1
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Xu S, Nguyen GG, Naritomi JT, Kopalle HM, Yee BA, Rothamel KL, Boyle EA, Yeo GW. Protocol to process crosslinking and immunoprecipitation data into annotated binding sites. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103040. [PMID: 38669139 PMCID: PMC11066461 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol for using Skipper, a pipeline designed to process crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) data into annotated binding sites. We describe steps for partitioning annotated transcript regions and fitting data to a beta-binomial model to call windows of enriched binding. From raw CLIP data, we detail how users can map reproducible RNA-binding sites to call enriched windows and perform downstream analysis. This protocol supports optional customizations for different use cases. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Boyle et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Stem Cell Institute and Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Grady G Nguyen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Stem Cell Institute and Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jack T Naritomi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Stem Cell Institute and Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hema M Kopalle
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute and Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian A Yee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Stem Cell Institute and Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katherine L Rothamel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Stem Cell Institute and Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for RNA Technologies and Therapeutics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Evan A Boyle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Stem Cell Institute and Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for RNA Technologies and Therapeutics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Laboratories for Innovative Medicines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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2
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Schmok JC, Jain M, Street LA, Tankka AT, Schafer D, Her HL, Elmsaouri S, Gosztyla ML, Boyle EA, Jagannatha P, Luo EC, Kwon EJ, Jovanovic M, Yeo GW. Author Correction: Large-scale evaluation of the ability of RNA-binding proteins to activate exon inclusion. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02178-3. [PMID: 38418649 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Schmok
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manya Jain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lena A Street
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex T Tankka
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Schafer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsuan-Lin Her
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Elmsaouri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maya L Gosztyla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evan A Boyle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pratibha Jagannatha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - En-Ching Luo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marko Jovanovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Medina-Munoz HC, Kofman E, Jagannatha P, Boyle EA, Yu T, Jones KL, Mueller JR, Lykins GD, Doudna AT, Park SS, Blue SM, Ranzau BL, Kohli RM, Komor AC, Yeo GW. Expanded palette of RNA base editors for comprehensive RBP-RNA interactome studies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:875. [PMID: 38287010 PMCID: PMC10825223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are key regulators of RNA processing and cellular function. Technologies to discover RNA targets of RBPs such as TRIBE (targets of RNA binding proteins identified by editing) and STAMP (surveying targets by APOBEC1 mediated profiling) utilize fusions of RNA base-editors (rBEs) to RBPs to circumvent the limitations of immunoprecipitation (CLIP)-based methods that require enzymatic digestion and large amounts of input material. To broaden the repertoire of rBEs suitable for editing-based RBP-RNA interaction studies, we have devised experimental and computational assays in a framework called PRINTER (protein-RNA interaction-based triaging of enzymes that edit RNA) to assess over thirty A-to-I and C-to-U rBEs, allowing us to identify rBEs that expand the characterization of binding patterns for both sequence-specific and broad-binding RBPs. We also propose specific rBEs suitable for dual-RBP applications. We show that the choice between single or multiple rBEs to fuse with a given RBP or pair of RBPs hinges on the editing biases of the rBEs and the binding preferences of the RBPs themselves. We believe our study streamlines and enhances the selection of rBEs for the next generation of RBP-RNA target discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Medina-Munoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Kofman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pratibha Jagannatha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evan A Boyle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Krysten L Jones
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine R Mueller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grace D Lykins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew T Doudna
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samuel S Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven M Blue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brodie L Ranzau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rahul M Kohli
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexis C Komor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Schmok JC, Jain M, Street LA, Tankka AT, Schafer D, Her HL, Elmsaouri S, Gosztyla ML, Boyle EA, Jagannatha P, Luo EC, Kwon EJ, Jovanovic M, Yeo GW. Large-scale evaluation of the ability of RNA-binding proteins to activate exon inclusion. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-023-02014-0. [PMID: 38168984 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-02014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) modulate alternative splicing outcomes to determine isoform expression and cellular survival. To identify RBPs that directly drive alternative exon inclusion, we developed tethered function luciferase-based splicing reporters that provide rapid, scalable and robust readouts of exon inclusion changes and used these to evaluate 718 human RBPs. We performed enhanced cross-linking immunoprecipitation, RNA sequencing and affinity purification-mass spectrometry to investigate a subset of candidates with no prior association with splicing. Integrative analysis of these assays indicates surprising roles for TRNAU1AP, SCAF8 and RTCA in the modulation of hundreds of endogenous splicing events. We also leveraged our tethering assays and top candidates to identify potent and compact exon inclusion activation domains for splicing modulation applications. Using these identified domains, we engineered programmable fusion proteins that outperform current artificial splicing factors at manipulating inclusion of reporter and endogenous exons. This tethering approach characterizes the ability of RBPs to induce exon inclusion and yields new molecular parts for programmable splicing control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Schmok
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manya Jain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lena A Street
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex T Tankka
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Schafer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsuan-Lin Her
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Elmsaouri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maya L Gosztyla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evan A Boyle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pratibha Jagannatha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - En-Ching Luo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marko Jovanovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute Innovation Center and Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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5
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Boyle EA, Goldberg G, Schmok JC, Burgado J, Izidro Layng F, Grunwald HA, Balotin KM, Cuoco MS, Chang KC, Ecklu-Mensah G, Arakaki AKS, Ahmed N, Garcia Arceo X, Jagannatha P, Pekar J, Iyer M, Yeo GW. Junior scientists spotlight social bonds in seminars for diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293322. [PMID: 37917746 PMCID: PMC10621980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disparities for women and minorities in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers have continued even amidst mounting evidence for the superior performance of diverse workforces. In response, we launched the Diversity and Science Lecture series, a cross-institutional platform where junior life scientists present their research and comment on diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM. We characterize speaker representation from 79 profiles and investigate topic noteworthiness via quantitative content analysis of talk transcripts. Nearly every speaker discussed interpersonal support, and three-fifths of speakers commented on race or ethnicity. Other topics, such as sexual and gender minority identity, were less frequently addressed but highly salient to the speakers who mentioned them. We found that significantly co-occurring topics reflected not only conceptual similarity, such as terms for racial identities, but also intersectional significance, such as identifying as a Latina/Hispanic woman or Asian immigrant, and interactions between concerns and identities, including the heightened value of friendship to the LGBTQ community, which we reproduce using transcripts from an independent seminar series. Our approach to scholar profiles and talk transcripts serves as an example for transmuting hundreds of hours of scholarly discourse into rich datasets that can power computational audits of speaker diversity and illuminate speakers' personal and professional priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Boyle
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Goldberg
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan C. Schmok
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jillybeth Burgado
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Fabiana Izidro Layng
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Hannah A. Grunwald
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kylie M. Balotin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Cuoco
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Keng-Chi Chang
- Department of Political Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gertrude Ecklu-Mensah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Aleena K. S. Arakaki
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Noorsher Ahmed
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ximena Garcia Arceo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Pratibha Jagannatha
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Pekar
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mallika Iyer
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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6
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Medina-Munoz HC, Kofman E, Jagannatha P, Boyle EA, Yu T, Jones KL, Mueller JR, Lykins GD, Doudna AT, Park SS, Blue SM, Ranzau BL, Kohli RM, Komor AC, Yeo GW. Expanded palette of RNA base editors for comprehensive RBP-RNA interactome studies. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.25.558915. [PMID: 37808757 PMCID: PMC10557582 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.558915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are key regulators of RNA processing and cellular function. Technologies to discover RNA targets of RBPs such as TRIBE (targets of RNA binding proteins identified by editing) and STAMP (surveying targets by APOBEC1 mediated profiling) utilize fusions of RNA base-editors (rBEs) to RBPs to circumvent the limitations of immunoprecipitation (CLIP)-based methods that require enzymatic digestion and large amounts of input material. To broaden the repertoire of rBEs suitable for editing-based RBP-RNA interaction studies, we have devised experimental and computational assays in a framework called PRINTER (protein-RNA interaction-based triaging of enzymes that edit RNA) to assess over thirty A-to-I and C-to-U rBEs, allowing us to identify rBEs that expand the characterization of binding patterns for both sequence-specific and broad-binding RBPs. We also propose specific rBEs suitable for dual-RBP applications. We show that the choice between single or multiple rBEs to fuse with a given RBP or pair of RBPs hinges on the editing biases of the rBEs and the binding preferences of the RBPs themselves. We believe our study streamlines and enhances the selection of rBEs for the next generation of RBP-RNA target discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C. Medina-Munoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Kofman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pratibha Jagannatha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evan A. Boyle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Krysten L. Jones
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine R. Mueller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grace D. Lykins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Doudna
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samuel S. Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven M. Blue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brodie L. Ranzau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rahul M. Kohli
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexis C. Komor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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7
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Boyle EA, Her HL, Mueller JR, Naritomi JT, Nguyen GG, Yeo GW. Skipper analysis of eCLIP datasets enables sensitive detection of constrained translation factor binding sites. Cell Genom 2023; 3:100317. [PMID: 37388912 PMCID: PMC10300551 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Technology for crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) followed by sequencing (CLIP-seq) has identified the transcriptomic targets of hundreds of RNA-binding proteins in cells. To increase the power of existing and future CLIP-seq datasets, we introduce Skipper, an end-to-end workflow that converts unprocessed reads into annotated binding sites using an improved statistical framework. Compared with existing methods, Skipper on average calls 210%-320% more transcriptomic binding sites and sometimes >1,000% more sites, providing deeper insight into post-transcriptional gene regulation. Skipper also calls binding to annotated repetitive elements and identifies bound elements for 99% of enhanced CLIP experiments. We perform nine translation factor enhanced CLIPs and apply Skipper to learn determinants of translation factor occupancy, including transcript region, sequence, and subcellular localization. Furthermore, we observe depletion of genetic variation in occupied sites and nominate transcripts subject to selective constraint because of translation factor occupancy. Skipper offers fast, easy, customizable, and state-of-the-art analysis of CLIP-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Boyle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hsuan-Lin Her
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jasmine R. Mueller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jack T. Naritomi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Grady G. Nguyen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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8
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Boyle EA, Becker WR, Bai HB, Chen JS, Doudna JA, Greenleaf WJ. Quantification of Cas9 binding and cleavage across diverse guide sequences maps landscapes of target engagement. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/8/eabe5496. [PMID: 33608277 PMCID: PMC7895440 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 has unlocked powerful methods for perturbing both the genome through targeted DNA cleavage and the regulome through targeted DNA binding, but limited biochemical data have hampered efforts to quantitatively model sequence perturbation of target binding and cleavage across diverse guide sequences. We present scalable, sequencing-based platforms for high-throughput filter binding and cleavage and then perform 62,444 quantitative binding and cleavage assays on 35,047 on- and off-target DNA sequences across 90 Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) loaded with distinct guide RNAs. We observe that binding and cleavage efficacy, as well as specificity, vary substantially across RNPs; canonically studied guides often have atypically high specificity; sequence context surrounding the target modulates Cas9 on-rate; and Cas9 RNPs may sequester targets in nonproductive states that contribute to "proofreading" capability. Lastly, we distill our findings into an interpretable biophysical model that predicts changes in binding and cleavage for diverse target sequence perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Winston R Becker
- Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hua B Bai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Janice S Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and the Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and the Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- MBIB Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Boyle EA, Pritchard JK, Greenleaf WJ. High-resolution mapping of cancer cell networks using co-functional interactions. Mol Syst Biol 2018; 14:e8594. [PMID: 30573688 PMCID: PMC6300813 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20188594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Powerful new technologies for perturbing genetic elements have recently expanded the study of genetic interactions in model systems ranging from yeast to human cell lines. However, technical artifacts can confound signal across genetic screens and limit the immense potential of parallel screening approaches. To address this problem, we devised a novel PCA-based method for correcting genome-wide screening data, bolstering the sensitivity and specificity of detection for genetic interactions. Applying this strategy to a set of 436 whole genome CRISPR screens, we report more than 1.5 million pairs of correlated "co-functional" genes that provide finer-scale information about cell compartments, biological pathways, and protein complexes than traditional gene sets. Lastly, we employed a gene community detection approach to implicate core genes for cancer growth and compress signal from functionally related genes in the same community into a single score. This work establishes new algorithms for probing cancer cell networks and motivates the acquisition of further CRISPR screen data across diverse genotypes and cell types to further resolve complex cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Andrade RLB, Hatje V, Masqué P, Zurbrick CM, Boyle EA, Santos WPC. Chronology of anthropogenic impacts reconstructed from sediment records of trace metals and Pb isotopes in Todos os Santos Bay (NE Brazil). Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 125:459-471. [PMID: 28800910 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the impacts of anthropogenic activities in Todos os Santos Bay was evaluated by profiles of trace metals and Pb isotopes determined in sediment cores. Fluxes of metals increased up to 12, 4 and 2 times for Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively, compared to those recorded in the beginning of the 20th century. Stable Pb isotopes identified a decommissioned lead smelter and burning of fossil fuels as the main sources of Pb. Most metals showed minor to moderate enrichment factors (EF<4), but Cu and Pb were highly enriched (EF=28 and 6, respectively) at the Aratu harbor. Temporal changes in sediments were associated to different activities, namely Pb smelting, burning of fossil fuels, maritime traffic, petroleum related activities, inputs of domestic effluents, and changes in land uses. The effects of the implementation of environmental policies to improve the waters of the bay could not be identified in the evaluated cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L B Andrade
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente (CIENAM), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil.
| | - V Hatje
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente (CIENAM), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil
| | - P Masqué
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Oceans Institute & School of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - C M Zurbrick
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - E A Boyle
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - W P C Santos
- Departamento de Química (DAQ-SSA), Instituto Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40301-015, Brazil
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11
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Aalipour A, Dudley JC, Park SM, Murty S, Chabon JJ, Boyle EA, Diehn M, Gambhir SS. Deactivated CRISPR Associated Protein 9 for Minor-Allele Enrichment in Cell-Free DNA. Clin Chem 2017; 64:307-316. [PMID: 29038154 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.278911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) diagnostics are emerging as a new paradigm of disease monitoring and therapy management. The clinical utility of these diagnostics is relatively limited by a low signal-to-noise ratio, such as with low allele frequency (AF) mutations in cancer. While enriching for rare alleles to increase their AF before sample analysis is one strategy that can greatly improve detection capability, current methods are limited in their generalizability, ease of use, and applicability to point mutations. METHODS Leveraging the robust single-base-pair specificity and generalizability of the CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) system, we developed a deactivated Cas9 (dCas9)-based method of minor-allele enrichment capable of efficient single-target and multiplexed enrichment. The dCas9 protein was complexed with single guide RNAs targeted to mutations of interest and incubated with cfDNA samples containing mutant strands at low abundance. Mutation-bound dCas9 complexes were isolated, dissociated, and the captured DNA purified for downstream use. RESULTS Targeting the 3 most common epidermal growth factor receptor mutations (exon 19 deletion, T790M, L858R) found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we achieved >20-fold increases in AF and detected mutations by use of qPCR at an AF of 0.1%. In a cohort of 18 NSCLC patient-derived cfDNA samples, our method enabled detection of 8 out of 13 mutations that were otherwise undetected by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The dCas9 method provides an important application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system outside the realm of genome editing and can provide a step forward for the detection capability of cfDNA diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Aalipour
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan C Dudley
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Seung-Min Park
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Surya Murty
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jacob J Chabon
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Evan A Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Maximilian Diehn
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; .,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
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12
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Rehker J, Rodhe J, Nesbitt RR, Boyle EA, Martin BK, Lord J, Karaca I, Naj A, Jessen F, Helisalmi S, Soininen H, Hiltunen M, Ramirez A, Scherer M, Farrer LA, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Raskind WH, Cruchaga C, Schellenberg GD, Joseph B, Brkanac Z. Caspase-8, association with Alzheimer's Disease and functional analysis of rare variants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185777. [PMID: 28985224 PMCID: PMC5630132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide (Amyloid cascade hypothesis), an APP protein cleavage product, is a leading hypothesis in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In order to identify additional AD risk genes, we performed targeted sequencing and rare variant burden association study for nine candidate genes involved in the amyloid metabolism in 1886 AD cases and 1700 controls. We identified a significant variant burden association for the gene encoding caspase-8, CASP8 (p = 8.6x10-5). For two CASP8 variants, p.K148R and p.I298V, the association remained significant in a combined sample of 10,820 cases and 8,881 controls. For both variants we performed bioinformatics structural, expression and enzymatic activity studies and obtained evidence for loss of function effects. In addition to their role in amyloid processing, caspase-8 and its downstream effector caspase-3 are involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, memory and control of microglia pro-inflammatory activation and associated neurotoxicity, indicating additional mechanisms that might contribute to AD. As caspase inhibition has been proposed as a mechanism for AD treatment, our finding that AD-associated CASP8 variants reduce caspase function calls for caution and is an impetus for further studies on the role of caspases in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Johanna Rodhe
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryan R. Nesbitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Evan A. Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, United States of America
| | - Beth K. Martin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jenny Lord
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Ilker Karaca
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Adam Naj
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine–Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine–Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Scherer
- Department of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Wendy H. Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zoran Brkanac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Mumbach MR, Satpathy AT, Boyle EA, Dai C, Gowen BG, Cho SW, Nguyen ML, Rubin AJ, Granja JM, Kazane KR, Wei Y, Nguyen T, Greenside PG, Corces MR, Tycko J, Simeonov DR, Suliman N, Li R, Xu J, Flynn RA, Kundaje A, Khavari PA, Marson A, Corn JE, Quertermous T, Greenleaf WJ, Chang HY. Enhancer connectome in primary human cells identifies target genes of disease-associated DNA elements. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1602-1612. [PMID: 28945252 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of linking intergenic mutations to target genes has limited molecular understanding of human diseases. Here we show that H3K27ac HiChIP generates high-resolution contact maps of active enhancers and target genes in rare primary human T cell subtypes and coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Differentiation of naive T cells into T helper 17 cells or regulatory T cells creates subtype-specific enhancer-promoter interactions, specifically at regions of shared DNA accessibility. These data provide a principled means of assigning molecular functions to autoimmune and cardiovascular disease risk variants, linking hundreds of noncoding variants to putative gene targets. Target genes identified with HiChIP are further supported by CRISPR interference and activation at linked enhancers, by the presence of expression quantitative trait loci, and by allele-specific enhancer loops in patient-derived primary cells. The majority of disease-associated enhancers contact genes beyond the nearest gene in the linear genome, leading to a fourfold increase in the number of potential target genes for autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell R Mumbach
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Evan A Boyle
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chao Dai
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin G Gowen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Seung Woo Cho
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michelle L Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam J Rubin
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Granja
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Katelynn R Kazane
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yuning Wei
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peyton G Greenside
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - M Ryan Corces
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Josh Tycko
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dimitre R Simeonov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nabeela Suliman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ryan A Flynn
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paul A Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob E Corn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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14
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Abstract
A central goal of genetics is to understand the links between genetic variation and disease. Intuitively, one might expect disease-causing variants to cluster into key pathways that drive disease etiology. But for complex traits, association signals tend to be spread across most of the genome-including near many genes without an obvious connection to disease. We propose that gene regulatory networks are sufficiently interconnected such that all genes expressed in disease-relevant cells are liable to affect the functions of core disease-related genes and that most heritability can be explained by effects on genes outside core pathways. We refer to this hypothesis as an "omnigenic" model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Yang I Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Boyle EA, Li YI, Pritchard JK. An Expanded View of Complex Traits: From Polygenic to Omnigenic. Cell 2017; 169:1177-1186. [PMID: 28622505 PMCID: PMC5536862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1593] [Impact Index Per Article: 227.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A central goal of genetics is to understand the links between genetic variation and disease. Intuitively, one might expect disease-causing variants to cluster into key pathways that drive disease etiology. But for complex traits, association signals tend to be spread across most of the genome-including near many genes without an obvious connection to disease. We propose that gene regulatory networks are sufficiently interconnected such that all genes expressed in disease-relevant cells are liable to affect the functions of core disease-related genes and that most heritability can be explained by effects on genes outside core pathways. We refer to this hypothesis as an "omnigenic" model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Yang I Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Boyle EA, Andreasson JOL, Chircus LM, Sternberg SH, Wu MJ, Guegler CK, Doudna JA, Greenleaf WJ. High-throughput biochemical profiling reveals sequence determinants of dCas9 off-target binding and unbinding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5461-5466. [PMID: 28495970 PMCID: PMC5448226 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700557114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial adaptive immune system CRISPR-Cas9 has been appropriated as a versatile tool for editing genomes, controlling gene expression, and visualizing genetic loci. To analyze Cas9's ability to bind DNA rapidly and specifically, we generated multiple libraries of potential binding partners for measuring the kinetics of nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9) interactions. Using a massively parallel method to quantify protein-DNA interactions on a high-throughput sequencing flow cell, we comprehensively assess the effects of combinatorial mismatches between guide RNA (gRNA) and target nucleotides, both in the seed and in more distal nucleotides, plus disruption of the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). We report two consequences of PAM-distal mismatches: reversal of dCas9 binding at long time scales, and synergistic changes in association kinetics when other gRNA-target mismatches are present. Together, these observations support a model for Cas9 specificity wherein gRNA-DNA mismatches at PAM-distal bases modulate different biophysical parameters that determine association and dissociation rates. The methods we present decouple aspects of kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the Cas9-DNA interaction and broaden the toolkit for investigating off-target binding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Johan O L Andreasson
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lauren M Chircus
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Michelle J Wu
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Chantal K Guegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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17
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Morgens DW, Wainberg M, Boyle EA, Ursu O, Araya CL, Tsui CK, Haney MS, Hess GT, Han K, Jeng EE, Li A, Snyder MP, Greenleaf WJ, Kundaje A, Bassik MC. Genome-scale measurement of off-target activity using Cas9 toxicity in high-throughput screens. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15178. [PMID: 28474669 PMCID: PMC5424143 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 screens are powerful tools for high-throughput interrogation of genome function, but can be confounded by nuclease-induced toxicity at both on- and off-target sites, likely due to DNA damage. Here, to test potential solutions to this issue, we design and analyse a CRISPR-Cas9 library with 10 variable-length guides per gene and thousands of negative controls targeting non-functional, non-genic regions (termed safe-targeting guides), in addition to non-targeting controls. We find this library has excellent performance in identifying genes affecting growth and sensitivity to the ricin toxin. The safe-targeting guides allow for proper control of toxicity from on-target DNA damage. Using this toxicity as a proxy to measure off-target cutting, we demonstrate with tens of thousands of guides both the nucleotide position-dependent sensitivity to single mismatches and the reduction of off-target cutting using truncated guides. Our results demonstrate a simple strategy for high-throughput evaluation of target specificity and nuclease toxicity in Cas9 screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael Wainberg
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Evan A. Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Oana Ursu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Carlos L. Araya
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C. Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael S. Haney
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Gaelen T. Hess
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Edwin E. Jeng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael C. Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford, California 94305, USA
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18
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Field Y, Boyle EA, Telis N, Gao Z, Gaulton KJ, Golan D, Yengo L, Rocheleau G, Froguel P, McCarthy MI, Pritchard JK. Detection of human adaptation during the past 2000 years. Science 2016; 354:760-764. [PMID: 27738015 PMCID: PMC5182071 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Detection of recent natural selection is a challenging problem in population genetics. Here we introduce the singleton density score (SDS), a method to infer very recent changes in allele frequencies from contemporary genome sequences. Applied to data from the UK10K Project, SDS reflects allele frequency changes in the ancestors of modern Britons during the past ~2000 to 3000 years. We see strong signals of selection at lactase and the major histocompatibility complex, and in favor of blond hair and blue eyes. For polygenic adaptation, we find that recent selection for increased height has driven allele frequency shifts across most of the genome. Moreover, we identify shifts associated with other complex traits, suggesting that polygenic adaptation has played a pervasive role in shaping genotypic and phenotypic variation in modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Field
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Evan A Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Natalie Telis
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ziyue Gao
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, and Oxford Center for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Golan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Loic Yengo
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ghislain Rocheleau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Imperial College, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, London Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, and Oxford Center for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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19
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Bachmann-Gagescu R, Phelps IG, Dempsey JC, Sharma VA, Ishak GE, Boyle EA, Wilson M, Lourenço CM, Arslan M, Shendure J, Doherty D. KIAA0586 is Mutated in Joubert Syndrome. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:831-5. [PMID: 26096313 PMCID: PMC4537327 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a distinctive mid-hindbrain malformation. JS is part of a group of disorders called ciliopathies based on their overlapping phenotypes and common underlying pathophysiology linked to primary cilium dysfunction. Biallelic mutations in one of 28 genes, all encoding proteins localizing to the primary cilium or basal body, can cause JS. Despite this large number of genes, the genetic cause can currently be determined in about 62% of individuals with JS. To identify novel JS genes, we performed whole exome sequencing on 35 individuals with JS and found biallelic rare deleterious variants (RDVs) in KIAA0586, encoding a centrosomal protein required for ciliogenesis, in one individual. Targeted next-generation sequencing in a large JS cohort identified biallelic RDVs in eight additional families for an estimated prevalence of 2.5% (9/366 JS families). All affected individuals displayed JS phenotypes toward the mild end of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, 8603 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian G. Phelps
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Gisele E. Ishak
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Evan A Boyle
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meredith Wilson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles Marques Lourenço
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Neurosciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mutluay Arslan
- Gulhane Military Medical School, Division of Child Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dan Doherty
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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20
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Bachmann-Gagescu R, Dempsey JC, Phelps IG, O'Roak BJ, Knutzen DM, Rue TC, Ishak GE, Isabella CR, Gorden N, Adkins J, Boyle EA, de Lacy N, O'Day D, Alswaid A, Ramadevi A R, Lingappa L, Lourenço C, Martorell L, Garcia-Cazorla À, Ozyürek H, Haliloğlu G, Tuysuz B, Topçu M, Chance P, Parisi MA, Glass IA, Shendure J, Doherty D. Joubert syndrome: a model for untangling recessive disorders with extreme genetic heterogeneity. J Med Genet 2015; 52:514-22. [PMID: 26092869 PMCID: PMC5082428 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joubert syndrome (JS) is a recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by hypotonia, ataxia, cognitive impairment, abnormal eye movements, respiratory control disturbances and a distinctive mid-hindbrain malformation. JS demonstrates substantial phenotypic variability and genetic heterogeneity. This study provides a comprehensive view of the current genetic basis, phenotypic range and gene-phenotype associations in JS. METHODS We sequenced 27 JS-associated genes in 440 affected individuals (375 families) from a cohort of 532 individuals (440 families) with JS, using molecular inversion probe-based targeted capture and next-generation sequencing. Variant pathogenicity was defined using the Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion algorithm with an optimised score cut-off. RESULTS We identified presumed causal variants in 62% of pedigrees, including the first B9D2 mutations associated with JS. 253 different mutations in 23 genes highlight the extreme genetic heterogeneity of JS. Phenotypic analysis revealed that only 34% of individuals have a 'pure JS' phenotype. Retinal disease is present in 30% of individuals, renal disease in 25%, coloboma in 17%, polydactyly in 15%, liver fibrosis in 14% and encephalocele in 8%. Loss of CEP290 function is associated with retinal dystrophy, while loss of TMEM67 function is associated with liver fibrosis and coloboma, but we observe no clear-cut distinction between JS subtypes. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates how combining advanced sequencing techniques with phenotypic data addresses extreme genetic heterogeneity to provide diagnostic and carrier testing, guide medical monitoring for progressive complications, facilitate interpretation of genome-wide sequencing results in individuals with a variety of phenotypes and enable gene-specific treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J C Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - I G Phelps
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - B J O'Roak
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - D M Knutzen
- Department of Oncology, Franciscan Health System, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - T C Rue
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G E Ishak
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C R Isabella
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - N Gorden
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - J Adkins
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - E A Boyle
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - N de Lacy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D O'Day
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Alswaid
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - L Lingappa
- Department of Child Neurology, Rainbow Children Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - C Lourenço
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Neurosciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Martorell
- Department of Genetica Molecular, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - À Garcia-Cazorla
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Ozyürek
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - G Haliloğlu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Tuysuz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Topçu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - P Chance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M A Parisi
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - I A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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21
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D'Gama AM, Geng Y, Couto JA, Martin B, Boyle EA, LaCoursiere CM, Hossain A, Hatem NE, Barry BJ, Kwiatkowski DJ, Vinters HV, Barkovich AJ, Shendure J, Mathern GW, Walsh CA, Poduri A. Mammalian target of rapamycin pathway mutations cause hemimegalencephaly and focal cortical dysplasia. Ann Neurol 2015; 77:720-5. [PMID: 25599672 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Focal malformations of cortical development, including focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and hemimegalencephaly (HME), are important causes of intractable childhood epilepsy. Using targeted and exome sequencing on DNA from resected brain samples and nonbrain samples from 53 patients with FCD or HME, we identified pathogenic germline and mosaic mutations in multiple PI3K/AKT pathway genes in 9 patients, and a likely pathogenic variant in 1 additional patient. Our data confirm the association of DEPDC5 with sporadic FCD but also implicate this gene for the first time in HME. Our findings suggest that modulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway may hold promise for malformation-associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa M D'Gama
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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22
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Kumar A, Boyle EA, Tokita M, Mikheev AM, Sanger MC, Girard E, Silber JR, Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, Hiatt JB, Adey A, Lee C, Kitzman JO, Born DE, Silbergeld DL, Olson JM, Rostomily RC, Shendure J. Deep sequencing of multiple regions of glial tumors reveals spatial heterogeneity for mutations in clinically relevant genes. Genome Biol 2014; 15:530. [PMID: 25608559 PMCID: PMC4272528 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extent of intratumoral mutational heterogeneity remains unclear in gliomas, the most common primary brain tumors, especially with respect to point mutation. To address this, we applied single molecule molecular inversion probes targeting 33 cancer genes to assay both point mutations and gene amplifications within spatially distinct regions of 14 glial tumors. Results We find evidence of regional mutational heterogeneity in multiple tumors, including mutations in TP53 and RB1 in an anaplastic oligodendroglioma and amplifications in PDGFRA and KIT in two glioblastomas (GBMs). Immunohistochemistry confirms heterogeneity of TP53 mutation and PDGFRA amplification. In all, 3 out of 14 glial tumors surveyed have evidence for heterogeneity for clinically relevant mutations. Conclusions Our results underscore the need to sample multiple regions in GBM and other glial tumors when devising personalized treatments based on genomic information, and furthermore demonstrate the importance of measuring both point mutation and copy number alteration while investigating genetic heterogeneity within cancer samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0530-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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23
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Findlay GM, Boyle EA, Hause RJ, Klein JC, Shendure J. Saturation editing of genomic regions by multiplex homology-directed repair. Nature 2014; 513:120-3. [PMID: 25141179 PMCID: PMC4156553 DOI: 10.1038/nature13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Saturation mutagenesis1,2 – coupled to an appropriate biological assay – represents a fundamental means of achieving a high-resolution understanding of regulatory3 and protein-coding4 nucleic acid sequences of interest. However, mutagenized sequences introduced in trans on episomes or via random or “safe-harbor” integration fail to capture the native context of the endogenous chromosomal locus5. This shortcoming markedly limits the interpretability of the resulting measurements of mutational impact. Here, we couple CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided cleavage6 with multiplex homology-directed repair (HDR) using a complex library of donor templates to demonstrate saturation editing of genomic regions. In exon 18 of BRCA1, we replace a six base-pair (bp) genomic region with all possible hexamers, or the full exon with all possible single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and measure strong effects on transcript abundance attributable to nonsense-mediated decay and exonic splicing elements. We similarly perform saturation genome editing of a well-conserved coding region of an essential gene, DBR1, and measure relative effects on growth that correlate with functional impact. Measurement of the functional consequences of large numbers of mutations with saturation genome editing will potentially facilitate high-resolution functional dissection of both cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors, as well as the interpretation of variants of uncertain significance observed in clinical sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Findlay
- 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2]
| | - Evan A Boyle
- 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2]
| | - Ronald J Hause
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jason C Klein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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24
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Boyle EA, O'Roak BJ, Martin BK, Kumar A, Shendure J. MIPgen: optimized modeling and design of molecular inversion probes for targeted resequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 30:2670-2. [PMID: 24867941 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Molecular inversion probes (MIPs) enable cost-effective multiplex targeted gene resequencing in large cohorts. However, the design of individual MIPs is a critical parameter governing the performance of this technology with respect to capture uniformity and specificity. MIPgen is a user-friendly package that simplifies the process of designing custom MIP assays to arbitrary targets. New logistic and SVM-derived models enable in silico predictions of assay success, and assay redesign exhibits improved coverage uniformity relative to previous methods, which in turn improves the utility of MIPs for cost-effective targeted sequencing for candidate gene validation and for diagnostic sequencing in a clinical setting. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION MIPgen is implemented in C++. Source code and accompanying Python scripts are available at http://shendurelab.github.io/MIPGEN/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Boyle
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 and Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Brian J O'Roak
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 and Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Beth K Martin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 and Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Akash Kumar
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 and Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 and Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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25
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FitzGerald LM, Kumar A, Boyle EA, Zhang Y, McIntosh LM, Kolb S, Stott-Miller M, Smith T, Karyadi DM, Ostrander EA, Hsu L, Shendure J, Stanford JL. Germline missense variants in the BTNL2 gene are associated with prostate cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1520-8. [PMID: 23833122 PMCID: PMC3769499 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare, inherited mutations account for 5% to 10% of all prostate cancer cases. However, to date, few causative mutations have been identified. METHODS To identify rare mutations for prostate cancer, we conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES) in multiple kindreds (n = 91) from 19 hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) families characterized by aggressive or early-onset phenotypes. Candidate variants (n = 130) identified through family- and bioinformatics-based filtering of WES data were then genotyped in an independent set of 270 HPC families (n = 819 prostate cancer cases; n = 496 unaffected relatives) for replication. Two variants with supportive evidence were subsequently genotyped in a population-based case-control study (n = 1,155 incident prostate cancer cases; n = 1,060 age-matched controls) for further confirmation. All participants were men of European ancestry. RESULTS The strongest evidence was for two germline missense variants in the butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) gene (rs41441651, p.Asp336Asn and rs28362675, p.Gly454Cys) that segregated with affection status in two of the WES families. In the independent set of 270 HPC families, 1.5% (rs41441651; P = 0.0032) and 1.2% (rs28362675; P = 0.0070) of affected men, but no unaffected men, carried a variant. Both variants were associated with elevated prostate cancer risk in the population-based study (rs41441651: OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.27-5.87; P = 0.010; rs28362675: OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.16-5.46; P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that rare BTNL2 variants play a role in susceptibility to both familial and sporadic prostate cancer. IMPACT Results implicate BTNL2 as a novel prostate cancer susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesel M. FitzGerald
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, U.S.A
| | - Akash Kumar
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-5065, U.S.A
| | - Evan A. Boyle
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-5065, U.S.A
| | - Yuzheng Zhang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, U.S.A
| | - Laura M. McIntosh
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, U.S.A
| | - Suzanne Kolb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, U.S.A
| | - Marni Stott-Miller
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, U.S.A
| | - Tiffany Smith
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8000, U.S.A
| | - Danielle M. Karyadi
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8000, U.S.A
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8000, U.S.A
| | - Li Hsu
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, U.S.A
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-5065, U.S.A
| | - Janet L. Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, U.S.A
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-7236, U.S.A
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Boyle EA, Goudie AC, Mangan FR, Randall K, Thomson MJ, Green AP. Nabumetone - A New Anti-Inflammatory Agent. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1982.tb00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Boyle
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research Division, Medicinal Research Centre, Harlow
| | - A C Goudie
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research Division, Medicinal Research Centre, Harlow
| | - F R Mangan
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research Division, Medicinal Research Centre, Harlow
| | - K Randall
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research Division, Medicinal Research Centre, Harlow
| | - M J Thomson
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research Division, Medicinal Research Centre, Harlow
| | - A P Green
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research Division, Medicinal Research Centre, Harlow
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Gleick PH, Adams RM, Amasino RM, Anders E, Anderson DJ, Anderson WW, Anselin LE, Arroyo MK, Asfaw B, Ayala FJ, Bax A, Bebbington AJ, Bell G, Bennett MVL, Bennetzen JL, Berenbaum MR, Berlin OB, Bjorkman PJ, Blackburn E, Blamont JE, Botchan MR, Boyer JS, Boyle EA, Branton D, Briggs SP, Briggs WR, Brill WJ, Britten RJ, Broecker WS, Brown JH, Brown PO, Brunger AT, Cairns J, Canfield DE, Carpenter SR, Carrington JC, Cashmore AR, Castilla JC, Cazenave A, Chapin FS, Ciechanover AJ, Clapham DE, Clark WC, Clayton RN, Coe MD, Conwell EM, Cowling EB, Cowling RM, Cox CS, Croteau RB, Crothers DM, Crutzen PJ, Daily GC, Dalrymple GB, Dangl JL, Darst SA, Davies DR, Davis MB, De Camilli PV, Dean C, DeFries RS, Deisenhofer J, Delmer DP, DeLong EF, DeRosier DJ, Diener TO, Dirzo R, Dixon JE, Donoghue MJ, Doolittle RF, Dunne T, Ehrlich PR, Eisenstadt SN, Eisner T, Emanuel KA, Englander SW, Ernst WG, Falkowski PG, Feher G, Ferejohn JA, Fersht A, Fischer EH, Fischer R, Flannery KV, Frank J, Frey PA, Fridovich I, Frieden C, Futuyma DJ, Gardner WR, Garrett CJR, Gilbert W, Goldberg RB, Goodenough WH, Goodman CS, Goodman M, Greengard P, Hake S, Hammel G, Hanson S, Harrison SC, Hart SR, Hartl DL, Haselkorn R, Hawkes K, Hayes JM, Hille B, Hökfelt T, House JS, Hout M, Hunten DM, Izquierdo IA, Jagendorf AT, Janzen DH, Jeanloz R, Jencks CS, Jury WA, Kaback HR, Kailath T, Kay P, Kay SA, Kennedy D, Kerr A, Kessler RC, Khush GS, Kieffer SW, Kirch PV, Kirk K, Kivelson MG, Klinman JP, Klug A, Knopoff L, Kornberg H, Kutzbach JE, Lagarias JC, Lambeck K, Landy A, Langmuir CH, Larkins BA, Le Pichon XT, Lenski RE, Leopold EB, Levin SA, Levitt M, Likens GE, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Lorand L, Lovejoy CO, Lynch M, Mabogunje AL, Malone TF, Manabe S, Marcus J, Massey DS, McWilliams JC, Medina E, Melosh HJ, Meltzer DJ, Michener CD, Miles EL, Mooney HA, Moore PB, Morel FMM, Mosley-Thompson ES, Moss B, Munk WH, Myers N, Nair GB, Nathans J, Nester EW, Nicoll RA, Novick RP, O'Connell JF, Olsen PE, Opdyke ND, Oster GF, Ostrom E, Pace NR, Paine RT, Palmiter RD, Pedlosky J, Petsko GA, Pettengill GH, Philander SG, Piperno DR, Pollard TD, Price PB, Reichard PA, Reskin BF, Ricklefs RE, Rivest RL, Roberts JD, Romney AK, Rossmann MG, Russell DW, Rutter WJ, Sabloff JA, Sagdeev RZ, Sahlins MD, Salmond A, Sanes JR, Schekman R, Schellnhuber J, Schindler DW, Schmitt J, Schneider SH, Schramm VL, Sederoff RR, Shatz CJ, Sherman F, Sidman RL, Sieh K, Simons EL, Singer BH, Singer MF, Skyrms B, Sleep NH, Smith BD, Snyder SH, Sokal RR, Spencer CS, Steitz TA, Strier KB, Südhof TC, Taylor SS, Terborgh J, Thomas DH, Thompson LG, Tjian RT, Turner MG, Uyeda S, Valentine JW, Valentine JS, Van Etten JL, van Holde KE, Vaughan M, Verba S, von Hippel PH, Wake DB, Walker A, Walker JE, Watson EB, Watson PJ, Weigel D, Wessler SR, West-Eberhard MJ, White TD, Wilson WJ, Wolfenden RV, Wood JA, Woodwell GM, Wright HE, Wu C, Wunsch C, Zoback ML. Climate change and the integrity of science. Science 2010; 328:689-90. [PMID: 20448167 DOI: 10.1126/science.328.5979.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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28
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Boyd PW, Jickells T, Law CS, Blain S, Boyle EA, Buesseler KO, Coale KH, Cullen JJ, de Baar HJW, Follows M, Harvey M, Lancelot C, Levasseur M, Owens NPJ, Pollard R, Rivkin RB, Sarmiento J, Schoemann V, Smetacek V, Takeda S, Tsuda A, Turner S, Watson AJ. Mesoscale Iron Enrichment Experiments 1993-2005: Synthesis and Future Directions. Science 2007; 315:612-7. [PMID: 17272712 DOI: 10.1126/science.1131669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Since the mid-1980s, our understanding of nutrient limitation of oceanic primary production has radically changed. Mesoscale iron addition experiments (FeAXs) have unequivocally shown that iron supply limits production in one-third of the world ocean, where surface macronutrient concentrations are perennially high. The findings of these 12 FeAXs also reveal that iron supply exerts controls on the dynamics of plankton blooms, which in turn affect the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur and ultimately influence the Earth climate system. However, extrapolation of the key results of FeAXs to regional and seasonal scales in some cases is limited because of differing modes of iron supply in FeAXs and in the modern and paleo-oceans. New research directions include quantification of the coupling of oceanic iron and carbon biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Boyd
- National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Centre for Chemical and Physical Oceanography, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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29
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Mukprasirt A, Herald TJ, Boyle DL, Boyle EA. Physicochemical and microbiological properties of selected rice flour-based batters for fried chicken drumsticks. Poult Sci 2001; 80:988-96. [PMID: 11469667 DOI: 10.1093/ps/80.7.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice flour-based batter (RFBB) formulations for chicken drumstick coating were developed as an alternative for traditional wheat flour-based batter (WFBB). Physicochemical properties and storage stability of selected RFBB were evaluated and compared to WFBB. Batter pickup of RFBB formulated in combination with oxidized corn starch and methylcellulose (MC) was not significantly different from that of WFBB. In contrast, batters with only rice and corn flour (60:40% flour weight) exhibited significantly higher pickup. Rice flour batter with 15% oxidized corn starch had the lowest batter pickup. All RFBB exhibited (P < 0.05) lower oil absorption than WFBB. The TBA values of RFBB and WFBB increased (P < 0.05) with increased frozen storage time at -40 C for 90 d. The RFBB with MC exhibited the lowest TBA values, whereas WFBB had the highest values. Microstructural analysis revealed that freezing caused structural deterioration of all batters, but the RFBB with MC exhibited less freezing tolerance than other samples. The total plate counts of immediately fried or frozen fried chicken stored for 90 d were less than 1 log cfu/g sample. The RFBB with 5% oxidized corn starch and MC can replace WFBB on fried drumsticks. Additionally, RFBB results in a healthier product due to lower fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mukprasirt
- Food Science Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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30
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Abstract
Twenty years ago, measurements on ice cores showed that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was lower during ice ages than it is today. As yet, there is no broadly accepted explanation for this difference. Current investigations focus on the ocean's 'biological pump', the sequestration of carbon in the ocean interior by the rain of organic carbon out of the surface ocean, and its effect on the burial of calcium carbonate in marine sediments. Some researchers surmise that the whole-ocean reservoir of algal nutrients was larger during glacial times, strengthening the biological pump at low latitudes, where these nutrients are currently limiting. Others propose that the biological pump was more efficient during glacial times because of more complete utilization of nutrients at high latitudes, where much of the nutrient supply currently goes unused. We present a version of the latter hypothesis that focuses on the open ocean surrounding Antarctica, involving both the biology and physics of that region.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Sigman
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Surface waters of the subtropical Sargasso Sea contain dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentrations of 0.2 to 1.0 nanomolar, which are sufficiently low to result in phosphorus control of primary production. The DIP concentrations in this area (which receives high inputs of iron-rich dust from arid regions of North Africa) are one to two orders of magnitude lower than surface levels in the North Pacific (where eolian iron inputs are much lower and water column denitrification is much more substantial). These data indicate a severe relative phosphorus depletion in the Atlantic. We hypothesize that nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation of primary production in the present-day ocean may be closely linked to iron supply through control of dinitrogen (N2) fixation, an iron-intensive metabolic process. Although the oceanic phosphorus inventory may set the upper limit for the total amount of organic matter produced in the ocean over geological time scales, at any instant in geological time, oceanic primary production may fall below this limit because of a persistent insufficient iron supply. By controlling N2 fixation, iron may control not only nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation but also carbon fixation and export stoichiometry and hence biological sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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32
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Abstract
Throughout the last glacial cycle, reorganizations of deep ocean water masses were coincident with rapid millennial-scale changes in climate. Climate changes have been less severe during the present interglacial, but evidence for concurrent deep ocean circulation change is ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Keigwin
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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33
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Adkins JF, Cheng H, Boyle EA, Druffel ERM, Edwards RL. Deep-Sea coral evidence for rapid change in ventilation of the deep north atlantic 15,400 years Ago. Science 1998; 280:725-8. [PMID: 9563946 DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5364.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coupled radiocarbon and thorium-230 dates from benthic coral species reveal that the ventilation rate of the North Atlantic upper deep water varied greatly during the last deglaciation. Radiocarbon ages in several corals of the same age, 15.41 +/- 0.17 thousand years, and nearly the same depth, 1800 meters, in the western North Atlantic Ocean increased by as much as 670 years during the 30- to 160-year life spans of the samples. Cadmium/calcium ratios in one coral imply that the nutrient content of these deep waters also increased. Our data show that the deep ocean changed on decadal-centennial time scales during rapid changes in the surface ocean and the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- JF Adkins
- J. F. Adkins and E. A. Boyle, Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. H. Cheng and R. L. Edwards, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minne
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34
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Boyle EA. Characteristics of the deep ocean carbon system during the past 150,000 years: SigmaCO2 distributions, deep water flow patterns, and abrupt climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:8300-7. [PMID: 11607737 PMCID: PMC33731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of carbon isotopes and cadmium in bottom-dwelling foraminifera from ocean sediment cores have advanced our knowledge of ocean chemical distributions during the late Pleistocene. Last Glacial Maximum data are consistent with a persistent high-SigmaCO2 state for eastern Pacific deep water. Both tracers indicate that the mid-depth North and tropical Atlantic Ocean almost always has lower SigmaCO2 levels than those in the Pacific. Upper waters of the Last Glacial Maximum Atlantic are more SigmaCO2-depleted and deep waters are SigmaCO2-enriched compared with the waters of the present. In the northern Indian Ocean, delta13C and Cd data are consistent with upper water SigmaCO2 depletion relative to the present. There is no evident proximate source of this SigmaCO2-depleted water, so I suggest that SigmaCO2-depleted North Atlantic intermediate/deep water turns northward around the southern tip of Africa and moves toward the equator as a western boundary current. At long periods (>15,000 years), Milankovitch cycle variability is evident in paleochemical time series. But rapid millennial-scale variability can be seen in cores from high accumulation rate series. Atlantic deep water chemical properties are seen to change in as little as a few hundred years or less. An extraordinary new 52.7-m-long core from the Bermuda Rise contains a faithful record of climate variability with century-scale resolution. Sediment composition can be linked in detail with the isotope stage 3 interstadials recorded in Greenland ice cores. This new record shows at least 12 major climate fluctuations within marine isotope stage 5 (about 70,000-130,000 years before the present).
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Boyle
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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35
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Marr HE, Davey PT, Boyle EA, Blower PR. Further studies of the antiemetic activity of granisetron against whole body X-irradiation or cisplatin-induced emesis in the ferret. Pharmacology 1994; 48:283-92. [PMID: 8016189 DOI: 10.1159/000139191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In ferrets, the highly selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, granisetron, abolished or reduced emesis induced by cisplatin (10 mg/kg i.v.) or whole body X-irradiation (50 Gy in 10.4 min) in a dose-dependent manner when administered by a variety of routes (intravenous, per os, subcutaneous, intramuscular). Complete protection from vomiting and retching was achieved with 0.5 mg/kg i.v. or p.o. granisetron. Granisetron (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) was also effective when given 6 h before cisplatin, completely protecting 50% of ferrets for a total of 10 h. Following repeat dosing, for either 4 days i.v. or 10 days p.o. before emetic challenge, granisetron (0.5 mg/kg) still retained its antiemetic activity on the 5th or 11th day. Prior treatment with cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg i.v.) resulted in a significantly shorter time to the onset of vomiting after exposure to X-irradiation. Granisetron, but not saline, abolished vomiting and nausea when given as intervention after this combined emetic regimen. These results show that granisetron has potential flexibility for administration via a variety of different routes and also a long duration of action when used as an antiemetic against a wide range of cytostatic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Marr
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Harlow, Essex, UK
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Marr HE, Davey PT, Boyle EA, Blower PR. The antiemetic activity of granisetron against cytostatic-treatment-induced emesis in 10- to 13-week-old ferrets. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1994; 120:204-7. [PMID: 8288674 DOI: 10.1007/bf01372557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The antiemetic activity of granisetron was examined in ferrets aged 10-13 weeks. Emesis was induced by exposure to either whole-body X-irradiation (50 Gy over 10.4 min) or cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg i.v.) plus doxorubicin (6 mg/kg i.v.). Following exposure to whole-body X-irradiation, the young ferrets vomited with a similar latency to vomit and severity of emesis to that shown by adult animals. Granisetron (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) significantly reduced (P < or = 0.05) the number of vomits and retches and two out of four animals were completely protected. Following injection of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, the young ferrets showed a reduced emetic response compared to adult animals. Following a dose of granisetron (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), only one out of four ferrets vomited compared to four out of four in the control group. Further experiments showed that cisplatin (12.5 mg/kg i.v.) was unable to induce vomiting in the young ferret (n = 2). Granisetron (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) was well tolerated by the young ferret and was able to reduce significantly or completely abolish emesis induced by cytostatic treatment. The data support the use of granisetron in pediatric patients and clinical trials are currently underway in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Marr
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Harlow, Essex, UK
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Abstract
Though increasing attention is being paid to psychological aspects of multiple sclerosis, much research continues to examine patients as differing in quantity rather than quality of psychological abnormality or response. Cluster analysis was used to identify distinctive psychological profiles in a large sample of patients with multiple sclerosis. It employed three measures, carefully chosen to capture the main responses historically observed in multiple sclerosis. These measures were (1) the patient's physical disability-impairment, assessed by a neurologist; (2) physical disability-impairment as perceived and reported by the patient; and (3) self-reported psychological well-being (or distress) independent of physical signs and symptoms. The optimal solution from the cluster analysis separated the 99 patients into 10 clusters, which were collapsed into four profiles, consistent with the labels "depression," "denial," "exaggerated somatic," and "severity-related." These data give strong empirical support to the existence of discrete and distinctive coping styles in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Boyle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Boyle EA, McGeer PL. Cellular immune response in multiple sclerosis plaques. Am J Pathol 1990; 137:575-84. [PMID: 1698025 PMCID: PMC1877509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis plaques were immunohistochemically stained to exhibit cells expressing immune-system antigens. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-positive cells formed dense rings around all plaque regions. The majority were reactive microglia/macrophages. Counterstaining with oil red O revealed heavy myelin debris within these cells. They were distinct from astrocytes, which were identified with an antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and which did not contain oil red O myelin debris. Numerous leukocytes and microglia were stained with antibody to leukocyte common antigen (LCA). Lymphocytes in cuffs around vessels, along the margins of capillary walls, and, sparingly, in the tissue matrix of affected areas, were stained with antibodies to CD4 (T-helper/inducer) and CD8 (T-cytotoxic/suppressor). In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in Lewis rats, a similar proliferation of Ia-positive (OX6, OX17) cells displaying reactive microglia/macrophage morphology was observed. These Ia-positive cells also were easily distinguished from GFAP-positive astrocytes. The results suggest that macrophages/reactive microglia, and not astrocytes, express class II MHC antigens in multiple sclerosis and EAE plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Boyle
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Abstract
During the past decade, geochemical paleoceanographers have begun to explore the changes in the circulation of the deep ocean that occurred during the glacial-interglacial cycles of the earth's recent history. The deep ocean was significantly colder during the glacial maximum. The distributions of biologically utilized elements (such as carbon and phosphorus) were significantly different as well; higher concentrations of these elements occurred in the deep (>2500 meters depth) North Atlantic, and lower concentrations occurred in the upper (<2500 meters depth) waters of the North Atlantic and possibly in all of the major ocean basins. In contrast, relatively subtle changes have been observed in the radiocarbon ages of deep waters. Slow deepwater changes are statistically linked to variations in the earth's orbit, but rapid changes in deepwater circulation also have occurred. Deepwater chemistry and circulation changes may control the variability in atmospheric CO(2) levels that have been documented from studies of air bubbles in polar ice cores.
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Abstract
In ferrets, the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 5-HT3 receptor antagonist BRL 43694 given as a single injection (0.05-0.5 mg kg-1 i.v.) before cisplatin, or by divided dose (2 x 0.005-2 x 0.5 mg kg-1 i.v.) before and after cisplatin dramatically reduced or abolished the severe cisplatin-induced vomiting. BRL 43694 also substantially reduced the vomiting induced by cyclophosphamide:doxorubicin, and prevented the trimelamol-induced emesis. The severe emesis caused by whole body exposure to X-irradiation was prevented by intravenous or oral BRL 43694. A single i.v. dose of BRL 43694 given during an emetic episode or within the peak emetic period, abolished the vomiting induced by the cytotoxic drugs and by X-irradiation, usually within 30 s. Where the induction of emesis was prevented or subsequently abolished by BRL 43694, the associated behaviour (subjectively assessed as nausea) was also absent or greatly attenuated. BRL 43694 (0.1 mg kg-1 i.v.) did not affect the emesis evoked in dogs by the dopamine agonist apomorphine. The potent anti-emetic activity of BRL 43694 is discussed in terms of potential clinical use, and of the fundamental role that 5-HT3 receptors may play in the mechanisms of nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bermudez
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Harlow, Essex, UK
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Crummey A, Harper GP, Boyle EA, Mangan FR. Inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced ear oedema as a model for assessing topical anti-inflammatory compounds. Agents Actions 1987; 20:69-76. [PMID: 2437776 DOI: 10.1007/bf01965627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have found that mouse ear oedema induced by the topical application of arachidonic acid is not a specific screen for compounds inhibiting the lipoxygenase or cyclo-oxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Although such compounds are able to reduce the oedema substantially, pharmacological agents such as histamine antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, free radical scavengers, and also various compounds not normally considered to have anti-inflammatory properties, can equally effectively reduce the oedema. A mutual potentiation of the effects of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and mast cell-derived histamine would allow many, but not all, of the active agents to be rationalised. The ability of compounds not influencing these three types of inflammatory mediators to reduce the oedematous response means the model is of limited value for directed screening.
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Boyle EA, Mangan FR, Markwell RE, Smith SA, Thomson MJ, Ward RW, Wyman PA. 7-Aroyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furan-3-carboxylic acids and 7-benzoyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylic acids as analgesic agents. J Med Chem 1986; 29:894-8. [PMID: 3086559 DOI: 10.1021/jm00156a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 7-aroyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furan-3-carboxylic acids and 7-benzoyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylic acids is described. The isomeric 4-benzoyl-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]furan-1-carboxylic acid was also prepared. Compounds were evaluated for analgesic activity in the mouse phenyl-p-quinone-induced writhing test. Selected compounds were tested for their ability to produce gastric damage in fasted mice and for inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase activity in vitro. Zomepirac was used as a reference. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. One of the compounds, 7-benzoyl-5-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furan-3-carboxylic acid (2c), combined potent analgesic activity with low gastric irritancy.
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43
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Abstract
BRL 20459 is a novel compound which displays anti-inflammatory activity when applied topically in the croton oil and cantharadin rat ear inflammation models. The compound does not inhibit uv-induced erythema in the guinea-pig or granuloma formation in the cotton pellet test in the rat. BRL 20459 does not inhibit prostaglandin synthesis nor does it interact with corticosteroid receptors in the thymus. In contrast to hydrocortisone, BRL 20459 did not cause thymus involution or reduce body weight gain in rats. BRL 20459 would seem to have a different mechanism of action to hydrocortisone, but this mechanism is as yet unknown.
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Abstract
Variations in the cadmium/calcium ratio of North Atlantic Deep Water are recorded in the fossil shells of benthic foraminifera. The oceanic distribution of cadmium is similar to that of the nutrients, hence the cadmium/calcium ratio in shells records temporal variations in nutrient distributions. Data from a North Atlantic sediment core show that over the past 200,000 years there has been a continuous supply of nutrient-depleted waters into the deep North Atlantic. The intensity of this source relative to nutrient-enriched southern waters diminished by about a factor of 2 during severe glaciations. This evidence combined with carbon isotope data indicates that the continental carbon inventory may have been less variable than previously suggested.
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Boyle EA, Mangan FR. The effect of a novel, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound, nabumetone (BRL 14777), on cellular infiltration into 24-hour polyvinyl sponge implants in the rat, compared with some steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 1982; 34:570-5. [PMID: 6127381 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1982.tb04795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The time-course of cell migration into saline-soaked sponge implants over 5 days showed peak polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) infiltration at 24 h. In common with the corticosteroids dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin, (+)-naproxen, BW 755C and benoxaprofen, nabumetone decreased cell migration into the sponges. PMNLs and mononuclear cells were reduced at 24 h, and there was a parallel decrease in exudate levels of the lysosomal acid hydrolase beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase [NAG ECB, 3, 2, 1, 30]. Impregnation of sponges with lambda-carrageenan (1%) caused a 2-3 fold increase in cell numbers, with a relatively greater proportion of PMNLs; drug effects were more marked in these implants.
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Abstract
Nabumetone is a compound of novel structure which displays acute anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced oedema model in rats and the ultraviolet-induced erythema model in guinea-pigs. Its activity in these tests is greater than that of aspirin but less than that of naproxen and indomethacin. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model in the rat, the compound is active and produces no signs of toxicity at doses much greater than the lowest effective dose, unlike aspirin, naproxen or indomethacin. Nabumetone is also active in the adjuvant-induced arthritis test in rats. In contrast to aspirin, indomethacin and naproxen, the compound is well tolerated by the stomach of fasted rats at doses in excess of those with anti-inflammatory activity. These findings could be linked to the relatively poor ability of nabumetone to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in vitro and to its non-acidic structure. The compound has greater mild analgesic activity than paracetamol, is equi-active with phenylbutazone, but less active than aspirin, naproxen and indomethacin. Nabumetone also has antipyretic activity in the rabbit. No interactions with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have been found.
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