell ME, Liu S, Ornelas A, Stahly A, Alexeev EE, Dowdell AS, Sneed SL, Fechtner S, Kofonow JM, Robertson CE, Dillon SM, Wilson CC, Anthony RM, Frank DN, Colgan SP, Kuhn KA. Microbiota-dependent indole production is required for the development of collagen-induced arthritis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.13.561693. [PMID: 37873395 PMCID: PMC10592798 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.561693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Altered tryptophan catabolism has been identified in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA), but the causal mechanisms linking tryptophan metabolites to disease are unknown. Using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model we identify alterations in tryptophan metabolism, and specifically indole, that correlate with disease. We demonstrate that both bacteria and dietary tryptophan are required for disease, and indole supplementation is sufficient to induce disease in their absence. When mice with CIA on a low-tryptophan diet were supplemented with indole, we observed significant increases in serum IL-6, TNF, and IL-1β; splenic RORγt+CD4+ T cells and ex vivo collagen-stimulated IL-17 production; and a pattern of anti-collagen antibody isotype switching and glycosylation that corresponded with increased complement fixation. IL-23 neutralization reduced disease severity in indole-induced CIA. Finally, exposure of human colon lymphocytes to indole increased expression of genes involved in IL-17 signaling and plasma cell activation. Altogether, we propose a mechanism by which intestinal dysbiosis during inflammatory arthritis results in altered tryptophan catabolism, leading to indole stimulation of arthritis development. Blockade of indole generation may present a novel therapeutic pathway for RA and SpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J. Seymour
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brandon Trent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brendan Allen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adam J. Berlinberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jimmy Tangchittsumran
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Widian K. Jubair
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Meagan E. Chriswell
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sucai Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alfredo Ornelas
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Stahly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erica E. Alexeev
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander S. Dowdell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sunny L. Sneed
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Fechtner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Kofonow
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert M. Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristine A. Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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4
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Jones ST, Guo K, Cooper EH, Dillon SM, Wood C, Nguyen DH, Shen G, Barrett BS, Frank DN, Kroehl M, Janoff EN, Kechris K, Wilson CC, Santiago ML. Altered Immunoglobulin Repertoire and Decreased IgA Somatic Hypermutation in the Gut during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0097622. [PMID: 35938870 PMCID: PMC9472609 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00976-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immune perturbations contribute to pathogenic outcomes in persons with HIV-1 infection (PWH). Gut barrier dysfunction in PWH is associated with microbial translocation and alterations in microbial communities (dysbiosis), and IgA, the most abundant immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype in the gut, is involved in gut homeostasis by interacting with the microbiome. We determined the impact of HIV-1 infection on the antibody repertoire in the gastrointestinal tract by comparing Ig gene utilization and somatic hypermutation (SHM) in colon biopsies from PWH (n = 19) versus age and sex-matched controls (n = 13). We correlated these Ig parameters with clinical, immunological, microbiome and virological data. Gene signatures of enhanced B cell activation were accompanied by skewed frequencies of multiple Ig Variable genes in PWH. PWH showed decreased frequencies of SHM in IgA and possibly IgG, with a substantial loss of highly mutated IgA sequences. The decline in IgA SHM in PWH correlated with gut CD4+ T cell loss and inversely correlated with mucosal inflammation and microbial translocation. Diminished gut IgA SHM in PWH was driven by transversion mutations at A or T deoxynucleotides, suggesting a defect not at the AID/APOBEC3 deamination step but at later stages of IgA SHM. These results expand our understanding of humoral immune perturbations in PWH that could have important implications in understanding mucosal immune defects in individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The gut is a major site of early HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis. Extensive CD4+ T cell depletion in this compartment results in a compromised epithelial barrier that facilitates the translocation of microbes into the underlying lamina propria and systemic circulation, resulting in chronic immune activation. To date, the consequences of microbial translocation on the mucosal humoral immune response (or vice versa) remains poorly integrated into the panoply of mucosal immune defects in PWH. We utilized next-generation sequencing approaches to profile the Ab repertoire and ascertain frequencies of somatic hypermutation in colon biopsies from antiretroviral therapy-naive PWH versus controls. Our findings identify perturbations in the Ab repertoire of PWH that could contribute to development or maintenance of dysbiosis. Moreover, IgA mutations significantly decreased in PWH and this was associated with adverse clinical outcomes. These data may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying impaired Ab-dependent gut homeostasis during chronic HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kejun Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily H. Cooper
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cheyret Wood
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David H. Nguyen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Guannan Shen
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bradley S. Barrett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Miranda Kroehl
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward N. Janoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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5
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Dillon SM, Mickens KL, Thompson TA, Cooper EH, Nesladek S, Christians AJ, Castleman M, Guo K, Wood C, Frank DN, Kechris K, Santiago ML, Wilson CC. Granzyme B + CD4 T cells accumulate in the colon during chronic HIV-1 infection. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2045852. [PMID: 35258402 PMCID: PMC8920224 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2045852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection results in the sustained disruption of gut homeostasis culminating in alterations in microbial communities (dysbiosis) and increased microbial translocation. Major questions remain on how interactions between translocating microbes and gut immune cells impact HIV-1-associated gut pathogenesis. We previously reported that in vitro exposure of human gut cells to enteric commensal bacteria upregulated the serine protease and cytotoxic marker Granzyme B (GZB) in CD4 T cells, and GZB expression was further increased in HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells. To determine if these in vitro findings extend in vivo, we evaluated the frequencies of GZB+ CD4 T cells in colon biopsies and peripheral blood of untreated, chronically infected people with HIV-1 (PWH). Colon and blood GZB+ CD4 T cells were found at significantly higher frequencies in PWH. Colon, but not blood, GZB+ CD4 T cell frequencies were associated with gut and systemic T cell activation and Prevotella species abundance. In vitro, commensal bacteria upregulated GZB more readily in gut versus blood or tonsil-derived CD4 T cells, particularly in inflammatory T helper 17 cells. Bacteria-induced GZB expression in gut CD4 T cells required the presence of accessory cells, the IL-2 pathway and in part, MHC Class II. Overall, we demonstrate that GZB+ CD4 T cells are prevalent in the colon during chronic HIV-1 infection and may emerge following interactions with translocated bacteria in an IL-2 and MHC Class II-dependent manner. Associations between GZB+ CD4 T cells, dysbiosis and T cell activation suggest that GZB+ CD4 T cells may contribute to gut HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kaylee L. Mickens
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tezha A. Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emily H. Cooper
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sabrina Nesladek
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Moriah Castleman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cheyret Wood
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,contact Cara C. Wilson Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Galbraith MD, Kinning KT, Sullivan KD, Araya P, Smith KP, Granrath RE, Shaw JR, Baxter R, Jordan KR, Russell S, Dzieciatkowska M, Reisz JA, Gamboni F, Cendali F, Ghosh T, Guo K, Wilson CC, Santiago ML, Monte AA, Bennett TD, Hansen KC, Hsieh EWY, D'Alessandro A, Espinosa JM. Specialized interferon action in COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116730119. [PMID: 35217532 PMCID: PMC8931386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116730119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of interferon (IFN) signaling on COVID-19 pathology are multiple, with both protective and harmful effects being documented. We report here a multiomics investigation of systemic IFN signaling in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, defining the multiomics biosignatures associated with varying levels of 12 different type I, II, and III IFNs. The antiviral transcriptional response in circulating immune cells is strongly associated with a specific subset of IFNs, most prominently IFNA2 and IFNG. In contrast, proteomics signatures indicative of endothelial damage and platelet activation associate with high levels of IFNB1 and IFNA6. Seroconversion and time since hospitalization associate with a significant decrease in a specific subset of IFNs. Additionally, differential IFN subtype production is linked to distinct constellations of circulating myeloid and lymphoid immune cell types. Each IFN has a unique metabolic signature, with IFNG being the most associated with activation of the kynurenine pathway. IFNs also show differential relationships with clinical markers of poor prognosis and disease severity. For example, whereas IFNG has the strongest association with C-reactive protein and other immune markers of poor prognosis, IFNB1 associates with increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, a marker of late severe disease. Altogether, these results reveal specialized IFN action in COVID-19, with potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Galbraith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kohl T Kinning
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Paula Araya
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Keith P Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Ross E Granrath
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jessica R Shaw
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Ryan Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kimberly R Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Seth Russell
- Data Science to Patient Value, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Fabia Gamboni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Francesca Cendali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Andrew A Monte
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tellen D Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Informatics and Data Science and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Elena W Y Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy/Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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7
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Kibbie JJ, Dillon SM, Thompson TA, Purba CM, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. Butyrate directly decreases human gut lamina propria CD4 T cell function through histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and GPR43 signaling. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152126. [PMID: 34365090 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An important function of the gut microbiome is the fermentation of non-digestible dietary fibers into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The three primary SCFAs: acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are key mediators of metabolism and immune cell function in the gut mucosa. We previously demonstrated that butyrate at high concentrations decreased human gut lamina propria (LP) CD4 T cell activation in response to enteric bacteria exposure in vitro. However, to date, the mechanism by which butyrate alters human gut LP CD4 T cell activation remains unknown. In this current study, we sought to better understand how exposure to SCFAs across a concentration range impacted human gut LP CD4 T cell function and activation. LP CD4 T cells were directly activated with T cell receptor (TCR) beads in vitro in the presence of a physiologic concentration range of each of the primary SCFAs. Exposure to butyrate potently inhibited CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine (IFNγ, IL-17) production in a concentration dependent manner. Butyrate decreased the proliferation and cytokine production of T helper (Th) 1, Th17 and Th22 cells, with differences noted in the sensitivity of LP versus peripheral blood Th cells to butyrate's effects. Higher concentrations of propionate and acetate relative to butyrate were required to inhibit CD4 T cell activation and proliferation. Butyrate directly increased the acetylation of both unstimulated and TCR-stimulated CD4 T cells, and apicidin, a Class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, phenocopied butyrate's effects on CD4 T cell proliferation and activation. GPR43 agonism phenocopied butyrate's effect on CD4 T cell proliferation whereas a GPR109a agonist did not. Our findings indicate that butyrate decreases in vitro human gut LP CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and inflammatory cytokine production more potently than other SCFAs, likely through butyrate's ability to increase histone acetylation, and potentially via signaling through GPR43. These findings have relevance in furthering our understanding of how perturbations of the gut microbiome alter local immune responses in the gut mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J Kibbie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tezha A Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christine M Purba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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8
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Dillon SM, Abdo MH, Wilson MP, Liu J, Jankowski CM, Robertson CE, Tuncil Y, Hamaker B, Frank DN, MaWhinney S, Wilson CC, Erlandson KM. A Unique Gut Microbiome-Physical Function Axis Exists in Older People with HIV: An Exploratory Study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:542-550. [PMID: 33787299 PMCID: PMC8260890 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairments in physical function and increased systemic levels of inflammation have been observed in middle-aged and older persons with HIV (PWH). We previously demonstrated that in older persons, associations between gut microbiota and inflammation differed by HIV serostatus. To determine whether relationships between the gut microbiome and physical function measurements would also be distinct between older persons with and without HIV, we reanalyzed existing gut microbiome and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) data in conjunction with previously collected measurements of physical function and body composition from the same cohorts of older (51-74 years), nonfrail PWH receiving effective antiretroviral therapy (N = 14) and age-balanced uninfected controls (N = 22). Associations between relative abundance (RA) of the most abundant bacterial taxa or stool SCFA levels with physical function and body composition were tested using HIV-adjusted linear regression models. In older PWH, but not in controls, greater RA of Alistipes, Escherichia, Prevotella, Megasphaera, and Subdoligranulum were associated with reduced lower extremity muscle function, decreased lean mass, or lower Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores. Conversely, greater RA of Dorea, Coprococcus, and Phascolarctobacterium in older PWH were associated with better muscle function, lean mass, and SPPB scores. Higher levels of the SCFA butyrate associated with increased grip strength in both PWH and controls. Our findings indicate that in older PWH, both negative and positive associations exist between stool microbiota abundance and physical function. Different relationships were observed in older uninfected persons, suggesting features of a unique gut-physical function axis in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mona H. Abdo
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa P. Wilson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jay Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Catherine M. Jankowski
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yunus Tuncil
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Bruce Hamaker
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha MaWhinney
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristine M. Erlandson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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9
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Castleman MJ, Dillon SM, Thompson TA, Santiago ML, McCarter MD, Barker E, Wilson CC. Gut Bacteria Induce Granzyme B Expression in Human Colonic ILC3s In Vitro in an IL-15-Dependent Manner. J Immunol 2021; 206:3043-3052. [PMID: 34117105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) in the gut mucosa have long been thought to be noncytotoxic lymphocytes that are critical for homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells through secretion of IL-22. Recent work using human tonsillar cells demonstrated that ILC3s exposed to exogenous inflammatory cytokines for a long period of time acquired expression of granzyme B, suggesting that under pathological conditions ILC3s may become cytotoxic. We hypothesized that inflammation associated with bacterial exposure might trigger granzyme B expression in gut ILC3s. To test this, we exposed human colon lamina propria mononuclear cells to a panel of enteric bacteria. We found that the Gram-negative commensal and pathogenic bacteria induced granzyme B expression in a subset of ILC3s that were distinct from IL-22-producing ILC3s. A fraction of granzyme B+ ILC3s coexpressed the cytolytic protein perforin. Granzyme B expression was mediated, in part, by IL-15 produced upon exposure to bacteria. ILC3s coexpressing all three IL-15R subunits (IL15Rα/β/γ) increased following bacterial stimulation, potentially allowing for cis presentation of IL-15 during bacterial exposure. Additionally, a large frequency of colonic myeloid dendritic cells expressed IL-15Rα, implicating myeloid dendritic cells in trans presentation of IL-15 to ILC3s. Tonsillar ILC3s minimally expressed granzyme B when exposed to the same bacteria or to rIL-15. Overall, these data establish the novel, to our knowledge, finding that human colonic ILC3s can express granzyme B in response to a subset of enteric bacteria through a process mediated by IL-15. These observations raise new questions about the multifunctional role of human gut ILC3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J Castleman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Stephanie M Dillon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Tezha A Thompson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO;
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the gastro-intestinal tract, the complex network of multiple innate cell populations play critical roles not only as a first line of defense against invading pathogens and in driving adaptive immune responses but also in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Here, we describe the roles of various innate immune cell populations in gut immunity and detail studies investigating the impact of acute and chronic HIV infection on these cell populations. RECENT FINDINGS Alterations in frequencies, phenotype and/or function of innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate-like T cells have been reported in people with HIV (PWH), with many of these features persisting despite anti-retroviral therapy and virological suppression. Dysregulated gut innate immunity in PWH is a feature of gut pathogenesis. A greater understanding of the mechanisms driving impairment in the multiple different gut innate immune cell populations and the downstream consequences of an altered innate immune response on host defense and gut homeostasis in PWH is needed to develop more effective HIV treatments and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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11
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Dillon SM, Thompson TA, Christians AJ, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. Reduced immune-regulatory molecule expression on human colonic memory CD4 T cells in older adults. Immun Ageing 2021; 18:6. [PMID: 33581731 PMCID: PMC7881462 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of the low-level chronic inflammatory state associated with aging is likely multifactorial, but a number of animal and human studies have implicated a functional decline of the gastrointestinal immune system as a potential driver. Gut tissue-resident memory T cells play critical roles in mediating protective immunity and in maintaining gut homeostasis, yet few studies have investigated the effect of aging on human gut T cell immunity. To determine if aging impacted CD4 T cell immunity in the human large intestine, we utilized multi-color flow cytometry to measure colonic lamina propria (LP) CD4 T cell frequencies and immune-modulatory marker expression in younger (mean ± SEM: 38 ± 1.5 yrs) and older (77 ± 1.6 yrs) adults. To determine cellular specificity, we evaluated colon LP CD8 T cell frequency and phenotype in the same donors. To probe tissue specificity, we evaluated the same panel of markers in peripheral blood (PB) CD4 T cells in a separate cohort of similarly aged persons. RESULTS Frequencies of colonic CD4 T cells as a fraction of total LP mononuclear cells were higher in older persons whereas absolute numbers of colonic LP CD4 T cells per gram of tissue were similar in both age groups. LP CD4 T cells from older versus younger persons exhibited reduced CTLA-4, PD-1 and Ki67 expression. Levels of Bcl-2, CD57, CD25 and percentages of activated CD38+HLA-DR+ CD4 T cells were similar in both age groups. In memory PB CD4 T cells, older age was only associated with increased CD57 expression. Significant age effects for LP CD8 T cells were only observed for CTLA-4 expression, with lower levels of expression observed on cells from older adults. CONCLUSIONS Greater age was associated with reduced expression of the co-inhibitory receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1 on LP CD4 T cells. Colonic LP CD8 T cells from older persons also displayed reduced CTLA-4 expression. These age-associated profiles were not observed in older PB memory CD4 T cells. The decline in co-inhibitory receptor expression on colonic LP T cells may contribute to local and systemic inflammation via a reduced ability to limit ongoing T cell responses to enteric microbial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Tezha A Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Allison J Christians
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA.
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12
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Canfield GS, Bock A, Mann S, Zimmer S, Somerset H, Franco-Paredes C, Wilson CC, Metter RB. A 31-year-old Micronesian Man With Shoulder Fungating Mass. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:973-975. [PMID: 32055859 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Canfield
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Allison Bock
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Sarah Mann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Shanta Zimmer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Hilary Somerset
- Division of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | | | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Robert B Metter
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
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13
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Erlandson KM, Liu J, Johnson R, Dillon S, Jankowski CM, Kroehl M, Robertson CE, Frank DN, Tuncil Y, Higgins J, Hamaker B, Wilson CC. An exercise intervention alters stool microbiota and metabolites among older, sedentary adults. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211027067. [PMID: 34262758 PMCID: PMC8246564 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211027067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiologic aging has been associated with gut dysbiosis. Although short exercise interventions have been linked to beneficial changes in gut microbiota in younger adults, limited data are available from older populations. We hypothesized that exercise would produce beneficial shifts in microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in older persons. METHODS Stool samples were collected before and at completion of a supervised 24-week cardiovascular and resistance exercise intervention among 50-75-year-old participants. SCFA levels were analyzed by gas chromatography and microbiome by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Negative binomial regression models compared pre- and post-differences using false discovery rates for multiple comparison. RESULTS A total of 22 participants provided pre-intervention samples; 15 provided samples at study completion. At baseline, the majority of participants were men (95%), mean age 58.0 (8.8) years, mean body mass index 27.4 (6.4) kg/m2. After 24 weeks of exercise, at the genus level, exercise was associated with significant increases in Bifidobacterium (and other unidentified genera within Bifidobacteriaceae), Oscillospira, Anaerostipes, and decreased Prevotella and Oribacterium (p < 0.001). Stool butyrate increased with exercise [5.44 (95% confidence interval 1.54, 9.24) mmol/g, p = 0.02], though no significant differences in acetate or propionate (p ⩾ 0.09) were seen. CONCLUSION Our pilot study suggested that an exercise intervention is associated with changes in the microbiome of older adults and a key bacterial metabolite, butyrate. Although some of these changes could potentially reverse age-related dysbiosis, future studies are required to determine the contribution of changes to the microbiome in the beneficial effect of exercise on overall health of older adults. Clinical Trials NCT02404792.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Erlandson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jay Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Miranda Kroehl
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yunus Tuncil
- Food Engineering Department, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Janine Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bruce Hamaker
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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14
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Guo K, Shen G, Kibbie J, Gonzalez T, Dillon SM, Smith HA, Cooper EH, Lavender K, Hasenkrug KJ, Sutter K, Dittmer U, Kroehl M, Kechris K, Wilson CC, Santiago ML. Qualitative Differences Between the IFNα subtypes and IFNβ Influence Chronic Mucosal HIV-1 Pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008986. [PMID: 33064743 PMCID: PMC7592919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Type I Interferons (IFN-Is) are innate antiviral cytokines that include 12 different IFNα subtypes and IFNβ that signal through the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR), inducing hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that comprise the 'interferome'. Quantitative differences in IFNAR binding correlate with antiviral activity, but whether IFN-Is exhibit qualitative differences remains controversial. Moreover, the IFN-I response is protective during acute HIV-1 infection, but likely pathogenic during the chronic stages. To gain a deeper understanding of the IFN-I response, we compared the interferomes of IFNα subtypes dominantly-expressed in HIV-1-exposed plasmacytoid dendritic cells (1, 2, 5, 8 and 14) and IFNβ in the earliest cellular targets of HIV-1 infection. Primary gut CD4 T cells from 3 donors were treated for 18 hours ex vivo with individual IFN-Is normalized for IFNAR signaling strength. Of 1,969 IFN-regulated genes, 246 'core ISGs' were induced by all IFN-Is tested. However, many IFN-regulated genes were not shared between the IFNα subtypes despite similar induction of canonical antiviral ISGs such as ISG15, RSAD2 and MX1, formally demonstrating qualitative differences between the IFNα subtypes. Notably, IFNβ induced a broader interferome than the individual IFNα subtypes. Since IFNβ, and not IFNα, is upregulated during chronic HIV-1 infection in the gut, we compared core ISGs and IFNβ-specific ISGs from colon pinch biopsies of HIV-1-uninfected (n = 13) versus age- and gender-matched, antiretroviral-therapy naïve persons with HIV-1 (PWH; n = 19). Core ISGs linked to inflammation, T cell activation and immune exhaustion were elevated in PWH, positively correlated with plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and gut IFNβ levels, and negatively correlated with gut CD4 T cell frequencies. In sharp contrast, IFNβ-specific ISGs linked to protein translation and anti-inflammatory responses were significantly downregulated in PWH, negatively correlated with gut IFNβ and LPS, and positively correlated with plasma IL6 and gut CD4 T cell frequencies. Our findings reveal qualitative differences in interferome induction by diverse IFN-Is and suggest potential mechanisms for how IFNβ may drive HIV-1 pathogenesis in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Guannan Shen
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Jon Kibbie
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Tania Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Harry A. Smith
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Emily H. Cooper
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kerry Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisberg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisberg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Miranda Kroehl
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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15
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Erlandson KM, Wilson MP, MaWhinney S, Rapaport E, Liu J, Wilson CC, Rahkola JT, Janoff EN, Brown TT, Campbell TB, Jankowski CM. The Impact of Moderate or High-Intensity Combined Exercise on Systemic Inflammation Among Older Persons With and Without HIV. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1161-1170. [PMID: 32779711 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether higher-intensity exercise provided greater decrease in markers of inflammation, and whether responses differed by HIV serostatus. METHODS People with HIV (PWH; n = 32) and controls (n = 37) aged 50-75 years completed 12 weeks moderate-intensity exercise, then were randomized to moderate- or high-intensity exercise for 12 additional weeks (n = 27 and 29, respectively). Inflammation biomarkers were measured at 0, 12, 24 weeks. Mixed and multiple regression models were adjusted for baseline inflammation, age, and body mass index. RESULTS Baseline tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble TNF receptor 2 (sTNFR2), and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were significantly higher among PWH than controls (P < .04). From week 0-12, changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, and sTNFR1 were not significantly different by HIV serostatus. We found no significant interaction between HIV serostatus/exercise intensity on week 12-24 changes in IL-6, TNF-α, and sTNFR1. Among high-intensity exercisers, PWH and controls had significant increases in sCD14 (P ≤ .003), controls significant increases in IL-10 (P = .01), and PWH nonsignificant decrease in highly sensitive C-reactive protein (P = .07). Other markers were not significantly different by serostatus or intensity. CONCLUSIONS Moderate and high-intensity exercise elicited similar effects on inflammation among PWH and controls, with additional beneficial effects seen among high-intensity exercisers. Increase in sCD14 and attenuated IL-10 increase (PWH only) merit further study. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02404792.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Erlandson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa P Wilson
- School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha MaWhinney
- School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric Rapaport
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jay Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeremy T Rahkola
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward N Janoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd T Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas B Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Catherine M Jankowski
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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16
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Gabuzda D, Jamieson BD, Collman RG, Lederman MM, Burdo TH, Deeks SG, Dittmer DP, Fox HS, Funderburg NT, Pahwa SG, Pandrea I, Wilson CC, Hunt PW. Pathogenesis of Aging and Age-related Comorbidities in People with HIV: Highlights from the HIV ACTION Workshop. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:143-174. [PMID: 32856008 PMCID: PMC7449259 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) experience accentuated biological aging, as defined by markers of inflammation, immune dysfunction, and the epigenetic clock. They also have an elevated risk of multiple age-associated comorbidities. To discuss current knowledge, research gaps, and priorities in aging and age-related comorbidities in treated HIV infection, the NIH program staff organized a workshop held in Bethesda, Maryland in September 2019. This review article describes highlights of discussions led by the Pathogenesis/Basic Science Research working group that focused on three high priority topics: immunopathogenesis; the microbiome/virome; and aging and senescence. We summarize knowledge in these fields and describe key questions for research on the pathogenesis of aging and age-related comorbidities in PWH. Understanding the drivers and mechanisms underlying accentuated biological aging is a high priority that will help identify potential therapeutic targets to improve healthspan in older PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Beth D Jamieson
- Department of Medicine; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, California
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Department of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience; Lewis Katz School of Medicine; Temple University; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine; University of California; San Francisco, California
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, Ohio
| | - Savita G Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, Florida
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; School of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Medicine; University of California; San Francisco, California
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Wilson CC, Dillon S. Age-related changes in the immune phenotype of human memory CD4 T cells differ between colon and peripheral blood. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.235.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gut lamina propria (LP) CD4 T cells are primarily tissue resident memory cells that are critical in maintaining gut homeostasis and responding to enteric pathogens. We established that aging altered the phenotypic and functional profiles of human small intestinal CD4 T cells. However, given site-specific differences in immune cell composition in the gut, it is difficult to extrapolate these findings to other locations. To probe the effect of aging on large intestine CD4 T cells, we used flow cytometry to analyze immune phenotypes of colon LP CD4 T cells from younger (34±2yrs mean±SEM; N=6) and older (80±2yrs, N=6) adults. Tissue-specificity of these profiles was determined by comparing to memory (CD45RA−) peripheral blood (mPB) CD4 T cells in a separate cohort of similarly aged persons (N=6/age group). Among younger samples, LP CD4 T cells expressed higher levels of co-inhibitory molecules CTLA4 and PD1, but had lower turnover (Ki67+) and IL2 receptor (CD25) expression relative to mPB CD4 T cells. Expression of activation (CD38, HLA-DR), senescence (CD57) and survival (Bcl2) markers were similar. Regarding age effects, frequencies of LP CD4 T cells (% of CD3 T cells) were similar between older and younger samples; mPB CD4 T cell frequencies were higher in older vs younger samples. Older LP CD4 T cells had lower CTLA4, PD1, CD38, CD25 and Ki67 and higher Bcl2 expression than younger LP CD4 T cells. Among mPB CD4 T cells, greater age was only associated with a higher CD57+ fraction. Thus, age effects differed between colon LP and mPB CD4 memory T cells. Loss of co-inhibitory markers, decreased turnover and increased survival of colon LP CD4 T cells may contribute to altered homeostasis, loss of protective immunity, and chronic inflammation in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C Wilson
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie Dillon
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aging and HIV share features of intestinal damage and alterations in the communities of enteric bacteria, termed dysbiosis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the various features of the gut microbiome in aging and in people with HIV (PWH) and to discuss how aging and HIV converge to impact the gut microbiome. The term microbiome reflects the combined genetic material of micro-organisms present including bacteria, viruses, bacteriophages, and fungi. To date, the majority of studies investigating the impact of aging and HIV on the gut microbiome have focused on bacteria, and therefore, for the purposes of this review, the term 'microbiome' is used to reflect enteric bacterial communities. RECENT FINDINGS Aging is associated with alterations in the gut bacterial microbiome. Although changes vary by the age of the population, lifestyle (diet, physical activity) and geographic location, the age-associated dysbiosis is typically characterized by an increase in facultative anaerobes with inflammatory properties and a decrease in obligate anaerobes that play critical roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and in regulating host immunity. PWH also have dysbiotic gut microbiomes, many features of which reflect those observed in elderly persons. In one study, the age effect on the gut microbiome differed based on HIV serostatus in older adults. SUMMARY HIV and age may interact to shape the gut microbiome. Future studies should investigate relationships between the gut microbiome and age-associated comorbidities in older PWH populations. Identifying these links will provide new avenues for treatments and interventions to improve the healthspan and lifespan of older PWH.
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Dillon SM, Guo K, Castleman MJ, Santiago ML, Wilson CC. Quantifying HIV-1-Mediated Gut CD4 + T Cell Deathin the Lamina Propria Aggregate Culture (LPAC) Model. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3486. [PMID: 33654719 PMCID: PMC7842360 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut CD4 T cells are major targets of HIV-1 and are massively depleted early during infection. To better understand the mechanisms governing HIV-1-mediated CD4 T cell death, we developed the physiologically-relevant Lamina Propria Aggregate Culture (LPAC) model. The LPAC model is ideal for studying CD4 T cell death induced by clinically-relevant Transmitted/Founder (TF) HIV-1 strains and is also suitable for studying how enteric microbes and soluble factors (e.g., Type I Interferons) impact LP CD4 T cell death and function. Here, we detail the protocol to establish LP CD4 T cell infection using a process of spinoculation, the subsequent evaluation of infection levels using multicolor flow cytometry and the determination of overall LP CD4 T cell death using absolute LP CD4 T cell counts. We also describe the preparation of virus stocks of Transmitted/Founder (TF) HIV-1 infectious molecular clones that were successfully used in the LPAC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Kejun Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Moriah J. Castleman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
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20
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He T, Xu C, Krampe N, Dillon SM, Sette P, Falwell E, Haret-Richter GS, Butterfield T, Dunsmore TL, McFadden WM, Martin KJ, Policicchio BB, Raehtz KD, Penn EP, Tracy RP, Ribeiro RM, Frank DN, Wilson CC, Landay AL, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. High-fat diet exacerbates SIV pathogenesis and accelerates disease progression. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:5474-5488. [PMID: 31710311 PMCID: PMC6877342 DOI: 10.1172/jci121208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) is a risk factor for obesity and diabetes; both of these diseases are also associated with systemic inflammation, similar to HIV infection. A HFD induces intestinal dysbiosis and impairs liver function and coagulation, with a potential negative impact on HIV/SIV pathogenesis. We administered a HFD rich in saturated fats and cholesterol to nonpathogenic (African green monkeys) and pathogenic (pigtailed macaques) SIV hosts. The HFD had a negative impact on SIV disease progression in both species. Thus, increased cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA occurred in the HFD-receiving nonhuman primates, indicating a potential reservoir expansion. The HFD induced prominent immune cell infiltration in the adipose tissue, an important SIV reservoir, and heightened systemic immune activation and inflammation, altering the intestinal immune environment and triggering gut damage and microbial translocation. Furthermore, HFD altered lipid metabolism and HDL oxidation and also induced liver steatosis and fibrosis. These metabolic disturbances triggered incipient atherosclerosis and heightened cardiovascular risk in the SIV-infected HFD-receiving nonhuman primates. Our study demonstrates that dietary intake has a discernable impact on the natural history of HIV/SIV infections and suggests that dietary changes can be used as adjuvant approaches for HIV-infected subjects, to reduce inflammation and the risk of non-AIDS comorbidities and possibly other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Pathology, and
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paola Sette
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Falwell
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Tiffany Butterfield
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin B. Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Pathology, and
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Dillon SM, Liu J, Purba CM, Christians AJ, Kibbie JJ, Castleman MJ, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. Age-related alterations in human gut CD4 T cell phenotype, T helper cell frequencies, and functional responses to enteric bacteria. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:119-132. [PMID: 31573727 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5a0919-177rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lamina propria (LP) CD4 T cells play critical roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and in immune responses to enteric microbes, yet little is known regarding whether they contribute to age-associated intestinal immune dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated the direct ex vivo frequency, activation/inhibitory phenotype, death profiles, and in vitro functional responses of human jejunum LP CD4 T cells, including Th1, Th17, and Th22 subsets isolated from younger (<45 years) and older (>65years) persons. Expression of the co-inhibitory molecule CTLA-4 was significantly lower in older CD4 T cells, whereas expression of HLA-DR, CD38, CD57, and PD-1 were not significantly different between groups. Total CD4 T cell frequencies were similar between age groups, but lower frequencies and numbers of Th17 cells were observed directly ex vivo in older samples. Older Th17 and Th1 cells proliferated to a lesser degree following in vitro exposure to bacterial antigens vs. their younger counterparts. Levels of spontaneous cell death were increased in older CD4 T cells; however, cellular death profiles following activation did not differ based on age. Thus, small intestinal CD4 T cells from older persons have altered phenotypic and functional profiles including reduced expression of a co-inhibitory molecule, increased spontaneous cell death, and both reduced frequencies and altered functional responses of specific Th cell subsets. These changes may contribute to altered intestinal homeostasis and loss of protective gut immunity with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jay Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine M Purba
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Allison J Christians
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jon J Kibbie
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Moriah J Castleman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Williams BB, Green SJ, Bosch RJ, Chan ES, Jacobson JM, Margolis DM, Engen P, Landay AL, Wilson CC. Four Weeks of Treatment With Rifaximin Fails to Significantly Alter Microbial Diversity in Rectal Samples of HIV-Infected Immune Non-Responders (ACTG A5286) Which May be Attributed to Rectal Swab Use. Pathog Immun 2019; 4:235-250. [PMID: 31583331 PMCID: PMC6768152 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v4i2.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-infected individuals have evidence of intestinal microbial translocation which is associated with immune activation and unfavorable clinical outcomes. Rifaximin, a non-absorbable antibiotic which reduces microbial translocation in other disease states, was shown to have a marginal beneficial effect on microbial translocation, T-cell activation, and inflammation in a multisite randomized trial (ACTG A5286; NCT01466595) of HIV-infected persons with poor immunologic recovery receiving ART. Here, we report analysis of the rectal microbiome changes associated with that trial. METHODS HIV-1-infected individuals receiving ART with CD4-T cell count < 350cells/mm3 and viral suppression were randomized 2:1 to rifaximin or no therapy for 4 weeks. Rectal swabs were collected at baseline (pre-treatment) and at week 4 of rifaximin therapy. Genomic DNA extracted from rectal swab samples was analyzed using high throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. RESULTS Forty-eight HIV-infected participants (31 received rifaximin, 17 no treatment) were included. There was broad variability in the recovery of bacterial rRNA from the specimens at baseline. No major significant (FDR P < 0.05) effects of rifaximin treatment on alpha- or beta-diversity or individual taxa were observed between or within the treatment arms, with analyses conducted at taxonomic levels from phylum to genus. CONCLUSIONS Rifaximin did not meaningfully alter the diversity or composition of the rectal microbiome of HIV-infected individuals after 4 weeks of therapy, although rectal swab specimens varied widely in their microbial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett B. Williams
- Division of Infectious Disease; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Sequencing Core; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen S. Chan
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey M. Jacobson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV; Drexel University; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M. Margolis
- Department of Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Phillip Engen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Department of Medicine; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado at Denver; Aurora, Colorado
| | - A5286 protocol team
- Division of Infectious Disease; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
- Sequencing Core; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV; Drexel University; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Department of Medicine; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado at Denver; Aurora, Colorado
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23
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Angelidou K, Hunt PW, Landay AL, Wilson CC, Rodriguez B, Deeks SG, Bosch RJ, Lederman MM. Changes in Inflammation but Not in T-Cell Activation Precede Non-AIDS-Defining Events in a Case-Control Study of Patients on Long-term Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:239-248. [PMID: 29309629 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined changes in soluble inflammatory cytokines and T-cell activation after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in an AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) nested case-control study. Methods Cases were 143 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults who developed a non-AIDS event; 315 controls remained event-free. Specimens were tested pre-ART, year 1 post-ART, and at the visit preceding the event. Conditional logistic regression evaluated the associations of biomarker changes with non-AIDS events. Results Inflammatory and most activation biomarkers declined from pre-ART to year 1 for cases and controls. Subsequently, inflammatory biomarkers remained mostly stable in controls but not cases. Cellular activation markers generally declined for both cases and controls between year 1 and the pre-event sampling. Controls with greater pre-ART RNA levels or lower CD4+ levels had higher biomarker levels while also experiencing greater biomarker declines in the first year of ART. Changes in biomarkers to year 1 showed no significant associations with non-AIDS events. Cases, however, had significantly greater increases in all plasma biomarkers (but not cellular activation) from year 1 to the visit preceding the event. Conclusions Inflammation increases prior to non-AIDS events in treated HIV-infected adults. These biomarker changes may reflect subclinical disease processes or other alterations in the inflammatory environment that causally contribute to disease. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00001137.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantia Angelidou
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter W Hunt
- San Francisco General Hospital, University of California
| | | | | | | | - Steven G Deeks
- San Francisco General Hospital, University of California
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Morissette O, Sirois P, Wilson CC, Laporte M, Bernatchez L. The role of ecotype-environment interactions in intraspecific trophic niche partitioning subsequent to stocking. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01857. [PMID: 30680837 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, stocking of fish represents a valuable tool for conservation and maintenance of species exploited by recreational fishing. Releases of hatchery-reared fish are more and more recognized to have numerous demographic, ecological, and genetic impacts on wild populations. However, consequences on intraspecific trophic relationships have rarely been investigated. In this study, we assessed the impacts of supplementation stocking and resulting introgressive hybridization on the trophic niches occupied by stocked, local, and hybrid lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) within populations of piscivorous and planktivorous ecotypes stocked from a wild piscivorous source population. We compared trophic niches using stable isotope analysis (δ13 C and δ15 N) and trophic position among the three genetic origins. Putative genetic effects were tested with phenotype-genotype association of "life history" ecological traits (body size, growth rate, condition index, and trophic niche) and genotypes (RADseq SNP markers) using redundant discriminant analysis (RDA). Results showed that sympatry resulting from the stocking of contrasting ecotypes is a risk factor for niche partitioning. Planktivorous populations are more susceptible to niche partitioning, by competitive exclusion of the local fish from a littoral niche to an alternative pelagic/profundal niche. Observed niche partitioning is probably a manifestation of competitive interactions between ecotypes. Our results emphasize that ecotypic variation should be considered for more efficient management and conservation practices and in order to mitigate negative impact of supplementation stocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Morissette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V0A6, Canada
- Chaire de recherche sur les espèces aquatiques exploitées, Laboratoire des sciences aquatiques, Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - P Sirois
- Chaire de recherche sur les espèces aquatiques exploitées, Laboratoire des sciences aquatiques, Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - C C Wilson
- Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J3C7, Canada
| | - M Laporte
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - L Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V0A6, Canada
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25
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Castleman MJ, Dillon SM, Purba CM, Cogswell AC, Kibbie JJ, McCarter MD, Santiago ML, Barker E, Wilson CC. Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Indirectly Induce IL-22 but Not IFNγ Production From Human Colonic ILC3s via Multiple Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2019; 10:649. [PMID: 30984202 PMCID: PMC6450192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a diverse family of cells that play critical roles in mucosal immunity. One subset of the ILC family, Group 3 ILCs (ILC3s), has been shown to aid in gut homeostasis through the production of IL-22. IL-22 promotes gut homeostasis through its functional effect on the epithelial barrier. When gut epithelial barrier integrity is compromised, such as in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), microbes from the gut lumen translocate into the lamina propria, inducing a multitude of potentially pathogenic immune responses. In murine models of bacterial infection, there is evidence that bacteria can induce pro-inflammatory IFNγ production in ILC3s. However, the impact of diverse translocating bacteria, particularly commensal bacteria, in dictating IFNγ versus IL-22 production by human gut ILC3s remains unclear. Here, we utilized an in vitro human lamina propria mononuclear cell (LPMC) model to evaluate ILC3 cytokine production in response to a panel of enteric Gram-positive and Gram-negative commensal and pathogenic bacteria and determined potential mechanisms by which these cytokine responses were induced. The percentages of IL-22-producing ILC3s, but not IFNγ-producing ILC3s, were significantly increased after LPMC exposure to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative commensal or pathogenic bacterial stimuli. Stimulation of IL-22 production from ILC3s was not through direct recognition of bacterial antigen by ILC3s, but rather required the help of accessory cells within the LPMC population. CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells generated IL-23 and IL-1β in response to enteric bacteria and contributed to ILC3 production of IL-22. Furthermore, ligation of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44 on ILC3s in response to bacteria stimulation also significantly increased the percentage of IL-22-producing ILC3s. Overall, these data demonstrate that human gut microbiota, including commensal bacteria, indirectly modulate colonic ILC3 function to induce IL-22, but additional signals are likely required to induce IFNγ production by colonic ILC3s in the setting of inflammation and microbial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christine M. Purba
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew C. Cogswell
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jon J. Kibbie
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
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26
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Liu J, Johnson R, Dillon S, Kroehl M, Frank DN, Tuncil YE, Zhang X, Ir D, Robertson CE, Seifert S, Higgins J, Hamaker B, Wilson CC, Erlandson KM. Among older adults, age-related changes in the stool microbiome differ by HIV-1 serostatus. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:583-594. [PMID: 30685386 PMCID: PMC6413415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 infection and physiological aging are independently linked to elevated systemic inflammation and changes in enteric microbial communities (dysbiosis). However, knowledge of the direct effect of HIV infection on the aging microbiome and potential links to systemic inflammation is lacking. Methods In a cross-sectional study of older people living with HIV (PLWH) (median age 61.5 years, N = 14) and uninfected controls (median 58 years, n = 22) we compared stool microbiota, levels of microbial metabolites (short-chain fatty acid levels, SCFA) and systemic inflammatory biomarkers by HIV serostatus and age. Findings HIV and age were independently associated with distinct changes in the stool microbiome. For example, abundances of Enterobacter and Paraprevotella were higher and Eggerthella and Roseburia lower among PLWH compared to uninfected controls. Age-related microbiome changes also differed by HIV serostatus. Some bacteria with inflammatory potential (e.g. Escherichia) increased with age among PLWH, but not controls. Stool SCFA levels were similar between the two groups yet patterns of associations between individual microbial taxa and SCFA levels differed. Abundance of various genera including Escherichia and Bifidobacterium positively associated with inflammatory biomarkers (e.g. soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors) among PLWH, but not among controls. Interpretation The age effect on the gut microbiome and associations between microbiota and microbial metabolites or systemic inflammation differed based on HIV serostatus, raising important implications for the impact of therapeutic interventions, dependent on HIV serostatus or age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Miranda Kroehl
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yunus E Tuncil
- Food Engineering Department, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey; Department of Food Science, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Diana Ir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sharon Seifert
- Department of Pharmacology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Janine Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bruce Hamaker
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kristine M Erlandson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Dillon SM, Castleman MJ, Frank DN, Austin GL, Gianella S, Cogswell AC, Landay AL, Barker E, Wilson CC. Brief Report: Inflammatory Colonic Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Increased During Untreated HIV-1 Infection and Associated With Markers of Gut Dysbiosis and Mucosal Immune Activation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 76:431-437. [PMID: 28825942 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection is associated with intestinal inflammation, changes in the enteric microbiota (dysbiosis), and intestinal epithelial cell damage. NKp44 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play an important role in epithelial barrier maintenance through the production of interleukin (IL)-22 but also display functional plasticity and can produce inflammatory cytokines [eg, interferon gamma (IFNγ)] in response to cytokine milieu and stimulatory signals. The objective of this pilot study was to enumerate frequencies of IL-22 and IFNγ-expressing colonic NKp44 ILCs during untreated, chronic HIV-1 infection. SETTING A cross-sectional study was performed to compare numbers of cytokine-expressing ILCs in colonic biopsies of untreated, chronic HIV-1 infected (n = 22), and uninfected (n = 10) study participants. Associations between cytokine ILC and previously established measures of virological, immunological, and microbiome indices were analyzed. METHODS Multicolor flow cytometry was used to measure the absolute number of colonic CD3NKp44CD56 ILCs expressing IL-22 or IFNγ after in vitro mitogenic stimulation. RESULTS Numbers of colonic NKp44 ILCs that expressed IFNγ were significantly higher in HIV-1 infected versus uninfected persons and positively correlated with relative abundances of dysbiotic bacterial species in the Xanthomonadaceae and Prevotellaceae bacterial families and with colonic myeloid dendritic cell and T-cell activation. CONCLUSION Higher numbers of inflammatory colonic ILCs during untreated chronic HIV-1 infection that associated with dysbiosis and colonic myeloid dendritic cell and T-cell activation suggest that inflammatory ILCs may contribute to gut mucosal inflammation and epithelial barrier breakdown, important features of HIV-1 mucosal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; †University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, CO; ‡Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; §Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and ‖Department of Immunity and Emerging Pathogens, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Williams B, Ghosh M, Boucher CA, Bushman F, Carrington-Lawrence S, Collman RG, Dandekar S, Dang Q, Malaspina A, Paredes R, Wilson CC, Nowak P, Klatt NR, Lagenaur L, Landay AL. A Summary of the Second Annual HIV Microbiome Workshop. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:1258-1264. [PMID: 28899105 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal organisms appear to play significant roles in normal homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of HIV infection in a number of different organ systems. On November 17th and 18th, 2016, leading researchers from around the world met to discuss their insights on advances in our understanding of HIV and the microbiome at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda. Dr. Elhanan Borenstein of the University of Washington gave a keynote address where he discussed new developments in systems biology which hold the promise of illuminating the pathways by which these organisms interact with human physiology. He suggested that we need to get past correlations in microbiome research by using models and informatics which incorporate metagenomics to predict functional changes in the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Charles A.B. Boucher
- Department of Virosciences, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederic Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stacy Carrington-Lawrence
- Office of AIDS Research, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Director, US National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Que Dang
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela Malaspina
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roger Paredes
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA IrsiCaixa i Unitat VIH, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat de Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laurel Lagenaur
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Liu J, Williams B, Frank D, Dillon SM, Wilson CC, Landay AL. Inside Out: HIV, the Gut Microbiome, and the Mucosal Immune System. J Immunol 2017; 198:605-614. [PMID: 28069756 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The components of the human gut microbiome have been found to influence a broad array of pathologic conditions ranging from heart disease to diabetes and even to cancer. HIV infection upsets the delicate balance in the normal host-microbe interaction both through alterations in the taxonomic composition of gut microbial communities as well as through disruption of the normal host response mechanisms. In this article we review the current methods of gut microbiome analysis and the resulting data regarding how HIV infection might change the balance of commensal bacteria in the gut. Additionally, we cover the various effects gut microbes have on host immune homeostasis and the preliminary but intriguing data on how HIV disrupts those mechanisms. Finally, we briefly describe some of the important biomolecules produced by gut microbiota and the role that they may play in maintaining host immune homeostasis with and without HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Liu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Brett Williams
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Daniel Frank
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Stephanie M Dillon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612
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Yoder AC, Guo K, Dillon SM, Phang T, Lee EJ, Harper MS, Helm K, Kappes JC, Ochsenbauer C, McCarter MD, Wilson CC, Santiago ML. The transcriptome of HIV-1 infected intestinal CD4+ T cells exposed to enteric bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006226. [PMID: 28241075 PMCID: PMC5344538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Global transcriptome studies can help pinpoint key cellular pathways exploited by viruses to replicate and cause pathogenesis. Previous data showed that laboratory-adapted HIV-1 triggers significant gene expression changes in CD4+ T cell lines and mitogen-activated CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood. However, HIV-1 primarily targets mucosal compartments during acute infection in vivo. Moreover, early HIV-1 infection causes extensive depletion of CD4+ T cells in the gastrointestinal tract that herald persistent inflammation due to the translocation of enteric microbes to the systemic circulation. Here, we profiled the transcriptome of primary intestinal CD4+ T cells infected ex vivo with transmitted/founder (TF) HIV-1. Infections were performed in the presence or absence of Prevotella stercorea, a gut microbe enriched in the mucosa of HIV-1-infected individuals that enhanced both TF HIV-1 replication and CD4+ T cell death ex vivo. In the absence of bacteria, HIV-1 triggered a cellular shutdown response involving the downregulation of HIV-1 reactome genes, while perturbing genes linked to OX40, PPAR and FOXO3 signaling. However, in the presence of bacteria, HIV-1 did not perturb these gene sets or pathways. Instead, HIV-1 enhanced granzyme expression and Th17 cell function, inhibited G1/S cell cycle checkpoint genes and triggered downstream cell death pathways in microbe-exposed gut CD4+ T cells. To gain insights on these differential effects, we profiled the gene expression landscape of HIV-1-uninfected gut CD4+ T cells exposed to bacteria. Microbial exposure upregulated genes involved in cellular proliferation, MAPK activation, Th17 cell differentiation and type I interferon signaling. Our findings reveal that microbial exposure influenced how HIV-1 altered the gut CD4+ T cell transcriptome, with potential consequences for HIV-1 susceptibility, cell survival and inflammation. The HIV-1- and microbe-altered pathways unraveled here may serve as a molecular blueprint to gain basic insights in mucosal HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson C. Yoder
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Tzu Phang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- The Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Harper
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Karen Helm
- The Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLS); (CCW)
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLS); (CCW)
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Abrahamian FM, Aldape MJ, Aldasoro E, Allen UD, Al-Sum H, Anadkat MJ, Anders K, Angelakis E, Angus BJ, Antoniadou A, Arena F, Arends JE, Arribas JR, Artenstein AW, Atherton JC, Aucott JN, Aw TC, Babcock HM, Bailey R, Bailey TC, Banks AZ, Barillo DJ, Barrette EP, Bauer MP, Bayston R, Beard CB, Beardsley J, Beeching NJ, Bégué RE, Beldi G, Benson CA, Berbari EF, Berenger JM, Berger C, Bernardino JI, Bille J, Billioux AC, Bitnun A, Blair I, Blanche S, Bleck TP, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Bleijenberg G, Bloch KC, Blum J, Blumberg EA, Bonomo RA, Bonten MJ, Bourayou R, Bouza E, Brandt KA, Bretelle F, Brisse S, Britton WJ, Brook I, Brouwer MC, Browne SK, Bryant AE, Bühler S, Bulger EM, Buller RML, Burke LA, Burri C, Butler MW, Calandra T, Calfee DP, Calvo-Cano A, Cameron DW, Carcillo JA, Carson G, Chambers ST, Charrel RN, Nguyen VCV, Chevaliez S, Chiller TM, Christaki E, Chung KK, Clifford DB, Clumeck N, Cohen J, Collinge J, Conlon CP, Conrad C, Cooke FJ, Cope JR, Corey GR, Cross JH, Cunha BA, Cunha CB, D'Journo B, Daikos GL, Daniels JM, Davidson RN, Day NP, De Cock KM, de Silva TI, de Vries HJ, de Wit S, Delaloye J, Denning DW, Dennis DT, Dhanireddy S, Dielubanza EJ, Diemert DJ, Doganay M, Doherty T, Dolecek C, Dondorp AM, Douglas A, Drancourt M, Dubourg G, Dudley MN, Durand G, Eckhardt BJ, Efstratiou A, Ekkelenkamp MB, Eranki A, Erdem H, Escota GV, Evans HL, Eziefula AC, Fenollar F, Fenwick A, Fierer J, Finch RG, Fleckenstein JM, Forstner C, Foschi F, Fournier PE, French MA, Gage KL, Garcia LS, Gascon J, Gastañaduy AS, Gautret P, Geisler WM, Ghanem KG, Giani T, Giannella M, Gilliam BL, Gilliet M, Glaser CA, Glupczynski Y, Gnann JW, Goldstein EJ, Gottstein B, Gouriet F, Gravitt PE, Green MD, Green ST, Groll AH, Gulick RM, Gupta A, Habib G, Harbarth S, Harris M, Hayden FG, Hetem DJ, Hill PC, Hirschel B, Hodowanec AC, Hoffart L, Hoffmann C, Holland SM, Horby PW, Horne DJ, Hraiech S, Hull MW, Huttner A, Ingram RJ, Islam J, Ison MG, James SH, Jenkins C, Jenkins SG, Jensen JS, Johnston C, Jones TB, Jordan SJ, Julian KG, Kato Y, Kauffman CA, Kaye KS, Keane MP, Keeney J, Kelly P, Kent SJ, Kern WV, Keynan Y, Kim AA, Koné-Paut I, Kosmidis C, Kroes AC, Kroon FP, Ksiazek TG, Kuhlmann FM, Kuijper EJ, Kwon JH, Kyei GB, Lacombe K, Lagacé-Wiens P, Lagier JC, Lamagni T, Landraud L, Lanternier F, LaPlante KL, Lawn SD, Lawrence SJ, Leblebicioglu H, Lee N, Leggett JE, Lehours P, Levy PY, Leyh RG, Lillis RA, Limmathurotsakul D, Lin J, Lindquist HA, Lipsky BA, Liscynesky C, Looney D, Lortholary O, Lowy FD, Luft BJ, Mackowiak PA, MacPherson PA, Maghraoui-Slim V, Mallon PW, Mangino JE, Manuel O, Marchetti O, Marks KM, Marr KA, Marrazzo J, Marschall J, Martin DH, Matonti F, Matulewicz RS, Mayer KH, McCulloh RJ, McGready R, Mdodo R, Mead S, Mégraud F, Meintjes G, Metcalf SC, Michaels MG, Migliori GB, Miles MA, Miller A, Mimiaga MJ, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Misch EA, Mitreva M, Montaner JS, Moore CB, Muñoz P, Muñoz J, Murray CK, Musso D, Mutengo M, Mutizwa MM, Naber KG, Natarajan P, Neme S, Newton PN, Nichols RA, Nicolle LE, Nosten F, Notarangelo LD, Nutman TB, Nyirjesy P, O'Connell PR, Opal SM, Ormerod LP, Osmon DR, Pankert MB, Pantaleo G, Papazian L, Parente DM, Parola P, Parsaei S, Pascual MA, Patel R, Patrozou E, Pawlotsky JM, Peacock SJ, Pechère JC, Pelegrin I, Peters BS, Peters EJ, Petersen JM, Petersen LR, Petraitis V, Pham LL, Picado A, Pilatz A, Pilmis B, Pinazo MJ, Pletz MW, Pogue JM, Polgreen EL, Polgreen PM, Posfay-Barbe KM, Powderly WG, Presti R, Prod'hom G, Puolakkainen M, Quinn TC, Raoult D, Razonable RR, Read RC, Redfield RR, Rentenaar RJ, Reynolds SJ, Ribi C, Richardson MD, Ritter ML, Roch A, Rockstroh JK, Rojek A, Romero JR, Rooijakkers SH, Rosenbluth D, Rosenzweig SD, Rossolini GM, Rubinstein E, Ryan G, Safren SA, Sahasrabuddhe VV, Saikku PA, Sajadi MM, Salvaggio MR, Santos CA, Satlin MJ, Schaeffer AJ, Schimmer C, Schooley RT, Schumacher RF, Sha BE, Shapiro DS, Sheehan G, Shlaes DM, Shoham S, Simmons CP, Simon DW, Simon MS, Simonsen KA, Slack MP, Smith TT, Sobel JD, Souli M, Sridhar S, Steckelberg JM, Stevens DL, Strah H, Sturm AW, Sungkanuparph S, Tabrizi SJ, Tacconelli E, Tan CS, Taplitz RA, Thomas G, Thomas LD, Thuny F, Thwaites G, Tissot F, Tønjum T, Torriani FJ, Toso C, Tulkens PM, Tunkel AR, Turner CE, Ustianowski AP, van Bambeke F, van Crevel R, van de Beek D, van Delden C, van der Eerden MM, van der Meer JW, van der Poll T, van Ingen J, van Putten J, Vaudaux BP, Vermund SH, Viscidi RP, Visvanathan K, Visvesvara GS, von Seidlein L, Wagenlehner FM, Wald A, Walsh TJ, Warhurst DC, Warnock DW, Warrell DA, Warrell MJ, Warris A, Watkins RR, Weatherall DJ, Weber R, Weidner W, White JR, White PJ, Whitehorn J, Whitley RJ, Whitty CJ, Wiersinga WJ, Wilcox MH, Williams TN, Wilson CC, Wilson ME, Wisplinghoff H, Wood R, Wunderink RG, Wyles D, Yang ZT, Yoder JS, Zaidi NA, Zimmer AJ, Zuckerman JN, Zumla A. List of Contributors. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Jacobson JM, Bosinger SE, Kang M, Belaunzaran-Zamudio P, Matining RM, Wilson CC, Flexner C, Clagett B, Plants J, Read S, Purdue L, Myers L, Boone L, Tebas P, Kumar P, Clifford D, Douek D, Silvestri G, Landay AL, Lederman MM. The Effect of Chloroquine on Immune Activation and Interferon Signatures Associated with HIV-1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:636-47. [PMID: 26935044 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation associated with HIV-1 infection contributes to morbidity and mortality. We studied whether chloroquine, through Toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonist properties, could reduce immune activation thought to be driven by TLR ligands, such as gut-derived bacterial elements and HIV-1 RNAs. AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5258 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 33 HIV-1-infected participants off antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 37 participants on ART. Study participants in each cohort were randomized 1:1 to receive chloroquine 250 mg orally for the first 12 weeks then cross over to placebo for 12 weeks or placebo first and then chloroquine. Combining the periods of chloroquine use in both arms of the on-ART cohort yielded a modest reduction in the proportions of CD8 T cells co-expressing CD38 and DR (median decrease = 3.0%, p = .003). The effect on immune activation in the off-ART cohort was likely confounded by increased plasma HIV-1 RNA during chloroquine administration (median 0.29 log10 increase, p < .001). Transcriptional analyses in the off-ART cohort showed decreased expression of interferon-stimulated genes in 5 of 10 chloroquine-treated participants and modest decreases in CD38 and CCR5 RNAs in all chloroquine-treated participants. Chloroquine modestly reduced immune activation in ART-treated HIV-infected participants. Clinical Trials Registry Number: NCT00819390.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minhee Kang
- Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Roy M. Matining
- Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Charles Flexner
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Jill Plants
- Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah Read
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Linda Boone
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc., Silver Springs, Maryland
| | - Pablo Tebas
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Princy Kumar
- Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David Clifford
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland
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Houde ALS, Wilson CC, Pitcher TE. Genetic architecture and maternal contributions of early-life survival in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:2088-2094. [PMID: 27097972 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influences of additive, non-additive and maternal effects on early survival (uneyed embryo survival, eyed embryo survival, alevin survival and overall survival to first feeding) were quantified in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush using a 7 × 7 full-factorial breeding design. Maternal effects followed by non-additive genetic effects explained around one third of the phenotypic variance of the survival traits. Although the amount of additive genetic effects were low (<1%), suggesting a limited potential of the traits to respond to new selection pressures, how maternal and non-additive genetic effects may respond to selection under certain circumstances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L S Houde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - C C Wilson
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - T E Pitcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
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Dillon SM, Lee EJ, Donovan AM, Guo K, Harper MS, Frank DN, McCarter MD, Santiago ML, Wilson CC. Enhancement of HIV-1 infection and intestinal CD4+ T cell depletion ex vivo by gut microbes altered during chronic HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2016; 13:5. [PMID: 26762145 PMCID: PMC4712466 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early HIV-1 infection is characterized by high levels of HIV-1 replication and substantial CD4 T cell depletion in the intestinal mucosa, intestinal epithelial barrier breakdown, and microbial translocation. HIV-1-induced disruption of intestinal homeostasis has also been associated with changes in the intestinal microbiome that are linked to mucosal and systemic immune activation. In this study, we investigated the impact of representative bacterial species that were altered in the colonic mucosa of viremic HIV-1 infected individuals (HIV-altered mucosal bacteria; HAMB) on intestinal CD4 T cell function, infection by HIV-1, and survival in vitro. Lamina propria (LP) mononuclear cells were infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1BaL or mock infected, exposed to high (3 gram-negative) or low (2 gram-positive) abundance HAMB or control gram-negative Escherichia coli and levels of productive HIV-1 infection and CD4 T cell depletion assessed. HAMB-associated changes in LP CD4 T cell activation, proliferation and HIV-1 co-receptor expression were also evaluated. RESULTS The majority of HAMB increased HIV-1 infection and depletion of LP CD4 T cells, but gram-negative HAMB enhanced CD4 T cell infection to a greater degree than gram-positive HAMB. Most gram-negative HAMB enhanced T cell infection to levels similar to that induced by gram-negative E. coli despite lower induction of T cell activation and proliferation by HAMB. Both gram-negative HAMB and E. coli significantly increased expression of HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 on LP CD4 T cells. Lipopolysaccharide, a gram-negative bacteria cell wall component, up-regulated CCR5 expression on LP CD4 T cells whereas gram-positive cell wall lipoteichoic acid did not. Upregulation of CCR5 by gram-negative HAMB was largely abrogated in CD4 T cell-enriched cultures suggesting an indirect mode of stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Gram-negative commensal bacteria that are altered in abundance in the colonic mucosa of HIV-1 infected individuals have the capacity to enhance CCR5-tropic HIV-1 productive infection and depletion of LP CD4 T cells in vitro. Enhanced infection appears to be primarily mediated indirectly through increased expression of CCR5 on LP CD4 T cells without concomitant large scale T cell activation. This represents a novel mechanism potentially linking intestinal dysbiosis to HIV-1 mucosal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Eric J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Andrew M Donovan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Michael S Harper
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. .,University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Dillon SM, Lee EJ, Kotter CV, Austin GL, Gianella S, Siewe B, Smith DM, Landay AL, McManus MC, Robertson CE, Frank DN, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. Gut dendritic cell activation links an altered colonic microbiome to mucosal and systemic T-cell activation in untreated HIV-1 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:24-37. [PMID: 25921339 PMCID: PMC4626441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated disruption of intestinal homeostasis is a major factor contributing to chronic immune activation and inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, but the impact of HIV-1 infection on intestinal DC number and function has not been extensively studied. We compared the frequency and activation/maturation status of colonic myeloid DC (mDC) subsets (CD1c(+) and CD1c(neg)) and plasmacytoid DCs in untreated HIV-1-infected subjects with uninfected controls. Colonic mDCs in HIV-1-infected subjects had increased CD40 but decreased CD83 expression, and CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively correlated with mucosal HIV-1 viral load, with mucosal and systemic cytokine production, and with frequencies of activated colon and blood T cells. Percentage of CD83(+)CD1c(+) mDCs negatively correlated with frequencies of interferon-γ-producing colon CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively associated with abundance of high prevalence mucosal Prevotella copri and Prevotella stercorea but negatively associated with a number of low prevalence mucosal species, including Rumminococcus bromii. CD1c(+) mDC cytokine production was greater in response to in vitro stimulation with Prevotella species relative to R. bromii. These findings suggest that, during HIV infection, colonic mDCs become activated upon exposure to mucosal pathobiont bacteria leading to mucosal and systemic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - E J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C V Kotter
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - G L Austin
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - S Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - B Siewe
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - D M Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - A L Landay
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M C McManus
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - D N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Harper MS, Guo K, Gibbert K, Lee EJ, Dillon SM, Barrett BS, McCarter MD, Hasenkrug KJ, Dittmer U, Wilson CC, Santiago ML. Interferon-α Subtypes in an Ex Vivo Model of Acute HIV-1 Infection: Expression, Potency and Effector Mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005254. [PMID: 26529416 PMCID: PMC4631339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces and rapidly spreads within the intestinal mucosa during acute infection. The type I interferons (IFNs) likely serve as a first line of defense, but the relative expression and antiviral properties of the 12 IFNα subtypes against HIV-1 infection of mucosal tissues remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the expression of all IFNα subtypes in HIV-1-exposed plasmacytoid dendritic cells by next-generation sequencing. We then determined the relative antiviral potency of each IFNα subtype ex vivo using the human intestinal Lamina Propria Aggregate Culture model. IFNα subtype transcripts from the centromeric half of the IFNA gene complex were highly expressed in pDCs following HIV-1 exposure. There was an inverse relationship between IFNA subtype expression and potency. IFNα8, IFNα6 and IFNα14 were the most potent in restricting HIV-1 infection. IFNα2, the clinically-approved subtype, and IFNα1 were both highly expressed but exhibited relatively weak antiviral activity. The relative potencies correlated with binding affinity to the type I IFN receptor and the induction levels of HIV-1 restriction factors Mx2 and Tetherin/BST-2 but not APOBEC3G, F and D. However, despite the lack of APOBEC3 transcriptional induction, the higher relative potency of IFNα8 and IFNα14 correlated with stronger inhibition of virion infectivity, which is linked to deaminase-independent APOBEC3 restriction activity. By contrast, both potent (IFNα8) and weak (IFNα1) subtypes significantly induced HIV-1 GG-to-AG hypermutation. The results unravel non-redundant functions of the IFNα subtypes against HIV-1 infection, with strong implications for HIV-1 mucosal immunity, viral evolution and IFNα-based functional cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Harper
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kathrin Gibbert
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eric J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bradley S. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (UD); (CCW); (MLS)
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UD); (CCW); (MLS)
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UD); (CCW); (MLS)
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Erlandson KM, Allshouse AA, Rapaport E, Palmer BE, Wilson CC, Weinberg A, MaWhinney S, Campbell TB. Physical function impairment of older, HIV-infected adults is associated with cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin response. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:905-12. [PMID: 26061347 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with poor outcomes, including physical function impairment, in older HIV-uninfected adults. Whether CMV is associated with physical functional impairment in HIV-infected adults is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between CMV-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses with functional impairment in well-controlled HIV infection. In a case-control study, low-function cases were matched by age, gender, and time from HIV diagnosis to high-function controls. Quantitative CMV IgG and %CMV-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells (interferon-γ expression following CMV pp65 stimulation) were used to estimate physical function. Among 30 low-function cases and 48 high-function matched controls, CMV IgG ranged from <10 to 8,830 EU/ml, including four controls with results <10 EU/ml. Each log10 increase in CMV IgG was associated with 5-fold greater odds of low function (p=0.01); these findings were robust to adjustment for concomitant CD4(+) count, tobacco use, and age; to exclusion of subjects with CMV IgG <10 EU/ml; and to adjustment for hepatitis C viremia. %CMV-specific CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells were not associated with low function. In bivariable models, the relationship between CMV IgG and physical function was attenuated and was no longer significant when including IL-6, CD4/CD8 ratio, or the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index score. High levels of CMV-specific IgG were associated with impaired physical function. Attenuation of the strength of this association in bivariable models suggests an indirect relationship mediated by systemic inflammation and immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Rapaport
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Houde ALS, Wilson CC, Neff BD. Predictability of multispecies competitive interactions in three populations of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Fish Biol 2015; 86:1438-1443. [PMID: 25753912 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from three allopatric populations (LaHave, Sebago and Saint-Jean) were placed into artificial streams with combinations of four non-native salmonids: brown trout Salmo trutta, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Non-additive effects, as evidenced by lower performance than predicted from weighted summed two-species competition trials, were detected for S. salar fork length (LF ) and mass, but not for survival, condition factor or riffle use. These data support emerging theory on niche overlap and species richness as factors that can lead to non-additive competition effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L S Houde
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Tenorio AR, Chan ES, Bosch RJ, Macatangay BJC, Read SW, Yesmin S, Taiwo B, Margolis DM, Jacobson JM, Landay AL, Wilson CC. Rifaximin has a marginal impact on microbial translocation, T-cell activation and inflammation in HIV-positive immune non-responders to antiretroviral therapy - ACTG A5286. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:780-90. [PMID: 25214516 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rifaximin, a nonabsorbable antibiotic that decreases lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cirrhotics, may decrease the elevated levels of microbial translocation, T-cell activation and inflammation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive immune nonresponders to antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS HIV-positive adults receiving ART for ≥96 weeks with undetectable viremia for ≥48 weeks and CD4(+) T-cell counts <350 cells/mm(3) were randomized 2:1 to rifaximin versus no study treatment for 4 weeks. T-cell activation, LPS, and soluble CD14 were measured at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, and 8. Wilcoxon rank sum tests compared changes between arms. RESULTS Compared with no study treatment (n = 22), rifaximin (n = 43) use was associated with a significant difference between study arms in the change from baseline to week 4 for CD8(+)T-cell activation (median change, 0.0% with rifaximin vs +0.6% with no treatment; P = .03). This difference was driven by an increase in the no-study-treatment arm because there was no significant change within the rifaximin arm. Similarly, although there were significant differences between study arms in change from baseline to week 2 for LPS and soluble CD14, there were no significant changes within the rifaximin arm. CONCLUSIONS In immune nonresponders to ART, rifaximin minimally affected microbial translocation and CD8(+)T-cell activation. Trial registration number. NCT01466595.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen S Chan
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Sarah W Read
- HIV Research Branch, TRP, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Suria Yesmin
- ACTG Operations Center, Social and Scientific Systems, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Babafemi Taiwo
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora
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Dillon SM, Lee EJ, Kotter CV, Austin GL, Dong Z, Hecht DK, Gianella S, Siewe B, Smith DM, Landay AL, Robertson CE, Frank DN, Wilson CC. An altered intestinal mucosal microbiome in HIV-1 infection is associated with mucosal and systemic immune activation and endotoxemia. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:983-94. [PMID: 24399150 PMCID: PMC4062575 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection disrupts the intestinal immune system, leading to microbial translocation and systemic immune activation. We investigated the impact of HIV-1 infection on the intestinal microbiome and its association with mucosal T-cell and dendritic cell (DC) frequency and activation, as well as with levels of systemic T-cell activation, inflammation, and microbial translocation. Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing was performed on colon biopsies and fecal samples from subjects with chronic, untreated HIV-1 infection and uninfected control subjects. Colon biopsies of HIV-1-infected subjects had increased abundances of Proteobacteria and decreased abundances of Firmicutes compared with uninfected donors. Furthermore at the genus level, a significant increase in Prevotella and decrease in Bacteroides was observed in HIV-1-infected subjects, indicating a disruption in the Bacteroidetes bacterial community structure. This HIV-1-associated increase in Prevotella abundance was associated with increased numbers of activated colonic T cells and myeloid DCs. Principal coordinates analysis demonstrated an HIV-1-related change in the microbiome that was associated with increased mucosal cellular immune activation, microbial translocation, and blood T-cell activation. These observations suggest that an important relationship exists between altered mucosal bacterial communities and intestinal inflammation during chronic HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- SM Dillon
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - EJ Lee
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - CV Kotter
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - GL Austin
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - Z Dong
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - DK Hecht
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - S Gianella
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - B Siewe
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - DM Smith
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - AL Landay
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | | | - DN Frank
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado,University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium
| | - CC Wilson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
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Sandler NG, Zhang X, Bosch RJ, Funderburg NT, Choi AI, Robinson JK, Fine DM, Coombs RW, Jacobson JM, Landay AL, Douek DC, Tressler R, Read SW, Wilson CC, Deeks SG, Lederman MM, Gandhi RT. Sevelamer does not decrease lipopolysaccharide or soluble CD14 levels but decreases soluble tissue factor, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and oxidized LDL cholesterol levels in individuals with untreated HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1549-54. [PMID: 24864123 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abnormal levels of inflammation are associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Microbial translocation, which may cause inflammation, is decreased by sevelamer in patients undergoing hemodialysis. In this single-arm study, we evaluated the effects of 8 weeks of sevelamer therapy on 36 HIV-infected subjects who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Sevelamer did not significantly change markers of microbial translocation, inflammation, or T-cell activation. During sevelamer treatment, however, levels of soluble tissue factor, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and oxidized LDL cholesterol decreased significantly, whereas D-dimer levels increased. Thus, in this study population, sevelamer did not reduce microbial translocation but may have yielded cardiovascular benefits. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT 01543958.
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Steele AK, Lee EJ, Vestal B, Hecht D, Dong Z, Rapaport E, Koeppe J, Campbell TB, Wilson CC. Contribution of intestinal barrier damage, microbial translocation and HIV-1 infection status to an inflammaging signature. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97171. [PMID: 24819230 PMCID: PMC4018269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation is a characteristic of both HIV-1 infection and aging (“inflammaging”). Intestinal epithelial barrier damage (IEBD) and microbial translocation (MT) contribute to HIV-associated inflammation, but their impact on inflammaging remains unclear. Methods Plasma biomarkers for IEBD (iFABP), MT (LPS, sCD14), T-cell activation (sCD27), and inflammation (hsCRP, IL-6) were measured in 88 HIV-1 uninfected (HIVneg) and 83 treated, HIV-1-infected (HIVpos) adults from 20–100 years old. Results Age positively correlated with iFABP (r = 0.284, p = 0.008), sCD14 (r = 0.646, p = <0.0001) and LPS (r = 0.421, p = 0.0002) levels in HIVneg but not HIVpos subjects. Age also correlated with sCD27, hsCRP, and IL-6 levels regardless of HIV status. Middle-aged HIVpos subjects had elevated plasma biomarker levels similar to or greater than those of elderly HIVneg subjects with the exception of sCD14. Clustering analysis described an inflammaging phenotype (IP) based on iFABP, sCD14, sCD27, and hsCRP levels in HIVneg subjects over 60 years of age. The IP in HIVneg subjects was used to develop a classification model that was applied to HIVpos subjects to determine whether HIVpos subjects under 60 years of age were IP+. HIVpos IP+ subjects were similar in age to IP- subjects but had a greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on Framingham risk score (p = 0.01). Conclusions We describe a novel IP that incorporates biomarkers of IEBD, MT, immune activation as well as inflammation. Application of this novel IP in HIV-infected subjects identified a group at higher risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Steele
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian Vestal
- Colorado Biostatistics Consortium Research Consulting Laboratory, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hecht
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Zachary Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric Rapaport
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John Koeppe
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tenorio AR, Zheng Y, Bosch RJ, Krishnan S, Rodriguez B, Hunt PW, Plants J, Seth A, Wilson CC, Deeks SG, Lederman MM, Landay AL. Soluble markers of inflammation and coagulation but not T-cell activation predict non-AIDS-defining morbid events during suppressive antiretroviral treatment. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1248-59. [PMID: 24795473 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining the association of non-AIDS-defining events with inflammation and immune activation among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons with antiretroviral therapy (ART)-associated virological suppression is critical to identifying interventions to decrease the occurrence of these events. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of HIV-infected subjects who had achieved virological suppression within 1 year after ART initiation. Cases were patients who experienced non-AIDS-defining events, defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, non-AIDS-defining cancer, non-AIDS-defining serious bacterial infection, or death. Controls were matched to cases on the basis of age, sex, pre-ART CD4(+) T-cell count, and ART regimen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma specimens obtained at the visit before ART initiation (hereafter, baseline), the visit approximately 1 year after ART initiation (hereafter, year 1), and the visit immediately preceding the non-AIDS-defining event (hereafter, pre-event) were analyzed for activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) level, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNFR-I) level, sTNFR-II level, soluble CD14 level, kynurenine-to-tryptophan (KT) ratio, and D-dimer level. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between biomarkers and outcomes, with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS Higher IL-6 level, sTNFR-I level, sTNFR-II level, KT ratio, and D-dimer level at year 1 were associated with the occurrence of a non-AIDS-defining event. Significant associations were also seen between non-AIDS-defining events and values of these biomarkers in specimens obtained at baseline and the pre-event time points. Effects remained significant after control for confounders. T-cell activation was not significantly related to outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Interventional trials to decrease the incidence of non-AIDS-defining events among HIV-infected persons with virological suppression should consider targeting the pathways represented by these soluble markers. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00001137.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Zheng
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Supriya Krishnan
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benigno Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California
| | - Jill Plants
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arjun Seth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Steele AK, Lee EJ, Manuzak JA, Dillon SM, Beckham JD, McCarter MD, Santiago ML, Wilson CC. Microbial exposure alters HIV-1-induced mucosal CD4+ T cell death pathways Ex vivo. Retrovirology 2014; 11:14. [PMID: 24495380 PMCID: PMC3922902 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early HIV-1 infection causes massive CD4+ T cell death in the gut and translocation of bacteria into the circulation. However, the programmed cell death (PCD) pathways used by HIV-1 to kill CD4+ T cells in the gut, and the impact of microbial exposure on T cell loss, remain unclear. Understanding mucosal HIV-1 triggered PCD could be advanced by an ex vivo system involving lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs). We therefore modeled the interactions of gut LPMCs, CCR5-tropic HIV-1 and a commensal gut bacterial species, Escherichia coli. In this Lamina Propria Aggregate Culture (LPAC) model, LPMCs were infected with HIV-1BaL by spinoculation and cultured in the presence or absence of heat killed E.coli. CD4+ T cell numbers derived from flow cytometry and viable cell counts were reported relative to mock infection. Viable cells were identified by viability dye exclusion (AqVi), and intracellular HIV-1 Gag p24 protein was used to identify infected cells. Annexin V and AqVi were used to identify apoptotic versus necrotic cells. Caspase-1 and Caspase-3 activities were blocked using specific inhibitors YVAD and DEVD, respectively. Results CD4+ T cell depletion following HIV-1 infection was reproducibly observed by 6 days post infection (dpi). Depletion at 6 dpi strongly correlated with infection frequency at 4 dpi, was significantly blocked by Efavirenz treatment, and was primarily driven by p24-negative cells that were predominantly necrotic. HIV-1 infection significantly induced CD4+ T-cell intrinsic Caspase-1 activity, whereas Caspase-1 inhibition, but not Caspase-3 inhibition, significantly blocked CD4+ T cell depletion. Exposure to E.coli enhanced HIV-1 infection and CD4+ T depletion, and significantly increased the number of apoptotic p24+ cells. Notably, CD4+ T cell depletion in the presence of E.coli was partially blocked by Caspase-3, but not by Caspase-1 inhibition. Conclusions In the LPAC model, HIV-1 induced Caspase-1 mediated pyroptosis in bystander CD4+ T cells, but microbial exposure shifted the PCD mechanism toward apoptosis of productively infected T cells. These results suggest that mucosal CD4+ T cell death pathways may be altered in HIV-infected individuals after gut barrier function is compromised, with potential consequences for mucosal inflammation, viral dissemination and systemic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mario L Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop B-168, 12700 E, 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Rodríguez Ortega MPG, Docampo ML, Thomas LH, Montejo M, Marchal Ingraín A, Wilson CC, López González JJ. Synthesis and structural study of precursors of novel methylsilanediols by IR and Raman spectroscopies, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 118:828-834. [PMID: 24157334 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
On the way towards the development of a synthetic route aimed at obtaining new methylsilanediol derivatives with an aminocarbonyl group in β to silicon (which may have a potential biological interest), we have synthesized, isolated and purified five diphenylic possible precursors, namely chloromethyl(methyl)diphenylsilane, 2-{[methyl(diphenyl)silyl]methyl}-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, N-[(methyl(diphenyl) silanyl)-methyl]-benzamide, N-[(methyl(diphenyl)silyl)-methyl]-acetamide and N-[(methyl(diphenyl)silyl)-methyl]-formamide. The conformational landscape of the five species in this study are explored by means of DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(∗∗) level. The theoretical molecular structures predicted are confirmed by the reproduction of their respective IR and Raman spectral profiles, that are completely assigned. Some evidence in the vibrational spectra points to the occurrence of conformational mixtures in the samples. Further, single-crystal X-ray diffraction has allowed the elucidation of the crystalline structure of 2-{[methyl(diphenyl)silyl]methyl}-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P G Rodríguez Ortega
- Physical and Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Ed. B3, Jaén E-23071, Spain
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Taiwo B, Matining RM, Zheng L, Lederman MM, Rinaldo CR, Kim PS, Berzins BI, Kuritzkes DR, Jennings A, Eron JJ, Wilson CC. Associations of T cell activation and inflammatory biomarkers with virological response to darunavir/ritonavir plus raltegravir therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1857-61. [PMID: 23599363 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One of the goals of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is to attenuate HIV-induced systemic immune activation and inflammation. We determined the dynamics of biomarkers of immune activation, microbial translocation and inflammation during initial ART with a nucleos(t)ide-sparing regimen of darunavir/ritonavir plus raltegravir. We also evaluated associations between these biomarkers and the virological response to the regimen. METHODS We determined baseline and week 24 and 48 levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation (% HLA-DR+/CD38+), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), soluble CD14 (sCD14), D-dimer and lipopolysaccharide. Associations between the biomarkers at baseline were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation. The Wilcoxon signed rank test analysed changes from baseline. Comparisons between groups were made using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Cox proportional hazards models assessed predictors of virological failure (VF). RESULTS Assays were completed on 107 of 112 subjects after excluding five subjects who had only baseline samples. The subjects included were 94 (88%) men with a median age of 37 years, a median baseline CD4 count of 261.5 cells/mm(3) and a median baseline viral load (VL) of 75 876 copies/mL. Subjects with a baseline VL >100 000 copies/mL had higher baseline T cell activation, IL-6, IP-10, sCD14 and D-dimer. These biomarkers declined during treatment (P < 0.05). Although subjects who experienced VF had higher baseline CD4+ T cell activation (P = 0.035), only baseline VL independently predicted VF (hazard ratio for >100 000 versus ≤100 000 copies/mL was 4.5-5.6, P ≤ 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Darunavir/ritonavir plus raltegravir attenuated immune activation, inflammation and microbial translocation. T cell activation remained higher in subjects with VF than those without. Baseline VL >100 000 copies/mL remained the primary driver of VF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafemi Taiwo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Erlandson KM, Allshouse AA, Jankowski CM, Lee EJ, Rufner KM, Palmer BE, Wilson CC, MaWhinney S, Kohrt WM, Campbell TB. Association of functional impairment with inflammation and immune activation in HIV type 1-infected adults receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:249-59. [PMID: 23559466 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships of inflammation, immune activation, and immunosenescence markers with functional impairment in aging human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons are unknown. METHODS HIV-infected persons who were aged 45-65 years, had a plasma HIV-1 RNA load of <48 copies/mL, and were receiving antiretroviral therapy underwent standardized functional testing. In a nested case-control analysis, low-functioning cases were matched (1:1-2) by age, sex, and HIV-1 diagnosis date to high-functioning controls. Markers of inflammation, T-cell activation, microbial translocation, immunosenescence, and immune recovery were used to estimate functional status in conditional logistic regression. Primary analyses were adjusted for CD4(+) T-cell count, smoking, and hepatitis. RESULTS Thirty-one low-functioning cases were compared to 49 high-functioning controls. After statistical adjustment, lower proportions of CD4(+) T cells and higher proportion of CD8(+) T cells, higher CD38/HLA-DR expression on CD8(+) T cells, and higher interleukin-6 were associated with a significantly greater odds of low functional status (odds ratio, ≥ 1.1 for all analyses; P ≤ .03). Other inflammatory, senescence, and microbial translocation markers were not significantly different (P ≥ .11 for all analyses) between low-functioning and high-functioning groups. CONCLUSIONS Functional impairment during successful antiretroviral therapy was associated with higher CD8(+) T-cell activation and interleukin 6 levels. Interventions to decrease immune activation and inflammation should be evaluated for their effects on physical function and frailty.
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Dillon SM, Manuzak JA, Leone AK, Lee EJ, Rogers LM, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. HIV-1 infection of human intestinal lamina propria CD4+ T cells in vitro is enhanced by exposure to commensal Escherichia coli. J Immunol 2012; 189:885-96. [PMID: 22689879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial translocation has been linked to systemic immune activation in HIV-1 disease, yet mechanisms by which microbes may contribute to HIV-associated intestinal pathogenesis are poorly understood. Importantly, our understanding of the impact of translocating commensal intestinal bacteria on mucosal-associated T cell responses in the context of ongoing viral replication that occurs early in HIV-1 infection is limited. We previously identified commensal Escherichia coli-reactive Th1 and Th17 cells in normal human intestinal lamina propria (LP). In this article, we established an ex vivo assay to investigate the interactions between Th cell subsets in primary human LP mononuclear cells (LPMCs), commensal E. coli, and CCR5-tropic HIV-1(Bal). Addition of heat-killed E. coli to HIV-1-exposed LPMCs resulted in increases in HIV-1 replication, CD4 T cell activation and infection, and IL-17 and IFN-γ production. Conversely, purified LPS derived from commensal E. coli did not enhance CD4 T cell infection. E. coli exposure induced greater proliferation of LPMC Th17 than Th1 cells. Th17 cells were more permissive to infection than Th1 cells in HIV-1-exposed LPMC cultures, and Th17 cell infection frequencies significantly increased in the presence of E. coli. The E. coli-associated enhancement of infection was dependent on the presence of CD11c(+) LP dendritic cells and, in part, on MHC class II-restricted Ag presentation. These results highlight a potential role for translocating microbes in impacting mucosal HIV-1 pathogenesis during early infection by increasing HIV-1 replication and infection of intestinal Th1 and Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Taiwo B, Zheng L, Gallien S, Matining RM, Kuritzkes DR, Wilson CC, Berzins BI, Acosta EP, Bastow B, Kim PS, Eron JJ. Efficacy of a nucleoside-sparing regimen of darunavir/ritonavir plus raltegravir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients (ACTG A5262). AIDS 2011; 25:2113-22. [PMID: 21857490 PMCID: PMC3515052 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834bbaa9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) plus raltegravir (RAL) combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients. DESIGN Phase IIb, single-arm, open-label, multicenter study. METHODS One hundred and twelve antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected patients received DRV/r 800/100 mg once daily and RAL 400 mg twice daily. Primary endpoint was virologic failure by week 24. Virologic failure was defined as confirmed viral load of 1000 copies/ml or more at week 12, or an increase of more than 0.5 log(10) copies/ml in viral load from week 4 to 12, or a confirmed viral load of more than 50 copies/ml at or after week 24. Protease and integrase genes were sequenced in patients experiencing virologic failure. RESULTS Virologic failure rate was 16% [95% confidence interval (CI) 10-24] by week 24 and 26% (95% CI 19-36) by week 48 in an intent-to-treat analysis. Viral load at virologic failure was 51-200 copies/ml in 17/28 failures. Adjusting for age and sex, virologic failure was associated with baseline viral load of more than 100,000 copies/ml [hazard ratio 3.76, 95% CI (1.52-9.31), P = 0.004] and lower CD4 cell count [0.77 per 100 cells/μl increase (95% CI 0.61-0.98), P = 0.037]. When trough RAL concentrations were included as a time-varying covariate in the analysis, virologic failure remained associated with baseline viral load more than 100,000 copies/ml [hazard ratio = 4.67 (95% CI 1.93-11.25), P < 0.001], whereas RAL level below detection limit in plasma at one or more previous visits was associated with increased hazard [hazard ratio = 3.42 (95% CI 1.41-8.26), P = 0.006]. All five participants with integrase mutations during virologic failure had baseline viral load more than 100,000 copies/ml. CONCLUSION DRV/r plus RAL was effective and well tolerated in most patients, but virologic failure and integrase resistance were common, particularly in patients with baseline viral load more than 100,000 copies/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafemi Taiwo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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