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Colautti A, Comi G, Peterlunger E, Iacumin L. Ancient Roman bacterium against current issues: strain Aquil_B6, Paenisporosarcina quisquiliarum, or Psychrobacillus psychrodurans? Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0068623. [PMID: 37975675 PMCID: PMC10714998 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00686-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Since 1988, through the United States government's founding, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) has provided an invaluable service to scientific advancement. The universality and total freedom of use if on the one hand allow the use of this database on a global level by all researchers for their valuable work, on the other hand, it has the disadvantage of making it difficult to check the correctness of all the materials present. It is, therefore, of fundamental importance for the correctness and ethics of research to improve the databases at our disposal, identifying and amending the critical issues. This work aims to provide the scientific community with a new sequence for the type strain Paenisporosarcina quisquiliarum SK 55 and broaden the knowledge of the Psychrobacillus psychrodurans species, in particular, considering the ancient strain Aquil_B6 found in an ancient Roman amphora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Colautti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Comi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Lucilla Iacumin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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VanderWeide J, Falchi R, Calderan A, Peterlunger E, Vrhovsek U, Sivilotti P, Sabbatini P. Juxtaposition of the Source-to-Sink Ratio and Fruit Exposure to Solar Radiation on cv. Merlot ( Vitis vinifera L.) Berry Phenolics in a Cool versus Warm Growing Region. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:10429-10442. [PMID: 35976259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The grapevine source-to-sink ratio and berry exposure to solar radiation both influence grape flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation. Here, we compared these concepts on cv. Merlot in two different growing locations (Michigan (MI) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (FVG), IT) to understand whether the environment influences flavonoid sensitivity to these parameters. Three levels of leaf removal (LR0, LR5, LR8) were implemented at the pea-size phenological stage to compare conditions of increased cluster light exposure with a decreasing vine source-to-sink ratio on berry flavonoid accumulation. Treatments did not affect total soluble solids (TSSs) or pH, but titratable acidity (TA) was lower in LR8 at harvest in both locations. LR5 increased anthocyanins and flavonols in MI but decreased most phenolics in FVG. The decreased expression of VviLAR1 and VviF3'5'Hh during ripening supported the lower concentrations of flavan-3-ol monomers and anthocyanins in FVG. In summary, flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation were more sensitive to solar radiation than the source-to-sink ratio, and the vineyard environment dictated whether solar radiation was beneficial or detrimental to flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua VanderWeide
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachele Falchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Calderan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Herrera JC, Calderan A, Gambetta GA, Peterlunger E, Forneck A, Sivilotti P, Cochard H, Hochberg U. Stomatal responses in grapevine become increasingly more tolerant to low water potentials throughout the growing season. Plant J 2022; 109:804-815. [PMID: 34797611 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The leaf of a deciduous species completes its life cycle in a few months. During leaf maturation, osmolyte accumulation leads to a significant reduction of the turgor loss point (ΨTLP ), a known marker for stomatal closure. Here we exposed two grapevine cultivars to drought at three different times during the growing season to explore if the seasonal decrease in leaf ΨTLP influences the stomatal response to drought. The results showed a significant seasonal shift in the response of stomatal conductance to stem water potential (gs ~Ψstem ), demonstrating that grapevines become increasingly tolerant to low Ψstem as the season progresses in coordination with the decrease in ΨTLP . We also used the SurEau hydraulic model to demonstrate a direct link between osmotic adjustment and the plasticity of gs ~Ψstem . To understand the possible advantages of gs ~Ψstem plasticity, we incorporated a seasonally dynamic leaf osmotic potential into the model that simulated stomatal conductance under several water availabilities and climatic scenarios. The model demonstrated that a seasonally dynamic stomatal closure threshold results in trade-offs: it reduces the time to turgor loss under sustained long-term drought, but increases overall gas exchange particularly under seasonal shifts in temperature and stochastic water availability. A projected hotter future is expected to lower the increase in gas exchange that plants gain from the seasonal shift in gs ~Ψstem . These findings show that accounting for dynamic stomatal regulation is critical for understanding drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Herrera
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Alberto Calderan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Astrid Forneck
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Herve Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Uri Hochberg
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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Del Zozzo F, VanderWeide J, Nasrollahiazar E, Peterlunger E, Rustioni L, Sabbatini P. Artificial ripening of grape seed phenolics in Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon. BIO Web Conf 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224406002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Red Vitis vinifera cultivars are often limited in their performance by climate conditions (e.g., rain, humidity, cold winters, and cool summers). Cool climate viticulture regions are characterized by short growing seasons that reduce fruit quality, limiting technological and phenolic maturity. Management of fruit technological ripening, in vineyard or post-harvest, is pivotal for wine quality. However, the impact of vineyard or cellar practices on seed phenolic fraction remains poorly understood. The aim of our project was to evaluate seed color change, phenolic composition, and their extraction potential after an oxidation induced by a freezing treatment. The freezing treatment was followed by 24 hours of incubation at different temperatures in two Vitis vinifera cultivars: Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon. Results are reporting that the freezing caused the seed color darkening and significant phenolic changes, suggesting similarities with the natural process. The phenolic evolution reported different behaviour between cultivars and compound classes. Most of the changes occurred during the first three hours of incubation, indicating that the oxidation reactions take place at the beginning of the thawing process.
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Falchi R, Petrussa E, Braidot E, Sivilotti P, Boscutti F, Vuerich M, Calligaro C, Filippi A, Herrera JC, Sabbatini P, Zancani M, Nardini A, Peterlunger E, Casolo V. Analysis of Non-Structural Carbohydrates and Xylem Anatomy of Leaf Petioles Offers New Insights in the Drought Response of Two Grapevine Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1457. [PMID: 32093416 PMCID: PMC7073087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In grapevine, the anatomy of xylem conduits and the non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) content of the associated living parenchyma are expected to influence water transport under water limitation. In fact, both NSC and xylem features play a role in plant recovery from drought stress. We evaluated these traits in petioles of Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Syrah (SY) cultivars during water stress (WS) and recovery. In CS, the stress response was associated to NSC consumption, supporting the hypothesis that starch mobilization is related to an increased supply of maltose and sucrose, putatively involved in drought stress responses at the xylem level. In contrast, in SY, the WS-induced increase in the latter soluble NSCs was maintained even 2 days after re-watering, suggesting a different pattern of utilization of NSC resources. Interestingly, the anatomical analysis revealed that conduits are constitutively wider in SY in well-watered (WW) plants, and that water stress led to the production of narrower conduits only in this cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Falchi
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Elisa Petrussa
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Enrico Braidot
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Francesco Boscutti
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Marco Vuerich
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Carla Calligaro
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Antonio Filippi
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - José Carlos Herrera
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Straβe 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Marco Zancani
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri, 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Valentino Casolo
- Department of Agricultural Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy; (R.F.); (E.P.); (E.B.); (P.S.); (F.B.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.F.); (M.Z.); (E.P.)
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Falchi R, Petrussa E, Zancani M, Casolo V, Beraldo P, Nardini A, Sivilotti P, Calderan A, Herrera JC, Peterlunger E, Braidot E. Summer drought stress: differential effects on cane anatomy and non-structural carbohydrate content in overwintering Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah vines. BIO Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191303007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevines store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) during late summer to sustain plant development at the onset of the following spring’s growth. Starch is the main stored carbohydrate, found in the wood-ray parenchyma of roots and canes. Although the relationship between hydraulic and plant photosynthetic performance is well-recognized, little research has been done on the long-term effects of drought in grapevines adopting different strategies to cope with water stress (i.e. isohydric and anisohydric). We performed our study by exposing two different grape cultivars (Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon) to a short but severe drought stress, at two stages of the growing season (July and September). No marked differences in the physiological and hydraulic responses of the two varieties were found, probably due to our experimental conditions. However, anatomical and biochemical characterization of overwintering canes pointed out several interesting outcomes. We found a significant and parallel increase of starch and medullar ray number in both cultivars exposed to early water stress. We hypothesize that stressed vines limited their carbon allocation to growth, while shifting it to starch accumulation, with a most evident effect in the period of intense photosynthetic activity. We also speculate that a different aptitude to osmotic adjustment may underlay variation in starch increase and the specific involvement of bark NSC in the two cultivars.
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Degu A, Hochberg U, Wong DCJ, Alberti G, Lazarovitch N, Peterlunger E, Castellarin SD, Herrera JC, Fait A. Swift metabolite changes and leaf shedding are milestones in the acclimation process of grapevine under prolonged water stress. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:69. [PMID: 30744556 PMCID: PMC6371445 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape leaves provide the biochemical substrates for berry development. Thus, understanding the regulation of grapevine leaf metabolism can aid in discerning processes fundamental to fruit development and berry quality. Here, the temporal alterations in leaf metabolism in Merlot grapevine grown under sufficient irrigation and water deficit were monitored from veraison until harvest. RESULTS The vines mediated water stress gradually and involving multiple strategies: osmotic adjustment, transcript-metabolite alteration and leaf shedding. Initially stomatal conductance and leaf water potential showed a steep decrease together with the induction of stress related metabolism, e.g. up-regulation of proline and GABA metabolism and stress related sugars, and the down-regulation of developmental processes. Later, progressive soil drying was associated with an incremental contribution of Ca2+ and sucrose to the osmotic adjustment concomitant with the initiation of leaf shedding. Last, towards harvest under progressive stress conditions following leaf shedding, incremental changes in leaf water potential were measured, while the magnitude of perturbation in leaf metabolism lessened. CONCLUSIONS The data present evidence that over time grapevine acclimation to water stress diversifies in temporal responses encompassing the alteration of central metabolism and gene expression, osmotic adjustments and reduction in leaf area. Together these processes mitigate leaf water stress and aid in maintaining the berry-ripening program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfaw Degu
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Uri Hochberg
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Intitute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization Rishon LeZion, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Darren C. J. Wong
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Naftali Lazarovitch
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Jose C. Herrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Aaron Fait
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
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Herrera JC, Hochberg U, Degu A, Sabbatini P, Lazarovitch N, Castellarin SD, Fait A, Alberti G, Peterlunger E. Grape Metabolic Response to Postveraison Water Deficit Is Affected by Interseason Weather Variability. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:5868-5878. [PMID: 28661689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Postveraison water deficit is a common strategy implemented to improve fruit composition in many wine-growing regions. However, contrasting results are often reported on fruit size and composition, a challenge for generalizing the positive impact of this technique. Our research investigated the effect of water deficit (WD) imposed at veraison on Merlot grapevines, during two experimental seasons (2014-2015). In both years WD resulted in reduced carbon assimilation rates and leaf shedding. However, the treatment effect on the analyzed berry parameters varied between seasons. Modification of skin metabolites was more evident in 2015 than in 2014, despite the similar soil water content and water stress physiological parameters (gas exchange, water potential) recorded in the two experimental years. Higher solar radiation and air temperature in 2015 than in 2014 hint for the involvement of atmospheric parameters in fulfilling the potential effect of WD. Our results suggest that the interaction between water availability and weather conditions plays a crucial role in modulating the grape berry composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Herrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , 33100 Udine, Italy
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Uri Hochberg
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Asfaw Degu
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 849900 Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Naftali Lazarovitch
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 849900 Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia , V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aaron Fait
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 849900 Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , 33100 Udine, Italy
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Savoi S, Wong DCJ, Degu A, Herrera JC, Bucchetti B, Peterlunger E, Fait A, Mattivi F, Castellarin SD. Multi-Omics and Integrated Network Analyses Reveal New Insights into the Systems Relationships between Metabolites, Structural Genes, and Transcriptional Regulators in Developing Grape Berries ( Vitis vinifera L.) Exposed to Water Deficit. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1124. [PMID: 28740499 DOI: 10.2174/9781608059300117010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Grapes are one of the major fruit crops and they are cultivated in many dry environments. This study comprehensively characterizes the metabolic response of grape berries exposed to water deficit at different developmental stages. Increases of proline, branched-chain amino acids, phenylpropanoids, anthocyanins, and free volatile organic compounds have been previously observed in grape berries exposed to water deficit. Integrating RNA-sequencing analysis of the transcriptome with large-scale analysis of central and specialized metabolites, we reveal that these increases occur via a coordinated regulation of key structural pathway genes. Water deficit-induced up-regulation of flavonoid genes is also coordinated with the down-regulation of many stilbene synthases and a consistent decrease in stilbenoid concentration. Water deficit activated both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signal transduction pathways by modulating the expression of several transcription factors. Gene-gene and gene-metabolite network analyses showed that water deficit-responsive transcription factors such as bZIPs, AP2/ERFs, MYBs, and NACs are implicated in the regulation of stress-responsive metabolites. Enrichment of known and novel cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of several ripening-specific/water deficit-induced modules further affirms the involvement of a transcription factor cross-talk in the berry response to water deficit. Together, our integrated approaches show that water deficit-regulated gene modules are strongly linked to key fruit-quality metabolites and multiple signal transduction pathways may be critical to achieve a balance between the regulation of the stress-response and the berry ripening program. This study constitutes an invaluable resource for future discoveries and comparative studies, in grapes and other fruits, centered on reproductive tissue metabolism under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Savoi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Asfaw Degu
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer, Israel
| | - Jose C Herrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Barbara Bucchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Aaron Fait
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer, Israel
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of TrentoSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Hochberg U, Bonel AG, David-Schwartz R, Degu A, Fait A, Cochard H, Peterlunger E, Herrera JC. Grapevine acclimation to water deficit: the adjustment of stomatal and hydraulic conductance differs from petiole embolism vulnerability. Planta 2017; 245:1091-1104. [PMID: 28214919 PMCID: PMC5432590 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Drought-acclimated vines maintained higher gas exchange compared to irrigated controls under water deficit; this effect is associated with modified leaf turgor but not with improved petiole vulnerability to cavitation. A key feature for the prosperity of plants under changing environments is the plasticity of their hydraulic system. In the present research we studied the hydraulic regulation in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) that were first acclimated for 39 days to well-watered (WW), sustained water deficit (SD), or transient-cycles of dehydration-rehydration-water deficit (TD) conditions, and then subjected to varying degrees of drought. Vine development under SD led to the smallest leaves and petioles, but the TD vines had the smallest mean xylem vessel and calculated specific conductivity (k ts). Unexpectedly, both the water deficit acclimation treatments resulted in vines more vulnerable to cavitation in comparison to WW, possibly as a result of developmental differences or cavitation fatigue. When exposed to drought, the SD vines maintained the highest stomatal (g s) and leaf conductance (k leaf) under low stem water potential (Ψs), despite their high xylem vulnerability and in agreement with their lower turgor loss point (ΨTLP). These findings suggest that the down-regulation of k leaf and g s is not associated with embolism, and the ability of drought-acclimated vines to maintain hydraulic conductance and gas exchange under stressed conditions is more likely associated with the leaf turgor and membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hochberg
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
- PIAF, INRA, Univ. Clermont-Auvergne, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Andrea Giulia Bonel
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Centre, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Asfaw Degu
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Aaron Fait
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Hervé Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, Univ. Clermont-Auvergne, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Jose Carlos Herrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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Savoi S, Wong DCJ, Degu A, Herrera JC, Bucchetti B, Peterlunger E, Fait A, Mattivi F, Castellarin SD. Multi-Omics and Integrated Network Analyses Reveal New Insights into the Systems Relationships between Metabolites, Structural Genes, and Transcriptional Regulators in Developing Grape Berries ( Vitis vinifera L.) Exposed to Water Deficit. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1124. [PMID: 28740499 PMCID: PMC5502274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grapes are one of the major fruit crops and they are cultivated in many dry environments. This study comprehensively characterizes the metabolic response of grape berries exposed to water deficit at different developmental stages. Increases of proline, branched-chain amino acids, phenylpropanoids, anthocyanins, and free volatile organic compounds have been previously observed in grape berries exposed to water deficit. Integrating RNA-sequencing analysis of the transcriptome with large-scale analysis of central and specialized metabolites, we reveal that these increases occur via a coordinated regulation of key structural pathway genes. Water deficit-induced up-regulation of flavonoid genes is also coordinated with the down-regulation of many stilbene synthases and a consistent decrease in stilbenoid concentration. Water deficit activated both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signal transduction pathways by modulating the expression of several transcription factors. Gene-gene and gene-metabolite network analyses showed that water deficit-responsive transcription factors such as bZIPs, AP2/ERFs, MYBs, and NACs are implicated in the regulation of stress-responsive metabolites. Enrichment of known and novel cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of several ripening-specific/water deficit-induced modules further affirms the involvement of a transcription factor cross-talk in the berry response to water deficit. Together, our integrated approaches show that water deficit-regulated gene modules are strongly linked to key fruit-quality metabolites and multiple signal transduction pathways may be critical to achieve a balance between the regulation of the stress-response and the berry ripening program. This study constitutes an invaluable resource for future discoveries and comparative studies, in grapes and other fruits, centered on reproductive tissue metabolism under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Savoi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Darren C. J. Wong
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Asfaw Degu
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer, Israel
| | - Jose C. Herrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Barbara Bucchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Aaron Fait
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer, Israel
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of TrentoSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Simone D. Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Simone D. Castellarin,
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Sivilotti P, Herrera JC, Lisjak K, Baša Česnik H, Sabbatini P, Peterlunger E, Castellarin SD. Impact of Leaf Removal, Applied Before and After Flowering, on Anthocyanin, Tannin, and Methoxypyrazine Concentrations in 'Merlot' (Vitis vinifera L.) Grapes and Wines. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:4487-96. [PMID: 27180819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and accumulation of secondary metabolites in grapes determine wine color, taste, and aroma. This study aimed to investigate the effect of leaf removal before flowering, a practice recently introduced to reduce cluster compactness and Botrytis rot, on anthocyanin, tannin, and methoxypyrazine concentrations in 'Merlot' grapes and wines. Leaf removal before flowering was compared with leaf removal after flowering and an untreated control. No effects on tannin and anthocyanin concentrations in grapes were observed. Both treatments reduced levels of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) in the grapes and the derived wines, although the after-flowering treatment did so to a greater degree in the fruit specifically. Leaf removal before flowering can be used to reduce cluster compactness, Botrytis rot, and grape and wine IBMP concentration and to improve wine color intensity but at the expense of cluster weight and vine yield. Leaf removal after flowering accomplishes essentially the same results without loss of yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sivilotti
- Wine Research Centre, University of Nova Gorica , Lanthieri Palace, Glavni trg 8, SI-5271 Vipava, Slovenia
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Jose Carlos Herrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Klemen Lisjak
- Central Laboratories, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia , Hacquetova ulica 17, SI- 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Baša Česnik
- Central Laboratories, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia , Hacquetova ulica 17, SI- 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University , 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia , 2205 East Mall, Vancouver British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada
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13
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Savoi S, Wong DCJ, Arapitsas P, Miculan M, Bucchetti B, Peterlunger E, Fait A, Mattivi F, Castellarin SD. Transcriptome and metabolite profiling reveals that prolonged drought modulates the phenylpropanoid and terpenoid pathway in white grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:67. [PMID: 27001212 PMCID: PMC4802899 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary metabolism contributes to the adaptation of a plant to its environment. In wine grapes, fruit secondary metabolism largely determines wine quality. Climate change is predicted to exacerbate drought events in several viticultural areas, potentially affecting the wine quality. In red grapes, water deficit modulates flavonoid accumulation, leading to major quantitative and compositional changes in the profile of the anthocyanin pigments; in white grapes, the effect of water deficit on secondary metabolism is still largely unknown. RESULTS In this study we investigated the impact of water deficit on the secondary metabolism of white grapes using a large scale metabolite and transcript profiling approach in a season characterized by prolonged drought. Irrigated grapevines were compared to non-irrigated grapevines that suffered from water deficit from early stages of berry development to harvest. A large effect of water deficit on fruit secondary metabolism was observed. Increased concentrations of phenylpropanoids, monoterpenes, and tocopherols were detected, while carotenoid and flavonoid accumulations were differentially modulated by water deficit according to the berry developmental stage. The RNA-sequencing analysis carried out on berries collected at three developmental stages-before, at the onset, and at late ripening-indicated that water deficit affected the expression of 4,889 genes. The Gene Ontology category secondary metabolic process was overrepresented within up-regulated genes at all the stages of fruit development considered, and within down-regulated genes before ripening. Eighteen phenylpropanoid, 16 flavonoid, 9 carotenoid, and 16 terpenoid structural genes were modulated by water deficit, indicating the transcriptional regulation of these metabolic pathways in fruit exposed to water deficit. An integrated network and promoter analyses identified a transcriptional regulatory module that encompasses terpenoid genes, transcription factors, and enriched drought-responsive elements in the promoter regions of those genes as part of the grapes response to drought. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that grapevine berries respond to drought by modulating several secondary metabolic pathways, and particularly, by stimulating the production of phenylpropanoids, the carotenoid zeaxanthin, and of volatile organic compounds such as monoterpenes, with potential effects on grape and wine antioxidant potential, composition, and sensory features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Savoi
- />Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Darren C. J. Wong
- />Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Panagiotis Arapitsas
- />Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Mara Miculan
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
- />Istituto di Genomica Applicata, Parco Scientifco e Tecnologico Luigi Danieli, via Jacopo Linussio 51, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Bucchetti
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Aaron Fait
- />The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- />Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Simone D. Castellarin
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
- />Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Castellarin SD, Gambetta GA, Wada H, Krasnow MN, Cramer GR, Peterlunger E, Shackel KA, Matthews MA. Characterization of major ripening events during softening in grape: turgor, sugar accumulation, abscisic acid metabolism, colour development, and their relationship with growth. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:709-22. [PMID: 26590311 PMCID: PMC4737070 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Along with sugar accumulation and colour development, softening is an important physiological change during the onset of ripening in fruits. In this work, we investigated the relationships among major events during softening in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) by quantifying elasticity in individual berries. In addition, we delayed softening and inhibited sugar accumulation using a mechanical growth-preventing treatment in order to identify processes that are sugar and/or growth dependent. Ripening processes commenced on various days after anthesis, but always at similarly low elasticity and turgor. Much of the softening occurred in the absence of other changes in berry physiology investigated here. Several genes encoding key cell wall-modifying enzymes were not up-regulated until softening was largely completed, suggesting softening may result primarily from decreases in turgor. Similarly, there was no decrease in solute potential, increase in sugar concentration, or colour development until elasticity and turgor were near minimum values, and these processes were inhibited when berry growth was prevented. Increases in abscisic acid occurred early during softening and in the absence of significant expression of the V. vinifera 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases. However, these increases were coincident with decreases in the abscisic acid catabolite diphasic acid, indicating that initial increases in abscisic acid may result from decreases in catabolism and/or exogenous import. These data suggest that softening, decreases in turgor, and increases in abscisic acid represent some of the earliest events during the onset of ripening. Later, physical growth, further increases in abscisic acid, and the accumulation of sugar are integral for colour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, the University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, 496 Izumi, Chikugo, Fukuoka 833-0041, Japan
| | - Mark N Krasnow
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Grant R Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Kenneth A Shackel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark A Matthews
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Castellarin SD, Pfeiffer A, Sivilotti P, Degan M, Peterlunger E, DI Gaspero G. Transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in ripening fruits of grapevine under seasonal water deficit. Plant Cell Environ 2007; 30:1381-99. [PMID: 17897409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin biosynthesis is strongly up-regulated in ripening fruit of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown under drought conditions. We investigated the effects of long-term water deficit on the expression of genes coding for flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes and related transcription factors, genes sensitive to endogenous [sugars, abscisic acid (ABA)] and environmental (light) stimuli connected to drought stress, and genes developmentally regulated in ripening berries. Total anthocyanin content has increased at harvest in water-stressed (WS) fruits by 37-57% in two consecutive years. At least 84% of the total variation in anthocyanin content was explained by the linear relationship between the integral of mRNA accumulation of the specific anthocyanin biosynthetic gene UDP-glucose : flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) and metabolite content during time series from véraison through ripening. Chalcone synthase (CHS2, CHS3) and flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) genes of the flavonoid pathway showed high correlation as well. Genes coding for flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) and O-methyltransferase (OMT) were also up-regulated in berries from dehydrated plants in which anthocyanin composition enriched in more hydroxylated and more methoxylated derivatives such as malvidin and peonidin, the grape anthocyanins to which human gastric bilitranslocase displays the highest affinity. The induction in WS plants of structural and regulatory genes of the flavonoid pathway and of genes that trigger brassinosteroid hormonal onset of maturation suggested that the interrelationships between developmental and environmental signalling pathways were magnified by water deficit which actively promoted fruit maturation and, in this context, anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D Castellarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Castellarin SD, Di Gaspero G, Marconi R, Nonis A, Peterlunger E, Paillard S, Adam-Blondon AF, Testolin R. Colour variation in red grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.): genomic organisation, expression of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase genes and related metabolite profiling of red cyanidin-/blue delphinidin-based anthocyanins in berry skin. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:12. [PMID: 16433923 PMCID: PMC1403756 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural genes of the phenyl-propanoid pathway which encode flavonoid 3'- and 3',5'-hydroxylases (F3'H and F3'5'H) have long been invoked to explain the biosynthesis of cyanidin- and delphinidin-based anthocyanin pigments in the so-called red cultivars of grapevine. The relative proportion of the two types of anthocyanins is largely under genetic control and determines the colour variation among red/purple/blue berry grape varieties and their corresponding wines. RESULTS Gene fragments of VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H, that were isolated from Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' using degenerate primers designed on plant homologous genes, translated into 313 and 239 amino acid protein fragments, respectively, with up to 76% and 82% identity to plant CYP75 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Putative function was assigned on the basis of sequence homology, expression profiling and its correlation with metabolite accumulation at ten different ripening stages. At the onset of colour transition, transcriptional induction of VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H was temporally coordinated with the beginning of anthocyanin biosynthesis, the expression being 2-fold and 50-fold higher, respectively, in red berries versus green berries. The peak of VvF3'5'H expression was observed two weeks later concomitantly with the increase of the ratio of delphinidin-/cyanidin-derivatives. The analysis of structural genomics revealed that two copies of VvF3'H are physically linked on linkage group no. 17 and several copies of VvF3'5'H are tightly clustered and embedded into a segmental duplication on linkage group no. 6, unveiling a high complexity when compared to other plant flavonoid hydroxylase genes known so far, mostly in ornamentals. CONCLUSION We have shown that genes encoding flavonoid 3'- and 3',5'-hydroxylases are expressed in any tissues of the grape plant that accumulate flavonoids and, particularly, in skin of ripening red berries that synthesise mostly anthocyanins. The correlation between transcript profiles and the kinetics of accumulation of red/cyanidin- and blue/delphinidin-based anthocyanins indicated that VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H expression is consistent with the chromatic evolution of ripening bunches. Local physical maps constructed around the VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H loci should help facilitate the identification of the regulatory elements of each isoform and the future manipulation of grapevine and wine colour through agronomical, environmental and biotechnological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D Castellarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Gaspero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Raffaella Marconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Nonis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Sophie Paillard
- UMR de Génomique Végétale, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, 2, Rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5708, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
- UMR118 INRA-AgroCampus Rennes, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | | | - Raffaele Testolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
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18
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This P, Jung A, Boccacci P, Borrego J, Botta R, Costantini L, Crespan M, Dangl GS, Eisenheld C, Ferreira-Monteiro F, Grando S, Ibáñez J, Lacombe T, Laucou V, Magalhães R, Meredith CP, Milani N, Peterlunger E, Regner F, Zulini L, Maul E. Development of a standard set of microsatellite reference alleles for identification of grape cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 2004; 109:1448-58. [PMID: 15565426 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the comparability of microsatellite profiles obtained in different laboratories, ten partners in seven countries analyzed 46 grape cultivars at six loci (VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62, and VrZAG79). No effort was made to standardize equipment or protocols. Although some partners obtained very similar results, in other cases different absolute allele sizes and, sometimes, different relative allele sizes were obtained. A strategy for data comparison by means of reference to the alleles detected in well-known cultivars was proposed. For each marker, each allele was designated by a code based on the name of the reference cultivar carrying that allele. Thirty-three cultivars, representing from 13 to 23 alleles per marker, were chosen as references. After the raw data obtained by the different partners were coded, more than 97% of the data were in agreement. Minor discrepancies were attributed to errors, suboptimal amplification and visualization, and misscoring of heterozygous versus homozygous allele pairs. We have shown that coded microsatellite data produced in different laboratories with different protocols and conditions can be compared, and that it is suitable for the identification and SSR allele characterization of cultivars. It is proposed that the six markers employed here, already widely used, be adopted as a minimal standard marker set for future grapevine cultivar analyses, and that additional cultivars be characterized by means of the coded reference alleles presented here. The complete database is available at http://www.genres.de/eccdb/vitis/ Cuttings of the 33 reference cultivars are available on request from the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Vassal collection (didier.vares@ensam.inra.fr).
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Affiliation(s)
- P This
- Laboratory of Grape Genetics, UMR Diversité et Génomes des Plantes Cultivées (DGPC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 2, place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France.
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Schubert A, Lovisolo C, Peterlunger E. Shoot orientation affects vessel size, shoot hydraulic conductivity and shoot growth rate in Vitis vinifera L. Plant Cell Environ 1999; 22:197-204. [PMID: 11542249 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vitis vinifera L. plants were grown in containers and each plant's single shoot was orientated upwards or downwards. Some plants were trained first upwards, then downwards, then again upwards (N-shaped plants). Vegetative growth was reduced in plants trained downwards compared to that in upward and N-shaped plants. Shoot growth rate slowed in downward shoot portions, but only after the apex had grown downwards for at least 10 internodes. Shoot hydraulic conductivity kh, measured after elimination of xylem embolisms, was lower in downward than in upward plants. In N-shaped plants kh was higher in the upward-growing shoot portions, and lower in the central, downward-growing portion. Shoot- and leaf-specific conductivities were also lower in downward than in upward shoot portions. Xylem cross-sectional area and xylem structure (number of wedges, number of vessels per unit xylem area) differed little in the three orientations. In contrast, vessel diameter and the sum of vessel cross-sectional areas were significantly smaller in downward than in upward shoot portions. These differences could explain the reduction in conductivity observed in the downward-orientated shoot portions. The measurements taken on N-shaped plants showed that the decreases in kh and in vessel size were a result of shoot orientation, not shoot bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schubert
- Centro di Studio per il Miglioramento genetico e la Biologia della Vite, CNR.
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Peterlunger E, Marangoni B, Testolin R, Vizzotto G, Costa G. CARBOHYDRATES, ORGANIC ACIDS AND MINERAL ELEMENTS IN XYLEM SAP BLEEDING FROM KIWIFRUIT CANES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.1990.282.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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