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Jahnen M, Amiel T, Wagner T, Kirchhoff F, Büchler J, Düwel C, Koll F, Westenfelder K, Gschwend J, Horn T, Herkommer K, Lunger L. Does experience change the role of systematic biopsy during mpMRI-US fusion prostate biopsy? A single center experience. Eur Urol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(23)00220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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2
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Natanov R, Madrahimov N, Kirchhoff F, Haverich A, Kühn C. Strategies for Weaning of Circulatory Support in Patients with Postcardiotomy Syndrome. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Martens A, Korte W, Merz C, Kirchhoff F, Beckmann E, Fleissner F, Arar M, Goecke T, Haverich A, Shrestha ML. Applying the Principles of Deliberate Practice to Train Complex Aortic Root Surgery: Development of the Aortic Root Module of the Early Exposure and Assessment (EASE) Training Program. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Martens A, Korte W, Merz C, Kirchhoff F, Heimeshoff J, Haverich A, Shrestha M. Initial Experience with the “Early Surgical Exposure and Assessment” (EASE) Program: Early Training Leads to Rapid Improvement of Technical Skills and High Motivation in Residents and Students to Follow an Academic Surgical Career. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1678905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Martens
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - W. Korte
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Merz
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - F. Kirchhoff
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - J. Heimeshoff
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - A. Haverich
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Shrestha
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
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Heimeshoff J, Ricklefs M, Korte W, Merz C, Kirchhoff F, Haverich A, Bara C, Kühn C. Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillators after Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1678798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Heimeshoff
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Ricklefs
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - W. Korte
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Merz
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - F. Kirchhoff
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - A. Haverich
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Bara
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Kühn
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Germany
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Ricklefs M, Heimeshoff J, Korte W, Kirchhoff F, Merz C, Schmitto D, Haverich A, Kühn C. Extracorporeal Life Support after Right Heart Failure in Patients Undergoing Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: Comparison of ra-pa-ECLS vs. va-ECLS. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1679006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ricklefs
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - W. Korte
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - F. Kirchhoff
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Merz
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - D. Schmitto
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A. Haverich
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Kühn
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Heimeshoff J, Bara C, Ricklefs M, Kirchhoff F, Korte W, Merz C, Haverich A, Kühn C. Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Patients with Recent Cardiac Surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1627989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Heimeshoff
- Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Bara
- Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Ricklefs
- Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - F. Kirchhoff
- Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - W. Korte
- Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Merz
- Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A. Haverich
- Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Kühn
- Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Imrich R, Vlcek M, Kerlik J, Vogeser M, Kirchhoff F, Penesova A, Radikova Z, Lukac J, Rovensky J. Determinants of adrenal androgen hypofunction in premenopausal females with rheumatoid arthritis. Physiol Res 2014; 63:321-9. [PMID: 24564598 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate adrenocortical function in the context of disease activity and inflammatory status in premenopausal RA females. Adrenal glucocorticoid and androgen responses to the 1 microg ACTH 1-24 test were investigated in 23 premenopausal RA and in 15 age- and BMI-matched healthy females. Twelve RA patients were on low-dose prednisone (<8.5 mg/day). Patients with DAS28>3.2 had lower (p<0.05) total plasma cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione responses in the ACTH test compared to healthy controls. Patients with DAS28>3.2 had lower (p<0.05) dehydroepiandrosterone response in the ACTH test compared to patients with DAS28</=3.2. C-reactive protein (CRP), DAS28, and interleukin (IL)-6 negatively correlated with androstenedione response to ACTH 1-24. Responses of all measured adrenal steroids were lower (p<0.05) in patients on low-dose glucocorticoids compared to healthy controls. RA patients not treated with glucocorticoids had lower total cortisol response (p=0.038) but did not differ in free plasma cortisol in the ACTH test. The results indicate an association of increased disease activity with a decrease in adrenal androgen production in RA and normal cortisol bioavailability in patients not treated with glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Imrich
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Urschitz M, Poets C, Stuck B, Wiater A, Kirchhoff F. Medikamentöse Behandlung von Atmungsstörungen bei adenotonsillärer Hyperplasie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-013-2976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Carchenilla MSC, Agudo D, Rubio S, Becerra D, Bronet F, Garcia-Velasco JA, Pacheco A, Lardone M, Piottante A, Parada-Bustamante A, Argandona F, Florez M, Espinoza A, Ebensperger M, Castro A, Cohen-Bacrie M, Belloc S, Dalleac A, Amar E, Izard V, Hazout A, Cohen-Bacrie P, de Mouzon J, Muzzonigro F, Crivello AM, Stanghellini I, Bernardini L, Ferraretti AP, Magli C, Gianaroli L, Martin PS, Duvison MH, Silva MD, Gosalvez J, Martin FS, Pomante A, Muzzonigro F, Colombo F, Mattioli M, Barboni B, Ferraretti AP, Magli MC, Gianaroli L, Hacifazlioglu O, Findikli N, Goktolga U, Bahceci M, Jakab A, Mokanszki A, Varga A, Benyo M, Kassai Z, Olah E, Molnar Z, Gundogan GI, Bozkurt HH, Irez T, Domingo A, Anarte C, Presilla N, Calvo I, Aguirre O, Oroquieta A, Agirregoikoa JA, De Pablo JL, Barrenetxea G, Moragues I, Medrano ML, Montoya A, Ramos B, Torres MJG, Aizpurua J, Ibala SR, Ghedir H, Mehri A, Zidi I, Brahem S, Mehdi M, Ajina M, Saad A, Medrano ML, Moragues I, Gomez-Torres MJ, Montoya A, Aizpurua J, Cavaco JE, Rato L, Alves MG, Dias TR, Lopes G, Socorro S, Oliveira PF, Lobascio AM, Minasi MG, Greco E, Bungum M, Bungum A, Silver N, Zahiri M, Movahedin M, Mowla SJ, Noruzinia M, Huleihel M, Abarbanel Y, Haber EP, Azab M, Lan D, Lunenfeld E, Smith MJ, Neri QV, Harvey L, Rosenwaks Z, Palermo GD, Alhalabi M, Samawi S, Droubi H, Khalaf M, Taha A, Khatib R, Bednarowska-flisiak A, Wcislo M, Liss J, Swider A, Szczyglinska J, Grzymkowska M, Bruszczynska A, Glowacka J, Kitowska-Marszalkowska K, Krapchev M, Mirecka A, Wisniewska K, Lukaszuk K, Natali I, Tamburrino L, Cambi M, Marchiani S, Noci I, Maggi M, Forti G, Baldi E, Muratori M, Ferraretto X, Pasquet B, Damond F, Matheron S, Epelboin S, Yahi S, Demailly P, Rougier N, Yazbeck C, Delaroche L, Longuet P, Llabador M, Estellat C, Patrat C, Wcislo M, Liss J, Swider A, Szczyglinska J, Grzymkowska M, Bruszczynska A, Glowacka J, Krapchev M, Mirecka A, Kitowska-Marszalkowska K, Wisniewska K, Lukaszuk K, Askarijahromi M, Movahedin M, Amanlu M, Mowla SJ, Mazaheri Z, Christensen P, Sills ES, Fischer R, Naether OGJ, Walsh D, Rudolf K, Coull G, Baukloh V, Labouriau R, Birck A, Parisi F, Parrilla B, Oneta M, Savasi V, Veleva L, Milachich T, Bochev I, Antonova I, Shterev A, Vlaisavljevic V, Breznik BP, Kovacic B, Serrano M, Gonzalvo MC, Clavero A, Fernandez MF, Mozas J, Martinez L, Fontes J, Carrillo S, Lopez-Regalado ML, Lopez-Leria B, Orozco I, Mantilla A, Castilla JA, Mskhalaya G, Zakharova E, Zaletova V, Kasatonova E, Melnik Y, Efremov E, Breznik BP, Kovacic B, Vlaisavljevic V, Schiewe MC, Verheyen G, Tournaye H, Phletincx I, Sims CA, Rothman C, Borges E, Setti AS, Braga DPAF, Vingris L, Iaconelli A, Dupont C, Faure C, Sermondade N, Gautier B, Herbemont C, Aknin I, Klein JP, Cedrin-Durnerin I, Wolf JP, Czernichow S, Levy R, Rondanino C, Chauffour C, Ouchchane L, Artonne C, Janny L, Lobaccaro JM, Volle DH, Brugnon F, Colacurci N, Piomboni P, Ruvolo G, Lombardo F, Verde EL, De Leo V, Lispi M, Papaleo E, De Palo R, Gandini L, Longobardi S, Yokota Y, Yokota M, Yokota H, Araki Y, Araki Y, Alshahrani S, Durairajanayagam D, Sharma R, Sabanegh E, Agarwal A, Hattori H, Nakajo Y, Ikeno T, Sato Y, Kyoya T, Kyono K, Li B, Li JB, Xiao XF, Ma YF, Wang J, Liang XX, Zhao HX, Jiang F, Yao YQ, Wang XH, Roan NR, Liu H, Muller J, Avila-Herrera A, Pollard KS, Lishko P, Kirchhoff F, Munch J, Witkowska HE, Greene WC, Mangiarini A, Paffoni A, Restelli L, Guarneri C, Somigliana E, Ragni G, Anarte C, Domingo A, Calvo I, Presilla N, Aguirre O, Bou R, Aleman M, Guardiola F, Agirregoikoa JA, De Pablo JL, Barrenetxea G, Camargo C, Oliveira JBA, Petersen CG, Mauri AL, Massaro FC, Nicoletti A, Nascimento AM, Vagnini LD, Martins AMVC, Cavagna M, Baruffi RLR, Franco JG. Andrology. Hum Reprod 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Cătălin B, Cupido A, Iancău M, Albu CV, Kirchhoff F. Microglia: first responders in the central nervous system. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2013; 54:467-472. [PMID: 24068392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia has emerged not only as an essential inflammatory cell but also as a major player in the development of the adult brain. Microglia phagocytize extra-numerical synapses during postnatal development, maintain and strengthen the remaining subset of synapses, remodel synaptic circuits and clearing apoptotic newborn neurons. Thereby, microglia plays a crucial role for the establishment, plasticity and function of adult neural circuits. In addition to the key role in normal brain function, any imbalance in microglia activity has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Microglial cells respond rapidly to smallest pathological changes, this being a vital aspect in many tissue scaring and the local confinement of focal lesions. It is assumed that the high motility of microglial cells represents an important requirement to fulfill the numerous functions. In this review will highlight the role of microglial motility in the healthy and the injured brain, and discuss how impairment of microglia motility can affect normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cătălin
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany;
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12
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Tchorz JS, Tome M, Cloëtta D, Sivasankaran B, Grzmil M, Huber RM, Rutz-Schatzmann F, Kirchhoff F, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Gassmann M, Hemmings BA, Merlo A, Bettler B. Constitutive Notch2 signaling in neural stem cells promotes tumorigenic features and astroglial lineage entry. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e325. [PMID: 22717580 PMCID: PMC3388237 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies identified a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of glioma stem cells (GSCs) within malignant gliomas. GSCs are proposed to originate from transformed neural stem cells (NSCs). Several pathways active in NSCs, including the Notch pathway, were shown to promote proliferation and tumorigenesis in GSCs. Notch2 is highly expressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a highly malignant astrocytoma. It is therefore conceivable that increased Notch2 signaling in NSCs contributes to the formation of GBM. Here, we demonstrate that mice constitutively expressing the activated intracellular domain of Notch2 in NSCs display a hyperplasia of the neurogenic niche and reduced neuronal lineage entry. Neurospheres derived from these mice show increased proliferation, survival and resistance to apoptosis. Moreover, they preferentially differentiate into astrocytes, which are the characteristic cellular population of astrocytoma. Likewise, we show that Notch2 signaling increases proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in human GBM cell lines. Gene expression profiling of GBM patient tumor samples reveals a positive correlation of Notch2 transcripts with gene transcripts controlling anti-apoptotic processes, stemness and astrocyte fate, and a negative correlation with gene transcripts controlling proapoptotic processes and oligodendrocyte fate. Our data show that Notch2 signaling in NSCs produces features of GSCs and induces astrocytic lineage entry, consistent with a possible role in astrocytoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Tchorz
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Meuwissen PJ, Ariën KK, Vandewalle I, Naessens E, Vanderstraeten H, Taghon T, Vanham G, Fackler OT, Kirchhoff F, Saksela K, Verhasselt B. Nef interferes with development of thymic T cell precursors: differential mechanisms in HIV and SIV. Retrovirology 2011. [PMCID: PMC3236937 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-s2-p48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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14
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Forssmann WG, The YH, Stoll M, Adermann K, Albrecht U, Tillmann HC, Barlos K, Busmann A, Canales-Mayordomo A, Gimenez-Gallego G, Hirsch J, Jimenez-Barbero J, Meyer-Olson D, Munch J, Perez-Castells J, Standker L, Kirchhoff F, Schmidt RE. Short-Term Monotherapy in HIV-Infected Patients with a Virus Entry Inhibitor Against the gp41 Fusion Peptide. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:63re3. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Dibaj P, Steffens H, Zschüntzsch J, Schomburg ED, Kirchhoff F, Neusch C. Microglial contribution to neurodegeneration within the CNS and inflammation-independent degeneration within the PNS in the SOD1 (G93A) mouse model for ALS – a 2P-LSM study in vivo. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dibaj P, Steffens H, Zschüntzsch J, Schomburg ED, Kirchhoff F, Neusch C. Entzündlich versus degenerativ, Zentralnervensystem versus peripheres Nervensystem – was können wir aus den aktuellen Erkenntnissen zur Pathogenese der amyotrophe Lateralsklerose für therapeutische Ansätze ableiten? Akt Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
More than a decade ago it was established that intact nef genes are critical for efficient viral persistence and greatly accelerate disease progression in SIVmac-infected rhesus macaques and in HIV-1-infected humans. Subsequent studies established a striking number of Nef functions that evidently contribute to the maintenance of high viral loads associated with the development of immunodeficiency in the 'evolutionary-recent' human and the experimental macaque hosts. Recent data show that many Nef activities are conserved across different lineages of HIV and SIV. However, some differences also exist. For example, Nef alleles from most SIVs that do not cause disease in their natural monkey hosts, but not those of HIV-1 and its simian precursors, down-modulate TCR-CD3 to suppress T cell activation and programmed death. This evolutionary loss of a specific Nef function may contribute to the high virulence of HIV-1 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kirchhoff
- Institute of Virology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Tjan J, Zschüntzsch J, Dibaj P, Petri S, Kirchhoff F, Neusch C. Zellspezifische Expression von Maspardin in murinem und humanen postmortalen Rückenmark – Bedeutung für die hereditäre spastische Spinalparalyse 21. Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1086534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Neusch C, Zschüntzsch J, Kirchhoff F, Dibaj P. Pharmakologische Hemmung der Mikrogliareaktion bei der ALS – NO-Blockade als mögliche neue Therapiestrategie? Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1086573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Kirchhoff F, Krebs C, Abdulhag UN, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Maas R, Helmchen U, Hilgers KF, Wolf G, Stahl RAK, Wenzel U. Rapid development of severe end-organ damage in C57BL/6 mice by combining DOCA salt and angiotensin II. Kidney Int 2007; 73:643-50. [PMID: 18033241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6 mouse strain serves as the genetic background of many transgenic and gene knockout models; however, this strain appears to be resistant to hypertension-induced renal injury. We developed a new model of hypertensive end-organ damage in C57BL/6 mice by combining deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and salt with angiotensin II infusion. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly elevated in DOCA salt-angiotensin II mice compared to control mice or mice treated individually with DOCA salt or angiotensin II. Hypertensive glomerular damage, increased expression of profibrotic and inflammatory genes, albuminuria, tubular casts, increased plasma cholesterol, cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis were found in mice treated with DOCA salt-angiotensin II. The SBP in the angiotensin II-infused group was further increased by increasing the infusion rate; only mild injury was observed in these mice, suggesting that blood pressure was not a causal factor. Removal of DOCA and the angiotensin pump lowered blood pressure to normal; however, albuminuria along with the glomerular and cardiac damage did not completely resolve. Our study describes a new model of hypertensive end-organ damage and repair in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kirchhoff
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Neuroglia represented by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells provide for numerous vital functions. Glial cells shape the micro-architecture of the brain matter; they are involved in information transfer by virtue of numerous plasmalemmal receptors and channels; they receive synaptic inputs; they are able to release 'glio'transmitters and produce long-range information exchange; finally they act as pluripotent neural precursors and some of them can even act as stem cells, which provide for adult neurogenesis. Recent advances in gliology emphasised the role of glia in the progression and handling of the insults to the nervous system. The brain pathology, is, to a very great extent, a pathology of glia, which, when falling to function properly, determines the degree of neuronal death, the outcome and the scale of neurological deficit. Glial cells are central in providing for brain homeostasis. As a result glia appears as a brain warden, and as such it is intrinsically endowed with two opposite features: it protects the nervous tissue as long as it can, but it also can rapidly assume the guise of a natural killer, trying to eliminate and seal the damaged area, to save the whole at the expense of the part.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giaume
- INSERM, U840 and Collège de France, Paris, France
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Gupta S, Fuchs B, Schulz-Maronde S, Heitland A, Escher S, Münch J, Kirchhoff F, Mack M, Tillmann H, Braun A, Forssmann W, Forssmann U, Elsner J. Inhibition Of Airway Inflammation And HIV Entry By NNY-CCL14 Treatment: Role Of CCR1 And CCR5. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Neusch C, Zschüntzsch J, Dibaj P, Kirchhoff F. Dynamische 2-Photonenmikroskopie zur Untersuchung der Mikroglia-Aktivierung im SOD1-Mausmodell der ALS – Mikrogliahemmung als neuer Therapieansatz? Akt Neurol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-987587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Armbrust S, Kirchhoff F, Lange A, Olbertz D, Kramer A, Fusch C. Norovirusinfektion bei Frühgeborenen: von der Gastroenteritis bis zur Sepsis und NEC. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-946111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Armbrust S, Kirchhoff F, Lange A, Olbertz D, Kramer A, Fusch C. Norovirusinfektion bei Frühgeborenen: von der Gastroenteritis bis zur Sepsis und NEC. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-943196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Neusch C, Kaiser M, Bähr M, Kirchhoff F. Expression of a glial potassium channel in the developing cerebellum and impact of its genetic inactivation on neuronal cell survival. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-939244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Fauré J, Lachenal G, Court M, Hirrlinger J, Chatellard-Causse C, Blot B, Grange J, Schoehn G, Goldberg Y, Boyer V, Kirchhoff F, Raposo G, Garin J, Sadoul R. Exosomes are released by cultured cortical neurones. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 31:642-8. [PMID: 16446100 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that several cell types have the capacity to secrete membrane proteins by incorporating them into exosomes, which are small lipid vesicles derived from the intralumenal membranes of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) of the endocytic pathway. Exosomes are expelled in the extracellular space upon fusion of the MVB with the plasma membrane. Exosomal release is a way of secreting membrane proteins meant to be discarded, or to be passed on to other cells. Here, we demonstrate, using primary cortical cultures, that neurones and astrocytes can secrete exosomes. We find that exosomes released by cortical neurones contain the L1 cell adhesion molecule, the GPI-anchored prion protein, and the GluR2/3 but not the NR1 subunits of glutamate receptors. We also show that exosomal release is regulated by depolarisation. Our observation suggests that exosomes may have a regulatory function at synapses and could also allow intercellular exchange of membrane proteins within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fauré
- Laboratoire Neurodégénérescence et Plasticité, INSERM-Université Joseph Fourier, Pavillon de Neurologie, Hopital A. Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Neusch C, Steffens H, Hirrlinger J, Kirchhoff F. In vivo laser scanning microscopy of transgenic mice expressing cell-specific fluorescent proteins to study acute and chronic spinal cord diseases. Akt Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1515/nf-2005-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Kirchhoff F, Desrosiers RC. Random mutagenesis of short target DNA sequences via PCR with degenerate oligonucleotides. Methods Mol Biol 2003; 57:323-33. [PMID: 8850018 DOI: 10.1385/0-89603-332-5:323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Kirchhoff
- Virology Institute, Erlangen-Nurnberg University, Germany
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32
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Glushakova S, Münch J, Carl S, Greenough TC, Sullivan JL, Margolis L, Kirchhoff F. CD4 down-modulation by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef correlates with the efficiency of viral replication and with CD4(+) T-cell depletion in human lymphoid tissue ex vivo. J Virol 2001; 75:10113-7. [PMID: 11581379 PMCID: PMC114585 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.21.10113-10117.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef protein is an important virulence factor. Nef has several functions, including down-modulation of CD4 and class I major histocompatibility complex cell surface expression, enhancement of virion infectivity, and stimulation of viral replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Nef also increases HIV-1 replication in human lymphoid tissue (HLT) ex vivo. We analyzed recombinant and primary nef alleles with highly divergent activity in different in vitro assays to clarify which of these Nef activities are functionally linked. Our results demonstrate that Nef activity in CD4 down-regulation correlates significantly with the efficiency of HIV-1 replication and with the severity of CD4(+) T-cell depletion in HLT. In conclusion, HIV-1 Nef variants with increased activity in CD4 down-modulation would cause severe depletion of CD4(+) T cells in lymphoid tissues and accelerate AIDS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glushakova
- The Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in the gastrointestinal tract. The rat pancreatic CCK receptor is a highly glycosylated membrane receptor that is able to bind to plant lectins such as wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA-I). AIMS AND METHODOLOGY We used both lectins to block this receptor for studying the pathophysiologic relevance of its oligosaccharide side chains. In the present study we investigated the influence of WGA and UEA-I on CCK-8-induced alpha-amylase secretion of the rat pancreatic tumor cell line AR42J, which expresses both CCK-A and CCK-B receptors. RESULTS Under the influence of WGA (25 microg/mL), the alpha-amylase release was reduced by 25% after 30 minutes compared with the hormone-stimulated controls. UEA-I (25 microg/mL) caused a reduction of 20%. The simultaneous application of the lectins with CCK antagonists L 364,718 or L 365,260 led to a reduction of secretion, but the assignment to CCK-A or CCK-B receptors was not possible. CONCLUSION In long-term studies, both lectins revealed no toxic or apoptosis-inducing effects. On the contrary, WGA showed an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and led to improved differentiation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mikkat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock, Strempelstrasse 14, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
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Münch J, Stolte N, Fuchs D, Stahl-Hennig C, Kirchhoff F. Efficient class I major histocompatibility complex down-regulation by simian immunodeficiency virus Nef is associated with a strong selective advantage in infected rhesus macaques. J Virol 2001; 75:10532-6. [PMID: 11581427 PMCID: PMC114633 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.21.10532-10536.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Substitution of Y223F disrupts the ability of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef to down-modulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I from the cell surface but has no effect on other Nef functions, such as down-regulation of CD4, CD28, and CD3 cell surface expression or stimulation of viral replication and enhancement of virion infectivity. Inoculation of three rhesus macaques with the SIVmac239 Y223F-Nef variant revealed that this point mutation consistently reverts and that Nef activity in MHC class I down-modulation is fully restored within 4 weeks after infection. Our results demonstrate a strong selective pressure for a tyrosine at amino acid position 223 in SIV Nef, and they constitute evidence that Nef-mediated MHC class I down-regulation provides a selective advantage for viral replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Münch
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Pöhlmann S, Leslie GJ, Edwards TG, Macfarlan T, Reeves JD, Hiebenthal-Millow K, Kirchhoff F, Baribaud F, Doms RW. DC-SIGN interactions with human immunodeficiency virus: virus binding and transfer are dissociable functions. J Virol 2001; 75:10523-6. [PMID: 11581425 PMCID: PMC114631 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.21.10523-10526.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR capture and transfer human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to susceptible cells, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we show that DC-SIGN/DC-SIGNR-mediated HIV transmission involves dissociable binding and transfer steps, indicating that efficient virus transmission is not simply due to tethering of virus to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pöhlmann
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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36
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Synowitz M, Ahmann P, Matyash M, Kuhn SA, Hofmann B, Zimmer C, Kirchhoff F, Kiwit JC, Kettenmann H. GABA(A)-receptor expression in glioma cells is triggered by contact with neuronal cells. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:1294-302. [PMID: 11703458 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of functional GABA(A)-receptors in glioma cells correlates with low malignancy of tumours and cell lines from glioma lack these receptors. Here we show that contact with neurons induces the expression of functional GABA(A)-receptors. C6 and F98 glioma cell lines were labelled by recombinant expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein injected into rat brain and studied in acute slices after two to three weeks of tumour growth. The cells responded to GABA or the specific agonist, muscimol with a current typical for GABA(A)-receptors, as studied with the patch-clamp technique. To get insight into the mechanism of GABA(A) receptor induction, the C6 or F98 cells were co-cultured with neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Glioma cells expressed functional GABA(A) receptors within 24 h only in cultures where physical contact to neurons occurred. Activation of GABA(A)-receptors in the co-cultures attenuated glioma cell metabolism while blockade of the receptors increased metabolism. We conclude that with this form of interaction, neurons can influence tumour behaviour in the brain.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Brain Tissue Transplantation
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- GABA Agonists/pharmacology
- GABA Antagonists/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Glioma/metabolism
- Glioma/pathology
- Glioma/physiopathology
- Graft Survival/drug effects
- Graft Survival/physiology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Indicators and Reagents/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- M Synowitz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Cellular Neuroscience, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
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37
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Münch J, Adam N, Finze N, Stolte N, Stahl-Hennig C, Fuchs D, Ten Haaft P, Heeney JL, Kirchhoff F. Simian immunodeficiency virus in which nef and U3 sequences do not overlap replicates efficiently in vitro and in vivo in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2001; 75:8137-46. [PMID: 11483759 PMCID: PMC115058 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.17.8137-8146.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nef genes of human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) overlap about 80% of the U3 region of the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR) and contain several essential cis-acting elements (here referred to as the TPI region): a T-rich region, the polypurine tract, and attachment (att) sequences required for integration. We inactivated the TPI region in the nef reading frame of the pathogenic SIVmac239 clone (239wt) by 13 silent point mutations. To restore viral infectivity, intact cis-regulatory elements were inserted just downstream of the mutated nef gene. The resulting SIV genome contains U3 regions that are 384 bp shorter than the 517-bp 239wt U3 region. Overall, elimination of the duplicated Nef coding sequences truncates the proviral genome by 350 bp. Nonetheless, it contains all known coding sequences and cis-acting elements. The TPI mutant virus expressed functional Nef and replicated like 239wt in all cell culture assays and in vivo in rhesus macaques. Notably, these SIVmac constructs allow us to study Nef function in the context of replication-competent viruses without the restrictions of overlapping LTR sequences and important cis-acting elements. The genomes of all known primate lentiviruses contain a large overlap between nef and the U3 region. We demonstrate that this conserved genomic organization is not obligatory for efficient viral replication and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Münch
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system. Early during development they act as guiding structures for migratory neurons; later they are not only the main source for nutrients and growth factors in the brain, but they are also communication partners of neighboring neurons. For this purpose astrocytes are equipped with several types of transmitter receptors and the capacity to release neuroactive substances. In addition, they form an extended syncytium via gap junction channels which allows fast intercellular signaling pathways. The pivotal involvement of astrocytes in brain function during disease situations is the topic of many studies. Here, we will review the role of astrocytic gap junctions, astroglial metabolism and neuron-astrocyte signaling. Identification of the molecular mechanisms of these three functions will improve our understanding of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kirchhoff
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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Meister S, Otto C, Papkalla A, Krumbiegel M, Pöhlmann S, Kirchhoff F. Basic amino acid residues in the V3 loop of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope alter viral coreceptor tropism and infectivity but do not allow efficient utilization of CXCR4 as entry cofactor. Virology 2001; 284:287-96. [PMID: 11384227 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) rarely uses CXCR4 (X4) for efficient entry into target cells. Basic amino acid residues in the V3 loop of HIV Env allow efficient coreceptor utilization of X4. Therefore, we investigated if similar changes in the SIVmac Env protein also mediate a coreceptor switch from CCR5 (R5) to X4. Functional analysis revealed that none of eight SIVmac variants, containing V3 regions with an overall charge between +4 and +10, efficiently utilized X4 as entry cofactor. Nonetheless, these alterations had differential effects on SIV coreceptor tropism and on Env expression levels. A single amino acid substitution of L328R, located near the tip of the V3 loop, resulted in grossly reduced Env expression levels and impaired viral infectivity. Notably, additional basic residues restored efficient Env expression and virion incorporation but not infectivity. In comparison to the L328R mutation, changes of P334K and D337K had little disruptive effects on SIVmac entry and replication. Interestingly, mutation of L320K and P321R disrupted coreceptor usage of GPR15 but not R5. These changes also impaired SIVmac replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from a Delta32/Delta32 donor but not in R5-expressing human or simian PBMC. Our results show that positively charged amino acid residues in the V3 loop affect SIVmac coreceptor tropism and infectivity but do not allow efficient utilization of X4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meister
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Germany
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40
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Schipke CG, Ohlemeyer C, Matyash M, Nolte C, Kettenmann H, Kirchhoff F. Astrocytes of the mouse neocortex express functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. FASEB J 2001; 15:1270-2. [PMID: 11344110 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0439fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C G Schipke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Cellular Neurosciences, D-13092 Berlin-Buch, Germany
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41
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Pöhlmann S, Baribaud F, Lee B, Leslie GJ, Sanchez MD, Hiebenthal-Millow K, Münch J, Kirchhoff F, Doms RW. DC-SIGN interactions with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2001; 75:4664-72. [PMID: 11312337 PMCID: PMC114220 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.10.4664-4672.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) efficiently bind and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to cocultured T cells and so may play an important role in HIV transmission. DC-SIGN, a novel C-type lectin that is expressed in DCs, has recently been shown to bind R5 HIV type 1 (HIV-1) strains and a laboratory-adapted X4 strain. To characterize the interaction of DC-SIGN with primate lentiviruses, we investigated the structural determinants of DC-SIGN required for virus binding and transmission to permissive cells. We constructed a panel of DC-SIGN mutants and established conditions which allowed comparable cell surface expression of all mutants. We found that R5, X4, and R5X4 HIV-1 isolates as well as simian immunodeficiency and HIV-2 strains bound to DC-SIGN and could be transmitted to CD4/coreceptor-positive cell types. DC-SIGN contains a single N-linked carbohydrate chain that is important for efficient cell surface expression but is not required for DC-SIGN-mediated virus binding and transmission. In contrast, C-terminal deletions removing either the lectin binding domain or the repeat region abrogated DC-SIGN function. Trypsin-EDTA treatment inhibited DC-SIGN mediated infection, indicating that virus was maintained at the surface of the DC-SIGN-expressing cells used in this study. Finally, quantitative fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of AU1-tagged DC-SIGN revealed that the efficiency of virus transmission was strongly affected by variations in DC-SIGN expression levels. Thus, variations in DC-SIGN expression levels on DCs could greatly affect the susceptibility of human individuals to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pöhlmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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42
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Diers-Fenger M, Kirchhoff F, Kettenmann H, Levine JM, Trotter J. AN2/NG2 protein-expressing glial progenitor cells in the murine CNS: isolation, differentiation, and association with radial glia. Glia 2001; 34:213-28. [PMID: 11329183 DOI: 10.1002/glia.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During early neural development, the lineage specification of initially pluripotent progenitor cells is associated with proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Oligodendroglial progenitor cells migrate from their sites of origin to reach the axons that they will myelinate. We have described a cell-surface protein, AN2, expressed by oligodendroglial progenitor cells in vitro and showed that antibodies against AN2 inhibited the migration of cultured primary oligodendroglial progenitor cells, suggesting that the AN2 antigen plays a role in their migration. Recently, results from MALDI mass spectroscopy showed that AN2 is the mouse homologue of the rat NG2 protein. In this study, we have analyzed cells staining with AN2 antibodies during development and in the adult murine central nervous system (CNS), carried out double stainings with antibodies against NG2, and investigated the differentiation potential of cells in vitro after isolation from early postnatal brain using AN2 antibodies. AN2 and NG2 antibodies stained totally overlapping populations of cells in the CNS. AN2/NG2 expressing cells in embryonic and postnatal brain expressed the PDGF-alpha-receptor and in postnatal brain exhibited electrophysiological properties typical of glial progenitor cells. Cells isolated from early postnatal brain using AN2 monoclonal antibody developed into oligodendrocytes in low serum medium or into astrocytes in the presence of fetal calf serum. In the embryonic spinal cord, cells staining with AN2 antibodies were found closely apposed to radial glial cells, suggesting that glial precursors, like neurons, may use radial glia as scaffolds for migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Diers-Fenger
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Carl S, Greenough TC, Krumbiegel M, Greenberg M, Skowronski J, Sullivan JL, Kirchhoff F. Modulation of different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef functions during progression to AIDS. J Virol 2001; 75:3657-65. [PMID: 11264355 PMCID: PMC114857 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.8.3657-3665.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef protein has several independent functions that might contribute to efficient viral replication in vivo. Since HIV-1 adapts rapidly to its host environment, we investigated if different Nef properties are associated with disease progression. Functional analysis revealed that nef alleles obtained during late stages of infection did not efficiently downmodulate class I major histocompatibility complex but were highly active in the stimulation of viral replication. In comparison, functional activity in downregulation of CD4 and enhancement of HIV-1 infectivity were maintained or enhanced after AIDS progression. Our results demonstrate that various Nef activities are modulated during the course of HIV-1 infection to maintain high viral loads at different stages of disease progression. These findings suggest that all in vitro Nef functions investigated contribute to AIDS pathogenesis and indicate that nef variants with increased pathogenicity emerge in a significant number of HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carl
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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44
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Nolte C, Matyash M, Pivneva T, Schipke CG, Ohlemeyer C, Hanisch UK, Kirchhoff F, Kettenmann H. GFAP promoter-controlled EGFP-expressing transgenic mice: a tool to visualize astrocytes and astrogliosis in living brain tissue. Glia 2001; 33:72-86. [PMID: 11169793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
We have generated transgenic mice in which astrocytes are labeled by the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. In all regions of the CNS, such as cortex, cerebellum, striatum, corpus callosum, hippocampus, retina, and spinal cord, EGFP-positive cells with morphological properties of astrocytes could be readily visualized by direct fluorescence microscopy in living brain slices or whole mounts. Also in the PNS, nonmyelinating Schwann cells from the sciatic nerve could be identified by their bright green fluorescence. Highest EGFP expression was found in the cerebellum. Already in acutely prepared whole brain, the cerebellum appeared green-yellowish under normal daylight. Colabeling with GFAP antibodies revealed an overlap with EGFP in the majority of cells. Some brain areas, however, such as retina or hypothalamus, showed only low levels of EGFP expression, although the astrocytes were rich in GFAP. In contrast, some areas that were poor in immunoreactive GFAP were conspicuous for their EGFP expression. Applying the patch clamp technique in brain slices, EGFP-positive cells exhibited two types of membrane properties, a passive membrane conductance as described for astrocytes and voltage-gated channels as described for glial precursor cells. Electron microscopical investigation of ultrastructural properties revealed EGFP-positive cells enwrapping synapses by their fine membrane processes. EGFP-positive cells were negative for oligodendrocyte (MAG) and neuronal markers (NeuN). As response to injury, i.e., by cortical stab wounds, enhanced levels of EGFP expression delineated the lesion site and could thus be used as a live marker for pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nolte
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Cellular Neurosciences, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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45
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Detheux M, Ständker L, Vakili J, Münch J, Forssmann U, Adermann K, Pöhlmann S, Vassart G, Kirchhoff F, Parmentier M, Forssmann WG. Natural proteolytic processing of hemofiltrate CC chemokine 1 generates a potent CC chemokine receptor (CCR)1 and CCR5 agonist with anti-HIV properties. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1501-8. [PMID: 11085751 PMCID: PMC2193185 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.10.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemofiltrate CC chemokine (HCC)-1 is a recently described human chemokine that is constitutively expressed in numerous tissues and is present at high concentrations in normal plasma. Using a cell line expressing CC chemokine receptor (CCR)5 as a bioassay, we isolated from human hemofiltrate an HCC-1 variant lacking the first eight amino acids. HCC-1[9-74] was a potent agonist of CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5 and promoted calcium flux and chemotaxis of T lymphoblasts, monocytes, and eosinophils. It also blocked entry of HIV-1 strains using CCR5 as coreceptor. Limited tryptic digestion of HCC-1 generated the active variant. Conditioned media from several tumor cell lines activated HCC-1 with a high efficiency, and this activity could be inhibited by serine protease inhibitors. Our results indicate that HCC-1 represents a nonfunctional precursor that can be rapidly converted to the active chemokine by proteolytic processing. This process represents an additional mechanism by which tumor cells might generate chemoattractant molecules and recruit inflammatory cells. It might also affect HIV-1 replication in infected individuals and play an important role in AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Detheux
- Euroscreen S.A., B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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46
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Iafrate AJ, Carl S, Bronson S, Stahl-Hennig C, Swigut T, Skowronski J, Kirchhoff F. Disrupting surfaces of nef required for downregulation of CD4 and for enhancement of virion infectivity attenuates simian immunodeficiency virus replication in vivo. J Virol 2000; 74:9836-44. [PMID: 11024110 PMCID: PMC102020 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.21.9836-9844.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional simian and human immunodeficiency virus (SIV and HIV) Nef proteins are important for virulence. We studied the importance of selected Nef functions using an SIV Nef with mutations in two regions that are required for CD4 downregulation. This Nef mutant is defective for downregulating CD4 and, in addition, for enhancing SIV infectivity and induction of SIV replication from infected quiescent peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but not for other known functions, including downregulation of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) cell surface expression. Replication of SIV containing this Nef variant in rhesus monkeys was attenuated early during infection. Subsequent increases in viral load coincided with selection of reversions and second-site compensatory changes in Nef. Our results indicate that the surfaces of Nef that mediate CD4 downregulation and the enhancement of virion infectivity are critical for SIV replication in vivo. Furthermore, these findings indicate that class I MHC downregulation by Nef is not sufficient for SIV virulence early in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Iafrate
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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47
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Schramm B, Penn ML, Palacios EH, Grant RM, Kirchhoff F, Goldsmith MA. Cytopathicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) in human lymphoid tissue is coreceptor dependent and comparable to that of HIV-1. J Virol 2000; 74:9594-600. [PMID: 11000231 PMCID: PMC112391 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.20.9594-9600.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is markedly less pathogenic than HIV-1 in vivo. Individuals infected with HIV-2 exhibit a remarkably slow rate of disease development, and these clinical properties have been attributed presumptively to an "attenuated" phenotype of HIV-2 itself. Here, we investigated the impact of coreceptor usage on the cytopathicity of HIV-2 and compared its pathogenic potential with that of HIV-1 in a unique human lymphoid histoculture model. We found that HIV-2 strains, as well as closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), displayed mildly or highly aggressive cytopathic phenotypes depending on their abilities to use the coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4, respectively. A side-by-side comparison of primary X4 HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains revealed similar, high degrees of cytopathicity induced by both HIV types. Furthermore, we found that HIV-2 coreceptor specificity for CCR5 and CXCR4 determined the target cell population for T-cell depletion in lymphoid tissue. Finally, utilization of the alternate coreceptors BOB and Bonzo did not significantly increase the cytopathic properties of HIV-2. These findings demonstrate that coreceptor preference is a key regulator of target cell specificity and the cytopathic potential of HIV-2, with indistinguishable rules compared with HIV-1. Moreover, HIV-2 strains are not characterized by an intrinsically lower cytopathicity than HIV-1 strains. Therefore, direct cytopathic potential per se does not explain the unique behavior of HIV-2 in people, highlighting that other unknown factors need to be elucidated as the basis for their lesser virulence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schramm
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94141-91000, USA
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48
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Chen P, Flory E, Avots A, Jordan BW, Kirchhoff F, Ludwig S, Rapp UR. Transactivation of naturally occurring HIV-1 long terminal repeats by the JNK signaling pathway. The most frequent naturally occurring length polymorphism sequence introduces a novel binding site for AP-1 factors. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:20382-90. [PMID: 10764760 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the role of MAPK cascades in the regulation of naturally occurring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeats (HIV-1 LTRs), we analyzed several HIV-1 LTRs from patients at different stages of disease progression. One of these naturally occurring HIV-1 LTRs contains an insertion termed the most frequent naturally occurring length polymorphism (MFNLP) and exhibited high inducibility upon T cell activation. We found that the protein kinase mixed lineage kinase 3/src-homology 3 domain-containing proline-rich kinase, a specific activator of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK signaling pathway in T lymphocytes, induces high transcriptional activation of this promoter. Promoter inducibility is inhibited by the SAPK/JNK inhibitor, the JNK binding domain of the JNK interacting protein 1, and Tam-67 (N-terminal deletion mutant of c-Jun). In electrophoretic mobility shift assay, several protein complexes were found to bind to the MFNLP sequence in T cells. We identified AP-1 factors c-Fos and JunB as MFNLP-binding proteins, whose binding is abolished by introducing point mutations in the 3'-half of the MFNLP sequence. Introduction of these point mutations into the MFNLP containing HIV-1 LTR reduced src-homology 3 domain-containing proline-rich kinase -mediated transactivation. These data indicate that the AP-1-like binding site in the MFNLP sequence gives rise to a higher inducibility of natural HIV-LTRs by the SAPK/JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chen
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 5, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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49
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Sharron M, Pöhlmann S, Price K, Lolis E, Tsang M, Kirchhoff F, Doms RW, Lee B. Expression and coreceptor activity of STRL33/Bonzo on primary peripheral blood lymphocytes. Blood 2000; 96:41-9. [PMID: 10891428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR5 and CXCR4 are the major coreceptors that mediate human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection, while most simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates use CCR5. A number of alternative coreceptors can also mediate infection of some virus strains in vitro, although little is known about their in vivo relevance. Therefore, we characterized the expression pattern and coreceptor activity of one of these alternative coreceptors, STRL33/Bonzo, using a newly developed monoclonal antibody. In addition to being highly expressed (approximately 1000-7000 STRL33 ABS [antibody binding sites]) on specific subsets of natural killer cells (CD3(-)/CD16(-/low)/CD56(+) and CD3(-)/CD16(low)/CD56(-)) and CD19(+) B lymphocytes (approximately 300-5000 STRL33 ABS), STRL33 was expressed at levels sufficient to support virus infection on freshly isolated, truly naive CD4(+)/CD45RA(+)/CD62L(+) cells (6000-11 000 ABS). STRL33 expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was increased by mitogenic stimulation (OKT3/IL-2 [interleukin-2] had a greater effect than phytohemaglutinin (PHA)/IL-2), but it was dramatically decreased upon Ficoll purification. Infection of CCR5(-) human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) showed that 2 different SIV envelope (Env) proteins mediated entry into STRL33(+) cells. More importantly, the preferential infection of STRL33(+) cells in CCR5(-) PBLs by an R5/X4/STRL33 HIV-1 maternal isolate in the presence of a potent CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100) suggests that STRL33 can be used as a coreceptor by HIV-1 on primary cells. Rhesus macaque (rh) STRL33 was used less efficiently than human STRL33 by the majority of SIV Env proteins tested despite similar levels of expression, thereby making it less likely that STRL33 is a relevant coreceptor in the rhesus macaque system. In summary, the expression pattern and coreceptor activity of STRL33 suggest its involvement in trafficking of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and indicate that STRL33 may be a relevant coreceptor in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Luminescent Proteins/analysis
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Macaca mulatta
- Receptors, CCR5/deficiency
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/physiology
- Receptors, CXCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sharron
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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50
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Pöhlmann S, Lee B, Meister S, Krumbiegel M, Leslie G, Doms RW, Kirchhoff F. Simian immunodeficiency virus utilizes human and sooty mangabey but not rhesus macaque STRL33 for efficient entry. J Virol 2000; 74:5075-82. [PMID: 10799581 PMCID: PMC110859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.11.5075-5082.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been established that many simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates utilize the orphan receptors GPR15 and STRL33 about as efficiently as the chemokine receptor CCR5 for entry into target cells. Most studies were performed, however, with coreceptors of human origin. We found that SIV from captive rhesus macaques (SIVmac) can utilize both human and simian CCR5 and GPR15 with comparable efficiencies. Strikingly, however, only human STRL33 (huSTRL33), not rhesus macaque STRL33 (rhSTRL33), functioned efficiently as an entry cofactor for a variety of isolates of SIVmac and SIV from sooty mangabeys. A single amino acid substitution of S30R in huSTRL33 impaired coreceptor activity, and the reverse change in rhSTRL33 greatly increased coreceptor activity. In comparison, species-specific sequence variations in N-terminal tyrosines in STRL33 had only moderate effects on SIV entry. These results show that a serine residue located just outside of the cellular membrane in the N terminus of STRL33 is critical for SIV coreceptor function. Interestingly, STRL33 derived from sooty mangabeys, a natural host of SIV, also contained a serine at the corresponding position and was used efficiently as an entry cofactor. These results suggest that STRL33 is not a relevant coreceptor in the SIV/macaque model but may play a role in SIV replication and transmission in naturally infected sooty mangabeys.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cercocebus atys
- DNA, Complementary
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pöhlmann
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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