1
|
Lomonte AB, Radominski SC, Marcolino FM, Brenol CV, Zerbini CA, García EG, Akylbekova EL, Rojo R, de Leon DP. Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in patients from Brazil with rheumatoid arthritis: Pooled efficacy and safety analyses. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11609. [PMID: 30075534 PMCID: PMC6081087 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in Brazilian patients from Phase 2 (P2) and Phase 3 (P3) global studies of up to 24 months' duration were evaluated. METHODS Data were pooled from Brazilian patients with RA and an inadequate response to conventional synthetic or biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs enrolled in P2/P3 tofacitinib studies who received tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg twice daily (BID), or placebo, as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate. Efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes were assessed over 24 months. RESULTS Patients (226) from Brazil were treated in tofacitinib global P2/P3 studies. At Month 3, there were improvements in American College of Rheumatology 20/50/70 response rates, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index scores with both tofacitinib doses. Improvements from baseline in pain, fatigue, and health-related quality of life with tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg BID were reported. Efficacy improvements were sustained up to Month 24. The most frequent class of adverse events was infections and infestations. No cases of tuberculosis or other opportunistic infections were reported. CONCLUSION In a Brazilian subpopulation of patients with RA, tofacitinib reduced disease signs and symptoms and improved physical function up to Month 24, with a safety profile consistent with findings from global studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claiton V. Brenol
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Akylbekova EL, Payne JP, Newton-Cheh C, May WL, Fox ER, Wilson JG, Sarpong DF, Taylor HA, Maher JF. Gene-environment interaction between SCN5A-1103Y and hypokalemia influences QT interval prolongation in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Am Heart J 2014; 167:116-122.e1. [PMID: 24332150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-American ancestry, hypokalemia, and QT interval prolongation on the electrocardiogram are all risk factors for sudden cardiac death (SCD), but their interactions remain to be characterized. SCN5A-1103Y is a common missense variant, of African ancestry, of the cardiac sodium channel gene. SCN5A-1103Y is known to interact with QT-prolonging factors to promote ventricular arrhythmias in persons at high risk for SCD, but its clinical impact in the general African-American population has not been established. METHODS We genotyped SCN5A-S1103Y in 4,476 participants of the Jackson Heart Study, a population-based cohort of African Americans. We investigated the effect of SCN5A-1103Y, including interaction with hypokalemia, on QT interval prolongation, a widely-used indicator of prolonged myocardial repolarization and predisposition to SCD. We then evaluated the two sub-components of the QT interval: QRS duration and JT interval. RESULTS The carrier frequency for SCN5A-1103Y was 15.4%. SCN5A-1103Y was associated with QT interval prolongation (2.7 milliseconds; P < .001) and potentiated the effect of hypokalemia on QT interval prolongation (14.6 milliseconds; P = .02). SCN5A-1103Y had opposing effects on the two sub-components of the QT interval, with shortening of QRS duration (-1.5 milliseconds; P = .001) and prolongation of the JT interval (3.4 milliseconds; P < .001). Hypokalemia was associated with diuretic use (78%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS SCN5A-1103Y potentiates the effect of hypokalemia on prolonging myocardial repolarization in the general African-American population. These findings have clinical implications for modification of QT prolonging factors, such as hypokalemia, in the 15% of African Americans who are carriers of SCN5A-1103Y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Payne
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Cardiolovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Warren L May
- Departments of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Ervin R Fox
- Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - James G Wilson
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | | | - Herman A Taylor
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS; Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Joseph F Maher
- Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Harman J, Walker ER, Charbonneau V, Akylbekova EL, Nelson C, Wyatt SB. Treatment of hypertension among African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2013; 15:367-74. [PMID: 23730984 PMCID: PMC3683967 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension treatment regimens used by African American adults in the Jackson Heart Study were evaluated at the first two clinical examinations (2415 treated hypertensive persons at examination I [exam I], 2000-2004; 2577 at examination II [exam II], 2005-2008). Blood pressure (BP) was below 140/90 mm Hg for 66% and 70% of treated participants at exam I and exam II, respectively. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure treatment targets were met for 56% and 61% at exam I and exam II, respectively. Persons with diabetes or chronic kidney disease were less likely to have BP at target, as were men compared with women. Thiazide diuretics were the most commonly used antihypertensive medication, and persons taking a thiazide were more likely to have their BP controlled than persons not taking them; thiazides were used significantly less among men than women. Although calcium channel blockers are often considered to be effective monotherapy for African Americans, persons using calcium channel blocker monotherapy were significantly less likely to be at target BP than persons using thiazide monotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Harman
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7936, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deo R, Nalls MA, Avery CL, Smith JG, Evans DS, Keller MF, Butler AM, Buxbaum SG, Li G, Miguel Quibrera P, Smith EN, Tanaka T, Akylbekova EL, Alonso A, Arking DE, Benjamin EJ, Berenson GS, Bis JC, Chen LY, Chen W, Cummings SR, Ellinor PT, Evans MK, Ferrucci L, Fox ER, Heckbert SR, Heiss G, Hsueh WC, Kerr KF, Limacher MC, Liu Y, Lubitz SA, Magnani JW, Mehra R, Marcus GM, Murray SS, Newman AB, Njajou O, North KE, Paltoo DN, Psaty BM, Redline SS, Reiner AP, Robinson JG, Rotter JI, Samdarshi TE, Schnabel RB, Schork NJ, Singleton AB, Siscovick D, Soliman EZ, Sotoodehnia N, Srinivasan SR, Taylor HA, Trevisan M, Zhang Z, Zonderman AB, Newton-Cheh C, Whitsel EA. Common genetic variation near the connexin-43 gene is associated with resting heart rate in African Americans: a genome-wide association study of 13,372 participants. Heart Rhythm 2012. [PMID: 23183192 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic loci associated with variation in resting heart rate in European and Asian populations. No study has evaluated genetic variants associated with heart rate in African Americans. OBJECTIVE To identify novel genetic variants associated with resting heart rate in African Americans. METHODS Ten cohort studies participating in the Candidate-gene Association Resource and Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network consortia performed genome-wide genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and imputed 2,954,965 SNPs using HapMap YRI and CEU panels in 13,372 participants of African ancestry. Each study measured the RR interval (ms) from 10-second resting 12-lead electrocardiograms and estimated RR-SNP associations using covariate-adjusted linear regression. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to combine cohort-specific measures of association and identify genome-wide significant loci (P≤2.5×10(-8)). RESULTS Fourteen SNPs on chromosome 6q22 exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold. The most significant association was for rs9320841 (+13 ms per minor allele; P = 4.98×10(-15)). This SNP was approximately 350 kb downstream of GJA1, a locus previously identified as harboring SNPs associated with heart rate in Europeans. Adjustment for rs9320841 also attenuated the association between the remaining 13 SNPs in this region and heart rate. In addition, SNPs in MYH6, which have been identified in European genome-wide association study, were associated with similar changes in the resting heart rate as this population of African Americans. CONCLUSIONS An intergenic region downstream of GJA1 (the gene encoding connexin 43, the major protein of the human myocardial gap junction) and an intragenic region within MYH6 are associated with variation in resting heart rate in African Americans as well as in populations of European and Asian origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Deo
- Division of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng CY, Reich D, Haiman CA, Tandon A, Patterson N, Elizabeth S, Akylbekova EL, Brancati FL, Coresh J, Boerwinkle E, Altshuler D, Taylor HA, Henderson BE, Wilson JG, Kao WHL. African ancestry and its correlation to type 2 diabetes in African Americans: a genetic admixture analysis in three U.S. population cohorts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32840. [PMID: 22438884 PMCID: PMC3306373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of type 2 diabetes is approximately 2-fold higher in African Americans than in European Americans even after adjusting for known environmental risk factors, including socioeconomic status (SES), suggesting that genetic factors may explain some of this population difference in disease risk. However, relatively few genetic studies have examined this hypothesis in a large sample of African Americans with and without diabetes. Therefore, we performed an admixture analysis using 2,189 ancestry-informative markers in 7,021 African Americans (2,373 with type 2 diabetes and 4,648 without) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, the Jackson Heart Study, and the Multiethnic Cohort to 1) determine the association of type 2 diabetes and its related quantitative traits with African ancestry controlling for measures of SES and 2) identify genetic loci for type 2 diabetes through a genome-wide admixture mapping scan. The median percentage of African ancestry of diabetic participants was slightly greater than that of non-diabetic participants (study-adjusted difference = 1.6%, P<0.001). The odds ratio for diabetes comparing participants in the highest vs. lowest tertile of African ancestry was 1.33 (95% confidence interval 1.13–1.55), after adjustment for age, sex, study, body mass index (BMI), and SES. Admixture scans identified two potential loci for diabetes at 12p13.31 (LOD = 4.0) and 13q14.3 (Z score = 4.5, P = 6.6×10−6). In conclusion, genetic ancestry has a significant association with type 2 diabetes above and beyond its association with non-genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes in African Americans, but no single gene with a major effect is sufficient to explain a large portion of the observed population difference in risk of diabetes. There undoubtedly is a complex interplay among specific genetic loci and non-genetic factors, which may both be associated with overall admixture, leading to the observed ethnic differences in diabetes risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arti Tandon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nick Patterson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Selvin Elizabeth
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ermeg L. Akylbekova
- Jackson Heart Study Analysis Group, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Frederick L. Brancati
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Altshuler
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Jackson State University, Tougaloo College, and the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - W. H. Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhatia G, Patterson N, Pasaniuc B, Zaitlen N, Genovese G, Pollack S, Mallick S, Myers S, Tandon A, Spencer C, Palmer CD, Adeyemo AA, Akylbekova EL, Cupples LA, Divers J, Fornage M, Kao WHL, Lange L, Li M, Musani S, Mychaleckyj JC, Ogunniyi A, Papanicolaou G, Rotimi CN, Rotter JI, Ruczinski I, Salako B, Siscovick DS, Tayo BO, Yang Q, McCarroll S, Sabeti P, Lettre G, De Jager P, Hirschhorn J, Zhu X, Cooper R, Reich D, Wilson JG, Price AL. Genome-wide comparison of African-ancestry populations from CARe and other cohorts reveals signals of natural selection. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:368-81. [PMID: 21907010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of recent natural selection in human populations has important applications to human history and medicine. Positive natural selection drives the increase in beneficial alleles and plays a role in explaining diversity across human populations. By discovering traits subject to positive selection, we can better understand the population level response to environmental pressures including infectious disease. Our study examines unusual population differentiation between three large data sets to detect natural selection. The populations examined, African Americans, Nigerians, and Gambians, are genetically close to one another (F(ST) < 0.01 for all pairs), allowing us to detect selection even with moderate changes in allele frequency. We also develop a tree-based method to pinpoint the population in which selection occurred, incorporating information across populations. Our genome-wide significant results corroborate loci previously reported to be under selection in Africans including HBB and CD36. At the HLA locus on chromosome 6, results suggest the existence of multiple, independent targets of population-specific selective pressure. In addition, we report a genome-wide significant (p = 1.36 × 10(-11)) signal of selection in the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) gene. The most significantly differentiated marker in our analysis, rs2920283, is highly differentiated in both Africa and East Asia and has prior genome-wide significant associations to bladder and gastric cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bhatia
- Harvard- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health, Science and Technology, Cambridge, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hinch AG, Tandon A, Patterson N, Song Y, Rohland N, Palmer CD, Chen GK, Wang K, Buxbaum SG, Akylbekova EL, Aldrich MC, Ambrosone CB, Amos C, Bandera EV, Berndt SI, Bernstein L, Blot WJ, Bock CH, Boerwinkle E, Cai Q, Caporaso N, Casey G, Cupples LA, Deming SL, Diver WR, Divers J, Fornage M, Gillanders EM, Glessner J, Harris CC, Hu JJ, Ingles SA, Isaacs W, John EM, Kao WHL, Keating B, Kittles RA, Kolonel LN, Larkin E, Le Marchand L, McNeill LH, Millikan RC, Murphy A, Musani S, Neslund-Dudas C, Nyante S, Papanicolaou GJ, Press MF, Psaty BM, Reiner AP, Rich SS, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Rotter JI, Rybicki BA, Schwartz AG, Signorello LB, Spitz M, Strom SS, Thun MJ, Tucker MA, Wang Z, Wiencke JK, Witte JS, Wrensch M, Wu X, Yamamura Y, Zanetti KA, Zheng W, Ziegler RG, Zhu X, Redline S, Hirschhorn JN, Henderson BE, Taylor HA, Price AL, Hakonarson H, Chanock SJ, Haiman CA, Wilson JG, Reich D, Myers SR. The landscape of recombination in African Americans. Nature 2011; 476:170-5. [PMID: 21775986 PMCID: PMC3154982 DOI: 10.1038/nature10336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recombination, together with mutation, gives rise to genetic variation in populations. Here we leverage the recent mixture of people of African and European ancestry in the Americas to build a genetic map measuring the probability of crossing over at each position in the genome, based on about 2.1 million crossovers in 30,000 unrelated African Americans. At intervals of more than three megabases it is nearly identical to a map built in Europeans. At finer scales it differs significantly, and we identify about 2,500 recombination hotspots that are active in people of West African ancestry but nearly inactive in Europeans. The probability of a crossover at these hotspots is almost fully controlled by the alleles an individual carries at PRDM9 (P value < 10(-245)). We identify a 17-base-pair DNA sequence motif that is enriched in these hotspots, and is an excellent match to the predicted binding target of PRDM9 alleles common in West Africans and rare in Europeans. Sites of this motif are predicted to be risk loci for disease-causing genomic rearrangements in individuals carrying these alleles. More generally, this map provides a resource for research in human genetic variation and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali G Hinch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tin A, Woodward OM, Kao WHL, Liu CT, Lu X, Nalls MA, Shriner D, Semmo M, Akylbekova EL, Wyatt SB, Hwang SJ, Yang Q, Zonderman AB, Adeyemo AA, Palmer C, Meng Y, Reilly M, Shlipak MG, Siscovick D, Evans MK, Rotimi CN, Flessner MF, Köttgen M, Cupples LA, Fox CS, Köttgen A. Genome-wide association study for serum urate concentrations and gout among African Americans identifies genomic risk loci and a novel URAT1 loss-of-function allele. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4056-68. [PMID: 21768215 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum urate concentrations are highly heritable and elevated serum urate is a key risk factor for gout. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of serum urate in African American (AA) populations are lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis of GWAS of serum urate levels and gout among 5820 AA and a large candidate gene study among 6890 AA and 21 708 participants of European ancestry (EA) within the Candidate Gene Association Resource Consortium. Findings were tested for replication among 1996 independent AA individuals, and evaluated for their association among 28 283 EA participants of the CHARGE Consortium. Functional studies were conducted using (14)C-urate transport assays in mammalian Chinese hamster ovary cells. In the discovery GWAS of serum urate, three loci achieved genome-wide significance (P< 5.0 × 10(-8)): a novel locus near SGK1/SLC2A12 on chromosome 6 (rs9321453, P= 1.0 × 10(-9)), and two loci previously identified in EA participants, SLC2A9 (P= 3.8 × 10(-32)) and SLC22A12 (P= 2.1 × 10(-10)). A novel rare non-synonymous variant of large effect size in SLC22A12, rs12800450 (minor allele frequency 0.01, G65W), was identified and replicated (beta -1.19 mg/dl, P= 2.7 × 10(-16)). (14)C-urate transport assays showed reduced urate transport for the G65W URAT1 mutant. Finally, in analyses of 11 loci previously associated with serum urate in EA individuals, 10 of 11 lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms showed direction-consistent association with urate among AA. In summary, we identified and replicated one novel locus in association with serum urate levels and experimentally characterize the novel G65W variant in URAT1 as a functional allele. Our data support the importance of multi-ethnic GWAS in the identification of novel risk loci as well as functional variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pasaniuc B, Zaitlen N, Lettre G, Chen GK, Tandon A, Kao WHL, Ruczinski I, Fornage M, Siscovick DS, Zhu X, Larkin E, Lange LA, Cupples LA, Yang Q, Akylbekova EL, Musani SK, Divers J, Mychaleckyj J, Li M, Papanicolaou GJ, Millikan RC, Ambrosone CB, John EM, Bernstein L, Zheng W, Hu JJ, Ziegler RG, Nyante SJ, Bandera EV, Ingles SA, Press MF, Chanock SJ, Deming SL, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Palmer CD, Buxbaum S, Ekunwe L, Hirschhorn JN, Henderson BE, Myers S, Haiman CA, Reich D, Patterson N, Wilson JG, Price AL. Enhanced statistical tests for GWAS in admixed populations: assessment using African Americans from CARe and a Breast Cancer Consortium. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001371. [PMID: 21541012 PMCID: PMC3080860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have primarily examined populations of European ancestry, more recent studies often involve additional populations, including admixed populations such as African Americans and Latinos. In admixed populations, linkage disequilibrium (LD) exists both at a fine scale in ancestral populations and at a coarse scale (admixture-LD) due to chromosomal segments of distinct ancestry. Disease association statistics in admixed populations have previously considered SNP association (LD mapping) or admixture association (mapping by admixture-LD), but not both. Here, we introduce a new statistical framework for combining SNP and admixture association in case-control studies, as well as methods for local ancestry-aware imputation. We illustrate the gain in statistical power achieved by these methods by analyzing data of 6,209 unrelated African Americans from the CARe project genotyped on the Affymetrix 6.0 chip, in conjunction with both simulated and real phenotypes, as well as by analyzing the FGFR2 locus using breast cancer GWAS data from 5,761 African-American women. We show that, at typed SNPs, our method yields an 8% increase in statistical power for finding disease risk loci compared to the power achieved by standard methods in case-control studies. At imputed SNPs, we observe an 11% increase in statistical power for mapping disease loci when our local ancestry-aware imputation framework and the new scoring statistic are jointly employed. Finally, we show that our method increases statistical power in regions harboring the causal SNP in the case when the causal SNP is untyped and cannot be imputed. Our methods and our publicly available software are broadly applicable to GWAS in admixed populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BP); (ALP)
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Gary K. Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arti Tandon
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - W. H. Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emma Larkin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ermeg L. Akylbekova
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Solomon K. Musani
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joe Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George J. Papanicolaou
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Millikan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine B. Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Esther M. John
- Northern California Cancer Center, Fremont, California, United States of America
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Hu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Regina G. Ziegler
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Nyante
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sue A. Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Press
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Deming
- Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jorge L. Rodriguez-Gil
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cameron D. Palmer
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Buxbaum
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Lynette Ekunwe
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Simon Myers
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Reich
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nick Patterson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- V. A. Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Alkes L. Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BP); (ALP)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Harman JL, Griswold ME, Jeffries NO, Sumner AE, Sarpong DF, Akylbekova EL, Walker ER, Wyatt SB, Taylor HA. Age is positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among African Americans in cross-sectional analysis: the Jackson Heart Study. J Clin Lipidol 2011; 5:173-178. [PMID: 21600522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have historically had high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared with other races and ethnicities. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize whether there is a cross-sectional association between age and HDL-C in a contemporary community-based study of African Americans. METHODS Cross-sectional data were modeled by logistic regression for predictors of HDL-C among African Americans, ages 35-74, participating in the baseline examination of a community-based study of cardiovascular disease in Jackson, Mississippi, during 2000-2004. After excluding persons taking lipid-lowering medications, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, or thyroid replacement, the analytical data set comprised 2420 persons (1370 women, 1050 men). RESULTS HDL-C had a significant positive association with age after controlling for serum triglycerides, sex, waist circumference, percent dietary calories from carbohydrates, alcohol use, and leisure physical activity. Sex was a significant effect modifier of this relationship, whereby the increase in HDL-C with age was steeper for women than for men. CONCLUSIONS Cross-sectional analysis found a positive association of HDL-C with age while controlling for triglycerides. Careful evaluation of longitudinal data will be needed to confirm whether this is a true effect of aging, or a cohort or survivor effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Harman
- Program in Prevention and Population Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Rockledge Drive, Suite 10018, Bethesda, MD 20982-7936, USA.
| | | | - Neal O Jeffries
- Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne E Sumner
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Evelyn R Walker
- Program in Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharon B Wyatt
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Herman A Taylor
- Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Taylor HA, Coady SA, Levy D, Walker ER, Vasan RS, Liu J, Akylbekova EL, Garrison RJ, Fox C. Relationships of BMI to cardiovascular risk factors differ by ethnicity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:1638-45. [PMID: 19927137 PMCID: PMC3716014 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The burden of cardiovascular risk associated with obesity disproportionately affects African Americans and little is known about ethnic/racial differences in the relationship of obesity to cardiometabolic risk. This report assesses whether obesity is similarly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in African Americans and whites of European ancestry. Cross-sectional observational data from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) were compared. This analysis uses participants aged 35-74 years with BMI >18.5 kg/m(2), and free of prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD), from the initial JHS clinical examination (2000-2004) and the FHS Offspring (1998-2001) and Third Generation (2002-2005) cohorts. Participants were evaluated for the presence of lipid abnormalities, hypertension, and diabetes. Overall, 4,030 JHS (mean age 54 years, 64% women) and 5,245 FHS (mean age 51 years, 54% women) participants were available for analysis. The prevalence of all risk factors except high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was substantially higher in JHS (all P < 0.001) and BMI was associated with increasing prevalence of most CVD risk factors within each race. For diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and low HDL, steeper relationships to BMI were observed in FHS than in JHS (P values <0.001-0.016). There were larger proportional increases in risk factor prevalence with increasing BMI in whites than in African Americans. The higher prevalence rates of cardiometabolic risk factors at nearly all levels of BMI in African Americans, however, suggest that additional factors contribute to the burden of CVD risk in African Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman A Taylor
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hassanein MT, Lyon HN, Nguyen TT, Akylbekova EL, Waters K, Lettre G, Tayo B, Forrester T, Sarpong DF, Stram DO, Butler JL, Wilks R, Liu J, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Zhu X, Henderson B, Cooper R, McKenzie C, Taylor HA, Haiman CA, Hirschhorn JN. Fine mapping of the association with obesity at the FTO locus in African-derived populations. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:2907-16. [PMID: 20430937 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified many common genetic variants that are associated with polygenic traits, and have typically been performed with individuals of recent European ancestry. In these populations, many common variants are tightly correlated, with the perfect or near-perfect proxies for the functional or true variant showing equivalent evidence of association, considerably limiting the resolution of fine mapping. Populations with recent African ancestry often have less extensive and/or different patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD), and have been proposed to be useful in fine-mapping studies. Here, we strongly replicate and fine map in populations of predominantly African ancestry the association between variation at the FTO locus and body mass index (BMI) that is well established in populations of European ancestry. We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms that are correlated with the signal of association in individuals of European ancestry but that have varying degrees of correlation in African-derived individuals. Most of the variants, including one previously proposed as functionally important, have no significant association with BMI, but two variants, rs3751812 and rs9941349, show strong evidence of association (P = 2.58 x 10(-6) and 3.61 x 10(-6) in a meta-analysis of 9881 individuals). Thus, we have both strongly replicated this association in African-ancestry populations and narrowed the list of potentially causal variants to those that are correlated with rs3751812 and rs9941349 in African-derived populations. This study illustrates the potential of using populations with different LD patterns to fine map associations and helps pave the way for genetically guided functional studies at the FTO locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Hassanein
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bruce MA, Beech BM, Crook ED, Sims M, Wyatt SB, Flessner MF, Taylor HA, Williams DR, Akylbekova EL, Ikizler TA. Association of socioeconomic status and CKD among African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 55:1001-8. [PMID: 20381223 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic status (SES) is recognized as a key social environmental factor because it has implications for access to resources that help individuals care for themselves and others. Few studies have examined the association of SES with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in high-risk populations. STUDY DESIGN Single-site longitudinal population-based cohort. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Data for this study were drawn from the baseline examination of the Jackson Heart Study. The analytic cohort consisted of 3,430 African American men and women living in the tricounty region of the Jackson, MS, metropolitan area with complete data to determine CKD status. PREDICTOR High SES (defined as having a family income at least 3.5 times the poverty level or having at least 1 undergraduate degree). OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS CKD (defined as the presence of albuminuria or decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate [<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)]). Associations were explored using bivariable analyses and multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for CKD and cardiovascular disease risk factors, as well as demographic factors. RESULTS The prevalence of CKD in the Jackson Heart Study was 20% (865 of 3,430 participants). Proportions of the Jackson Heart Study cohort with albuminuria and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate were 12.5% (429 of 3,430 participants) and 10.1% (347 of 3,430 participants), respectively. High SES was associated inversely with CKD. The odds of having CKD were 41% lower for affluent participants than their less affluent counterparts. There were no statistically significant interactions between sex and education or income, although subgroup analysis showed that high income was associated with CKD in men (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.23-0.97), but not women (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.40-1.03). LIMITATIONS Models were estimated using cross-sectional data. CONCLUSION CKD is associated with SES. Additional research is needed to elucidate the impact of wealth and social contexts in which individuals are embedded and the mediating effects of sociocultural factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marino A Bruce
- Meharry Medical College, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Nashville, TN 37208, USA .
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fox ER, Benjamin EJ, Sarpong DF, Nagarajarao H, Taylor JK, Steffes MW, Salahudeen AK, Flessner MF, Akylbekova EL, Fox CS, Garrison RJ, Taylor HA. The relation of C--reactive protein to chronic kidney disease in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. BMC Nephrol 2010; 11:1. [PMID: 20078870 PMCID: PMC2826325 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African Americans have an increased incidence and worse prognosis with chronic kidney disease (CKD - estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <60 ml/min/1.73 m2) than their counterparts of European-descent. Inflammation has been related to renal disease in non-Hispanic whites, but there are limited data on the role of inflammation in renal dysfunction in African Americans in the community. Methods We examined the cross-sectional relation of log transformed C-reactive protein (CRP) to renal function (eGFR by Modification of Diet and Renal Disease equation) in African American participants of the community-based Jackson Heart Study's first examination (2000 to 2004). We conducted multivariable linear regression relating CRP to eGFR adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, diabetes, total/HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking, antihypertensive therapy, lipid lowering therapy, hormone replacement therapy, and prevalent cardiovascular disease events. In a secondary analysis we assessed the association of CRP with albuminuria (defined as albumin-to-creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g). Results Participants (n = 4320, 63.2% women) had a mean age ± SD of 54.0 ± 12.8 years. The prevalence of CKD was 5.2% (n = 228 cases). In multivariable regression, CRP concentrations were higher in those with CKD compared to those without CKD (mean CRP 3.2 ± 1.1 mg/L vs. 2.4 ± 1.0 mg/L, respectively p < 0.0001). CRP was significantly associated with albuminuria in sex and age adjusted model however not in the multivariable adjusted model (p > 0.05). Conclusion CRP was associated with CKD however not albuminuria in multivariable-adjusted analyses. The study of inflammation in the progression of renal disease in African Americans merits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ervin R Fox
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Akylbekova EL, Crow RS, Johnson WD, Buxbaum SG, Njemanze S, Fox E, Sarpong DF, Taylor HA, Newton-Cheh C. Clinical correlates and heritability of QT interval duration in blacks: the Jackson Heart Study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2:427-32. [PMID: 19808499 DOI: 10.1161/circep.109.858894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrocardiographic QT interval prolongation is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death and drug-induced arrhythmia. The clinical correlates and heritability of QT interval duration in blacks have not been well studied despite their higher risk for sudden cardiac death compared with non-Hispanic whites. We sought to investigate potential correlates of the QT interval and estimate its heritability in the Jackson Heart Study. METHODS AND RESULTS The Jackson Heart Study comprises a sample of blacks residing in Jackson, Miss, of whom 5302 individuals with data at the baseline examination were available for study. Jackson Heart Study participants on QT-altering medications, with bundle-branch block, paced rhythm, atrial fibrillation/flutter, or other arrhythmias were excluded, resulting in a sample of 4660 individuals eligible for analyses. The relation between QT and potential covariates was tested using multivariable stepwise linear regression. Heritability was estimated using Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routine in a subset of 1297 Jackson Heart Study participants in 292 families; the remaining sample included unrelated individuals. In stepwise multivariable linear regression analysis, covariates significantly associated with QT interval duration included R-R interval, sex, QRS duration, age, serum potassium, hypertension, body mass index, coronary heart disease, diuretic use, and Sokolow-Lyon voltage (P < or = 0.01 for all). The heritability of QT interval duration in the age-, sex-, and R-R interval-adjusted model and in the fully adjusted model was 0.41 (SE, 0.07) and 0.40 (SE, 0.07; P < 10(-11) for both), respectively. CONCLUSIONS There is substantial heritability of adjusted QT interval in blacks, supporting the need for further investigation to identify its genetic determinants.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cheng CY, Kao WHL, Patterson N, Tandon A, Haiman CA, Harris TB, Xing C, John EM, Ambrosone CB, Brancati FL, Coresh J, Press MF, Parekh RS, Klag MJ, Meoni LA, Hsueh WC, Fejerman L, Pawlikowska L, Freedman ML, Jandorf LH, Bandera EV, Ciupak GL, Nalls MA, Akylbekova EL, Orwoll ES, Leak TS, Miljkovic I, Li R, Ursin G, Bernstein L, Ardlie K, Taylor HA, Boerwinckle E, Zmuda JM, Henderson BE, Wilson JG, Reich D. Admixture mapping of 15,280 African Americans identifies obesity susceptibility loci on chromosomes 5 and X. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000490. [PMID: 19461885 PMCID: PMC2679192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2) is higher in African Americans than in European Americans, even after adjustment for socioeconomic factors, suggesting that genetic factors may explain some of the difference. To identify genetic loci influencing BMI, we carried out a pooled analysis of genome-wide admixture mapping scans in 15,280 African Americans from 14 epidemiologic studies. Samples were genotyped at a median of 1,411 ancestry-informative markers. After adjusting for age, sex, and study, BMI was analyzed both as a dichotomized (top 20% versus bottom 20%) and a continuous trait. We found that a higher percentage of European ancestry was significantly correlated with lower BMI (ρ = −0.042, P = 1.6×10−7). In the dichotomized analysis, we detected two loci on chromosome X as associated with increased African ancestry: the first at Xq25 (locus-specific LOD = 5.94; genome-wide score = 3.22; case-control Z = −3.94); and the second at Xq13.1 (locus-specific LOD = 2.22; case-control Z = −4.62). Quantitative analysis identified a third locus at 5q13.3 where higher BMI was highly significantly associated with greater European ancestry (locus-specific LOD = 6.27; genome-wide score = 3.46). Further mapping studies with dense sets of markers will be necessary to identify the alleles in these regions of chromosomes X and 5 that may be associated with variation in BMI. Obesity is about 1.5-fold more prevalent in African Americans than European Americans. To determine whether genetic background may contribute to this observed disparity, we scanned the genomes of African Americans, searching for genomic regions where obese individuals have a difference from the average proportion of African ancestry. By examining genetic data from more than 15,000 African Americans, we show that the proportion of European ancestry is inversely correlated with BMI. In obese individuals, we detect two loci with increased African ancestry on chromosome X (Xq13.1 and Xq25) and one locus with increased European ancestry on chromosome 5 (5q13.3). The 5q13.3 and Xq25 regions both contain genes that are known to be involved in appetite regulation. Our results suggest that genetic factors may contribute to the difference in obesity prevalence between African Americans and European Americans. Further studies of the regions may identify the causative variants affecting susceptibility to obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CYC); (WHLK); (DR)
| | - W. H. Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYC); (WHLK); (DR)
| | - Nick Patterson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arti Tandon
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chao Xing
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Esther M. John
- Northern California Cancer Center, Fremont, California, United States of America
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christine B. Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Frederick L. Brancati
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Press
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rulan S. Parekh
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Klag
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucy A. Meoni
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wen-Chi Hsueh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Fejerman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ludmila Pawlikowska
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Freedman
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lina H. Jandorf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gregory L. Ciupak
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ermeg L. Akylbekova
- Jackson Heart Study Analysis Group, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Orwoll
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tennille S. Leak
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rongling Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Giske Ursin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Division of Population Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Kristin Ardlie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Genomics Collaborative, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, Mississippi, United States of America
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinckle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - David Reich
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYC); (WHLK); (DR)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Taylor HA, Akylbekova EL, Garrison RJ, Sarpong D, Joe J, Walker E, Wyatt SB, Steffes MW. Dyslipidemia and the treatment of lipid disorders in African Americans. Am J Med 2009; 122:454-63. [PMID: 19375555 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease documented among the African-American population, there has been little emphasis on the role of dyslipidemia as a prominent risk factor in this large subpopulation. Questions of medication efficacy also have been raised. Together, these factors may have affected awareness, diagnosis, and treatment rates. METHODS AND RESULTS Dyslipidemia was defined as the presence of either hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia using National Cholesterol Education Program III criteria and the fasting lipid measurements, self-reported treatment history, and medication survey available from 5302 Jackson Heart Study participants. Dyslipidemia was more common in men (compared with women) aged less than 50 years and increased with age in both genders. Hypercholesterolemia prevalence rates approached 50% in women aged more than 65 years. The lifestyle-related attributes found to be related to prevalence were being overweight and less physically active, and all disease status variables exhibited significant (P<.05) associations. Awareness of hypercholesterolemia is approximately 55% or more in both men and women aged more than 35 years. Treatment rates lag far behind awareness, particularly in younger adult men, and less than 50% of women and men aged less than 65 years were treated for hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSION Higher rates of identification and effective treatment of dyslipidemia are clearly needed in this, and probably other African-American communities. Despite the less than optimal treatment, the identification and importance of the known cardiovascular disease states and risk factors in these analyses suggest the adoption of National Cholesterol Education Program III "high-risk strategy" algorithms in treatment recommendations and decisions by providers is occurring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman A Taylor
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson Heart Study, Jackson, Miss., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Flessner MF, Wyatt SB, Akylbekova EL, Coady S, Fulop T, Lee F, Taylor HA, Crook E. Prevalence and awareness of CKD among African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53:238-47. [PMID: 19166799 PMCID: PMC2668959 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to end-stage renal disease and is a growing epidemic throughout the world. In the United States, African Americans have an incidence of end-stage renal disease 4 times that of whites. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional to examine the prevalence and awareness of CKD in African Americans. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Observational cohort in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). PREDICTOR CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), the presence of albuminuria, or dialysis therapy. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS Data from the JHS were analyzed. Medical history, including disease awareness and drug therapy, anthropometric measurements, and serum and urine samples, were obtained from JHS participants at the baseline visit. Associations between CKD prevalence and awareness and selected demographic, socioeconomic, health care access, and disease status parameters were assessed by using logistic regression models. RESULTS The prevalence of CKD in the JHS was 20%; CKD awareness was only 15.8%. Older participants had a greater prevalence, but also were more aware of CKD. Hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increasing age and waist circumference, and being single or less physically active were associated with CKD. Only advancing CKD stage was associated with awareness. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional assessment, single urine measurement. CONCLUSIONS The JHS has a high prevalence and low awareness of CKD, especially in those with less severe disease status. This emphasizes the need for earlier diagnosis and increased education of health care providers and the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Flessner
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reich D, Nalls MA, Kao WHL, Akylbekova EL, Tandon A, Patterson N, Mullikin J, Hsueh WC, Cheng CY, Coresh J, Boerwinkle E, Li M, Waliszewska A, Neubauer J, Li R, Leak TS, Ekunwe L, Files JC, Hardy CL, Zmuda JM, Taylor HA, Ziv E, Harris TB, Wilson JG. Reduced neutrophil count in people of African descent is due to a regulatory variant in the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines gene. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000360. [PMID: 19180233 PMCID: PMC2628742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistently low white blood cell count (WBC) and neutrophil count is a well-described phenomenon in persons of African ancestry, whose etiology remains unknown. We recently used admixture mapping to identify an approximately 1-megabase region on chromosome 1, where ancestry status (African or European) almost entirely accounted for the difference in WBC between African Americans and European Americans. To identify the specific genetic change responsible for this association, we analyzed genotype and phenotype data from 6,005 African Americans from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study, and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. We demonstrate that the causal variant must be at least 91% different in frequency between West Africans and European Americans. An excellent candidate is the Duffy Null polymorphism (SNP rs2814778 at chromosome 1q23.2), which is the only polymorphism in the region known to be so differentiated in frequency and is already known to protect against Plasmodium vivax malaria. We confirm that rs2814778 is predictive of WBC and neutrophil count in African Americans above beyond the previously described admixture association (P = 3.8×10−5), establishing a novel phenotype for this genetic variant. Many African Americans have white blood cell counts (WBC) that are persistently below the normal range for people of European descent, a condition called “benign ethnic neutropenia.” Because most African Americans have both African and European ancestors, selected genetic variants can be analyzed to assign probable African or European origin to each region of each such person's chromosomes. Previously, we found a region on chromosome 1 where increased local African ancestry completely accounted for differences in WBC between African and European Americans, suggesting the presence of an African-derived variant causing low WBC. Here, we show that low neutrophil count is predominantly responsible for low WBC; that a dominant, European-derived allele contributes to high neutrophil count; and that the frequency of this allele differs in Africans and Europeans by >91%. Across the chromosome 1 locus, only the well-characterized “Duffy” polymorphism was this differentiated. Neutrophil count was more strongly associated to the Duffy variant than to ancestry, suggesting that the variant itself causes benign ethnic neutropenia. The African, or “null,” form of this variant abolishes expression of the “Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines” on red blood cells, perhaps altering the concentrations and distribution of chemokines that regulate neutrophil production or migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DR); (JGW)
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - W. H. Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ermeg L. Akylbekova
- Jackson Heart Study Analysis Group, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Arti Tandon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nick Patterson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Mullikin
- Comparative Genomics Unit, Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wen-Chi Hsueh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alicja Waliszewska
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie Neubauer
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rongling Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tennille S. Leak
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynette Ekunwe
- Jackson Heart Study Analysis Group, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Joe C. Files
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Cheryl L. Hardy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Tougaloo College, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Elad Ziv
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- V.A. Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DR); (JGW)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wyatt SB, Akylbekova EL, Wofford MR, Coady SA, Walker ER, Andrew ME, Keahey WJ, Taylor HA, Jones DW. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the Jackson Heart Study. Hypertension 2008; 51:650-6. [PMID: 18268140 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
African Americans have higher reported hypertension prevalence and lower control rates than other ethnic groups in the United States. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control (outcomes) and potentially associated demographic, lifestyle, comorbidity, and health care access factors were examined in 5249 adult participants (3362 women and 1887 men) aged 21 to 94 years enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study. Hypertension prevalence (62.9%), awareness (87.3%), treatment (83.2%), and control (66.4%) were high. Control declined with advancing age; estimates for all of the outcomes were higher for women compared with men. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with prevalence and control. Smoking was negatively associated with awareness and treatment, particularly among men. Comorbidities (diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease), likely driven by the high rates of obesity, correlated with hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. Lack of health insurance was marginally associated with poorer control, whereas use of preventive care was positively associated with prevalence, awareness, and treatment, particularly among men. In comparisons with the 1994-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data adjusted to Jackson Heart Study sex, age, and socioeconomic status distribution, control rates among Jackson Heart Study participants appeared to be higher than in their national counterparts and similar to that of whites. These results suggest that public health efforts to increase awareness and treatment among African Americans have been relatively effective. The Jackson Heart Study data indicate that better control rates can be achieved in this high-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Wyatt
- School of Nursing, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nalls MA, Wilson JG, Patterson NJ, Tandon A, Zmuda JM, Huntsman S, Garcia M, Hu D, Li R, Beamer BA, Patel KV, Akylbekova EL, Files JC, Hardy CL, Buxbaum SG, Taylor HA, Reich D, Harris TB, Ziv E. Admixture Mapping of White Cell Count: Genetic Locus Responsible for Lower White Blood Cell Count in the Health ABC and Jackson Heart Studies. Am J Hum Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
22
|
Nalls MA, Wilson JG, Patterson NJ, Tandon A, Zmuda JM, Huntsman S, Garcia M, Hu D, Li R, Beamer BA, Patel KV, Akylbekova EL, Files JC, Hardy CL, Buxbaum SG, Taylor HA, Reich D, Harris TB, Ziv E. Admixture mapping of white cell count: genetic locus responsible for lower white blood cell count in the Health ABC and Jackson Heart studies. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:81-7. [PMID: 18179887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
White blood cell count (WBC) is an important clinical marker that varies among different ethnic groups. African Americans are known to have a lower WBC than European Americans. We surveyed the entire genome for loci underlying this difference in WBC by using admixture mapping. We analyzed data from African American participants in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study and the Jackson Heart Study. Participants of both studies were genotyped across >or= 1322 single nucleotide polymorphisms that were pre-selected to be informative for African versus European ancestry and span the entire genome. We used these markers to estimate genetic ancestry in each chromosomal region and then tested the association between WBC and genetic ancestry at each locus. We found a locus on chromosome 1q strongly associated with WBC (p < 10(-12)). The strongest association was with a marker known to affect the expression of the Duffy blood group antigen. Participants who had both copies of the common West African allele had a mean WBC of 4.9 (SD 1.3); participants who had both common European alleles had a mean WBC of 7.1 (SD 1.3). This variant explained approximately 20% of population variation in WBC. We used admixture mapping, a novel method for conducting genetic-association studies, to find a region that was significantly associated with WBC on chromosome 1q. Additional studies are needed to determine the biological mechanism for this effect and its clinical implications.
Collapse
|