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The impact of enriched environments on cerebral oxidative balance in rodents: a systematic review of environmental variability effects. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1366747. [PMID: 38665291 PMCID: PMC11043487 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1366747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present review aimed to systematically summarize the impacts of environmental enrichment (EE) on cerebral oxidative balance in rodents exposed to normal and unfavorable environmental conditions. Methods In this systematic review, four databases were used: PubMed (830 articles), Scopus (126 articles), Embase (127 articles), and Science Direct (794 articles). Eligibility criteria were applied based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) strategy to reduce the risk of bias. The searches were carried out by two independent researchers; in case of disagreement, a third participant was requested. After the selection and inclusion of articles, data related to sample characteristics and the EE protocol (time of exposure to EE, number of animals, and size of the environment) were extracted, as well as data related to brain tissues and biomarkers of oxidative balance, including carbonyls, malondialdehyde, nitrotyrosine, oxygen-reactive species, and glutathione (reduced/oxidized). Results A total of 1,877 articles were found in the four databases, of which 16 studies were included in this systematic review. The results showed that different EE protocols were able to produce a global increase in antioxidant capacity, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, which are the main factors for the neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system (CNS) subjected to unfavorable conditions. Furthermore, it was possible to notice a slowdown in neural dysfunction associated with oxidative damage, especially in the prefrontal structure in mice. Discussion In conclusion, EE protocols were determined to be valid tools for improving oxidative balance in the CNS. The global decrease in oxidative stress biomarkers indicates refinement in reactive oxygen species detoxification, triggering an improvement in the antioxidant network.
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Xenophagy as a Strategy for Mycobacterium leprae Elimination during Type 1 or Type 2 Leprosy Reactions: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1455. [PMID: 38133338 PMCID: PMC10747110 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium leprae is an intracellular bacillus that causes leprosy, a neglected disease that affects macrophages and Schwann cells. Leprosy reactions are acute inflammatory responses to mycobacterial antigens, classified as type1 (T1R), a predominant cellular immune response, or type2 (T2R), a humoral phenomenon, leading to a high number of bacilli in infected cells and nerve structures. Xenophagy is a type of selective autophagy that targets intracellular bacteria for lysosomal degradation; however, its immune mechanisms during leprosy reactions are still unclear. This review summarizes the relationship between the autophagic process and M. leprae elimination during leprosy reactions. METHODS Three databases, PubMed/Medline (n = 91), Scopus (n = 73), and ScienceDirect (n = 124), were searched. After applying the eligibility criteria, articles were selected for independent peer reviewers in August 2023. RESULTS From a total of 288 studies retrieved, eight were included. In multibacillary (MB) patients who progressed to T1R, xenophagy blockade and increased inflammasome activation were observed, with IL-1β secretion before the reactional episode occurrence. On the other hand, recent data actually observed increased IL-15 levels before the reaction began, as well as IFN-γ production and xenophagy induction. CONCLUSION Our search results showed a dichotomy in the T1R development and their relationship with xenophagy. No T2R studies were found.
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Environmental Enrichment in Cancer as a Possible Tool to Combat Tumor Development: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16516. [PMID: 38003706 PMCID: PMC10671353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aims to evaluate the influence of environmental enrichment (EE) on oncological factors in experimental studies involving various types of cancer models. A comprehensive search was conducted in three databases: PubMed (161 articles), Embase (335 articles), and Scopus (274 articles). Eligibility criteria were applied based on the PICOS strategy to minimize bias. Two independent researchers performed the searches, with a third participant resolving any discrepancies. The selected articles were analyzed, and data regarding sample characteristics and EE protocols were extracted. The outcomes focused solely on cancer and tumor-related parameters, including cancer type, description of the cancer model, angiogenesis, tumor occurrence, volume, weight, mice with tumors, and tumor inhibition rate. A total of 770 articles were identified across the three databases, with 12 studies meeting the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The findings demonstrated that different EE protocols were effective in significantly reducing various aspects of tumor growth and development, such as angiogenesis, volume, weight, and the number of mice with tumors. Furthermore, EE enhanced the rate of tumor inhibition in mouse cancer models. This systematic review qualitatively demonstrates the impacts of EE protocols on multiple parameters associated with tumor growth and development, including angiogenesis, occurrence, volume, weight, and tumor incidence. Moreover, EE demonstrated the potential to increase the rate of tumor inhibition. These findings underscore the importance of EE as a valuable tool in the management of cancer.
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Interleukin-33 Expression on Treatment Outcomes and Prognosis in Brazilian Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16326. [PMID: 38003516 PMCID: PMC10671081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the interleukin-1(IL-1) family of cytokines, remains poorly understood in the context of human breast cancer and its impact on treatment outcomes. This study aimed to elucidate IL-33 expression patterns within tumor samples from a cohort of Brazilian female breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy while exploring its correlation with clinicopathological markers. In total, 68 samples were meticulously evaluated, with IL-33 expression quantified through a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The findings revealed a substantial upregulation of IL-33 expression in breast cancer patient samples, specifically within the Triple-negative and Luminal A and B subtypes, when compared to controls (healthy breast tissues). Notably, the Luminal B subtype displayed a marked elevation in IL-33 expression relative to the Luminal A subtype (p < 0.05). Moreover, a progressive surge in IL-33 expression was discerned among Luminal subtype patients with TNM 4 staging criteria, further underscoring its significance (p < 0.005). Furthermore, chemotherapy-naïve patients of Luminal A and B subtypes exhibited heightened IL-33 expression (p < 0.05). Collectively, our findings propose that chemotherapy could potentially mitigate tumor aggressiveness by suppressing IL-33 expression in breast cancer, thus warranting consideration as a prognostic marker for gauging chemotherapy response and predicting disease progression in Luminal subtype patients. This study not only sheds light on the intricate roles of IL-33 in breast cancer but also offers valuable insights for future IL-33-related research endeavors within this context.
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Editorial: The role of different physical exercise protocols on immunological and immunometabolic profile in physiological and chronic diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1327967. [PMID: 38022665 PMCID: PMC10666626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
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Impacts of different triathlon races on systemic cytokine profile and metabolic parameters in healthy individuals: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:147. [PMID: 37932804 PMCID: PMC10629137 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The present systematic review aimed to discuss the impacts of different triathlon protocols on the level of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as biomarkers related to the performance of healthy individuals. Four databases [PubMed (28 articles), Scopus (24 articles), Science Direct (200 articles), and SPORT Discus (1101 articles) were assessed. The eligibility criteria were applied, and the selected articles were used in the peer review, independently, as they were identified by March 2022. Of the 1359 articles found, 10 were included in this systematic review. Despite the difference in triathlon protocols, it was observed an increase in pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4 and IL-10, and chemokines, such as IL-8 and MCP-1. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory serum levels increase after triathlon. Overall, the studies also reported enhancement in the serum levels of cortisol, creatine kinase, C reactive protein, Endothelial Growth Factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Myostatin, Lactate dehydrogenase, free fatty acids, and lactate dehydrogenase in triathlon athletes. This systematic review indicates that different triathlon race promotes an acute elevation of circulating cytokines and chemokines levels which return to standard levels after triathlon races. The findings of this systematic review demonstrate that the modulation of inflammatory parameters may be associated with an increase in metabolic indicators (CK, Cortisol, and LDH) after the end of different types of triathlon races.
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Physical Exercise Decreases Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Central and Peripheral Tissues of Rodents: A Systematic Review. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:1082-1096. [PMID: 37366786 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13060082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) affects many tissues and contributes to the development and severity of chronic diseases. In contrast, regular physical exercise (PE) has been considered a powerful tool to prevent and control several chronic diseases. The present systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of different PE protocols on ER stress markers in central and peripheral tissues in rodents. The eligibility criteria were based on PICOS (population: rodents; intervention: physical exercise/physical training; control: animals that did not undergo training; outcomes: endoplasmic reticulum stress; studies: experimental). The PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, and Scielo databases were analyzed systematically. Quality assessment was performed using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies. The results were qualitatively synthesized. Initially, we obtained a total of 2.490 articles. After excluding duplicates, 30 studies were considered eligible. Sixteen studies were excluded for not meeting the eligibility criteria. Therefore, 14 articles were included. The PE protocol showed decreased levels/expression of markers of ER stress in the central and peripheral tissues of rodents. PE can decrease ER stress by reducing cellular stress in the cardiac, brain, and skeletal muscle tissues in rodents. However, robust PE protocols must be considered, including frequency, duration, and intensity, to optimize the PE benefits of counteracting ER stress and its associated conditions.
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The impact of supervised physical exercise on chemokines and cytokines in recovered COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1051059. [PMID: 36685603 PMCID: PMC9846636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which induces a high release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, leading to severe systemic disorders. Further, evidence has shown that recovered COVID-19 patients still have some symptoms and disorders from COVID-19. Physical exercise can have many health benefits. It is known to be a potent regulator of the immune system, which includes frequency, intensity, duration, and supervised by a professional. Given the confinement and social isolation or hospitalization of COVID-19 patients, the population became sedentary or opted for physical exercise at home, assuming the guarantee of the beneficial effects of physical exercise and reducing exposure to SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a supervised exercise protocol and a home-based unsupervised exercise protocol on chemokine and cytokine serum levels in recovered COVID-19 patients. This study was a prospective, parallel, two-arm clinical trial. Twenty-four patients who had moderate to severe COVID-19 concluded the intervention protocols of this study. Participants were submitted to either supervised exercise protocol at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco or home-based unsupervised exercise for 12 weeks. We analyzed serum levels of chemokines (CXCL8/IL-8, CCL5/RANTES, CXCL9/MIG, CCL2/MCP-1, and CXCL10/IP-10) and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ). Before the interventions, no significant differences were observed in the serum levels of chemokines and cytokines between the supervised and home-based unsupervised exercise groups. The CXCL8/IL-8 (p = 0.04), CCL2/MCP-1 (p = 0.03), and IFN-γ (p = 0.004) levels decreased after 12 weeks of supervised exercise. In parallel, an increase in IL-2 (p = 0.02), IL-6 (p = 0.03), IL-4 (p = 0.006), and IL-10 (p = 0.04) was observed after the supervised protocol compared to pre-intervention levels. No significant differences in all the chemokines and cytokines were found after 12 weeks of the home-based unsupervised exercise protocol. Given the results, the present study observed that supervised exercise was able to modulate the immune response in individuals with post-COVID-19, suggesting that supervised exercise can mitigate the inflammatory process associated with COVID-19 and its disorders. Clinical trial registration https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-7z3kxjk, identifier U1111-1272-4730.
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CD8 + T cell metabolic changes in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166565. [PMID: 36220587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunometabolism has advanced our understanding of how the cellular environment and nutrient availability regulates immune cell fate. Not only are metabolic pathways closely tied to cell signaling and differentiation, but can induce different subsets of immune cells to adopt unique metabolic programs, influencing disease progression. Dysregulation of immune cell metabolism plays an essential role in the progression of several diseases including breast cancer (BC). Metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in regulating T cell functions. CD8+ T cells are an essential cell type within the tumor microenvironment (TME). To induce antitumor responses, CD8+ T cells need to adapt their metabolism to fulfill their energy requirement for effective function. However, different markers and immunologic techniques have made identifying specific CD8+ T cells subtypes in BC a challenge to the field. This review discusses the immunometabolic processes of CD8+ T cell in the TME in the context of BC and highlights the role of CD8+ T cell metabolic changes in tumor progression.
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Human choroid plexus in a patient with intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus: scanning electron microscopy. HEADACHE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.48208/headachemed.2022.supplement.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
The daily production of 500 ml of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is largely carried out by the choroid plexus (CP), which is located in the cerebral ventricles. In recent years, much importance has been given to studies of the choroid plexus for a better understanding of the mechanism of headache associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension or other etiologies. A few drugs acting on the CP to reduce CSF secretion are used to treat headache in patients with benign intracranial hypertension.
Objectives
To show scanning electron microscopy images of CP obtained from a pediatric patient with hydrocephalus.
Method
The CP sample was collected during a surgical procedure of a third ventriculostomy and CP coagulation as a treatment for hydrocephalus in a 2-year-old boy. A sample of uncoagulated CP (5 mm) was removed and immediately immersed in glutaraldehyde solution and refrigerated at 4°C. In the electron microscopy laboratory of UFPE, the sample. The sample was fixed with Karnovsky solution (2.5% glutaraldehyde, 4.0% formaldehyde and 0.1M sodium cacodylate buffer), later postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in an increasing series of alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) and carried out the critical point for total drying. The samples were placed in metallic stubs containing a double-sided carbon tape and then metalized with gold-palladium in the Ion Sputter JFC-1100 (JEOL) equipment. Images were performed using the EVO LS-15 scanning microscopy (ZEISS).
Results
We present images of CP segments at 20,000 to 40,000x magnification, showing surface projections suggesting microvilli. Due to ethical issues, we do not have a control sample of healthy individuals for comparative purposes.
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time human CP images of a patient with hydrocephalus are presented using scanning electron microscopy.
Keywords: Choroid plexus, Headache, Intracranial hypertension, Hydrocephalus, Microscopy.
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Comment: Impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown on body weight: A combined systematic review and a meta-analysis, Clinical Nutrition 2022. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2040-2041. [PMID: 35545487 PMCID: PMC9052705 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fucoidan-Coated Liposomes: A Target System to Deliver the Antimicrobial Drug Usnic Acid to Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1699-1710. [PMID: 34544546 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the use of fucoidan, a negative sulfated polysaccharide, as a coating material for the development of liposomes targeted to macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. First, fucoidan was chemically modified to obtain a hydrophobized-fucoidan derivative (cholesteryl-fucoidan) using a two-step microwave-assisted (μW) method. The total reaction time was decreased from 14 hours to 1 hour while maintaining the overall yield. Cholesterylfucoidan was then used to prepare surface-modified liposomes containing usnic acid (UA-LipoFuc), an antimicrobial lichen derivative. UA-LipoFuc was evaluated for mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge (ζ), and UA encapsulation efficiency. In addition, a cytotoxicity study, competition assay and an evaluation of antimycobacterial activity against macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis (H37Ra) were performed. When the amount of fucoidan was increased (from 5 to 20 mg), vesicle size increased (from 168 ± 2.82 nm to 1.18 ± 0.01 μm). Changes in from +20 ± 0.41 mV for uncoated liposomes to -5.41 ± 0.23 mV for UA-LipoFuc suggested that the fucoidan was placed on the surface of the liposomes. UA-LipoFuc exhibited a lower IC50 (8.26 ± 1.11 μM) than uncoated liposomes (18.37 ± 3.34 μM), probably due to its higher uptake. UA-LipoFuc5 was internalized through the C-type carbohydrate recognition domain of the cell membrane. Finally, usnic acid, both in its free form and encapsulated in fucoidan-coated liposomes (UA-LipoFuc5), was effective against infected macrophages. Hence, this preliminary investigation suggests that encapsulated usnic acid will aid in further studies related to infected macrophages and may be a potential option for tuberculosis treatment.
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Extract from Ascaris suum and N-acetyl-L-cysteine induces an immunosuppressant effect in model of autoimmune hepatitis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12826. [PMID: 33586210 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extract of adult Ascaris suum (ASC) worms attenuated the liver damage in experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) with induction of Th2 immune response, but fibrosis occurred. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) has protective effects against liver fibrosis. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the association ASC + NAC on the T- and B-cell activation, inflammation and fibrogenic markers in the liver in EAH. METHODS Experimental autoimmune hepatitis was induced intravenously with concanavalin A in BALB/c mice. EAH + ASC+NAC group received NAC and ASC; EAH + ASC group received ASC; EAH group received PBS. Doubly labelled CD4+ T (CD28, CTLA-4, CD40L or IL-10) and CD45R+ B lymphocytes (IL-10) and CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells were evaluated, along with gene expression of Col1a1, α-SMA, Fizz1, Arg1 and PPAR-γ and histomorphometry. RESULTS Experimental autoimmune hepatitis group showed high frequency of CD28+ and CD40L+ T lymphocytes, but not the EAH + ASC group. In relation to EAH group, the Fizz1 expression was lower in both groups treated, but Arg1 expression was lower in only EAH + ASC+NAC group. In the EAH + ASC+NAC group, there were higher frequencies of CD4+ IL-10+ and CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells, but not CD45R+ IL-10+ , along with mitigated inflammation and collagen production. CONCLUSIONS Ascaris suum favoured immunosuppression in EAH limiting the T cells activation. However, association ASC and NAC was necessary for attenuating the inflammatory process and collagen production.
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The Relevance of a Physical Active Lifestyle and Physical Fitness on Immune Defense: Mitigating Disease Burden, With Focus on COVID-19 Consequences. Front Immunol 2021; 12:587146. [PMID: 33613573 PMCID: PMC7892446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.587146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a fast spreading virus leading to the development of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Severe and critical cases are characterized by damage to the respiratory system, endothelial inflammation, and multiple organ failure triggered by an excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, culminating in the high number of deaths all over the world. Sedentarism induces worse, continuous, and progressive consequences to health. On the other hand, physical activity provides benefits to health and improves low-grade systemic inflammation. The aim of this review is to elucidate the effects of physical activity in physical fitness, immune defense, and its contribution to mitigate the severe inflammatory response mediated by SARS-CoV-2. Physical exercise is an effective therapeutic strategy to mitigate the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this sense, studies have shown that acute physical exercise induces the production of myokines that are secreted in tissues and into the bloodstream, supporting its systemic modulatory effect. Therefore, maintaining physical activity influence balance the immune system and increases immune vigilance, and also might promote potent effects against the consequences of infectious diseases and chronic diseases associated with the development of severe forms of COVID-19. Protocols to maintain exercise practice are suggested and have been strongly established, such as home-based exercise (HBE) and outdoor-based exercise (OBE). In this regard, HBE might help to reduce levels of physical inactivity, bed rest, and sitting time, impacting on adherence to physical activity, promoting all the benefits related to exercise, and attracting patients in different stages of treatment for COVID-19. In parallel, OBE must improve health, but also prevent and mitigate COVID-19 severe outcomes in all populations. In conclusion, HBE or OBE models can be a potent strategy to mitigate the progress of infection, and a coadjutant therapy for COVID-19 at all ages and different chronic conditions.
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miRNA-195 expression in the tumor tissues of female Brazilian breast cancer patients with operable disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2142. [PMID: 33503182 PMCID: PMC7798133 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess miRNA-195 expression in the tumor tissues from a cohort of Brazilian female breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and evaluate its correlation with various clinicopathological markers. METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the miRNA-195 expression in tumor tissues from a cohort of female breast cancer patients undergoing NAC. This expression was then correlated with the occurrence of several distinct breast cancer molecular subtypes and other clinicopathological variables. RESULTS A total of 55 patients were included in this study, 28 (50.9%) of whom were treated using NAC. Tumor miRNA-195 expression was suppressed in breast cancer patients, regardless of their exposure to systemic treatments, histological grade, size, nodal status, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging. This was more pronounced in luminal and triple-negative patients, and patient's response to NAC was correlated with an increase in miRNA-195 expression. CONCLUSION miRNA-195 is downregulated in the tumor tissues of Brazilian breast cancer patients regardless of NAC exposure; this reinforces its role as a tumor suppressor and a potential biomarker for chemotherapy response.
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Gestation and breastfeeding in schistosomotic mice differentially alters the expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in adult offspring. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 114:e190366. [PMID: 32022099 PMCID: PMC7012583 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding or gestation in schistosomotic mothers can cause long-term
alterations in the immune response of offspring. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) (all classes), the
production of cytokines by T and B lymphocytes and macrophages, and the
frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+-cells in adult
offspring born and/or suckled by schistosomotic mothers. METHODS We harvested splenocytes from offspring born to (BIM), suckled by (SIM), or
born to/suckled by (BSIM) schistosomotic mothers and animals from
noninfected mothers (Control) at seven-weeks old and cultured them
with/without Concanavalin A. HDAC expression was evaluated by real-time
quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and cytokines and membrane
markers were evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). FINDINGS Compared to Control, BIM mice showed increased expression of HDAC9 and
frequency of CD4+IL-10+-cells. The SIM group had
increased expression of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC10, Sirt2, Sirt5,
Sirt6, and Sirt7. The BSIM group only had increased HDAC10 expression. The
SIM and BSIM groups exhibited decreased frequencies of
CD4+IL-4+-cells and
CD4+CD25+FoxP3+-cells, along with a
higher frequency of CD14+IL-10+-cells and an increase
in CD45R/B220+IL-10+-cells. The BSIM group also showed
a high frequency of CD4+IL10+-cells. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding induced the expression of HDACs from various classes involved
in reducing inflammatory responses. However, gestation enhanced the
expression of a single HDAC and breastfeeding or gestation appears to favour
multiple IL-10-dependent pathways, but not cells with a regulatory
phenotype.
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Immunological recovery failure in cART-treated HIV-positive patients is associated with reduced thymic output and RTE CD4+ T cell death by pyroptosis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:85-94. [PMID: 31691351 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0919-235r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite more than three decades of studies and advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the mechanisms that precisely determine immune reconstitution failure have not been completely elucidated yet. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the thymic function, immune activation, and cell death by pyroptosis and apoptosis in virologically suppressed HIV-positive patients receiving cART. Immunophenotyping analyses were performed in 57 cART-treated HIV-infected patients with undetectable plasma viral load, who were classified as immunological nonresponders (INR = 29) and immunologic responders (IR = 28). Sociodemographic and clinical data were also assessed from medical records. Twelve healthy volunteers were also included in this study. The INR showed lower pretreatment CD4+ T cell count that remained low even after 1 yr of treatment, lower CD4/CD8 ratio, lower percentage of recent thymic emigrant (RTE) CD4+ T cell (CD45RA+CD31+) and naïve CD4+ T cell (CD45RA+CD62L+), higher levels of effector memory CD4+ T cells (CD45RA-CD62L-), and higher pyroptosis levels of RTE CD4+ T cells (CD31+FLICA-Caspase1+) when compared with IR. Our findings indicate that reduced thymic function and RTE CD4+ T cell death by pyroptosis are the major mechanisms of immunological recovery failure in HIV-infected patients receiving cART.
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IL18 gene polymorphism and its influence on CD4+ T-cell recovery in HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103997. [PMID: 31401307 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyroptosis has been reported to be critical in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression. Even after achieving viral suppression to undetectable levels during antiretroviral therapy (ART), exacerbated CD4+ T-cell death by pyroptosis has been suggested as one of the main causes of immunological non-response. Thus, variants in genes of pyroptosis pathway were studied in individuals with poor CD4+ T-cell reconstitution under antiretroviral therapy against HIV-1. METHODS 248 virologically suppressed ART-treated patients, 126 immunological non-responders (INR) and 122 immunological responders (IR) were recruited. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan probe-based realtime PCR platform. Genotype-guided flow cytometry analysis with general and recent thymic emigrant (RTE) CD4+ T-cells in pyroptosis was performed based on associated polymorphisms. RESULTS Both IL18 rs187238 G allele and GG genotype were associated as protection factors against poor CD4+ T-cell recovery (OR = 0.22; 95%CI = 0.50-0.77; P = .010 and OR = 0.58; 95%CI = 0.36-0.93; P = .022, respectively). It was demonstrated a statistical association between IL18 rs187238 genotypes of ART-treated patients and death by Caspase-1 levels (P = .020). The GG genotype showed lower pyroptotic RTE CD4+ T-lymphocytes levels in the ART-treated groups comparing with CC (P = .029) and CG (P = .018) genotypes, suggesting that the G allele presence may be related to a lower IL-18 production and thus reduced dead CD4+ T-cells levels by Caspase-1. CONCLUSION We observed that IL18 G variant allele and genotype were associated with a better immunological response, which may influence on immunological recovery of HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, and low Caspase-1 activity levels was observed on GG genotype when compared CC genotypes.
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induce Organ Damage during Experimental and Clinical Sepsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148142. [PMID: 26849138 PMCID: PMC4743982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ dysfunction is a major concern in sepsis pathophysiology and contributes to its high mortality rate. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in endothelial damage and take part in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction in several conditions. NETs also have an important role in counteracting invading microorganisms during infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate systemic NETs formation, their participation in host bacterial clearance and their contribution to organ dysfunction in sepsis. C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to endotoxic shock or a polymicrobial sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The involvement of cf-DNA/NETs in the physiopathology of sepsis was evaluated through NETs degradation by rhDNase. This treatment was also associated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (ertapenem) in mice after CLP. CLP or endotoxin administration induced a significant increase in the serum concentrations of NETs. The increase in CLP-induced NETs was sustained over a period of 3 to 24 h after surgery in mice and was not inhibited by the antibiotic treatment. Systemic rhDNase treatment reduced serum NETs and increased the bacterial load in non-antibiotic-treated septic mice. rhDNase plus antibiotics attenuated sepsis-induced organ damage and improved the survival rate. The correlation between the presence of NETs in peripheral blood and organ dysfunction was evaluated in 31 septic patients. Higher cf-DNA concentrations were detected in septic patients in comparison with healthy controls, and levels were correlated with sepsis severity and organ dysfunction. In conclusion, cf-DNA/NETs are formed during sepsis and are associated with sepsis severity. In the experimental setting, the degradation of NETs by rhDNase attenuates organ damage only when combined with antibiotics, confirming that NETs take part in sepsis pathogenesis. Altogether, our results suggest that NETs are important for host bacterial control and are relevant actors in the pathogenesis of sepsis.
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CCR2 drives neutrophil infiltration and elicits tissue damage in remote organs during sepsis. Crit Care 2010. [PMCID: PMC3254941 DOI: 10.1186/cc9126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis by toll-like receptor 9 is important for sepsis survival. Crit Care 2010. [PMCID: PMC3254971 DOI: 10.1186/cc9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Toll-like receptor 2 induces chemokine receptor CXCR2 downregulation and neutrophil migration impairment in severe sepsis. Crit Care 2007. [PMCID: PMC3301130 DOI: 10.1186/cc5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Down-regulation of CXCR2 on neutrophils in severe sepsis is mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 175:490-7. [PMID: 17138957 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200601-103oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The failure of neutrophils to migrate to an infection focus during severe sepsis is an important determinant of the inability of a host to deal with an infectious insult. Our laboratory has shown that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction and NO production contribute to the failure of neutrophils to migrate in the context of sepsis. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We investigated whether CXCR2 expression contributed to the failure of neutrophils to migrate during severe sepsis and the role of NO in modulating CXCR2 expression on neutrophils in mice subjected to nonsevere (NS) or severe (S) cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). RESULTS Neutrophil migration to the infection focus was deficient in S-CLP mice, a phenomenon prevented by pharmacologic (aminoguanidine, l-canavanine) or genetic (iNOS gene deletion) inhibition of iNOS. The expression of CXCR2 on neutrophils from S-CLP mice was significantly reduced when compared with neutrophils from NS-CLP or sham-operated mice. CXCR2 expression was reestablished by pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of iNOS. Immunofluorescence and confocal analysis revealed that iNOS blockade reduced neutrophil CXCR2 internalization. Adhesion and emigration of neutrophils in macrophage inflammatory protein-2-stimulated mesentery microcirculation were reduced in S-CLP mice, compared with NS-CLP mice, and reestablished by pretreatment with aminoguanidine or l-canavanine. The NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d,l-penicillamine inhibited CXCL8-induced human neutrophil chemotaxis and CXCR2 expression on human and murine neutrophils. CONCLUSION These results highlight evidences that the failure of neutrophils to migrate to an infection focus during severe sepsis is associated with excessive NO production and NO-dependent regulation of the expression of CXCR2 on the neutrophil surface.
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