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Vauhkonen H, Kallio-Kokko H, Hiltunen-Back E, Lönnqvist L, Leppäaho-Lakka J, Mannonen L, Kant R, Sironen T, Kurkela S, Lappalainen M, Zorec TM, Zakotnik S, Vlaj D, Korva M, Avšič-Županc T, Poljak M, Smura T, Vapalahti O. Intrahost Monkeypox Virus Genome Variation in Patient with Early Infection, Finland, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:649-652. [PMID: 36703245 PMCID: PMC9973688 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.221388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus was imported into Finland during late May-early June 2022. Intrahost viral genome variation in a sample from 1 patient comprised a major variant with 3 lineage B.1.3-specific mutations and a minor variant with ancestral B.1 nucleotides. Results suggest either ongoing APOBEC3 enzyme-mediated evolution or co-infection.
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2
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Truong Nguyen P, Kant R, Van den Broeck F, Suvanto MT, Alburkat H, Virtanen J, Ahvenainen E, Castren R, Hong SL, Baele G, Ahava MJ, Jarva H, Jokiranta ST, Kallio-Kokko H, Kekäläinen E, Kirjavainen V, Kortela E, Kurkela S, Lappalainen M, Liimatainen H, Suchard MA, Hannula S, Ellonen P, Sironen T, Lemey P, Vapalahti O, Smura T. The phylodynamics of SARS-CoV-2 during 2020 in Finland. Commun Med (Lond) 2022; 2:65. [PMID: 35698660 PMCID: PMC9187640 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of infections and fatalities globally since its emergence in late 2019. The virus was first detected in Finland in January 2020, after which it rapidly spread among the populace in spring. However, compared to other European nations, Finland has had a low incidence of SARS-CoV-2. To gain insight into the origins and turnover of SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Finland in 2020, we investigated the phylogeographic and -dynamic history of the virus. Methods The origins of SARS-CoV-2 introductions were inferred via Travel-aware Bayesian time-measured phylogeographic analyses. Sequences for the analyses included virus genomes belonging to the B.1 lineage and with the D614G mutation from countries of likely origin, which were determined utilizing Google mobility data. We collected all available sequences from spring and fall peaks to study lineage dynamics. Results We observed rapid turnover among Finnish lineages during this period. Clade 20C became the most prevalent among sequenced cases and was replaced by other strains in fall 2020. Bayesian phylogeographic reconstructions suggested 42 independent introductions into Finland during spring 2020, mainly from Italy, Austria, and Spain. Conclusions A single introduction from Spain might have seeded one-third of cases in Finland during spring in 2020. The investigations of the original introductions of SARS-CoV-2 to Finland during the early stages of the pandemic and of the subsequent lineage dynamics could be utilized to assess the role of transboundary movements and the effects of early intervention and public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuoc Truong Nguyen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frederik Van den Broeck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maija T. Suvanto
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hussein Alburkat
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Virtanen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ella Ahvenainen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Castren
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuel L. Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarit J. Ahava
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Jarva
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Tuulia Jokiranta
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eliisa Kekäläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa Kirjavainen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Kortela
- Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Kurkela
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Liimatainen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Departments of Biomathematics, Biostatistics and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Sari Hannula
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Ellonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Kant R, Nguyen PT, Blomqvist S, Erdin M, Alburkat H, Suvanto M, Zakham F, Salminen V, Olander V, Paloniemi M, Huhti L, Lehtinen S, Luukinen B, Jarva H, Kallio-Kokko H, Kurkela S, Lappalainen M, Liimatainen H, Hannula S, Halkilahti J, Ikonen J, Ikonen N, Helve O, Gunell M, Vuorinen T, Plyusnin I, Lindh E, Ellonen P, Sironen T, Savolainen-Kopra C, Smura T, Vapalahti O. Incidence Trends for SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Beta Variants, Finland, Spring 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3137-3141. [PMID: 34708686 PMCID: PMC8632157 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.211631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Alpha and Beta variants became dominant in Finland in spring 2021 but had diminished by summer. We used phylogenetic clustering to identify sources of spreading. We found that outbreaks were mostly seeded by a few introductions, highlighting the importance of surveillance and prevention policies.
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Kortela E, Kirjavainen V, Ahava MJ, Jokiranta ST, But A, Lindahl A, Jääskeläinen AE, Jääskeläinen AJ, Järvinen A, Jokela P, Kallio-Kokko H, Loginov R, Mannonen L, Ruotsalainen E, Sironen T, Vapalahti O, Lappalainen M, Kreivi HR, Jarva H, Kurkela S, Kekäläinen E. Real-life clinical sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test in symptomatic patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251661. [PMID: 34019562 PMCID: PMC8139477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the false negative rates of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing is pivotal for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic and it has implications for patient management. Our aim was to determine the real-life clinical sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. METHODS This population-based retrospective study was conducted in March-April 2020 in the Helsinki Capital Region, Finland. Adults who were clinically suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection and underwent SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing, with sufficient data in their medical records for grading of clinical suspicion were eligible. In addition to examining the first RT-PCR test of repeat-tested individuals, we also used high clinical suspicion for COVID-19 as the reference standard for calculating the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. RESULTS All 1,194 inpatients (mean [SD] age, 63.2 [18.3] years; 45.2% women) admitted to COVID-19 cohort wards during the study period were included. The outpatient cohort of 1,814 individuals (mean [SD] age, 45.4 [17.2] years; 69.1% women) was sampled from epidemiological line lists by systematic quasi-random sampling. The sensitivity (95% CI) for laboratory confirmed cases (repeat-tested patients) was 85.7% (81.5-89.1%) inpatients; 95.5% (92.2-97.5%) outpatients, 89.9% (88.2-92.1%) all. When also patients that were graded as high suspicion but never tested positive were included in the denominator, the sensitivity (95% CI) was: 67.5% (62.9-71.9%) inpatients; 34.9% (31.4-38.5%) outpatients; 47.3% (44.4-50.3%) all. CONCLUSIONS The clinical sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing was only moderate at best. The relatively high false negative rates of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing need to be accounted for in clinical decision making, epidemiological interpretations, and when using RT-PCR as a reference for other tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Kortela
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa Kirjavainen
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit J. Ahava
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi T. Jokiranta
- Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna But
- Biostatistics Consulting, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Lindahl
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu E. Jääskeläinen
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annemarjut J. Jääskeläinen
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asko Järvinen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Jokela
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raisa Loginov
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mannonen
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Ruotsalainen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna-Riikka Kreivi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Jarva
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Kurkela
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eliisa Kekäläinen
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Jarva H, Lappalainen M, Luomala O, Jokela P, Jääskeläinen AE, Jääskeläinen AJ, Kallio-Kokko H, Kekäläinen E, Mannonen L, Soini H, Suuronen S, Toivonen A, Savolainen-Kopra C, Loginov R, Kurkela S. Laboratory-based surveillance of COVID-19 in the Greater Helsinki area, Finland, February-June 2020. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:111-116. [PMID: 33352330 PMCID: PMC7832366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to characterise age- and sex-specific severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RT-PCR sampling frequency and positivity rate in Greater Helsinki area in Finland during February-June 2020. We also describe the laboratory capacity building for these diagnostics. METHODS Laboratory registry data for altogether 80,791 specimens from 70,517 individuals was analysed. The data included the date of sampling, sex, age and the SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test result on specimens collected between 1 February and 15 June 2020. RESULTS Altogether, 4057/80,791 (5.0%) of the specimens were positive and 3915/70,517 (5.6%) of the individuals were found positive. In all, 37% of specimens were from male and 67% from female subjects. While the number of positive cases was similar in male and female subjects, the positivity rate was significantly higher in male subjects: 7.5% of male and 4.4% of female subjects tested positive. The highest incidence/100,000 was observed in those aged ≥80 years. The proportion of young adults in positive cases increased in late May 2020. Large dips in testing frequency were observed during every weekend and also during public holidays. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that men pursue SARS-CoV-2 testing less frequently than women. Consequently, a subset of coronavirus disease-2019 infections in men may have gone undetected. People sought testing less frequently on weekends and public holidays, and this may also lead to missing of positive cases. The proportion of young adults in positive cases increased towards the end of the study period, which may suggest their returning back to social behaviour with an increased risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jarva
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - M Lappalainen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - O Luomala
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Jokela
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - A E Jääskeläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - A J Jääskeläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - H Kallio-Kokko
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - E Kekäläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Mannonen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - H Soini
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Suuronen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - A Toivonen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | | | - R Loginov
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - S Kurkela
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
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6
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Mannonen L, Kallio-Kokko H, Loginov R, Jääskeläinen A, Jokela P, Antikainen J, Väre P, Kekäläinen E, Kurkela S, Jarva H, Lappalainen M. Comparison of Two Commercial Platforms and a Laboratory-Developed Test for Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:407-416. [PMID: 33486074 PMCID: PMC7825913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitigation of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires reliable and accessible laboratory diagnostic services. In this study, the performance of one laboratory-developed test (LDT) and two commercial tests, cobas SARS-CoV-2 (Roche) and Amplidiag COVID-19 (Mobidiag), were evaluated for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in respiratory specimens. A total of 183 specimens collected from suspected COVID-19 patients were studied with all three methods to compare their performance. In relation to the reference standard, which was established as the result obtained by two of the three studied methods, the positive percent agreement was highest for the cobas test (100%), followed by the Amplidiag test and the LDT (98.9%). The negative percent agreement was lowest for the cobas test (89.4%), followed by the Amplidiag test (98.8%), and the highest value was obtained for the LDT (100%). The dilution series of positive specimens, however, suggests significantly higher sensitivity for the cobas assay in comparison with the other two assays, and the low negative percent agreement value may be due to the same reason. In general, all tested assays performed adequately. Clinical laboratories need to be prepared for uninterrupted high-throughput testing during the coming months to mitigate the pandemic. To ensure no interruption, it is critical that clinical laboratories maintain several simultaneous platforms in their SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mannonen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raisa Loginov
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Jääskeläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Jokela
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Antikainen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Väre
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eliisa Kekäläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Kurkela
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Jarva
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Ojha R, Pedro LD, Djannatian M, Franz J, Kuivanen S, van der Meer F, Kallio K, Kaya T, Anastasina M, Smura T, Levanov L, Szirovicza L, Tobi A, Kallio-Kokko H, Österlund P, Joensuu M, Meunier FA, Butcher SJ, Winkler MS, Mollenhauer B, Helenius A, Gokce O, Teesalu T, Hepojoki J, Vapalahti O, Stadelmann C, Balistreri G, Simons M. Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity. Science 2020; 370:856-860. [PMID: 33082293 PMCID: PMC7857391 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1237] [Impact Index Per Article: 309.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Virus-host interactions determine cellular entry and spreading in tissues. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the earlier SARS-CoV use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor; however, their tissue tropism differs, raising the possibility that additional host factors are involved. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 contains a cleavage site for the protease furin that is absent from SARS-CoV (see the Perspective by Kielian). Cantuti-Castelvetri et al. now show that neuropilin-1 (NRP1), which is known to bind furin-cleaved substrates, potentiates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. NRP1 is abundantly expressed in the respiratory and olfactory epithelium, with highest expression in endothelial and epithelial cells. Daly et al. found that the furin-cleaved S1 fragment of the spike protein binds directly to cell surface NRP1 and blocking this interaction with a small-molecule inhibitor or monoclonal antibodies reduced viral infection in cell culture. Understanding the role of NRP1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection may suggest potential targets for future antiviral therapeutics. Science, this issue p. 856, p. 861; see also p. 765 The causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). For many viruses, tissue tropism is determined by the availability of virus receptors and entry cofactors on the surface of host cells. In this study, we found that neuropilin-1 (NRP1), known to bind furin-cleaved substrates, significantly potentiates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, an effect blocked by a monoclonal blocking antibody against NRP1. A SARS-CoV-2 mutant with an altered furin cleavage site did not depend on NRP1 for infectivity. Pathological analysis of olfactory epithelium obtained from human COVID-19 autopsies revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infected NRP1-positive cells facing the nasal cavity. Our data provide insight into SARS-CoV-2 cell infectivity and define a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liliana D Pedro
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Minou Djannatian
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Franz
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Katri Kallio
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuğberk Kaya
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Anastasina
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lev Levanov
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leonora Szirovicza
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Tobi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Sebastian Winkler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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8
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Abstract
The mosquito-borne chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes an acute febrile illness with rash, joint and muscle pain.A realtime RT-PCR assay for CHIKV detecting non-structural protein (nsP2; CHIKV nsP2-RT-qPCR) was set up. All the serodiagnosed CHIKV cases detected during 2009-2019 in Finland were screened with the assay, followed by isolations attempts and sequencing using Sanger and next generation sequencing (NGS). To validate the assay external and in-house quality control samples were used and all were correctly identified. Specificity of the assay was 100%. Assay was sensitive to detect CHIKV RNA in dilution of 10-8.During years 2009-2019 34 patients were diagnosed for acute CHIKV infection. Twelve out of 34 cases were positive by CHIKV nsP2-RT-qPCR.Two CHIKV isolations succeeded from two individuals infected originally in Thailand, 2019. From 12 CHIKV nsP2-RT-qPCR positive samples, five (42%) CHIKVs were successfully sequenced. In this study, CHIKVs from year 2019 clustered with CHIKV ECSA-lineage forming sub-cluster with strains from ones detected in Bangladesh 2017, and the ones from Jamaica (2014) within Asian lineage showing highest similarity to strains detected in Caribbean outbreak 2013-15. Majority of the CHIKV infections detected in Finland originates from Asia and virus lineages reflect the global circulation of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Jääskeläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Kareinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Smura
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Kallio-Kokko
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Vapalahti
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Kuivanen S, Kekäläinen E, Ahava MJ, Loginov R, Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O, Jarva H, Kurkela S, Lappalainen M. Performance of six SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays in comparison with microneutralisation. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104512. [PMID: 32563180 PMCID: PMC7295517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for reliable high-throughput serological assays for the management of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Preferably, the performance of serological tests for a novel virus should be determined with clinical specimens against a gold standard, i.e. virus neutralisation. We compared the performance of six commercial immunoassays for the detection of SARS-COV-2 IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies, including four automated assays [Abbott SARS-COV-2 IgG (CE marked), Diasorin Liaison® SARS-COV-2 S1/S2 IgG (research use only, RUO), and Euroimmun SARS-COV-2 IgG and IgA (CE marked)], and two rapid lateral flow (immunocromatographic) tests [Acro Biotech 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM (CE marked) and Xiamen Biotime Biotechnology SARS-COV-2 IgG/IgM (CE marked)] with a microneutralisation test (MNT). Two specimen panels from serum samples sent to Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB) were compiled: the patient panel (N=70) included sera from PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients, and the negative panel (N=81) included sera sent for screening of autoimmune diseases and respiratory virus antibodies in 2018 and 2019. The MNT was carried out for all COVID-19 samples (70 serum samples, 62 individuals) and for 53 samples from the negative panel. Forty-one out of 62 COVID-19 patients showed neutralising antibodies.The specificity and sensitivity values of the commercial tests against MNT, respectively, were as follows: 95.1 %/80.5 % (Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG), 94.9 %/43.8 % (Diasorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 IgG; RUO), 68.3 %/87.8 % (Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 IgA), 86.6 %/70.7 % (Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 IgG), 74.4 %/56.1 % (Acro 2019-nCoV IgG), 69.5 %/46.3 % (Acro 2019-nCoV IgM), 97.5 %/71.9 % (Xiamen Biotime SARS-CoV-2 IgG), and 88.8 %/81.3 % (Xiamen Biotime SARS-CoV-2 IgM). This study shows variable performance values. Laboratories should carefully consider their testing process, such as a two-tier approach, in order to optimize the overall performance of SARS- CoV-2 serodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Jääskeläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.
| | - S Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Kekäläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M J Ahava
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - R Loginov
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - H Kallio-Kokko
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - O Vapalahti
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Depts of Virology and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Jarva
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Kurkela
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - M Lappalainen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
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10
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Kekäläinen E, Kallio-Kokko H, Mannonen L, Kortela E, Vapalahti O, Kurkela S, Lappalainen M. Evaluation of commercial and automated SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA ELISAs using coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patient samples. Euro Surveill 2020; 25:2000603. [PMID: 32400364 PMCID: PMC7219034 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.18.2000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-screening methods to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) need to be validated. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA ELISAs in conjunction with the EUROLabworkstation (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany). Overall specificities were 91.9% and 73.0% for IgG and IgA ELISAs, respectively. Of 39 coronavirus disease patients, 13 were IgG and IgA positive and 11 IgA alone at sampling. IgGs and IgAs were respectively detected at a median of 12 and 11 days after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Jääskeläinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eliisa Kekäläinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mannonen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Kortela
- Infectious diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Kurkela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- These authors contributed equally to the work
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11
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Haveri A, Smura T, Kuivanen S, Österlund P, Hepojoki J, Ikonen N, Pitkäpaasi M, Blomqvist S, Rönkkö E, Kantele A, Strandin T, Kallio-Kokko H, Mannonen L, Lappalainen M, Broas M, Jiang M, Siira L, Salminen M, Puumalainen T, Sane J, Melin M, Vapalahti O, Savolainen-Kopra C. Serological and molecular findings during SARS-CoV-2 infection: the first case study in Finland, January to February 2020. Euro Surveill 2020; 25:2000266. [PMID: 32209163 PMCID: PMC7096774 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.11.2000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The first case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Finland was confirmed on 29 January 2020. No secondary cases were detected. We describe the clinical picture and laboratory findings 3-23 days since the first symptoms. The SARS-CoV-2/Finland/1/2020 virus strain was isolated, the genome showing a single nucleotide substitution to the reference strain from Wuhan. Neutralising antibody response appeared within 9 days along with specific IgM and IgG response, targeting particularly nucleocapsid and spike proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Haveri
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjaana Pitkäpaasi
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Blomqvist
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Rönkkö
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Inflammation Center, Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Strandin
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mannonen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Broas
- Infection-Hospital Hygiene Unit, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Miao Jiang
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Siira
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Salminen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Puumalainen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Sane
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carita Savolainen-Kopra
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Bösl K, Ianevski A, Than TT, Andersen PI, Kuivanen S, Teppor M, Zusinaite E, Dumpis U, Vitkauskiene A, Cox RJ, Kallio-Kokko H, Bergqvist A, Tenson T, Merits A, Oksenych V, Bjørås M, Anthonsen MW, Shum D, Kaarbø M, Vapalahti O, Windisch MP, Superti-Furga G, Snijder B, Kainov D, Kandasamy RK. Common Nodes of Virus-Host Interaction Revealed Through an Integrated Network Analysis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2186. [PMID: 31636628 PMCID: PMC6787150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are one of the major causes of acute and chronic infectious diseases and thus a major contributor to the global burden of disease. Several studies have shown how viruses have evolved to hijack basic cellular pathways and evade innate immune response by modulating key host factors and signaling pathways. A collective view of these multiple studies could advance our understanding of virus-host interactions and provide new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of viral diseases. Here, we performed an integrative meta-analysis to elucidate the 17 different host-virus interactomes. Network and bioinformatics analyses showed how viruses with small genomes efficiently achieve the maximal effect by targeting multifunctional and highly connected host proteins with a high occurrence of disordered regions. We also identified the core cellular process subnetworks that are targeted by all the viruses. Integration with functional RNA interference (RNAi) datasets showed that a large proportion of the targets are required for viral replication. Furthermore, we performed an interactome-informed drug re-purposing screen and identified novel activities for broad-spectrum antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus and human metapneumovirus. Altogether, these orthogonal datasets could serve as a platform for hypothesis generation and follow-up studies to broaden our understanding of the viral evasion landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Bösl
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aleksandr Ianevski
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thoa T Than
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Petter I Andersen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mona Teppor
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Uga Dumpis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Astra Vitkauskiene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Department of Clinical Science, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Bergqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit W Anthonsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David Shum
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Mari Kaarbø
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Berend Snijder
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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13
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Ianevski A, Zusinaite E, Shtaida N, Kallio-Kokko H, Valkonen M, Kantele A, Telling K, Lutsar I, Letjuka P, Metelitsa N, Oksenych V, Dumpis U, Vitkauskiene A, Stašaitis K, Öhrmalm C, Bondeson K, Bergqvist A, Cox RJ, Tenson T, Merits A, Kainov DE. Low Temperature and Low UV Indexes Correlated with Peaks of Influenza Virus Activity in Northern Europe during 2010⁻2018. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030207. [PMID: 30832226 PMCID: PMC6466003 DOI: 10.3390/v11030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing pace of global warming, it is important to understand the role of meteorological factors in influenza virus (IV) epidemics. In this study, we investigated the impact of temperature, UV index, humidity, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation on IV activity in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during 2010–2018. Both correlation and machine learning analyses revealed that low temperature and UV indexes were the most predictive meteorological factors for IV epidemics in Northern Europe. Our in vitro experiments confirmed that low temperature and UV radiation preserved IV infectivity. Associations between these meteorological factors and IV activity could improve surveillance and promote development of accurate predictive models for future influenza outbreaks in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Ianevski
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | | | - Miia Valkonen
- Helsinki University Hospital (HUS) and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Kantele
- Helsinki University Hospital (HUS) and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kaidi Telling
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | | | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Uga Dumpis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Astra Vitkauskiene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Science, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Kestutis Stašaitis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Christina Öhrmalm
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75309 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kåre Bondeson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75309 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anders Bergqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75309 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway.
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
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14
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Korhonen EM, Huhtamo E, Lappalainen M, Vapalahti O, Kallio-Kokko H. Validation of serological and molecular methods for diagnosis of zika virus infections. J Virol Methods 2019; 263:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Siponen AM, Kinnunen PM, Koort J, Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O, Virtala AM, Jokelainen P. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in veterinarians in Finland: Older age, living in the countryside, tasting beef during cooking and not doing small animal practice associated with seropositivity. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:207-215. [PMID: 30536784 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Practising veterinary medicine has an inherent risk of exposure to zoonotic agents, including the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. We screened sera of veterinarians authorized to work in Finland for the presence of specific immunoglobulin G antibodies against T. gondii with an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay, and evaluated potential risk factors for T. gondii seropositivity from extensive questionnaire data with almost 1,300 quantitative variables. We used a causal diagram approach to address the complexity of the life cycle of the parasite and its numerous possible transmission routes, and built a multivariable binomial logistic regression model to identify risk factors that are particularly relevant for veterinarians. The samples and questionnaire data were collected in 2009. Altogether, 294 veterinarians, almost 15% of the Finnish veterinary profession, were included in the study. The median age was 39 years, and the majority, 86%, were women. Altogether, 43 (14.6%; 95% confidence interval: 10.9-19.0) of the 294 veterinarians tested seropositive for T. gondii. According to the final model, veterinarians who were at least 40 years old had 2.4 times higher odds to be seropositive than younger veterinarians; veterinarians who lived in the countryside had 4.0 times higher odds to be seropositive than veterinarians who lived in towns; female veterinarians who tasted beef during cooking had 2.6 times higher odds to be seropositive than male veterinarians who did not taste beef during cooking; and veterinarians who did not do small animal practice had 2.3 times higher odds to be seropositive than those who did. The results illustrate the numerous transmission routes of T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula M Kinnunen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Koort
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Virtala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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16
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Ianevski A, Zusinaite E, Kuivanen S, Strand M, Lysvand H, Teppor M, Kakkola L, Paavilainen H, Laajala M, Kallio-Kokko H, Valkonen M, Kantele A, Telling K, Lutsar I, Letjuka P, Metelitsa N, Oksenych V, Bjørås M, Nordbø SA, Dumpis U, Vitkauskiene A, Öhrmalm C, Bondeson K, Bergqvist A, Aittokallio T, Cox RJ, Evander M, Hukkanen V, Marjomaki V, Julkunen I, Vapalahti O, Tenson T, Merits A, Kainov D. Novel activities of safe-in-human broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:174-182. [PMID: 29698664 PMCID: PMC7113852 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the WHO, there is an urgent need for better control of viral diseases. Re-positioning existing safe-in-human antiviral agents from one viral disease to another could play a pivotal role in this process. Here, we reviewed all approved, investigational and experimental antiviral agents, which are safe in man, and identified 59 compounds that target at least three viral diseases. We tested 55 of these compounds against eight different RNA and DNA viruses. We found novel activities for dalbavancin against echovirus 1, ezetimibe against human immunodeficiency virus 1 and Zika virus, as well as azacitidine, cyclosporine, minocycline, oritavancin and ritonavir against Rift valley fever virus. Thus, the spectrum of antiviral activities of existing antiviral agents could be expanded towards other viral diseases. 339 approved, investigational and experimental safe-in-human antivirals were identified. 59 compounds, which target ≥3 viral diseases, were selected. 55 of the 59 compounds were tested against 8 RNA and DNA viruses. 7 compounds were found to possess novel antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Ianevski
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7028, Norway.
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Mårten Strand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå 90185, Sweden.
| | - Hilde Lysvand
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
| | - Mona Teppor
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
| | | | - Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40500, Finland.
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Miia Valkonen
- Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Anu Kantele
- Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Kaidi Telling
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
| | | | | | - Valentyn Oksenych
- St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Clinic of Medicine, Trondheim 7006, Norway.
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim 7006, Norway.
| | - Uga Dumpis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga 1002, Latvia.
| | - Astra Vitkauskiene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas 44307, Lithuania.
| | - Christina Öhrmalm
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75309, Sweden.
| | - Kåre Bondeson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75309, Sweden.
| | - Anders Bergqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75309, Sweden.
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå 90185, Sweden.
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
| | - Varpu Marjomaki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40500, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
| | - Denis Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7028, Norway; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
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Fevola C, Kuivanen S, Smura T, Vaheri A, Kallio-Kokko H, Hauffe HC, Vapalahti O, Jääskeläinen AJ. Seroprevalence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Ljungan virus in Finnish patients with suspected neurological infections. J Med Virol 2017; 90:429-435. [PMID: 28976562 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Directly-transmitted rodent-borne zoonotic viruses, such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can cause nervous system infections. Rodent-borne Ljungan virus (LV) is considered potentially zoonotic possibly causing neurological symptoms. Our objective was to understand the role of these two viruses compared to other pathogens in causing neurological infections in Finnish patients. Routine screening data were available for 400 patients aged 5-50 years, collected from December 2013 to December 2014 with suspected neurological infection. Depending on symptoms, patients were variously tested for herpesviruses, enteroviruses, varicella zoster virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, while those suspected of tick bite were further tested for Borrelia spp. and tick-borne encephalitis virus using antibody and/or nucleic acid tests. For 380 patients, we also screened the RNA and antibody prevalence of LCMV and LV in order to test if either of these viruses were the causative agent. Data collected indicated that the causative microbial agent was confirmed in only 15.5% of all Finnish patients with neurological symptoms, with M. pneumoniae (26 cases) being the most common causative agent found in sera, whereas Borrelia spp. (15), herpes simplex viruses (7), and enteroviruses (5) were the most common agents confirmed in the CSF. The seroprevalences for LV and LCMV were 33.8% and 5.0%, respectively, but no samples were PCR-positive. In this study, M. pneumoniae and Borrelia spp. were the most common causative agents of neurological infections in Finland. No LCMV or LV infections were detected. We conclude there was no association of LV with neurological diseases in this patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fevola
- Faculty of Medicine,, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Faculty of Medicine,, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annemarjut J Jääskeläinen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Fevola C, Forbes KM, Mäkelä S, Putkuri N, Hauffe HC, Kallio-Kokko H, Mustonen J, Jääskeläinen AJ, Vaheri A. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Ljungan and orthopoxvirus seroconversions in patients hospitalized due to acute Puumala hantavirus infection. J Clin Virol 2016; 84:48-52. [PMID: 27721109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases are increasing in Europe. Prominent rodent-borne zoonotic viruses include Puumala hantavirus (PUUV; the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica, NE), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and orthopoxviruses (OPV). In addition, Ljungan virus (LV) is considered a potentially zoonotic virus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare clinical picture between acute PUUV patients with and without additional rodent-borne viral infections, to investigate if concurrent infections influence disease severity. STUDY DESIGN We evaluated seroprevalence of and seroconversions to LCMV, LV and OPV in 116 patients hospitalized for NE. Clinical and laboratory variables were closely monitored during hospital care. RESULTS A total of five LCMV, 15 LV, and one OPV seroconversions occurred. NE patients with LCMV seroconversions were younger, and had lower plasma creatinine concentrations and platelet counts than patients without LCMV seroconversions. No differences occurred in clinical or laboratory findings between patients with and without seroconversions to LV and OPV. We report, for the first time, LCMV seroprevalence in Finland, with 8.5% of NE patients seropositive for this virus. Seroprevalences for LV and OPV were 47.8% and 32.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION Cases with LCMV seroconversions were statistically younger, had milder acute kidney injury and more severe thrombocytopenia than patients without LCMV. However, the low number of seroconversion cases precludes firm conclusions. Concurrent LV or OPV infections do not appear to influence clinical picture for NE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fevola
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Kristian M Forbes
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Satu Mäkelä
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Niina Putkuri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jukka Mustonen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Anne J Jääskeläinen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Korhonen EM, Huhtamo E, Smura T, Kallio-Kokko H, Raassina M, Vapalahti O. Zika virus infection in a traveller returning from the Maldives, June 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30107. [PMID: 26794427 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.2.30107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in a patient with fever and rash after returning to Finland from Maldives, June 2015. The patient had dengue virus (DENV) IgG and IgM antibodies but pan-flavivirus RT-PCR and subsequent sequencing showed presence of ZIKV RNA in urine. Recent association of ZIKV with microcephaly highlights the need for laboratory differentiation of ZIKV from DENV infection and the circulation of ZIKV in areas outside its currently known distribution range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi Marjana Korhonen
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Kallio-Kokko H, Ozkul A, Bodur H, Korukruoglu G, Mousavi M, Pranav P, Vaheri A, Mirazimi A, Vapalahti O. Development and evaluation of a real-time RT-qPCR for detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus representing different genotypes. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 14:870-2. [PMID: 25514124 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease caused by a nairovirus belonging to family Bunyaviridae. The CCHF virus (CCHFV) can be transmitted to humans by Hyalomma ticks as well as by direct contact with infected body fluids or tissues from viremic livestock or humans. Our aim was to set up a fast RT-qPCR for detection of the different CCHFV genotypes in clinical samples, including an inactivation step to make the sample handling possible in lower biosafety levels (BSL) than BSL-4. This method was evaluated against commercial reference assays and international External Quality Assessment (EQA) samples. The analytical limit of detection for the developed CCHFV-S RT-qPCR was 11 CCHFV genomes per reaction. After exclusion of four dubious samples, we studied 38 CCHFV-positive samples (using reference tests) of which 38 were found positive by CCHFV-S RT-qPCR, suggesting a sensitivity of 100%. CCHFV-S RT q-PCR detected all eight different CCHFV strains representing five different CCHFV genotypes. In conclusion, the CCHFV-S RT-qPCR described in this study was evaluated using various sources of CCHFV samples and shown to be an accurate tool to detect human CCHFV infection caused by different genotypes of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Jääskeläinen
- 1 HUSLAB, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Moilanen K, Aaltonen K, Putkuri N, Sironen T, Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O. Development and evaluation of a real-time EBOV-L-RT-qPCR for detection of Zaire ebolavirus. J Clin Virol 2015; 67:56-8. [PMID: 25959160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An RT-qPCR targeting EBOV-L including the preceding RNA extraction protocol were set up and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Jääskeläinen
- Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology and Immunology, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland.
| | | | | | - Niina Putkuri
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology and Immunology, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology and Immunology, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Huhtamo E, Kivioja R, Domingo C, Vene S, Kallio-Kokko H, Niedrig M, Tienari PJ, Vapalahti O. Suspected YF-AND after yellow fever vaccination in Finland. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:444-7. [PMID: 25223921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) vaccine is considered safe but vaccine-associated complications have also been encountered. We report neurological symptoms after YF-vaccination in a previously healthy Finnish male. Other concomitant infections or causes for the symptoms could not be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Jääskeläinen
- HUSLAB, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland; Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eili Huhtamo
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reetta Kivioja
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Domingo
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sirkka Vene
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- HUSLAB, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland; Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthias Niedrig
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- HUSLAB, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland; Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Vapalahti O, Kallio-Kokko H, Anttila VJ, Lyytikäinen O. [Ebola: virus, disease, transmission--and preparedness in Finland]. Duodecim 2014; 130:2163-2177. [PMID: 25582011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus has been transmitted from its reservoirs to a human at least about twenty times, established limited human-to-human transmission chains and caused severe generalized infections, often with symptoms involving hemorrhagic fever. Of the five viruses belonging to the genus Ebolavirus, four have been described to have caused human disease, three of them having caused epidemics (25 to 90% mortality). The present epidemic started in December 2013, evidently from a two-year-old child in Guinea, and spread to the neighboring countries as well. The causative agent of the epidemic is a Zaire ebolavirus strain having undergone a cross-species transfer. By October 25, 2014, the epidemic has caused 4,912 deaths in the epidemic region. The report reviews the background information on the virus, disease and its current spread, as well as describes the ebola preparedness currently in Finland.
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Kolehmainen P, Kallio-Kokko H, Nieminen T, Koskiniemi M, Tauriainen S, Lappalainen M. First two cases of neonatal human parechovirus 4 infection with manifestation of suspected sepsis, Finland. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:328-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Kolehmainen P, Voutilainen L, Hauffe HC, Kallio-Kokko H, Lappalainen M, Tolf C, Lindberg AM, Henttonen H, Vaheri A, Tauriainen S, Vapalahti O. Evidence of Ljungan virus specific antibodies in humans and rodents, Finland. J Med Virol 2013; 85:2001-8. [PMID: 23852812 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV, genus Parechovirus, family Picornaviridae) is considered currently to be a rodent-borne virus. Despite suggested human disease associations, its zoonotic potential remains unclear. To date, LV antibody prevalence in both humans and rodents has not been studied. In this study, two different LV immunofluorescence assays (LV IFAs) were developed with LV genotypes 1 (LV strain 87-012G) and 2 (LV strain 145SLG), and cross-neutralization and -reaction studies were carried out with LV strain 145SLG. Finally, a panel of 37 Finnish sera was screened for anti-LV antibodies using two different LV IFAs (LV 145SLG and LV 87-012G) and a neutralization (NT) assay (LV 145SLG), and 50 samples from Myodes glareolus by LV IFA (LV 145SLG). The LV seroprevalence study showed 38% and 18% positivity in humans and M. glareolus, respectively. LV IFAs and NT assays were compared, and the results were in good agreement. The data are the first evidence of humans and rodents coming into contact with LV in Finland. Additional studies are required in order to acquire a better understanding of the prevalence, epidemiological patterns and possible disease association of LV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Jääskeläinen
- HUSLAB, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Smura T, Kakkola L, Blomqvist S, Klemola P, Parsons A, Kallio-Kokko H, Savolainen-Kopra C, Kainov DE, Roivainen M. Molecular evolution and epidemiology of echovirus 6 in Finland. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2013; 16:234-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Denisova OV, Kakkola L, Feng L, Stenman J, Nagaraj A, Lampe J, Yadav B, Aittokallio T, Kaukinen P, Ahola T, Kuivanen S, Vapalahti O, Kantele A, Tynell J, Julkunen I, Kallio-Kokko H, Paavilainen H, Hukkanen V, Elliott RM, De Brabander JK, Saelens X, Kainov DE. Obatoclax, saliphenylhalamide, and gemcitabine inhibit influenza a virus infection. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35324-35332. [PMID: 22910914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.392142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect humans and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Different treatment options have been developed; however, these were insufficient during recent IAV outbreaks. Here, we conducted a targeted chemical screen in human nonmalignant cells to validate known and search for novel host-directed antivirals. The screen validated saliphenylhalamide (SaliPhe) and identified two novel anti-IAV agents, obatoclax and gemcitabine. Further experiments demonstrated that Mcl-1 (target of obatoclax) provides a novel host target for IAV treatment. Moreover, we showed that obatoclax and SaliPhe inhibited IAV uptake and gemcitabine suppressed viral RNA transcription and replication. These compounds possess broad spectrum antiviral activity, although their antiviral efficacies were virus-, cell type-, and species-specific. Altogether, our results suggest that phase II obatoclax, investigational SaliPhe, and FDA/EMEA-approved gemcitabine represent potent antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana V Denisova
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Lin Feng
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Jakob Stenman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Ashwini Nagaraj
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Johanna Lampe
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Bhagwan Yadav
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Pasi Kaukinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Tero Ahola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | | | - Olli Vapalahti
- Haartman Institute, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Janne Tynell
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | | | | | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Richard M Elliott
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.
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Rimhanen-Finne R, Järvinen A, Kuusi M, Quiambao BP, Malbas FF, Huovilainen A, Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O, Ruutu P. Imported human rabies, the Philippines and Finland, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1318-9. [PMID: 20678336 PMCID: PMC3298315 DOI: 10.3201/eid1608.091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ikonen N, Haanpää M, Rönkkö E, Lyytikäinen O, Kuusi M, Ruutu P, Kallio-Kokko H, Mannonen L, Lappalainen M, Ziegler T, Julkunen I. Genetic diversity of the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viruses in Finland. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13329. [PMID: 20975994 PMCID: PMC2958116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Finland, the first infections caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus were identified on May 10. During the next three months almost all infections were found from patients who had recently traveled abroad. In September 2009 the pandemic virus started to spread in the general population, leading to localized outbreaks and peak epidemic activity was reached during weeks 43-48. METHODS/RESULTS The nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from viruses collected from 138 patients were determined. The analyzed viruses represented mild and severe infections and different geographic regions and time periods. Based on HA and NA gene sequences, the Finnish pandemic viruses clustered in four groups. Finnish epidemic viruses and A/California/07/2009 vaccine virus strain varied from 2-8 and 0-5 amino acids in HA and NA molecules, respectively, giving a respective maximal evolution speed of 1.4% and 1.1%. Most amino acid changes in HA and NA molecules accumulated on the surface of the molecule and were partly located in antigenic sites. Three severe infections were detected with a mutation at HA residue 222, in two viruses with a change D222G, and in one virus D222Y. Also viruses with change D222E were identified. All Finnish pandemic viruses were sensitive to oseltamivir having the amino acid histidine at residue 275 of the neuraminidase molecule. CONCLUSIONS The Finnish pandemic viruses were quite closely related to A/California/07/2009 vaccine virus. Neither in the HA nor in the NA were changes identified that may lead to the selection of a virus with increased epidemic potential or exceptionally high virulence. Continued laboratory-based surveillance of the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) is important in order to rapidly identify drug resistant viruses and/or virus variants with potential ability to cause severe forms of infection and an ability to circumvent vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Ikonen
- Viral Infections Unit, Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare THL, Helsinki, Finland.
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Mattila L, Kolho E, Vapalahti O, Huovilainen A, Kanerva M, Järvinen A, Siikamäki H, Kallio-Kokko H, Lauhio A. [Rabies]. Duodecim 2010; 126:418-425. [PMID: 20486492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a mammalian zoonosis caused by a virus belonging to the family of rhabdoviruses. In Finland, the risk of rabies is associated with imported animals and traveling. We describe the second case of human rabies diagnosed in Finland. Strong hydrophobia was present in the initial phase of the disease. The patient had encephalomyelitis, and he died 11 days after the onset of symptoms. Diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR using Saliva. Rabies infection leads invariably to death, but can. be prevented after the exposure with vaccine and immunoglobulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Mattila
- HUS/HYKS, Medisiininen tulosyksikkö, Infektiosairauksien klinikka
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Laakkonen J, Kallio-Kokko H, Oktem MA, Blasdell K, Plyusnina A, Niemimaa J, Karataş A, Plyusnin A, Vaheri A, Henttonen H. Serological survey for viral pathogens in Turkish rodents. J Wildl Dis 2007; 42:672-6. [PMID: 17092901 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild rodents (n = 330) were trapped around the villages of Altindere and Coşandere (Maçka, Trabzon Province), Ayder, Ortan, and Yolkiyi (Camlihemşin, Rize Province), and Bozdag (Odemiş, Izmir Province) in northeastern and western Turkey during April 2004. Samples were tested for arenavirus, hantavirus, and cowpox virus (family Poxviridae, genus Orthopoxvirus, CPXV) antibodies by using immunofluorescence assays (IFAs). Antibodies against arenaviruses were found in eight of 330 (2.4%) rodents. Arenavirus sero-positive animals were found from all study sites. Antibodies to Puumala virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus, PUUV) were detected in four of 65 Microtus voles tested. Of the PUUV-IFA-positive voles, one Microtus guentheri lydius was caught from Izmir, and one Microtus roberti and two Microtus rossiaemeridionalis were captured near Trabzon. All 264 Apodemus spp. mice tested negative for antibodies to Saaremaa virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus, SAAV); the single Dryomys nitedula tested negative for both PUUV and SAAV antibodies. Only one (0.3%) of the rodents, an Apodemus sylvaticus from Trabzon area, tested seropositive to CPXV. This is the first serologic survey for rodent-borne viruses in their natural hosts in Turkey. Although these preliminary results support presence of several virus groups with zoonotic potential, additional studies are needed to identify the specific viruses that are present in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laakkonen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Seitsonen E, Hynninen M, Kolho E, Kallio-Kokko H, Pettilä V. Corticosteroids combined with continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration for treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by Puumala virus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25:261-6. [PMID: 16550348 PMCID: PMC7101642 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-006-0117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Reported here are two cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by Puumala virus infection, which rapidly resolved after initiation of corticosteroid treatment combined with continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration. These cases emphasize the role of the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Seitsonen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 11, P.O. B 281, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kallio-Kokko H, Laakkonen J, Rizzoli A, Tagliapietra V, Cattadori I, Perkins SE, Hudson PJ, Cristofolini A, Versini W, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A, Henttonen H. Hantavirus and arenavirus antibody prevalence in rodents and humans in Trentino, Northern Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 134:830-6. [PMID: 16371172 PMCID: PMC2870443 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805005431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution of hantavirus and arenavirus antibody-positive wild rodents in Trentino, Italy, was studied using immunofluorescence assays (IFA) in two long-term sites trapped in 2000-2003, and six other sites trapped in 2002. The overall hantavirus seroprevalence in the bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus (n=229) screened for Puumala virus (PUUV) antibodies was 0.4%, and that for Apodemus flavicollis mice (n=1416) screened for Dobrava virus (DOBV) antibodies was 0.2%. Antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) were found in 82 (5.6%) of the 1472 tested rodents; the seroprevalence being 6.1% in A. flavicollis (n=1181), 3.3% in C. glareolus (n=276), and 14.3% in Microtus arvalis (n=7). Of the serum samples of 488 forestry workers studied by IFA, 12 were LCMV-IgG positive (2.5%) and one DOBV-IgG positive (0.2%), however, the latter could not be confirmed DOBV-specific with a neutralization assay. Our results show a widespread distribution but low prevalence of DOBV in Trentino, and demonstrate that the arenavirus antibodies are a common finding in several other rodent species besides the house mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Laakkonen J, Kallio ER, Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A, Henttonen H. Is there an association ofPneumocystisinfection with the presence of arena-, hanta-, and poxvirus antibodies in wild mice and shrews in Finland? Parasitology 2005; 132:461-6. [PMID: 16556344 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005009315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As part of studies on the nature of the endemic virus infections in natural rodent hosts, the possible association of cyst forms ofPneumocystisspp. with the presence of hanta-, cowpox-, and arenavirus antibodies in wild mice (Apodemus flavicollis,N=105;Apodemus agrarius,N=63;Micromys minutus,N=50) and the common shrew (Sorex araneus,N=101) was studied in south-central Finland. One hantavirus (Saaremaa virus, SAAV) seropositiveA. agrarius, and 2 cowpoxvirus (CPXV) seropositiveS. araneuswere detected, and antibodies against an arenavirus (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV) were found in all 3 mouse species but not in shrews. Cyst forms ofPneumocystisspp. were detected in all species exceptA. agrarius. There was no significant association between virus antibodies (LCMV in mice, and CPXV in shrews) and cyst forms ofPneumocystisin any of the species. Concurrent presence of virus antibodies (LCMV) and cyst forms ofPneumocystiswere detected only in 1M. minutus. In conclusion, we found no evidence of any association betweenPneumocystisand antibodies to any of the viruses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laakkonen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, P.O. Box 21, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
A number of new virus infections have emerged or re-emerged during the past 15 years. Some viruses are spreading to new areas along with climate and environmental changes. The majority of these infections are transmitted from animals to humans, and thus called zoonoses. Zoonotic viruses are, as compared to human-only viruses, much more difficult to eradicate. Infections by several of these viruses may lead to high mortality and also attract attention because they are potential bio-weapons. This review will focus on zoonotic virus infections occurring in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, POB 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Kallio-Kokko H, Leveelahti R, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Human immune response to Puumala virus glycoproteins and nucleocapsid protein expressed in mammalian cells. J Med Virol 2001; 65:605-13. [PMID: 11596100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) glycoproteins G1 and G2 and nucleocapsid protein (N) were expressed in BHK-21 cells by transfection of a plasmid producing a recombinant alphavirus replicon. Coexpression of G1 and G2 from separate constructs seemed to be important for the optimal folding of the glycoproteins, as evaluated by a panel of MAbs detecting conformational epitopes. To evaluate the human antibody response against recombinant G1, G2 and N, several panels of sera were tested by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Also human sera showed the best reactivity towards G1 and G2 coexpressed from separate transcripts (G1 + G2). Notably, only 2% of the acute sera (total number = 133) contained IgG antibodies against G1 + G2, whereas of old-immunity sera (total number = 100) 87% were G1 + G2 positive. Analysis of a panel of serial patient sera showed that as the immunity matured, IgG antibodies against the recombinant glycoproteins appeared and the titers increased in the course of time, while antibodies against the recombinant N were present already in the acute phase in high titers. The granular fluorescence pattern in PUUV IgG-IFA, associated with the acute phase of immunity, was linked to the presence of antibodies against N, whereas the diffuse fluorescence pattern associated with old-immunity, was linked to the development of antibodies against G1 + G2. The granular fluorescence pattern in PUUV IgG-IFA had a predictive value of 100% for acute PUUV infection. Weak cross-reaction with PUUV glycoproteins was observed in 36% of old-immunity DOBV-specific human sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, POB 21, Fin-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kallio-Kokko H, Leveelahti R, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Lundkvist �, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Human immune response to Puumala virus glycoproteins and nucleocapsid protein expressed in mammalian cells. J Med Virol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kallio-Kokko H, Lundkvist �, Plyusnin A, Avsic-Zupanc T, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Antigenic properties and diagnostic potential of recombinant Dobrava virus nucleocapsid protein. J Med Virol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200006)61:2<266::aid-jmv14>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kallio-Kokko H, Lundkvist A, Plyusnin A, Avsic-Zupanc T, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Antigenic properties and diagnostic potential of recombinant dobrava virus nucleocapsid protein. J Med Virol 2000; 61:266-74. [PMID: 10797384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Dobrava hantavirus (DOBV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the Balkan region and has been detected recently also in Russia, Estonia, and Germany. DOBV nucleocapsid protein (N) was produced in insect cells, using the baculovirus expression system (bac-DOBV-N), and in E. coli as a truncated (aa 1-165) glutathione-S transferase fusion protein (DOBV-dN-GST). The antigenic properties of bac-DOBV-N were found identical to native DOBV-N when examined by a panel of hantavirus-specific monoclonal antibodies. Enzyme immunoassays for detection of IgM and IgG antibodies were set up using DOBV recombinant N proteins and compared with those based on recombinant Hantaan and Puumala virus N, using panels of sera collected from DOBV, Hantaan and Puumala virus-infected patients. Full-length N protein (bac-DOBV-N) was found to be a more sensitive antigen than DOBV-dN-GST. The sensitivity values for sera from DOBV-infected patients were 100% for bac-DOBV-N and 86% for DOBV-dN-GST by IgM assays, and 98% for bac-DOBV-N and 88% for DOBV-dN-GST by IgG assays. The specificity values were 100% for bac-DOBV-N and 99% for DOBV-dN-GST by IgM assays, and 100% for both antigens by IgG assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kallio-Kokko
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O, Lundkvist A, Vaheri A. Evaluation of Puumala virus IgG and IgM enzyme immunoassays based on recombinant baculovirus-expressed nucleocapsid protein for early nephropathia epidemica diagnosis. Clin Diagn Virol 1998; 10:83-90. [PMID: 9646005 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0197(97)10019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Puumala virus (PUU), a member of Hantavirus genus, is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a milder form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Rapid diagnosis is essential for clinical management of NE. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the usefulness of recombinant protein-based IgM (direct- and mu-capture) and IgG (direct-and antigen (Ag)-capture) enzyme immunoassays (EIA) in early diagnosis of NE in comparison to IgG immunofluorescence assay (IF), and to find out the time limit for PUU-specific antibody seroconversion. STUDY DESIGN The specific IgM and IgG antibody responses in serum were analyzed in 109 patients (235 serial sera) and 114 patients (233 serial sera), respectively. The serum panel used was selected from a larger material according to the availability of information concerning the date after onset of symptoms, the panel also containing NE patients who had been IgG-IF negative in their first (early) samples to find out the possible differences between sensitivities of the EIAs and IF. RESULTS All NE patients tested became IgM-positive at the latest on the 6th (mu-capture EIA) or 7th (direct-IgM EIA) day after onset of symptoms. Out of a panel of very early NE-patient sera (n = 38) that could not be detected by IgG-IF, 66% were already positive with both direct-IgM EIA and mu-capture EIA. When comparing IgG EIAs and IgG-IF, 98% of IF-positive sera from NE patients were also positive with direct-IgG EIA, and 99% with Ag-capture IgG EIA. Out of a panel of very early NE-patient sera (n = 37) that could not be detected by IgG-IF, 57% were positive with direct-IgG EIA, and 27% with Ag-capture IgG EIA. CONCLUSIONS The baculovirus-expressed PUU-N-based IgG and IgM EIAs were found most suitable for NE diagnosis, giving the opportunity in some cases for earlier diagnosis as compared with PUU-IgG IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kallio-Kokko
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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41
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Salonen EM, Parren PW, Graus YF, Lundkvist A, Fisicaro P, Vapalahti O, Kallio-Kokko H, Vaheri A, Burton DR. Human recombinant Puumala virus antibodies: cross-reaction with other hantaviruses and use in diagnostics. J Gen Virol 1998; 79 ( Pt 4):659-65. [PMID: 9568958 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-4-659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of seven human monoclonal Fabs against Puumala virus (PUU) nucleocapsid protein (N) was obtained by panning an antibody phage-display library prepared from the spleen of a PUU-immune individual. Three antibodies reacted in immunoblotting and cross-reacted strongly with Tula and Sin Nombre virus recombinant N proteins. These antibodies mapped to the amino terminus of the N protein. One PUU glycoprotein 2 (G2)-specific Fab obtained against a novel epitope (G2c) cross-reacted with Khabarovsk virus but not with the other hantavirus serotypes. An N protein-specific Fab was successfully used as capture antibody to detect PUU-specific serum IgG and IgM antibodies in an enzyme immunoassay. The result demonstrates the usefulness of recombinant human Fabs as potential diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Salonen
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sjölander KB, Elgh F, Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O, Hägglund M, Palmcrantz V, Juto P, Vaheri A, Niklasson B, Lundkvist A. Evaluation of serological methods for diagnosis of Puumala hantavirus infection (nephropathia epidemica). J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:3264-8. [PMID: 9399531 PMCID: PMC230159 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.12.3264-3268.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephropathia epidemica (NE), Puumala (PUU) virus infection, is a febrile disease which is commonly associated with acute renal impairment. To differentiate NE from other acute febrile illnesses, a rapid and reliable serological diagnosis is important, and a number of different protocols have recently been introduced. In the present report we describe a comparative evaluation of six PUU virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) and seven IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocols based on native, Escherichia coli-expressed, or baculovirus-expressed nucleocapsid protein (N). Neutralization and immunofluorescence assays were included for comparison. Equally high sensitivities and specificities were obtained with three mu-capture-based IgM ELISAs using native, baculovirus-expressed, and E. coli-expressed N antigens, respectively, and by an ELISA based on purified E. coli-expressed full-length N adsorbed to solid phase. The assays based on truncated amino-terminal N proteins, including a commercially available PUU virus IgM ELISA, all showed lower sensitivities. For detection of PUU virus-specific IgG, ELISAs based on monoclonal antibody-captured native or baculovirus-expressed N antigens showed optimal sensitivities and specificities, while the assays based on E. coli-expressed N did not detect all PUU virus IgG-positive serum samples. A commercially available PUU virus IgG ELISA based on E. coli-expressed amino-terminal N showed a significantly lower sensitivity than those of all other IgG assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Sjölander
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm
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Lundkvist A, Kallio-Kokko H, Sjölander KB, Lankinen H, Niklasson B, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Characterization of Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein: identification of B-cell epitopes and domains involved in protective immunity. Virology 1996; 216:397-406. [PMID: 8607269 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1996.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
B-cell epitopes in the nucleocapsid protein (N) of Puumala (PUU) virus were investigated by use of truncated recombinant proteins and overlapping peptides. Six of seven epitopes, recognized by bank vole monoclonal antibodies, were localized within the amino-terminal region of the protein (aa 1-79). Polyclonal antibodies from wild-trapped or experimentally infected bank voles identified epitopes located over the entire protein. Antibody end-point titers to different N fragments indicated that the amino-terminal region is the major antigenic target in PUU virus-infected bank voles. To investigate the role of PUU virus N in protective immunity, we analyzed the immunogenicity of truncated recombinant N and developed an animal model based on colonized bank voles. No PUU virus N antigen, nor any glycoprotein-specific antibodies, could be detected after virus challenge in animals immunized with an amino-terminal fragment (aa 1-118), a fragment covering two thirds of the animals immunized with shorter N fragments displayed either N antigen, or glycoprotein-specific antibodies, suggestive of partial protection. Prechallenge sera from all groups of immunized animals were found negative or only weakly positive for neutralizing antibodies when assayed by focus reduction neutralization test, which indicated an important role for cell-mediated immunity in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundkvist
- Department of Defense Microbiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vapalahti O, Lundkvist A, Kallio-Kokko H, Paukku K, Julkunen I, Lankinen H, Vaheri A. Antigenic properties and diagnostic potential of puumala virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in insect cells. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:119-25. [PMID: 8748286 PMCID: PMC228743 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.1.119-125.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Puumala virus (PUU) is a member of the genus Hantavirus in the family Bunyaviridae and the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica, a European form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Sera of nephropathia epidemica patients react specifically with PUU nucleocapsid (N) protein. In order to safely provide large quantities of antigen for diagnostic purposes, PUU Sotkamo strain N protein was expressed by using the baculovirus system in Sf9 insect cells to up to 30 to 50% of the total cellular protein. The recombinant N protein (bac-PUU-N) was solubilized with 6 M urea, dialyzed, and purified by anion-exchange liquid chromatography. In an immunoglobulin M mu-capture assay purified and unpurified bac-PUU-N antigen showed identical results compared with the results of a similar assay based on native PUU antigen grown in Vero E6 cells. An immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody-capture assay based on unpurified bac-PUU-N also showed results identical to those of an assay with native PUU-N antigen. Moreover, a panel of monoclonal antibodies reactive with eight different epitopes showed identical reactivity patterns with both natural and bac-PUU-N antigen, while two epitopes in PUU-N expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli were not recognized. Puumala hantavirus N protein expressed by the baculovirus system offers a safe and inexpensive source of specific antigen for large-scale diagnostic and seroepidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Vapalahti
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, Helsinki University, Finland.
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Vapalahti O, Kallio-Kokko H, Närvänen A, Julkunen I, Lundkvist A, Plyusnin A, Lehväslaiho H, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Vaheri A, Lankinen H. Human B-cell epitopes of Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein, the major antigen in early serological response. J Med Virol 1995; 46:293-303. [PMID: 7595404 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890460402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Puumala virus (PUU) is a member of the Hantavi rus genus in the family Bunyaviridae and the etiologic agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). In this study we compared the immunofluorescence patterns of NE sera and antibodies raised against recombinant PUU proteins and confirm that the nucleocapsid protein is the major target in the early IgG response of NE patients and provides the molecular basis for simple and rapid differentiation between acute illness and old immunity by granular vs. diffuse fluorescence staining in the indirect immunofluorescence test. The differential kinetics of B-cell responses to PUU nucleocapsid vs. envelope proteins was emphasized further by the endpoint titres of IgG antibodies to N, G1 and G2 proteins in NE patients. The granular fluorescence correlated with low IgG avidity in 99.8%, and diffuse fluorescence with high avidity in 100% of 617 NE sera studied. Epitope scanning with overlapping 14-mer peptides covering the whole nucleocapsid protein by a shift of 3 amino acids revealed six major antigenic epitopes recognized by sera from acute-phase NE patients. The epitopes clustered mainly in the hydrophilic regions, and two of them in a highly variable region which could probably serve as an antigen to distinguish serologically between infections of closely related hantaviruses, some apparently apathogenic, some causing lethal infections. The anti-peptide epitope pattern varied between different individuals and a collection of several pin-bound peptides was needed to be recognised by most NE sera studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Vapalahti
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
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Plyusnin A, Vapalahti O, Lankinen H, Lehväslaiho H, Apekina N, Myasnikov Y, Kallio-Kokko H, Henttonen H, Lundkvist A, Brummer-Korvenkontio M. Tula virus: a newly detected hantavirus carried by European common voles. J Virol 1994; 68:7833-9. [PMID: 7966573 PMCID: PMC237245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.12.7833-7839.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel hantavirus has been discovered in European common voles, Microtus arvalis and Microtus rossiaemeridionalis. According to sequencing data for the genomic RNA S segment and nucleocapsid protein and data obtained by immunoblotting with a panel of monoclonal antibodies, the virus, designated Tula virus, is a distinct novel member of the genus Hantavirus. Phylogenetic analyses of Tula virus indicate that it is most closely related to Prospect Hill, Puumala, and Muerto Canyon viruses. The results support the view that the evolution of hantaviruses follows that of their primary carriers. Comparison of strains circulating within a local rodent population revealed a genetic drift via accumulation of base substitutions and deletions or insertions. The Tula virus population from individual animals is represented by quasispecies, indicating the potential for rapid evolution of the agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plyusnin
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, Helsinki University, Finland
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Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O, Hedman K, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Vaheri A. Puumala virus antibody and immunoglobulin G avidity assays based on a recombinant nucleocapsid antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:677-80. [PMID: 8096217 PMCID: PMC262840 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.3.677-680.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Puumala virus is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a hantavirus infection which occurs widely in northern and central Europe and is generally diagnosed by the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) method. We have now expressed the Puumala virus Sotkamo strain nucleocapsid (N) protein-coding S genome segment as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein in Escherichia coli by using the pEX2 expression vector. The recombinant protein was purified by cutting the protein band from an agarose gel, melting the agarose, and removing the protein by freezing, incubation on ice, and centrifugation. The recovery was about 1 to 5 mg/200 ml of bacterial suspension, sufficient for coating 100 to 500 enzyme immunoassay microtiter plates. In a study of 312 IF-positive and 233 IF-negative serum samples from NE patients, the recombinant-N-protein enzyme immunoassay detected immunoglobulin G antibodies to Puumala virus with 97.8% sensitivity and 98.5% specificity compared with the IF test results. In addition, an immunoglobulin G avidity enzyme immunoassay was developed and used successfully to diagnose acute NE from a single serum sample. The results demonstrate that the bioengineered antigen is suitable for use in routine diagnostic assays for Puumala virus immunity and recent infection.
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Vapalahti O, Kallio-Kokko H, Salonen EM, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Vaheri A. Cloning and sequencing of Puumala virus Sotkamo strain S and M RNA segments: evidence for strain variation in hantaviruses and expression of the nucleocapsid protein. J Gen Virol 1992; 73 ( Pt 4):829-38. [PMID: 1353107 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-4-829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototype Puumala virus (PV) Sotkamo strain small (S) and medium (M) RNA genome segments were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned and sequenced. The S segment is 1830 nucleotides long with an open reading frame coding for 433 amino acids. The identity to the PV Hällnäs strain was 83% at the nucleotide and 96% at the amino acid level. The M segment in the Sotkamo strain is 3616 nucleotides long and contains one open reading frame of 1148 amino acids with 83% nucleotide and 94% amino acid identity to the Hällnäs strain. Most amino acid changes were conservative and the five predicted glycosylation sites are identical. The amino acid identity to the prototype hantavirus, Hantaan virus, was 62 and 54% for S and M segments, respectively. The coding region of the S segment was further amplified by PCR, ligated to pEX vectors and expressed in Escherichia coli as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein and was seen to be specifically detected by nephropathia epidemica sera in immunoblotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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