Evaluate the aluminum concentrations in whey milk samples of cows from different areas using deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method

This study investigates the contamination of cow milk with aluminum (Al) and its potential health implications, particularly for children. Cow milk samples were collected from both nonexposed and exposed areas in Sindh, based on the source of livestock drinking water (fresh canals and groundwater). An environmental friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used with ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UDLLμE) to enrich trace amounts of Al in whey milk and water samples. The enriched samples were then analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Certified reference materials were employed to validate the methodology, and the experimental results exhibited acceptable conformity. The DES-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was environmental friendly, devoid of acids and oxidizing agents, and used safe and inexpensive components for routine trace metal analysis in diverse samples. The resulting data revealed that Al in whey milk samples was observed in the range of 31-45 %, corresponding to (160-270) μg L-1 and (700-1035) μg L-1 in nonexposed and exposed whole cow milk samples, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that milk boiling in Al utensil for 10-20 min enhanced the Al levels from 3 to 8% of its total contents in milk samples.

Determination of Toxic Elements in Cannabinoid and Opioid Drugs and Their Impact on Addicts' Health: A Comparative Study

Drug addiction is associated with significant health risks, including cardiovascular complications, cancer, and mental disorders. Illicit drugs, such as cannabinoids and opioids, including prescription medications, are widely consumed and have profound health consequences. Understanding the health effects of the toxic elements in these substances is critical for overdose prevention and effective recovery strategies. This study aimed to determine toxic elements, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni), in cannabinoid and opioid drugs and in biological samples (whole blood, scalp hair, and serum) from 311 male drug abuse patients aged 15-60 years with a history of drug abuse. The participants were categorized into three age groups. The comparative analysis involved 113 reference subjects of the same age groups. The sample preparation employed microwave-assisted acid digestion, and the toxic elements were quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Accuracy was ensured using certified reference materials for hair, whole blood, and serum samples. Drug-addicted subjects had significantly higher concentrations of toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and nickel) in biological samples than referent subjects (p > 0.001). Elevated levels of these toxic elements may increase susceptibility to infections, possibly due to malnutrition, drug-related effects, and additional contaminants. These findings necessitate further studies to explore the long-term health outcomes, potential treatment options, and broader socioeconomic impacts of substance abuse. This study serves as a baseline for future research in this critical public health field.

In silico and in vitro study of bioactive compounds of Nigella sativa for targeting neuropilins in breast cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer poses a significant global challenge, prompting researchers to explore novel approaches for potential treatments. Material and Methods: For in vitro study we used thin layer chromatography (TAC) for phytochemical screening, total antioxidant capacity (TLC) assay for antioxidant capacity, and hemolytic activity test for toxicity of Neuropilins (NRPs). We performed bioinformatic analyses to predict protein structures, molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling, and virtual screening to reveal interactions with oncogenes. We conducted 200 ns Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and MMGBSA calculations to assess the complex dynamics and stability. Results: We identified phytochemical constituents in Nigella sativa leaves, including tannins, saponins, steroids, and cardiac glycosides, while phlobatannins and terpenoids were absent. The leaves contained 9.4% ± 0.04% alkaloids and 1.9% ± 0.05% saponins. Methanol extract exhibited the highest yield and antioxidant capacity, with Total Flavonoid Content at 127.51 ± 0.76 mg/100 g and Total Phenolic Content at 134.39 ± 0.589 mg GAE/100 g. Hemolysis testing showed varying degrees of hemolysis for different extracts. In-silico analysis indicated stable Neuropilin complexes with key signaling pathways relevant for anti-cancer therapy. Molecular docking scores at different possesses (0, C-50, C -80, C-120,C -150, C -200 ns) revealed strong hydrogen bonding in the complexes and showed -12.9, -11.6, and -11.2 binding Affinities (kcal/mol) to support their stability. Our MD simulations analysis at 200ns confirmed the stability of Neuropilin complexes with the signaling pathways protein PI3K. The calculated binding free energies using MMGBSA provided valuable quantitative information on ligand potency on different time steps. These findings highlight the potential health benefits of N. sativa leaves and their possible role in anti-cancer treatments targeting angiogenesis. Conclusion: Nigella sativa leaves have shown significant medical potential due to their bioactive compounds, which exhibit strong properties in supporting organogenic processes related to cancer. Furthermore, studies have highlighted the promising role of neuropilins in anticancer treatment, demonstrating stable interactions and potential as targeted therapy specifically for breast cancer.

Mitigating marine hazardous contaminants: A sustainable management perspective

Marine hazardous contaminants, such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), pose significant risks to both human health and aquatic organisms. Traditional methods may not remove contaminants to safe levels, leading to the release of hazardous materials into marine environments. This research proposes polymeric membrane bioreactors as a potential solution to this problem. We determined Cd and Pb levels in three freshwater fish species (Rita, Ompok bimaculatus, and Heteropneustes fossils) from two distinctive regions (Zone 1 and Zone 2). Additionally, Cd and Pb concentrations in feeding materials, water, and sediments were analyzed to estimate daily intake and potential hazardous effects of these contaminants on the fish species. These findings underscore the need for effective regulatory measures and policies to reduce the discharge of hazardous contaminants into freshwater and marine environments, protecting both human health and the environment. Implementing polymeric membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment and industrial facilities could mitigate the risks associated with consuming contaminated fish species. Significantly, the Cd and Pb levels in all three fish species from both fishponds exceeded the Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) maximum permissible limits. These findings carry important implications for policymakers, regulators, and industries, urging them to act appropriately to ensure the safety of the environment and public health. This study suggests that polymeric membrane bioreactors are a promising technological approach to address marine contamination, emphasizing their potential role in safeguarding human health and aquatic ecosystems.

Environmental impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and heavy metals in biological samples of petrochemical industry workers with perspective management

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) or heavy metals are synthetic compounds that can lead to negative effect on health, including immune and endocrine system disruption, respiratory problems, metabolic issues, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular problems, growth impairment, neurological and learning disabilities, and cancer. Petrochemical industry drilling wastes, which contain varying levels of EDCs, are known to pose a significant risk to human health. This study aimed to investigate the levels of toxic elements in biological samples of individuals working in the petrochemical drilling sites. Biological samples, including scalp hair and whole blood, were collected from petrochemical drilling workers, individuals residing in the same residential area, and control age-matched persons from nonindustrial areas. The samples were oxidized by an acid mixture before analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The accuracy and validity of the methodology were verified through certified reference materials from scalp hair and whole blood. The results showed that the concentrations of toxic elements, such as cadmium and lead, were higher in biological samples of petrochemical drilling employees, while lower essential element levels (iron and zinc) were detected in their samples. This study highlights the significance of adopting better practices to reduce exposure to harmful substances and protect the health of petrochemical drilling workers and the environment. It also suggests that perspective management including policymakers and industry leaders should take measures to minimize exposure to EDCs and heavy metals to promote worker safety and public health. These measures could include the implementation of strict regulations and better occupational health practices to reduce toxic exposure and promote a safer work environment.

The importance of monitoring endocrine-disrupting chemicals and essential elements in biological samples of fertilizer industry workers

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can lead to adverse health effects, including immune and endocrine system disruption, respiratory problems, metabolic issues, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular problems, growth impairment, neurological and learning disabilities, and cancer. Fertilizers, which contain varying levels of heavy metals, are known to pose a significant risk to human health, especially for those residing or working near fertilizer industries. This study aimed to investigate the levels of toxic elements in biological samples of individuals working in a fertilizer industry's quality control and production units and those residing within 100-500 m of the industry. Biological samples, including scalp hair and whole blood, were collected from fertilizer workers, individuals living in the same residential area, and control age-matched persons from nonindustrial areas. The samples were oxidized by an acid mixture before analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The accuracy and validity of the methodology were verified through certified reference materials from scalp hair and whole blood. The results showed that the concentrations of toxic elements, such as cadmium and lead, were higher in biological samples of quality control and production employees. In contrast, lower essential element levels (iron and zinc) were detected in their samples. These levels were higher than those found in samples collected from residents living within 10-500 m of the fertilizer manufacturing facilities and unexposed areas. This study highlights the significance of adopting better practices to reduce exposure to harmful substances and protect the health of fertilizer industry workers and the environment. It also suggests that policymakers and industry leaders should take measures to minimize exposure to EDCs and heavy metals to promote worker safety and public health. These measures could include implementing strict regulations and better occupational health practices to reduce toxic exposure and promote a safer work environment.

The green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanocomposite-based solid phase for the extraction of arsenic, cadmium, and lead from drinking water

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) has attracted the attention of scientists because it can increase the selectivity and sensitivity measurements of analytes. Therefore, this study is designed to synthesise magnesium oxide nanoparticles (D-MgO-NPs) by an eco-friendly method using biogenic sources Duranta erecta followed by fabricating its chitosan-based polymeric composite (D-MgO-NC) for the SPE of heavy metals (HMs), i.e., arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) from drinking water. Various analytical techniques were used for the surface characterization of D-MgO-NPs and D-MgO-NC. FTIR findings confirmed the formation of D-MgO-NC based on MgO association with the -OH/-NH2 of the chitosan. D-MgO-NC showed the smallest size of particles with rough surface morphology, followed by the crystalline cubic structure of MgO in its nanoparticle and composites. The synthesised D-MgO-NC was used as an adsorbent for the SPE of HMs from contaminated water, followed by their detection by atomic absorption spectrometry. Various experimental parameters, including pH, flow rate, the concentration of HMs, eluent composition, and volume, were optimised for the preconcentration of HMs. The limits of detection for As, Cd, and Pb of the proposed D-MgO-NC-based SPE method were found to be 0.008, 0.006, and 0.012 μm L-1, respectively. The proposed method has an enrichment factor and relative standard deviation of >200 and <5.0%, respectively. The synthesised D-MgO-NC-based SPE method was successfully applied for the quantitative detection of As, Cd, and Pb in groundwater samples, which were found in the range of 18.3 to 15.2, 3.20 to 2.49, and 8.20 to 6.40 μg L-1, respectively.

Bioremediation of Neonicotinoid Pesticide, Imidacloprid, Mediated by Bacillus cereus

Imidacloprid, a toxic pesticide of the chloronicotinyl category, is employed extensively in agricultural fields, and its exposure causes serious health issues. Biodegradation is considered to be a green and economical approach to remediate pesticides. Herein, imidacloprid degradation efficiency of Bacillus sp. is highlighted, among which Bacillus cereus exhibited the greatest degradation; optimization of experimental variables (pH, imidacloprid and agitation time) via Box-Behnken factorial design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed 92% biodegradation at the initial substrate concentration of 0.03 mM, aerobically in 11 days under favorable pH 7. The subsequent metabolites, identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, were 5-hydroxy imidacloprid, imidacloprid-guanidine and 6-chloronicotinic acid.

Correlation of endocrine disrupting chemicals with essential elements in biological samples of children (1-5 years) with different infectious diseases and impact on sustainable outdoor activities

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been extensively explored due to their harmful effects on individual health and the environment by interfering with hormone activity and disrupting the endocrine system. However, their relationship with essential trace elements remains uncertain. This research aimed to investigate the possible correlation between essential trace elements and toxic metals, including cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in children aged 1-5 years with various infectious diseases, including gastrointestinal disorders, typhoid fever, and pneumonia. The study was conducted on biological testing and specimen (scalp hair and whole blood) of diseased and non-diseased children of the same residential area and referent/control age-matched children from developed cities consuming domestically treated water. The media of biological samples were oxidized by an acid mixture before being analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The accuracy and validity of the methodology were verified through accredited reference material from scalp hair and whole blood sample. The study results revealed that diseased children had lower mean values of essential trace elements (iron, copper, and zinc) in both scalp hair and blood, except for copper, which was found to be higher in blood samples of diseased children. This implies that the deficiency of essential residue and trace elements in children from rural areas who consume groundwater is linked to various infectious diseases. The study highlights the need for more human biomonitoring of EDCs to better comprehend their non-classical toxic properties and their concealed costs on human health. The findings suggest that exposure to EDCs could be associated with unfavorable health outcomes and emphasizes the need for future regulatory policies to minimize exposure and safeguard the health of current and forthcoming generations of children. Furthermore, the study highlights the implication of essential trace elements in maintaining good health and their potential correlation with toxic metals in the environment.

Impacts of Smoking and Stomach Disorders on Essential Elements in Biological Samples of Cement and Glass Industrial Workers

The infection caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) disrupts the metabolism and absorption of essential trace elements. Stomach disorders are related to changes in essential trace element metabolism caused by increased toxic metal exposure and H. pylori infection. The aim of the work is to link the development of stomach-related illnesses to an imbalance of essential trace and toxic metals. We have investigated the variations in essential trace elements such zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper and toxic metals like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in biological (scalp hair, blood) samples of glass and cement workers. The study participants are further divided into smokers and nonsmokers, as well as diseased (gastric ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic ulcer) and exposed referents (non-diseased industrial workers). Biological samples of age-matched (40-60 years) male subjects living in non-industrial areas were gathered for comparative purposes. After a pre-concentration method, the drinking water of industrial and domestic areas was analysed for both toxic metals. Microwave-aided acid digestion was used to oxidise the matrices of biological samples before atomic absorption spectrometer analysis of selected metals. Toxic metal levels in both industries' drinking water were much higher than those found in domestically treated water (p < 0.01). Industrial workers suffering different types of stomach disorders have two to three times higher Pb and Cd concentrations than age-matched referents. Toxic metals are found in higher concentrations in smoker referents and diseased patients' biological samples than in nonsmoker subjects. The findings of this study suggested that Pb and Cd toxicity's immunological effects may be associated to an increased vulnerability to chronic infections.

Chemical association of copper and selenium in coals of Sindh by time saving single step strategy and their impact on groundwater

The aim of the present study is to estimate the different chemical fractionations of copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) in coal samples of different coal mining areas. The Cu and Se bound to various chemical fractions of coal collected from two mining fields of Sindh, Pakistan, have been determined by BCR sequential extraction scheme (BCR-SES). The long duration of the BCR sequential scheme (51 h) was reduced by a time-saving shaking device (ultrasonic bath) termed as ultrasonic-assisted extraction (USE) depending on the same operating conditions and extracting solutions used for BCR sequential extraction scheme. The both trace elements were determined in aquifer water, sampled from different depth of both coal mining fields. In addition, the groundwater of dug well in the vicinity of coal mining areas were also analyzed for Cu and Se using reported extraction methodologies. The partitioning of Cu and Se bound with different chemical fractions of coal was successfully made by proposed USE, within 2 h as compared to long duration of BCR-SES (51 h). The Cu and Se concentrations in acid-soluble fractions of coal samples were > 10%, enhanced by USE extraction procedure than those values gained via BCR-SES (p < 0.01). About 67 to 69% of Cu were found in the first three fractions, whereas their remaining amount corresponding to 31 to 33%, respectively bound with crystalline/residual fraction, while up to 66.1 to 71.1% of total Se contents extracted in three extractable phases, followed up to 28.9 to 33.8% of it was bound with residual phase. The concentrations of Cu and Se in groundwater of different aquifers were found in decreasing order as AQ1 > AQII > AQIII; the same trend was observed for two aquifers of Lakhra coal mining, whereas the groundwater samples have two to three folds higher levels of Se than WHO limit. The Cu levels in water samples were significantly lower than the recommended limit of WHO for drinking water (p < 0.01).

Biosynthesis and Analytical Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanobiocomposite for In-Depth Adsorption Strategy for the Removal of Toxic Metals from Drinking Water

The biosynthesis of the iron oxide nanoparticles was done using Ixoro coccinea leaf extract, followed by the fabrication of iron oxide nanobiocomposites (I-Fe3O4-NBC) using chitosan biopolymer. Furthermore, the synthesized I-Fe3O4-NPs and I-Fe3O4-NBC were characterized, and I-Fe3O4-NBC was applied to remove toxic metals (TMs: Cd, Ni, and Pb) from water. The characterization study confirmed that the nanostructure, porous, rough, crystalline structure, and different functional groups of chitosan and I-Fe3O4-NPs in I-Fe3O4-NBCs showed their feasibility for the application as excellent adsorbents for quantitative removal of TMs. The batch mode strategy as feasibility testing was done to optimize different adsorption parameters (pH, concentrations of TMs, dose of I-Fe3O4-NBC, contact time, and temperature) for maximum removal of TMs from water by Fe3O4-NBC. The maximum adsorption capacities using nanocomposites for Cd, Ni, and Pb were 66.0, 60.0, and 66.4 mg g-1, respectively. The adsorption process follows the Freundlich isotherm model by I-Fe3O4-NBC to remove Cd and Ni, while the Pb may be adsorption followed by multilayer surface coverage. The proposed adsorption process was best fitted to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics and showed an exothermic, favorable, and spontaneous nature. In addition, the I-Fe3O4-NBC was applied to adsorption TMs from surface water (%recovery > 95%). Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed nanocomposite is most efficient in removing TMs from drinking water up to recommended permissible limit.

Risk Assessment of Macronutrients and Minerals by Processed, Street, and Restaurant Traditional Pakistani Foods: a Case Study

The current work is aimed to assess the impact of macronutrient and mineral contents in food products of packaged food, restaurant food, and street food in Hyderabad. The estimated daily intake of macronutrients and minerals, followed by the toxic risk assessment of microminerals by consuming studied food dishes, was also conducted. The collected products were freeze-dried and standard procedures for measuring macronutrients were followed. At the same time, the acid digestion method was used to prepare the solution for detecting minerals by atomic absorption spectrometry. The resulting data indicated that all the food dishes supplied 134-454 kcals/100 g. The chicken/meat and pulse food dishes of all three categories were enriched with protein except bhindi masala. All the food dishes have a massive variation in fat contents and differ based on the used quantity of hydrogenated oil during their preparations. A significant difference in the macro- and microminerals in studied food products was observed. However, all food dishes are a good supplementary source of fundamental nutrients, supplying the recommended daily allowances for adults. The estimated hazardous index (I_h) of microminerals in some street and restaurant food products (based on a survey) showed possible toxicity risk, especially for the workers of automechanic workshops (I_h > 1.00). Thus, it is concluded that the contaminated (cheap) raw materials and unhygienic conditions for preparing street and restaurant foods and hawking places (atmospheric pollution) are the significant sources of micromineral contamination.

Selenium and mercury concentrations in biological samples from patients with COVID-19

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a systemic disease affecting multiple organs. Furthermore, viral infection depletes several trace elements and promotes complex biochemical reactions in the body. Smoking has been linked to the incidence of COVID-19 and associated mortality, and it may impact clinical effects, viral and bacterial conversion, and treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVES

To study the relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 and the elemental concentrations of selenium (Se) and mercury (Hg) in biological samples from smokers and nonsmokers infected with the virus and in healthy individuals.

METHOD

We evaluated changes in the concentrations of essential (Se) and toxic (Hg) elements in biological samples (blood, nasal fluid, saliva, sputum, serum, and scalp hair) collected from male smokers and nonsmokers (aged 29-59 years) infected with COVID-19 and from healthy men in the same age group. The patients lived in different cities in Sindh Province, Pakistan. The Se and Hg concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

RESULTS

Se concentrations in all types of biological samples from smokers and nonsmokers with COVID-19 were lower than those of healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Hg concentrations were elevated in both smokers and nonsmokers with COVID-19.

CONCLUSIONS

In the current study, persons infected with COVID-19 had higher concentrations of toxic Hg, which could cause physiological disorders, and low concentrations of essential Se, which can also cause weakness. COVID-19 infection showed positive correlations with levels of mercury and selenium. Thus, additional clinical and experimental investigations are essential.

Determining the level of essential elements in patients with Ewing Sarcoma: A correlation

BACKGROUND

Metal ion aberrant metabolism is essential for health and disease, and its research has sparked a lot of interest. This study aims to compare the critical mineral resources-magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and potassium (K)-in biological materials (scalp hair, blood, and serum) of 87 Ewing Sarcoma (ES) hypertensive men and women, age range 31-60 years, in an urban area, with 62 nonhypertensive subjects from the same age range and living area.

METHODS

An atomic-absorption spectrophotometer was used after microwave-induced acid digestion to determine elemental concentrations. The results' authenticity and precision were verified using a traditional wet acid digestion procedure and accredited reference materials. The average convalesces from all elements have been within the 99.2%-99.7% of certified values.

RESULTS

In the biological samples from patients with ES hypertension, the amount of Na was found to be higher than in controls. Patients with ES hypertension had lower Mg, K, and Ca levels in their biological samples (scalp hair and blood) than healthy controls of both genders.

CONCLUSIONS

Ca, Mg, and K deficiency can work with other ES hypertension risk factors. These findings will help physicians and other healthcare professionals determine the depletion of essential micronutrients in the biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of patients with hypertension. After microwave-induced acid digestion, the elemental concentration was determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results' authenticity and precision were confirmed using a traditional wet-acid digestion procedure and accredited oriented materials. The average recoveries from all elements have been within the 99.2%-99.7% of certified values.

An environmental field assessment of soil quality and phytoremediation of toxic metals from saline soil by selected halophytes

The current study has aims to investigate the soil quality and phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) from saline soils using Alhagi maurorum (camelthorn), Tamarix aphylla (saltcedar), Salvadora persica (mustard bush), and Suaeda nigra (bush seep weed). The saline bulk soil, rhizospheric soil, and different parts of selected plants were oxidized using the acid mixture and determined Cd, Cr, and Pb by atomic absorption spectrometry. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (T_F) of also examined. The quality parameters of soil like pH (< 8.5), and electrical conductivity (EC; > 4.00 dS m^-1) indicated the soil is saline. The salinity of soil was lower the organic matters, and total nitrogen contents in studied saline bulk soil due to deterioration condition of soils. However, the rhizospheric soil showed the improved quality of saline soil reflected the good phytoextraction of salts from saline soil. The high contents of Cd in roots and shoots (1.02 and 0.65 µg g^-1) of Alhagi maurorum, Cr in the roots and shoots (6.20, and 6.75 µg g^-1) of Tamarix aphylla and Pb in the roots and shoots (5.63, and 5.75 µg g^-1) of Suaeda nigra. The BCF and T_F showed the Tamarix aphylla and Alhagi maurorum for Pb, Alhagi maurorum, and Salvadora persica for Cr considered as hyperaccumulator plants. Based on BCF and T_F values of Alhagi maurorum, Tamarix aphylla for Cd, and Salvadora persica for Cr and Pb have the efficiency to uptake toxic metals from saline soil. Thus, it can be concluded that selected plant species may have ability for the phytoextraction the Cd, Cr and Pb from saline soil.

Interaction Between Essential (Zn) and Toxic (Cd) Elements in Different Stages of Female Breast Cancer Patients, Resident in Different Cities of Sindh, Pakistan

Breast cancer is the most familiar solid tumor analyzed in women. Trace elements have critical roles in cancer biology. In this research, the relationship between carcinogenic element, cadmium (Cd), and anti-carcinogenic elements, zinc (Zn), in the scalp hair and blood samples of four stages of female breast cancer patients was studied. We have determined the essential trace (Zn) and toxic (Cd) elements, in biological samples (scalp hair and blood) of female breast cancer (n = 96 age ranging 22-35 years), residents of various cities of Pakistan. For comparative study, the biological samples of age-matched healthy (referent) subjects (n = 115) were also analyzed for selected metals. The validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked by using certified reference materials of biological referent materials (human hair (BCR 397) and ClinCheck lyophilized blood). The mean concentrations of Cd were found to be 3- to fourfold significantly higher in the scalp hair and blood samples of female breast patients as compared to referents, while reverse results were obtained in the case of Zn (p > 0.001). The observed data shows the significant effect of carcinogenic (Cd) and their balance towards the anti-carcinogenic (Zn) in humans.

Human exposure to toxic elements through facial cosmetic products: Dermal risk assessment

Facial cosmetics are the most commonly consumed product, mainly by the women from all over the world irrespective of their age. The facial cosmetics may be contaminated with several toxic elements, which can get absorb on to the facial skin and migrate to the blood vessels. Hence the absorbed toxic elements can cause further adverse effects on the human body. The present study aims to assess the toxic element contents (arsenic, lead, nickel, mercury, and cadmium) in commonly consumed facial cosmetics (face powder, foundation, lightening creams, moisturizer, eye shadow, lipsticks, eyeliner, blush, mascara, sunscreen) and to carry out the risk assessment through different methods. The dermal risk was evaluated as SED, NOAEL, MoS, HQ and ILCR, which is linked with the exposure of selected toxic elements. The total CDDE for all selected elements in facial cosmetic products was found in increasing order as follow: face powder > foundation > lightening creams > moisturizer > eye shadow > lipsticks > eyeliner > blush > mascara > sunscreen. The HQ and HI values for selected elements were found to be < 1 in all facial cosmetics. Whereas the probable MoS of selected toxic elements in all facial cosmetics except eyeliner were found to be 3-4 folds lower than the minimum value of 100 regulated by the WHO.

Evaluation of zinc and cadmium levels in the biological samples of Ewing sarcomas patients and healthy subjects

BACKGROUND

Ewing's sarcoma is a very rare type of cancerous tumor that grows in bones or the soft tissue around the bones, such as cartilage or the nerves. It frequently affects the people at the age of 10 to 20 years and has elevated rate of being cured.

METHODS

Assessment of essential trace [zinc (Zn)] and toxic [cadmium (Cd)] elements in biological samples (scalp hair and blood) of Ewing sarcoma patients (n = 87 age ranging 07-19 years) residents of various cities of Pakistan was done. For comparative study, the biological samples of age matched healthy (referent) subjects (n = 62) were also analyzed for selected metals. The matrices of biological samples was oxidized with the help of HNO₃ (65%) and H₂O₂ (30%) mixture at the ratio of 2:1 with the aid of microwave oven. The oxidized biological samples were subjected to atomic absorption spectrometry for their determination.

RESULT

The Zn contents in the scalp hair and blood samples of different types of Ewing sarcoma patients were found to be lower, in the range of (45.9-141.2 µg/g) and (0.65-3.12 mg/l), respectively than the biological samples of referent subjects (246-265 µg/g) and (6.40-7.25 mg/l), respectively. Whilst, the Cd concentrations in the scalp hair and blood samples of different types of Ewing sarcoma patients were found to be higher, in the range of (2.70-5.60 µg/g) and (2.46-5.64 µg/l), respectively than the biological samples of controls (1.49-1.79 µg/g) and (1.52-1.90 µg/l), respectively. The biochemical parameters including hemoglobin% and RBC counts were significantly lower in patients than referents (p < 0.001), whereas WBC counts was alarmingly higher in patients than referents (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The resulted data will be helpful to treat patients of Ewing sarcoma with mineral supplement contains essential trace element (Zn) in recommended dose to further increase their survival rate.

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium in the Scalp Hair and Blood Samples Related to the Clinical Stages of the Parkinson's Disease

Neurodegeneration disorders are complex and multifaceted, leading to many chronic diseases, like Parkinson's disease (PD). Electrolytes imbalance has a significant role in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, which might serve as a bio-indicator of these problems. In the present study, the disturbances of the electrolytes, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K), concentrations, and their correlation with biochemical parameters of PD patients at three different age groups (15 to 75 years) and stages were studied. The all resulted data of PD patients was compared with non-diseased/referents (PD) of same age groups. The biological samples (scalp hair, serum and plasma) were collected from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, diagnosed at three stages, early (15 to 30 years), mild (30 to 60 years) and severe (61 to 75 years). The electrolyte concentrations were measured after acid digested biological samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The precision of the digestion method was verified by matrices matched certified reference materials. The resulted data indicated that the contents of Ca and Mg were found to be higher in scalp hair samples of PD patients at early to severe stages as compared with those results obtained from referents. The concentrations of Na and K were found to be lower for all PD patients groups as compared with referents; however, the difference was not significant (p < 0.05). Electrolytes levels in blood serum and plasma were found to be lower in all patients than healthy groups (p < 0.01). These results suggest a disturbance in the electrolytes homeostasis during the different clinical stages of PD, whereas the higher disturbance was observed in patients at severe stage (61 to 75 years).

Evaluate the adverse impact of metal oxide on workers of different age groups that engage with gas metal arc welding process: health risk assessment

Immense epidemiological studies have been indicated about adverse effects of the welding fumes on the health of the welders, especially respiratory problems and other physiological disorders. The different types of welding mechanisms produce aerosols/fumes that contain different metals including chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn). In the present study, the welders of two age groups (adolescents and adults) were selected; simultaneously the age-matched adolescents and adults belong to nonindustrial area as referents/control subjects. Biological samples (scalp hair) were collected from welders and referents, along with analyzed for Cr and Mn by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, prior to acid digestion. To evaluate the occupational exposure on the health of the workers, the clinical features and biochemical parameters of selected population (exposed and non-exposed age-matched groups) were also carried out. The resulted data indicated that the concentrations of Mn and Cr were significantly higher in scalp hair samples of welders as compared to referent subjects (p < 0.01), verifying the absorption/exposure of both metals produced in welding fumes. The high prevalence of anemia and stomach disorder was observed in adolescent than adult welding workers. The incidence of asthma and related symptoms was elevated in adult welders than in younger boys. The neurological problems were particularly observed in aged welders > 50 years, might be due to long time exposure of welding fumes contains different toxicant especially Mn in ill ventilation system of workshops.

Deep-eutectic-solvent-based dispersive and emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction methods for the speciation of selenium in water and determining its total content levels in milk formula and cereals

Rapid and environmentally friendly ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (US-DLLμE) and vortex assisted-emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-ELLμE) methods are proposed for the speciation of selenium in domestic and mineral water samples. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) prepared with different ratios of choline chloride and phenol is used as an extractant for hydrophobic tetravalent Se complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate in different water samples. The total inorganic Se species levels in water samples were determined via reducing Se(vi) to Se(iv), using sodium thiosulphate as a reducing agent. The total Se levels in formula milk and cereal samples were determined after microwave acid digestion. The different heating steps in GFAAS were also optimized. The analytical parameters for US-DLLμE and VA-ELLμE, including pH, the volume of complexing agent, the ultrasound and vortex mixing shaking times, and the volume and composition of the deep eutectic solvent, were optimized. The accuracies of both methods were confirmed based on the analysis of a certified reference material (CRM) BCR 189 (wholemeal flour). The enhancement factor (EF) and limit of detection (LOD) for Se(iv) via US-DLLμE were found to be 90.8 and 0.029 μg L^-1, respectively, whereas an EF of 81.8 and LOD of 0.036 μg L^-1 were obtained via VA-ELLμE. The % relative standard deviation (%RSD) values obtained based on the analysis of six replicate standards under the optimized conditions for US-DLLμE and VA-ELLμE were found to be 4.2 and 5.8%, respectively. The optimized methods were applied to different drinking water samples, and acid-digested milk formula and baby cereal food samples.

Occupational exposure of lead and cadmium on adolescent and adult workers of battery recycling and welding workshops: Adverse impact on health

The occupational exposure of toxic metals is an important concern, because of its potential accumulation in living organisms, leading to long term toxic effects. The occupational and environmental contacts of toxic metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) have been evaluated by determination of them in biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of adolescent and adults, workers of battery recycling and welding workshops. The age matched adolescent and adult residing in nonindustrial areas were also selected, termed as referent/control subjects. The blood and scalp hair samples of workers and controls were analyzed for Cd and Pb using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry previously decomposed the matrices using acid mixture. The biochemical parameters of workers of both age groups were also evaluated. The average concentrations of Cd and Pb in blood and scalp hair samples of adolescent workers were three fold higher as compared with control subjects. The drinking water in containers of both workshops contained Pb and Cd in two to four and five to thirteen folds, respectively, higher than recommended permissible limits of WHO. The significant correlations between the blood lead levels and hemoglobin (%) in adolescent (r = -0.78). The positive correlation was observed among incidence of blood pressure with Pb and Cd concentrations in biological samples of workers (adults) (r = 0.65 to 0.83). These findings suggest that occupational exposure of toxic metals might be created adverse impacts on workers due to ill management of workshops.

Evaluate the exposure of toxic metals via drinking water and smoking nonbranded cigarette in malnourished women by modified single/two-step cloud point extraction

Presently, the exposure of heavy metals (cadmium and lead) was determined in biological sample (serum) of women (pregnant and nonpregnant) who belong to low socioeconomic group (malnutrition). The cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined in drinking water and locally produced cigarette (bidi), smoking by women of childbearing age. The preconcentration of heavy metals in serum, water, and tobacco of bidi were carried out by cloud point extraction at single and two-step methods before determination by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame mode. The Cd and Pb in the water- and acid-digested serum and tobacco samples were treated with a complexing reagent 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN). The hydrophobic complex of Cd and Pb was entrapped in Triton X-114. For the first step, the entrapped analytes in Triton X-114 was diluted with alcoholic acid (0.2 mol/L of HNO₃) and subjected to FAAS, whereas for the second step of CPE, the surfactant-rich analyte was subjected to the second round of enrichment method. Lastly, the analyte was back-extracted in acidic solution (0.2 mol/L) and analyzed by FAAS. The all significant variable was optimized for optimal recovery of Cd and Pb. The recommended single/two-step cloud point extraction method was validated by simultaneously evaluated matrices matched certified reference materials of water, serum, and tobacco. The resulted data indicated that the groundwater samples contained elevated concentrations of Cd and Pb than recommended values for drinking water by WHO, while the contents of Cd and Pb were observed about two-fold higher in nonbranded cigarette (bidi) than branded cigarette. It was observed that there were about 3 to 4 times higher concentrations of both toxic metals in blood serum of smoker malnourished women group than in referent nonsmoker women. Graphical abstract.

Accumulation of Essential and Trace Elements in Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and Guar Gum Cultivated in Semi-arid Regions of Sindh, Pakistan

For physiological and biochemical studies, it is considered essential to have knowledge about the accumulation of mineral elements in plants and their distribution in different parts of the fruit and these data being essential for geographical origins of different food commodities. In the age of food industry globalization, the origin of food is essential to know for human health protection, to stimulate fine agronomic actions and to bar the use of toxic materials to stimulate plant's growth. This research work was formulated to assess the essential trace and toxic elements in Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and guar gum cultivated in semi-arid regions of Sindh, Pakistan. For pretreatment of the guar samples, microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure (MAD) was developed for the elemental analysis in the guar samples. The validity of designed method was checked by using certified reference samples of BCR 189 whole meal flour. The digested specimens were analyzed by flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentration of essential trace and toxic elements was found to be within the international level. In addition, human health Risk assessment was accessed by measuring daily intake of all understudy minerals, which was within permissible exposure limit set by USEPA & Health Canada. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQs) of guar and its gum were generally less than 1, as per USEPA; owing to these facts, food grade guar gum can be produced from guar cultivated in Thar, Pakistan.

Selenium Contents in Different Types of Raw and Processed Meat Products, Consumed Among the General Population of Pakistan

The present study was undertaken to generate a database for selenium (Se) content present in minced and processed meat products abundantly available in the market and to estimate the dietary Se intake in different types of minced/raw and processed meat in Pakistan. The concentration of Se was determined in meat samples of different brands of beef, chicken, and mutton, consumed among the local population of different cities of Pakistan. For pretreatment of the meat samples, microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure (MAD) was developed for the Se analysis in the meat samples of different brands. The validity of the designed method was checked by certified reference samples of BOVM-1 (bovine muscle certified reference material 1). Digested meat samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that among different meat types, average Se concentration of beef was close to those of chicken samples. The mean Se concentration in the meat observed in reducing order was established in mutton (120 μg/kg), beef (91 μg/kg), and chicken (90 μg/kg). These results suggest that mutton and chicken samples have significant differences in their average concentrations. There was no significant difference in the average concentration of beef and chicken (p > 0.05), while there was a significant difference in average concentrations of Se in beef and mutton (p < 0.01) meat samples. Mutton minced meat contains higher Se than different branded processed products. As far as variation in brands was concern among mutton samples, B1-minced mutton meat sample contain higher Se (107 μg/kg) followed by B3-shish kabab (123 μg/kg) and B3-meat balls (129 μg/kg). Among minced and processed chicken products, Se ranged from 83 to 97 μg/kg. Whereas in beef samples, B1-minced meat and B3-chapli kabab contain higher Se, i.e., 99 and 92 μg/kg respectively compared with other beef brands. Taking into account, the average daily intake of meat by Pakistani's, the dietary Se daily intake was 4.184, 9.263, and 6.605 μg per capita for mutton, beef, and chicken, respectively.

An environmental friendly enrichment method for microextraction of cadmium and lead in groundwater samples: Impact on biological sample of children

A novel ionic liquid-based vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction procedure(IL-VADLLμE) was proposed for the enrichment of toxic metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in different types of water samples, domestic treated and groundwater (tube well and hand pump). Whereas, the concentration of both toxic metals was also determined in the scalp hair of children (age ranged 1-3 years), drinking contaminated groundwater termed as exposed group, whereas for comparative purposes scalp hair of age matched children consumed domestically treated water, named as non-exposed group. To preconcentrate the trace levels of Cd and Pb, a green chelating agent, l-cysteine (2-amino-3-sulfhydrylpropanoic acid) was used for complexation, an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM] [PF₆] utilized as extractant and hexafluorophosphate ion (PF₆^-) as anion pairing agent, which facilitate the enrichment of hydrophobic complexes of analytes into the acceptor phase. Various operative features for the IL-VADLLμE method like pH of standards/samples, volume of ionic liquid and sample solution, concentration of ligand, ion pair reagent and ionic liquid, vortex and electrical shaking time (for comparative purpose), were thoroughly optimized. The projected method was effectively applicable to assess the Cd and Pb in trace level in real water sample (surface and groundwater) and scalp hair samples of children belongs to exposed and non-exposed areas. The high contents of both toxic metals in scalp hair samples of children consuming groundwater indicate that the adverse impacts of both toxic metals especially Pb on the general health as well as neuron and skeletal problem, from child hood.

Geochemical exposure of heavy metals in environmental samples from the vicinity of old gas mining area in northern part of Sindh Pakistan. Adverse impact on children

In early nineteen century, a gas field was operational in southern part of Sindh, Pakistan for power production. The plant was completely un-operational for last three decades, whereas all wastage and raw materials are still dumped there, which might be the source to contaminate the ground water. The most of the workers population still living in different villages nearby the gas field. In present study, evaluated the undesirable effects of the toxic metals (lead and cadmium) via consuming groundwater for drinking and other domestic purpose especially in children of ≤5.0 years. For comparative purpose groundwater of nonindustrial area (nonexposed) was also analysed and their impact on age matched children was carried out. Biological samples (scalp hair and blood) were collected from children of exposed and nonexposed areas. The Cd and Pb in scalp hair and blood samples were carried out by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Whereas, Cd and Pb in groundwater obtained from both areas were determined prior to applied preconcentration method as reported in our previous works. The Cd and Pb contents in the groundwater of villages of exposed area were found in the range of 5.18-10.9 and 19.9-69.5 μg/L, respectively. Whereas, the groundwater of nonexposed area contains Cd and Pb in the range of 1.79-3.78 and 5.07-24.3 μg/L, respectively. It was observed that the concentrations of Cd and Pb in scalp hair and blood samples of children belongs to exposed area have ≥2.0 fold higher than the resulted data attained for age matched control children, indicating as the exposure biomarkers of toxic metals. The children belong to exposed area have poor health, anemic and low body mass index (<13 kg/m2). A significant positive correlations among Cd and Pb concentrations in biological samples of exposed subjects and groundwater was observed (p < 0.01).

Determination of Arsenic in Scalp Hair Samples from Exposed Subjects Using Microwave-Assisted Digestion With and Without Enrichment Based on Cloud Point Extraction by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A simple and rapid cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure was applied for preconcentration of trace quantities of arsenic (As) in scalp hair samples. The samples were subjected to microwave-assisted digestion in a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide (2 + 1, v/v) prior to preconcentration by CPE. The As in digested samples was complexed with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC), and the resultant As-PDC complex was extracted by a nonionic surfactant, octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114). After centrifugation, the surfactant-rich phase was diluted with 0.1 M HNO3 in methanol and analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The experimental parameters, i.e., amount of APDC, concentration of Triton X-114, equilibrium temperature and time, were optimized. For validation of the proposed method, a certified reference material (CRM) of human hair (BCR 397) was used. No significant difference (P&gt;0.05) was observed between the experimental results and certified values of the CRM (paired t-test). The LOD and LOQ obtained under the optimal conditions were 0.025 and 0.083 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method was applied for the determination of As in scalp hair samples from male and female subjects of two villages of Khairpur Mir's, Pakistan.

Microwave-Assisted Acid Extraction of Selenium from Medicinal Plants Followed by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination

A simple and rapid microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of selenium (Se) from medicinal plants was investigated using different concentrations of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, sample mass, heating time, microwave energy, and plant particle size. The optimization strategy was carried out using multivariate methodologies. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine Se. The accuracy of the optimized procedure was evaluated by using certified reference materials with certified values for Se and a microwave-assisted acid digestion (MD) method for comparative purpose. No significant difference was observed (P &gt; 0.05) when comparing the values obtained by the proposed MAE and MD methods (paired t-test). Under the optimum operating conditions, the LOD obtained from the standard calibration curve was 0.012 g/L for Se. The average RSD of the MAE method varied between 4.05 and 7.53 (n 6). The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of Se in medicinal plants used as remedies for cancerous and infection diseases.

Application of Fractional Factorial Design and Doehlert Matrix in the Optimization of Experimental Variables Associated with the Ultrasonic-Assisted Acid Digestion of Chocolate Samples for Aluminum Determination by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A simple and rapid method based on ultrasound energy is described for the determination of aluminum (Al) in complex matrixes of chocolate and candy samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization strategy was carried out using multivariate methodologies. Five variables (temperature of the ultrasonic bath; exposure time to ultrasound energy; volumes of 2 acid mixtures, HNO3H2SO4H2O2 (1 + 1 + 1) and HNO3H2O2 (1 + 1); and sample mass) were considered as factors in the optimization process. Interactions between analytical factors and their optimal levels were investigated using fractional factorial and Doehlert matrix designs. Validation of the ultrasonic-assisted acid digestion procedure was performed against standard reference materials, milk powder (SRM 8435) and wheat flour (SRM 1567a). The proposed procedure allowed Al determination with a detection limit of 2.3 g/L (signal-to-noise = 3) and a precision, calculated as relative standard deviation, of 2.2 for a set of 10 measurements of certified samples. The recovery of Al by the proposed procedure was close to 100, and no significant difference at the 95 confidence level was found between determined and certified values of Al. The proposed procedure was applied to the determination of Al in chocolate and candy samples. The results indicated that cocoa-based chocolates have higher contents of Al than milkand sugar-based chocolates and candies.

Essential trace elemental levels (zinc, iron and copper) in the biological samples of smoker referent and pulmonary tuberculosis patients

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Smoking is linked with tuberculosis recurrence.

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Pakistan has not only high TB number of TB cases (fifth) but also high level of multidrug-resistant TB (fourth) in the world.

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Cu/Zn ratio was also considerably greater in all biological samples of TB patients as compared to the control group.

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The analysis the levels of the elements, {Fe, Cu, Zn and Cu/Zn ratio} may help the studies on the development of TB disease.

Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of illnesses and deaths throughout world particularly in Asia. Smoking is linked with tuberculosis recurrence and its mortality and may influence bacteriological conversion, clinical symptoms and treatment outcome. The aim of current study was to estimate association among essential trace elements {zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)} in human biological samples particularly blood, serum, scalp hair, saliva, sputum, and nasal fluid of smoking and nonsmoking pulmonary tuberculosis patients (n = 165, age ranged 16–35 years) residents of Hyderabad, Pakistan. The biological samples of age matched healthy controls were chosen as referents of both genders (n = 171) for the comparison purpose. The human biological samples were wet digested in microwave oven by 65 % HNO₃ and 30 % H₂O₂ with (2:1) ratio. The concentrations of elements in acid digested samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average zinc and iron concentration was lower, while level of copper was higher in the biological samples of pulmonary Tuberculosis patients as compared to referent subjects (p < .001). It was also concluded as a result of Zn and Fe deficiency combined with high contact of copper due to smoking of tobacco can be synergistic with the risk factors related with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Cadmium and Lead Hazardous Impact Assessment of Pond Fish Species

The current study aims to assess the concentration of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in five tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, and Catla catla collected from fishponds of Jamshoro and Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. Meanwhile, the levels of Cd and Pb in feeding materials, water, and sediments of fishponds of both areas were also studied. The daily intake and hazardous impact assessment of Cd and Pb by muscles of three fish species of fishponds of both areas were estimated. The concentration of Cd in tissues of C. mrigala and C. catla of Larkana were higher than that in tissues of same fish species of Jamshoro whilst Pb contents in tissues of fishes of Jamshoro were high (p > 0.05). The feeding materials of fishponds of Larkana were enriched with Cd whilst Pb was high in feeding material of fishponds of Jamshoro. The estimated bioaccumulation factor, average daily intake, and hazardous quotient of Pb were high as compared to Cd in all studied fish species of fishponds of Larkana and Jamshoro. The hazardous quotient of Pb indicated that the local population of both areas might have a potential toxic risk. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

A rapid ultrasonic energy assisted preconcentration method for simultaneous extraction of lead and cadmium in various cosmetic brands using deep eutectic solvent: A multivariate study

An innovative ultrasonic assisted microextraction method using a deep eutectic solvent for entrapping the organ metallic complexes was developed to pre-concentrate the trace quantities of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in lipsticks and eye shadows of different brands prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used in this study, prepared by mixing metal salt (ZnCl₂) and hydrogen bond donors such as (acetamide) in different ratio. The different branded cosmetic items, lipstick and eye shadows, obtained from local market and subjected to acid digestion prior to application of proposed ultrasonic assisted microextraction method based on deep eutectic solvent (UAµE-DES) with the aid of mechanical and ultrasound energies. Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate was used as a ligand to made hydrophobic complexes of Cd and Pb, entrapped in DES in the presence of aprotic solvent. The seven variables, mixing ratio of ZnCl₂ and Acetamide, DES volume, Ultrasound and Conventional shaking time, pH, tetrahydrofuran and complexing reagent volume were optimized by multivariate approach for the optimum recovery of Cd and Pb from real cosmetic items. The resulted data indicates that ultrasound energy assisted extraction time, volume of DES and pH were most significant variables. The precision and validity of developed procedure were checked by the spiked known certified standards in real samples. The resulted data indicated that the lipsticks have different glittering colors contains high contents of Pb and Cd, whereas dark colors of eye shadows contain high level of both elements.

Evaluation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Nickel and Lead in Common Spices in Pakistan

The quantitative assessments and daily intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) were conducted in the 26 common spices collected from the market of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Conventional acid digestion procedure was applied for dissolution of common spices and the contents of toxic elemental were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The conventional acid digestion method was validated by certified reference materials and standard addition. A wide variability was observed in the levels of toxic elements in common spices. The toxic elements in common spices were found in decreasing order as Ni > Pb > As > Cd. The contents of As, Cd, Ni and Pb in common spices were observed highest in coriander seed, allspices, nigella seed and black cumin seed, respectively. The current study revealed that the toxic elements in common spices were varied from region to region. However, the estimated intake of As, Cd, Ni and Pb from common spices were within the WHO tolerable weekly intake. The data of risk assessment indicated that As, Cd, Ni, and Pb in common spices may not have any toxic risk except the As in carom, coriander and nigella seeds.

Exposure of cadmium via smoking and drinking water on zinc levels of biological samples of malnutrition pregnant women: A prospective cohort study

In present study, the interaction of a toxic (cadmium) and essential element (zinc) was determined in scalp hair of pregnant and non-pregnant women resident in a rural area of Thraparkar, Pakistan, where malnutrition is prevalent. In the malnourished group (pregnant and nonpregnant women), deficiency of the essential element (zinc) due to malnutrition and exposure of toxic metal (cadmium) via non-branded cigarette smoking and drinking groundwater were carried out. For comparative purposes, scalp hair samples were also collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women, residing in Hyderabad city, consuming municipal treated drinking water and smoking branded cigarette, termed as the reference group. The domestic treated and ground water, as well as the branded and non-branding cigarettes were analysed for cadmium (Cd). Whereas Zinc (Zn) and Cd were determined in scalp hair samples of malnutrioned and reference women. The groundwater indicated 5 to 12 fold higher levels of Cd than the WHO recommended value in drinking water. Whereas the content of Cd in locally made non-branded cigarettes was found to be two fold higher than branded cigarettes. These data indicate that the malnourished pregnant and non-pregnant smokers women group had three to four times higher levels of Cd in their scalp hair samples than those values obtained for reference non smokers. Whereas, the content of Zn in scalp hair samples of the reference women was ∼20% higher than the malnourished group.

Utilization of Pleurotus eryngii biosorbent as an environmental bioremedy for the decontamination of trace cadmium(II) ions from water system

In many parts of the world, cadmium metal concentration in drinking water is higher than some international guideline values. To reduce its level below the safety limit, a sustainable and environmental friendly approach is crucial. Thereby, present article introduce an efficient, non-pathogenic and a novel fungal biosorbent Pleurotus eryngii for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous system. The efficiency of P. eryngii were improved and optimized by investigating many significant factors such as; pH, biosorbent dose, initial Cd(II) ion concentration, temperature and contact time. Maximum Cd(II) ions removal (99.9%) was achieved at pH 5.0, biosorbent dosage 0.2 g/10 mL, concentration 20 mg L^-1, time 10 min and temperature 50 °C. The isotherm and kinetic models revealed bioremediation of Cd(II) ions as monolayer coverage with biosorption capacity of 1.51 mg g^-1 following pseudo second order reaction. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° showed that the removal of Cd(II) ions is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Batch elution process revealed that the complete elution of Cd(II) ions from the biomass were achieved using 0.1 N HNO₃ solution. The sorption efficiency decreased from 99.99 to 56.89% as the biomass were recycled up to five times. The efficiency of Cd(II) ions removal from real water samples lies between 85 and 90%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) and atomic force microscopic (AFM) analysis of fungal biomass confirmed that the Cd(II) ions were the most abundant species on the biomass surface after the sorption process.

A new efficient indigenous material for simultaneous removal of fluoride and inorganic arsenic species from groundwater

The contaminated groundwater is one of emerging environmental issue in Pakistan and biosorbent considered to be the best alternative to improve the quality of groundwater. Thus, an indigenous biosorbent, Cucumis pubescens (peel of fruit) has been carried out efficiently for simultaneous removal of arsenic species and fluoride from groundwater. The characterization of bio-sorbent for removal of As species (As^III, As^V) and F^- was studied by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM. Batch experiments were carried out for the optimization of adsorption capacity at different parameters such as pH (3-11), concentration of biosorbates (100-500 μg/L) for As species and F^- ion), biosorbent dose (2-6 g/L), contact time (10-60 min) and temperature (303-323 K). The influence of common ions was also investigated. The different biosorption isotherms were applied to determine the most appropriate equilibrium curves for the removal/biosorption of As species and F^- by a biosorbents. The mean sorption energy calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich model, indicated chemisorptions phenomena. Thermodynamic parameters indicated the biosorption phenomena of As^III, As^V and F- ions were spontaneous and exothermic. The removal study of study analytes indicated that the sorption kinetics based on pseudo-second-order equation.

Effects of high fluoride content in livestock drinking water on milk samples of different cattle in endemic area of Pakistan: risk assessment for children

Fluoride in trace quantity is beneficial for human beings, serving to strengthen the apatite matrix of skeletal tissues and teeth, whereas high intake causes adverse impacts. In the present study, the effect of fluoride-contaminated drinking water of livestock on the milk samples of different cattle, belonging to a fluoride-endemic area (Tharparkar, Pakistan), was studied. In milk samples of different cattle (cows, camels, sheep, and goats), free and bound fluoride forms and its total (free (F^-) + bound (F^-)) contents were measured by ion-selective electrode. The concentration of fluoride in drinking water of livestock was also analyzed, as found in the range of 11.8-33.5 mg/L. The concentration of total fluoride in the milk samples of sheep, goats, cows, and camels were observed in the range of 1.72-2.43, 1.40-2.03, 0.835-1.41, and 0.425-0.897 mg/L, respectively. The resulted data indicated that the concentration of fluoride was higher in the milk samples of smaller cattle (sheep and goat), as compared to cow and camel. The fluoride in milk samples of all cattle appeared dominantly in free form. The percentage values of bound fluoride in the milk samples of sheep, goats, and cows were found to be 6.76, 11.6, and 19.7% in total, respectively, while in camel milk, the percentage was below the detection limit. The estimated daily intake of fluoride contents on consuming different types of milk by children age ranged 1.0 to 3.0 years was evaluated. Graphical abstract ᅟ.