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Patel K, Chandrasegaran S, Clark IM, Proctor CJ, Young DA, Shanley DP. TimiRGeN: R/Bioconductor package for time series microRNA-mRNA integration and analysis. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:3604-3609. [PMID: 33993215 PMCID: PMC8545325 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation The analysis of longitudinal datasets and construction of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) provide a valuable means to disentangle the complexity of microRNA (miRNA)–mRNA interactions. However, there are no computational tools that can integrate, conduct functional analysis and generate detailed networks from longitudinal miRNA–mRNA datasets. Results We present TimiRGeN, an R package that uses time point-based differential expression results to identify miRNA–mRNA interactions influencing signaling pathways of interest. miRNA–mRNA interactions can be visualized in R or exported to PathVisio or Cytoscape. The output can be used for hypothesis generation and directing in vitro or further in silico work such as GRN construction. Availability and implementation TimiRGeN is available for download on Bioconductor (https://bioconductor.org/packages/TimiRGeN) and requires R v4.0.2 or newer and BiocManager v3.12 or newer. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Patel
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - S Chandrasegaran
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - I M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - C J Proctor
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - D A Young
- Life Science Centre, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, upon, UK Tyne, NE1 4EP
| | - D P Shanley
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
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Masters-Clark E, Shone E, Paradelo M, Hirsch PR, Clark IM, Otten W, Brennan F, Mauchline TH. Development of a defined compost system for the study of plant-microbe interactions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7521. [PMID: 32372006 PMCID: PMC7200721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can improve plant health by providing enhanced nutrition, disease suppression and abiotic stress resistance, and have potential to contribute to sustainable agriculture. We have developed a sphagnum peat-based compost platform for investigating plant-microbe interactions. The chemical, physical and biological status of the system can be manipulated to understand the relative importance of these factors for plant health, demonstrated using three case studies: 1. Nutrient depleted compost retained its structure, but plants grown in this medium were severely stunted in growth due to removal of essential soluble nutrients - particularly, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Compost nutrient status was replenished with the addition of selected soluble nutrients, validated by plant biomass; 2. When comparing milled and unmilled compost, we found nutrient status to be more important than matrix structure for plant growth; 3. In compost deficient in soluble P, supplemented with an insoluble inorganic form of P (Ca3(PO4)2), application of a phosphate solubilising Pseudomonas strain to plant roots provides a significant growth boost when compared with a Pseudomonas strain incapable of solubilising Ca3(PO4)2. Our findings show that the compost system can be manipulated to impose biotic and abiotic stresses for testing how microbial inoculants influence plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Masters-Clark
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.,School of Water, Earth and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK.,Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - E Shone
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - M Paradelo
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - P R Hirsch
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - I M Clark
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - W Otten
- School of Water, Earth and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK
| | - F Brennan
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - T H Mauchline
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
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Gao W, Muñoz‐Romero V, Ren T, Ashton RW, Morin M, Clark IM, Powlson DS, Whalley WR. Effect of microbial activity on penetrometer resistance and elastic modulus of soil at different temperatures. Eur J Soil Sci 2017; 68:412-419. [PMID: 28804253 PMCID: PMC5530443 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We explore the effect of microbial activity stimulated by root exudates on the penetrometer resistance of soil and its elastic modulus. This is important because it is a measure of the mechanical strength of soil and it correlates closely with the rate of elongation of roots. A sandy soil was incubated with a synthetic root exudate at different temperatures, for different lengths of time and with selective suppression of either fungi or bacteria. The shape of the temperature response of penetrometer resistance in soil incubated with synthetic exudate was typical of a poikilothermic temperature response. Both penetrometer resistance and small strain shear modulus had maximum values between 25 and 30°C. At temperatures of 20°C and less, there was little effect of incubation with synthetic root exudate on the small strain shear modulus, although penetrometer resistance did increase with temperature over this range (4-20°C). This suggests that in this temperature range the increase in penetrometer resistance was related to a greater resistance to plastic deformation. At higher temperatures (> 25°C) penetrometer resistance decreased. Analysis of the DNA sequence data showed that at 25°C the number of Streptomyces (Gram-positive bacteria) increased, but selective suppression of either fungi or bacteria suggested that fungi have the greater role with respect to penetrometer resistance. HIGHLIGHTS Effect of microbial activity stimulated by synthetic root exudates on the mechanical properties.We compared penetrometer measurements and estimates of elastic modulus with microbial community.Penetrometer resistance of soil showed a poikilothermic temperature response.Penetrometer resistance might be affected more by fungi than bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Gao
- Department of Soil and Water SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityNo. 2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - V. Muñoz‐Romero
- Eco‐efficient Cropping Systems group, Departamento de AgronomíaUniversity of CordobaEdificio C4 ‘Celestino Mutis’ Ctra. Madrid‐Cadiz km 39614071CordobaSpain
| | - T. Ren
- Department of Soil and Water SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityNo. 2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - R. W. Ashton
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted ResearchWest CommonHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - M. Morin
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted ResearchWest CommonHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - I. M. Clark
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted ResearchWest CommonHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - D. S. Powlson
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted ResearchWest CommonHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - W. R. Whalley
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted ResearchWest CommonHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
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4
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Davidson RK, Jupp O, Bao Y, MacGregor AJ, Donell ST, Cassidy A, Clark IM. Can sulforaphane prevent the onset or slow the progression of osteoarthritis? NUTR BULL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Davidson
- School of Biological Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - O. Jupp
- School of Biological Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Y. Bao
- Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - A. J. MacGregor
- Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - S. T. Donell
- Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - A. Cassidy
- Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - I. M. Clark
- School of Biological Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
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Snelling SJB, Davidson RK, Swingler TE, Le LTT, Barter MJ, Culley KL, Price A, Carr AJ, Clark IM. Dickkopf-3 is upregulated in osteoarthritis and has a chondroprotective role. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:883-91. [PMID: 26687825 PMCID: PMC4863878 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dickkopf-3 (Dkk3) is a non-canonical member of the Dkk family of Wnt antagonists and its upregulation has been reported in microarray analysis of cartilage from mouse models of osteoarthritis (OA). In this study we assessed Dkk3 expression in human OA cartilage to ascertain its potential role in chondrocyte signaling and cartilage maintenance. METHODS Dkk3 expression was analysed in human adult OA cartilage and synovial tissues and during chondrogenesis of ATDC5 and human mesenchymal stem cells. The role of Dkk3 in cartilage maintenance was analysed by incubation of bovine and human cartilage explants with interleukin-1β (IL1β) and oncostatin-M (OSM). Dkk3 gene expression was measured in cartilage following murine hip avulsion. Whether Dkk3 influenced Wnt, TGFβ and activin cell signaling was assessed in primary human chondrocytes and SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells using qRT-PCR and luminescence assays. RESULTS Increased gene and protein levels of Dkk3 were detected in human OA cartilage, synovial tissue and synovial fluid. DKK3 gene expression was decreased during chondrogenesis of both ATDC5 cells and humans MSCs. Dkk3 inhibited IL1β and OSM-mediated proteoglycan loss from human and bovine cartilage explants and collagen loss from bovine cartilage explants. Cartilage DKK3 expression was decreased following hip avulsion injury. TGFβ signaling was enhanced by Dkk3 whilst Wnt3a and activin signaling were inhibited. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that Dkk3 is upregulated in OA and may have a protective effect on cartilage integrity by preventing proteoglycan loss and helping to restore OA-relevant signaling pathway activity. Targeting Dkk3 may be a novel approach in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J B Snelling
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - R K Davidson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - T E Swingler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - L T T Le
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - M J Barter
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - K L Culley
- Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Price
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A J Carr
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Mauchline TH, Chedom-Fotso D, Chandra G, Samuels T, Greenaway N, Backhaus A, McMillan V, Canning G, Powers SJ, Hammond-Kosack KE, Hirsch PR, Clark IM, Mehrabi Z, Roworth J, Burnell J, Malone JG. An analysis of Pseudomonas genomic diversity in take-all infected wheat fields reveals the lasting impact of wheat cultivars on the soil microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4764-78. [PMID: 26337499 PMCID: PMC4832304 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of the soil microbiota associated with crop plants has huge promise for the control of crop pathogens. However, to fully realize this potential we need a better understanding of the relationship between the soil environment and the genes and phenotypes that enable microbes to colonize plants and contribute to biocontrol. A recent 2 years of investigation into the effect of wheat variety on second year crop yield in the context of take‐all fungal infection presented the opportunity to examine soil microbiomes under closely defined field conditions. Amplicon sequencing of second year soil samples showed that Pseudomonas spp. were particularly affected by the wheat cultivar grown in year one. Consequently, 318 rhizosphere‐associated Pseudomonas fluorescens strains were isolated and characterized across a variety of genetic and phenotypic traits. Again, the wheat variety grown in the first year of the study was shown to exert considerable selective pressure on both the extent and nature of Pseudomonas genomic diversity. Furthermore, multiple significant correlations were identified within the phenotypic/genetic structure of the Pseudomonas population, and between individual genotypes and the external wheat field environment. The approach outlined here has considerable future potential for our understanding of plant–microbe interactions, and for the broader analysis of complex microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Mauchline
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | | | - G Chandra
- Molecular Microbiology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - T Samuels
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Greenaway
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - A Backhaus
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - V McMillan
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - G Canning
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - S J Powers
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - K E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - P R Hirsch
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - I M Clark
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Z Mehrabi
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.,Oxford Long-term Ecology and Resource Stewardship Lab, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Roworth
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - J Burnell
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - J G Malone
- Molecular Microbiology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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8
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Abstract
The most frequent cause of failure after total hip replacement in all reported arthroplasty registries is peri-prosthetic osteolysis. Osteolysis is an active biological process initiated in response to wear debris. The eventual response to this process is the activation of macrophages and loss of bone. Activation of macrophages initiates a complex biological cascade resulting in the final common pathway of an increase in osteolytic activity. The biological initiators, mechanisms for and regulation of this process are beginning to be understood. This article explores current concepts in the causes of, and underlying biological mechanism resulting in peri-prosthetic osteolysis, reviewing the current basic science and clinical literature surrounding the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ollivere
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK.
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9
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Manzanilla-López RH, Clark IM, Atkins SD, Hirsch PR, Kerry BR. Rapid and reliable DNA extraction and PCR fingerprinting methods to discriminate multiple biotypes of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia isolated from plant rhizospheres. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 48:71-6. [PMID: 19018961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a simple, rapid, reliable protocol producing consistent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprints of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia biotypes for analysing different fungal isolates during co-infection of plants and nematodes. METHODS AND RESULTS DNA extracted from different P. chlamydosporia biotypes was fingerprinted using enterobacterial repetitive intragenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Four extraction methods (rapid alkaline lysis; microLYSIS-PLUS; DNeasy; FTA cards) gave consistent results within each protocol but these varied between protocols. Reproducible fingerprints were obtained only if DNA was extracted from fresh fungal cultures that were free of agar. Some DNA degradation occurred during storage, except with the FTA cards, used with this fungus for the first time, which provide a method for long-term archiving. Rapid alkaline lysis and ERIC-PCR identified fungal isolates from root and nematode egg surfaces when plants were treated with different combinations of fungal biotypes; the dominant biotype isolated from the rhizosphere was not always the most abundant in eggs. CONCLUSIONS ERIC-PCR fingerprinting can reliably detect and identify different P. chlamydosporia biotypes. It is important to use fresh mycelium and the same DNA isolation method throughout each study. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This evaluation of methods to assess genetic diversity and identify specific P. chlamydosporia biotypes is relevant to other mycelial fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Manzanilla-López
- Nematode Interactions Unit, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Zhang Q, Hui W, Litherland GJ, Barter MJ, Davidson R, Darrah C, Donell ST, Clark IM, Cawston TE, Robinson JH, Rowan AD, Young DA. Differential Toll-like receptor-dependent collagenase expression in chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:1633-41. [PMID: 18258708 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.079574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the catabolic response of osteoarthritic chondrocytes to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. METHODS Induction of the collagenases, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1 and MMP13, by TLR ligands was assessed in chondrocytes by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. TLR signalling pathway activation and their involvement in collagenase induction were confirmed by immunoblotting and use of pathway inhibitors and siRNA. TLR expression was compared in the femoral head cartilage of normal controls and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Ligands for TLR6/2 and TLR3 showed the greatest upregulation of MMP1 and MMP13 respectively, although all TLR ligands upregulated these MMPs. MMP1 and MMP13 induction by TLR3 and TLR1/2 or TLR6/2 ligands were dependent on Trif and MyD88, respectively. These inductions were dependent upon the nuclear factor (NF)kappaB pathway, but were differentially inhibited by various mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors, with MMP13 induction most reliant on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. In addition, ligands for TLR1/2 and TLR6/2, but not TLR3, induced significant collagenolysis in a cartilage resorption assay. Finally, TLR2 was significantly downregulated and TLR3 upregulated in OA, compared to normal, cartilage. CONCLUSIONS Activation of chondrocyte TLRs leads to differential collagenase gene activation. Treatment of chondrocytes with TLR1/2 or TLR6/2 ligands resulted in collagen resorption. The modulated expression of chondrocyte TLR2 and TLR3 in OA cartilage, compared to normal, may reflect a response to repair cartilage or prevent further extracellular matrix destruction. These data suggest modulation of TLR-mediated signalling as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Tahseen Q, Clark IM, Atkins SD, Hirsch PR, Kerry BR. Impact of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on nematode and microbial populations. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2005; 70:81-6. [PMID: 16363363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The microbial and nematode populations associated with two plants (tomato and cabbage) inoculated with the nematophagous fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia or root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), or both, were compared with those in unplanted controls. The dominant factor affecting culturable microbial populations was found to be the presence or absence of tomato plants. Generally microbial colony counts were lowest in unplanted soil, small increases were associated with cabbage and significantly greater numbers with tomato plants. Differences in microbial diversity (estimated from community profiles of carbon substrate utlisation, using Biolog) were observed between planted and unplanted soils, however, there were few differences between soils with either of the two plants. The presence of P. chlamydosporia was associated with a reduction in the numbers of plant parasitic nematodes (51%-78%) including the migratory ectoparasites, whereas free-living nematodes, culturable bacteria and bacterial populations assessed by Biolog were unaffected by the application of fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Tahseen
- Nematode Interactions Unit, Rothamsted Research Harpenden, England, UK
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Clark IM, Young DA, Edwards DR. TIMP-1 enhancer sequence – real or bacterial? Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1812; author reply 1812-3. [PMID: 14583788 PMCID: PMC2394415 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. E-mail:
| | - D A Young
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - D R Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Atkins SD, Clark IM, Sosnowska D, Hirsch PR, Kerry BR. Detection and quantification of Plectosphaerella cucumerina, a potential biological control agent of potato cyst nematodes, by using conventional PCR, real-time PCR, selective media, and baiting. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:4788-93. [PMID: 12902272 PMCID: PMC169141 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.8.4788-4793.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are serious pests in commercial potato production, causing yield losses valued at approximately $300 million in the European Community. The nematophagous fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina has demonstrated its potential as a biological control agent against PCN populations by reducing field populations by up to 60% in trials. The use of biological control agents in the field requires the development of specific techniques to monitor the release, population size, spread or decline, and pathogenicity against its host. A range of methods have therefore been developed to monitor P. cucumerina. A species-specific PCR primer set (PcCF1-PcCR1) was designed that was able to detect the presence of P. cucumerina in soil, root, and nematode samples. PCR was combined with a bait method to identify P. cucumerina from infected nematode eggs, confirming the parasitic ability of the fungus. A selective medium was adapted to isolate the fungus from root and soil samples and was used to quantify the fungus from field sites. A second P. cucumerina-specific primer set (PcRTF1-PcRTR1) and a Taqman probe (PcRTP1) were designed for real-time PCR quantification of the fungus and provided a very sensitive means of detecting the fungus from soil. PCR, bait, and culture methods were combined to investigate the presence and abundance of P. cucumerina from two field sites in the United Kingdom where PCN populations were naturally declining. All methods enabled differences in the activity of P. cucumerina to be detected, and the results demonstrated the importance of using a combination of methods to investigate population size and activity of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Atkins
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
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14
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Hall MC, Young DA, Rowan AD, Edwards DR, Clark IM. Cryptic promoter activity of pBLCAT3 induced by overexpression of AP1 factors. Biotechniques 2002; 33:1004, 1006, 1008. [PMID: 12449375 DOI: 10.2144/02335bm07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M-C Hall
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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15
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Koshy PJT, Lundy CJ, Rowan AD, Porter S, Edwards DR, Hogan A, Clark IM, Cawston TE. The modulation of matrix metalloproteinase and ADAM gene expression in human chondrocytes by interleukin-1 and oncostatin M: a time-course study using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:961-7. [PMID: 11953973 DOI: 10.1002/art.10212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have reported elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and oncostatin M (OSM) in rheumatoid joints, as well as the synergistic degradation of human articular cartilage by this cytokine combination. The present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of IL-1 and OSM to modulate gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), ADAM, and ADAM-TS (ADAM with thrombospondin motifs) family members in human chondrocytes. METHODS T/C28a4 human chondrocytes were stimulated for 2-48 hours with IL-1 and/or OSM. Total RNA was harvested, reverse transcribed, and assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the expression of various MMP, ADAM, and ADAM-TS messenger RNAs (mRNA). Results were normalized to 18S ribosomal RNA. RESULTS IL-1 and OSM synergized to markedly induce the expression of the collagenases MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13 as well as MMP-3, an activator of proMMPs. Expression of mRNA for MMPs 1, 3, and 13 was induced early, whereas that of MMP-8 mRNA occurred late. Gene expression of MMP-14, an MMP that degrades collagen and activates proMMP-13, was elevated by this combination. IL-1 and OSM also synergized to induce gene expression of the aggrecanase ADAM-TS4, but not ADAM-TS5. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the potent cartilage-degrading properties of the combination of IL-1 and OSM are potentially mediated by a synergistic induction of the aggrecan-degrading enzyme ADAM-TS4 and the collagen-degrading enzymes MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13, and MMP-14, although differences in the magnitude of response and in the time course of induction were observed. A role for MMPs 3 and 14 in the activation of proMMPs may also be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J T Koshy
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Mendum TA, Clark IM, Hirsch PR. Characterization of two novel Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteriophages from a field release site of genetically-modified rhizobia. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2001; 79:189-97. [PMID: 11520005 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010238412538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae bacteriophages with contrasting properties were isolated from a field site in which the survival of genetically modified R. leguminosarum inoculants had been monitored for several years. Inoculant strain RSM2004 was used as the indicator for phage isolation and propagation. One phage, RL1RES, was temperate and could not replicate in any of the 42 indigenous R. leguminosarum field isolates tested although nested PCR indicated that phage sequences were present in six of the isolates. The second phage, RL2RES, was virulent, capable of generalised transduction, contained DNA with modified cytosine residues, and was capable of infecting all field isolates tested although the GM inoculant strain CT0370 was resistant. Sequence with homology to RL2RES was detected by nested PCR in six of the 42 field-isolates. These were not the same isolates that showed homology to RL1RES. The implication of these findings for the survival of rhizobial inoculants, and the ecology of phages and their host bacteria, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Mendum
- Soil Science Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying progressive renal fibrosis are unknown, but the common association of fibrosis and microvascular loss suggests that hypoxia per se may be a fibrogenic stimulus. METHODS To determine whether human renal fibroblasts (HRFs), the primary matrix-producing cells in the tubulointerstitium, possess oxygen-sensitive responses relevant to fibrogenesis, cells were exposed to 1% O2 in vitro. RESULTS Hypoxia simultaneously stimulated extracellular matrix synthesis and suppressed turnover with increased production of collagen alpha1(I) (Coll-I), decreased expression of collagenase, and increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. These effects are time dependent, require new RNA and protein synthesis, and are specific to hypoxia. The changes in Coll-I and TIMP-1 gene expression involve a heme-protein O2 sensor and protein kinase- and tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling. Although hypoxia induced transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), neutralizing anti-TGF-beta1-antibody did not block hypoxia-induced Coll-I and TIMP-1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, hypoxic-cell conditioned-medium had no effect on the expression of these mRNAs in naive fibroblasts, suggesting direct effects on gene transcription. Transient transfections identified a hypoxia response element (HRE) in the TIMP-1 promoter and demonstrated HIF-1-dependent promoter activation by decreased ambient pO2. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that hypoxia co-ordinately up-regulates matrix production and decreases turnover in renal fibroblasts. The results support a role for hypoxia in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and provide evidence for novel, direct hypoxic effects on the expression of genes involved in fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Norman
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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18
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Harvey P, Clark IM, Jaurand MC, Warn RM, Edwards DR. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor enhances the invasion of mesothelioma cell lines and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:1147-53. [PMID: 11027427 PMCID: PMC2363594 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a multifunctional factor involved both in development and tissue repair, as well as pathological processes such as cancer and metastasis. It has been identified in vivo in many types of tumours together with its tyrosine kinase receptor, Met. We show here that exogenous HGF/SF acts as a strong chemoattractant for human mesothelioma cell lines. The factor also enhanced cell adhesion to and invasion into Matrigel. The mesothelioma cell lines synthesized a panel of matrix metalloproteinases critical for tumour progression such as MMP-1, 2, 3, 9 and membrane-bound MT1-MMP. HGF/SF stimulated the expression of MMP-1, 9 and MT1-MMP and had a slight effect on expression of the MMP inhibitor TIMP-1 but not TIMP-2. However, there was no simple correlation between the levels of MMPs and TIMPs of the cell lines and their different invasion properties or between HGF/SF stimulatory effects on MMP expression and invasion. In addition, effects of protease inhibitors on invasion suggested that serine proteases were also expressed in human mesothelioma cell lines and were involved in HGF/SF-induced invasion. The results show a predominant role for HGF/SF in mesothelioma cell invasion, stimulating simultaneously adhesion, motility, invasion and regulation of MMP and TIMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Harvey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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19
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Dean G, Young DA, Edwards DR, Clark IM. The human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 gene contains repressive elements within the promoter and intron 1. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:32664-71. [PMID: 11032844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.42.32664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1) gene is tightly controlled during embryonic development and in the adult animal. Previous studies have focused on elements within the gene promoter which activate transcription of the gene. Here, we identify two regions of the gene which repress transcription: An element upstream of the basal gene promoter at -1718/-1458, represses expression of a reporter gene by approximately 50%; addition of the first intron to any promoter-reporter construct also strongly represses gene expression. The TIMP-1 gene has a short first exon which is transcribed but not translated, with the translation start site located in exon 2. Deletion analysis through intron 1 reveals a number of potential regions which might mediate its effect. Protein binding studies and mutational analyses reveal that a repressive element at +684/+748 binds Sp1, Sp3, and an unidentified Ets-related factor to suppress transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dean
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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20
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Bigg HF, McLeod R, Waters JG, Cawston TE, Clark IM. Mechanisms of induction of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) gene expression by all-trans retinoic acid in combination with basic fibroblast growth factor. Eur J Biochem 2000; 267:4150-6. [PMID: 10866818 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The addition of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in combination with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to human fibroblasts results in a synergistic induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) protein production. The synergistic stimulation of TIMP-1 protein by ATRA and bFGF increased across 72 h. An incubation of 10 min to 12 h with bFGF alone followed by ATRA gave a similar synergistic induction of TIMP-1 protein to that seen with both agents together. Treatment of cells with ATRA first followed by bFGF was ineffective. Expression of RARbeta mRNA was induced by ATRA alone, but not further induced by ATRA and bFGF; expression of RARgamma mRNA was induced by both ATRA or bFGF alone, and further induced by both reagents together; expression of RXRgamma was repressed by ATRA alone, but not by ATRA in combination with bFGF. Steady-state levels of TIMP-1 mRNA were induced 14 to 40-fold above control by ATRA and bFGF. Treatment with ATRA and bFGF did not alter the stability of TIMP-1 mRNA. The induction of TIMP-1 mRNA by ATRA and bFGF was greatly diminished by cycloheximide and therefore required new protein synthesis. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein caused a dose-dependent inhibition of TIMP-1 protein induction by ATRA and bFGF. A MEK1 inhibitor (PD98059) inhibited both basal and induced levels of TIMP-1. At high concentrations, p38 MAP kinase inhibitors further enhanced the synergistic stimulation of TIMP-1 protein by ATRA and bFGF, but at these concentrations, p42/44 MAP kinase was strongly activated. These data begin to elucidate the mechanisms by which TIMP-1 gene expression can be upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Bigg
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Newcastle, UK
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21
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Abstract
Five genes potentially encoding novel matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been identified on the Arabidopsis thaliana data base. The predicted proteins have a similar domain structure to mammalian MMP-7, with a propeptide and catalytic domain but no C-terminal hemopexin-like domain. Four of the A. thaliana MMPs (At-MMPs) have a predicted C-terminal transmembrane domain. The At-MMPs are differentially expressed in flower, leaf, root, and stem tissues from 14-day-old plants. The cDNA for one of the At-MMPs (At1-MMP) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Following refolding and purification, the proenzyme At1-MMP was shown to undergo autolytic activation in the presence of an organomercurial with a concomitant decrease in M(r). In contrast to this, trypsin-treatment led to the formation of an inactive product. The activated At1-MMP digested myelin basic protein, but was unable to digest gelatin or casein. Three peptide substrates for MMPs were also cleaved by At1-MMP. The enzyme activity of At1-MMP was inhibited by human tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 and the hydroxamate inhibitor BB-94.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Maidment
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dean
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, England.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Norman
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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24
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Bigg HF, McLeod R, Waters J, Cawston TE, Nolan JF, Clark IM. Induction of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 gene expression by all-trans retinoic acid in combination with basic fibroblast growth factor involves both p42/44 and p38 MAP kinases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 878:506-9. [PMID: 10415756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H F Bigg
- Department of Oral, Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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25
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Bahr MJ, Vincent KJ, Arthur MJ, Fowler AV, Smart DE, Wright MC, Clark IM, Benyon RC, Iredale JP, Mann DA. Control of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 promoter in culture-activated rat hepatic stellate cells: regulation by activator protein-1 DNA binding proteins. Hepatology 1999; 29:839-48. [PMID: 10051488 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the injured liver hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) undergo a dramatic phenotypic transformation known as "activation" in which they become myofibroblast-like and express high levels of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1). HSC activation is accompanied by transactivation of the TIMP-1 promoter. Truncation mutagenesis studies delineated a minimal active promoter consisting of nucleotides -102 to +60 relative to the major start site for transcription. Removal of an AP-1 site located at nucleotides -93 to -87 caused almost a complete loss of promoter activity. Analysis of AP-1 DNA binding activities during culture activation of HSCs initially indicated transient expression of proteins capable of forming a low mobility AP-1 DNA binding complex (LMAP-1). LMAP-1 was maximally induced at 24 hours of culture and then fell to undetectable levels at 120 hours. Western blot studies showed that both c-Fos and c-Jun underwent similar transient inductions. These temporal changes in c-Fos and c-Jun activities were unexpected because TIMP-1 mRNA expression is not detected in HSCs until culture day 3 to 5 and is thereafter sustained at a high level. Previous work in other cell lineages has established a key role for Pea3 binding proteins (Ets-1) in AP-1 mediated transactivation of the TIMP-1 promoter. We show that HSCs express relatively low levels Ets-1 and Ets-2 and show that mutagenesis of the Pea3 DNA binding site in the TIMP-1 promoter has less than a twofold effect on its activity in activated HSCs. Further analysis of AP-1 DNA binding activities in 7- to 14-day culture activated HSCs led to the discovery of high mobility AP-1 complexes (HMAP-1). HMAP-1 DNA binding activities were sequence specific with respect to AP-1 and absent from freshly isolated HSCs. Supershift EMSA and Western blot studies identified JunD, Fra2, and FosB as potential components of the HMAP-1. Mutations of the AP-1 site of the TIMP-1 promoter that prevented formation of HMAP-1 caused a 70% loss of activity in transfected activated HSCs. Taken together the data indicate that sustained upregulation of TIMP-1 gene expression may be at least partially controlled by a novel AP-1 dependent regulation of TIMP-1 promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bahr
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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26
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Abstract
The breakdown of aggrecan in cartilage is, in part, mediated by an enzyme named aggrecanase that cleaves within the interglobular domain of the molecule between a glutamic residue and an alanine residue. Although the enzyme cleavage site has been identified, the identity, characteristics and localization of this enzyme remain unclear. We have demonstrated that membranes isolated from stimulated chondrocytes are able to generate aggrecan fragments that are labelled by an antibody that recognizes the new N-terminus formed by aggrecanase activity. It was further shown that the membrane activity was a metalloproteinase but was not inhibited by the naturally occurring matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors, TIMPs 1 and 2. These results show that an aggrecanase activity is associated with the membranes of the chondrocytes and is a metalloproteinase, but might not be a member of the MMP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Billington
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Clinical and Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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27
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Hodges DJ, Reid DG, Rowan AD, Clark IM, Cawston TE. Preparation of recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in high yield and identification of a hydrophobic surface feature. Eur J Biochem 1998; 257:562-9. [PMID: 9839944 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2570562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The work presented here describes an effective method for refolding recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), a 21-kDa protein with six disulphide bonds. A yield of 30 mg TIMP-1/l culture medium was obtained from a high level bacterial expression system, using a slow removal of denaturant in the presence of 0.5 M guanidine and a suitable redox buffer. This protein is identical to the wild-type species when specific activity and secondary structure (by CD) are compared. The fluorescent, hydrophobic compound 8-anilino 1-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS) was used to quantify hydrophobic binding sites on the surface of both wild-type and recombinant TIMP-1. The wild-type protein has 1 binding site with a mean Kd of 1.3 mM and the recombinant protein has 1.5 binding sites with a mean Kd of 0.39 mM. The presence of surface hydrophobic residues is confirmed by selective broadening of ethyl and aromatic signals in the 1H-NMR spectrum on the addition of the paramagnetic probe 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxy, OH-TEMPO, to wild-type TIMP-1. When wild-type TIMP-1 is incubated with the N-terminal fragment of human fibroblast collagenase prior to the addition of ANS, the number of binding sites in the system decreases to 0.5 with a Kd of 0.15 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hodges
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Cawston TE, Curry VA, Summers CA, Clark IM, Riley GP, Life PF, Spaull JR, Goldring MB, Koshy PJ, Rowan AD, Shingleton WD. The role of oncostatin M in animal and human connective tissue collagen turnover and its localization within the rheumatoid joint. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:1760-71. [PMID: 9778217 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199810)41:10<1760::aid-art8>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the interaction of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and oncostatin M (OSM) in promoting cartilage collagen destruction. METHODS Bovine, porcine, and human cartilage and human chondrocytes were studied in culture. The levels of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1 [MMP-1]) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) were measured by bioassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of OSM in rheumatoid synovial fluid were measured by ELISA. RESULTS When combined with OSM, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha released proteoglycan and collagen from cartilage. OSM was the only member of the IL-6 family to have this effect. Human tendon also responded to IL-1alpha and OSM. OSM increased the production of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 but when combined with IL-1alpha, synergistically promoted MMP-1 production in human chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. High levels of OSM were found in human rheumatoid synovial fluids, and confocal microscopy showed that OSM was produced by macrophages in rheumatoid synovial tissue. CONCLUSION These results highlight an important new mechanism by which there is irreversible loss of collagen from cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Cawston
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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29
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Clark IM, Rowan AD, Edwards DR, Bech-Hansen T, Mann DA, Bahr MJ, Cawston TE. Transcriptional activity of the human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) gene in fibroblasts involves elements in the promoter, exon 1 and intron 1. Biochem J 1997; 324 ( Pt 2):611-7. [PMID: 9182725 PMCID: PMC1218473 DOI: 10.1042/bj3240611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The active forms of all of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are inhibited by a family of specific inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Inhibition represents a major level of control of MMP activity. A detailed knowledge of the mechanisms controlling TIMP gene expression is therefore important. We have isolated a genomic clone of the human TIMP-1 gene. A 3 kbp XbaI fragment has been sequenced; this fragment contains 1718 bp 5' flanking sequences, exon 1, a 929 bp intron 1 and part of exon 2. Computer analysis reveals 10 consensus sequences for Sp1, six for activating protein 1 (AP-1), six for polyoma enhancer A3 (PEA3), 12 for AP-2 and five CCAAT boxes. The region hybridizing with a murine TIMP-1 promoter fragment has been subcloned and analysed further. RNase protection identifies six transcription start points, making exon 1 up to 48 bp in length. Transient transfection of promoter-chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase reporter constructs into primary human connective tissue fibroblasts shows that a 904 bp fragment that hybridizes to a murine TIMP-1 promoter fragment contains a functional promoter. Constructs of -738/+95 to -194/+21 are inducible with serum or phorbol ester to a similar extent to the endogenous TIMP-1 gene. These results and further mapping with 5' deletion mutants from the -738/+95 region have demonstrated that an AP-1 site at -92/-86 is essential for basal expression of the gene. Point mutations within this region have further confirmed the role of this site, along with a more minor role for a neighbouring PEA3 site, in basal expression. Deletions from the 3' end also implicate a region across the exon 1/intron 1 boundary and especially +21 to +58 in basal expression. The +21/+58 region contains a putative binding site for the transcription factor leader-binding protein 1 (LBP-1). Gel-shift analysis shows that protein binds specifically to this region, but competition studies suggest that it is unlikely to be LBP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, U.K
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Clark IM, Forde BG, Hallahan DL. Spatially distinct expression of two new cytochrome P450s in leaves of Nepeta racemosa: identification of a trichome-specific isoform. Plant Mol Biol 1997; 33:875-885. [PMID: 9106511 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005706609510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Using a PCR-based approach, two novel cytochrome P450 cDNAs were isolated from a catmint (Nepeta racemosa) leaf cDNA library. The cDNAs (pBSK3C7 and pBSK4C3) were 76.9% identical in their nucleotide sequences, indicating that they are the products of two closely-related genes. A comparison of the sequence of these cDNAs with database sequences indicated that they represent new members of the CYP71 gene family of plant cytochrome P450s. Clone pBSK3C7 contains the full-length coding sequence of a cytochrome P450, whilst pBSK4C3 lacks ca. 6 codons at the 5' end. The cytochromes P450 encoded by these clones were designated CYP71A5 and CYP71A6 (pBSK3C7 and pBSK4C3, respectively). Southern blot analysis indicated that the corresponding genes were present as single copies in the genome of N. racemosa. Northern blot analysis showed that a gene homologous with CYP71A5 was expressed in the related species N. cataria, but no homologue of CYP71A6 was detected in this species. Expression of CYP71A5 in N. racemosa was maximal in flowers, tissues within the apical bud, and young expanded leaves. That of CYP71A6 was maximal in older leaves. Expression of CYP71A5 occurred exclusively in trichomes present on the leaf surfaces, in contrast to that of CYP71A6, which occurred predominantly within the leaf blade tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts., UK
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31
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Plumpton TA, Clark IM, Plumpton C, Calvin J, Cawston TE. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure total TIMP-1 (free TIMP-1 and TIMP-1 in combination with matrix-metalloproteinases) and measurement of TIMP 1 and CRP in serum. Clin Chim Acta 1995; 240:137-54. [PMID: 8548924 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A panel of six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was raised against purified human fibroblast tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and characterised. All possible antibody pairs were tested for their suitability as capture and revealing antibodies in a two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure total TIMP-1 (both free TIMP-1 and TIMP-1 together with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)). Using the best combination of MAbs the assay was optimised. The sensitivity of detection of the assay was 1.4 ng/ml, and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were between 10.4-13.7% and 8.8-9.7%, respectively. Dilution series of human cerebrospinal and synovial fluids, plasma and sera paralleled those of the TIMP-1 standard curve indicating that the immunoreactivity detected in these samples was authentic TIMP-1. TIMP-2 shows no detectable cross reactivity in this assay confirming that this ELISA is specific for TIMP-1. The levels of total TIMP-1 and collagenase were measured in conditioned medium from A2058 human melanoma cells cultured in the absence or presence of human recombinant interleukin-1 alpha (hrIL-1 alpha). Total TIMP-1 was also measured in serum samples with known C-reactive protein (CRP) (n = 100) and alpha 1 antichymotrypsin (ACT) (n = 52) concentrations; no correlation was found between TIMP-1 levels and either of these acute phase reactants although the levels of TIMP-1 were raised when compared to normal sera. This ELISA provides a rapid and convenient procedure for the quantitation of total TIMP-1 in human biological fluids and supernatants from cultured cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Plumpton
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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32
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Cawston TE, Curry V, Ramsey S, Clark IM, Kyle VA, Adebajo A, Silverman B, Daymond T, Hazleman BL. The levels of collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), collagenase approximately TIMP-1 complexes and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in sequential samples of synovial fluid aspirated from patients with osteoarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995; 13:431-7. [PMID: 7586773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collagen turnover in connective tissues is thought to be controlled by the balance between the levels of interstitial collagenase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1). The aim of this study was to measure the level of total collagenase (MMP-1), TIMP-1, collagenase approximately TIMP-1 complex and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in sequential samples of osteoarthritic knee synovial fluid from well documented patients to determine if these parameters changed with time and correlated with clinical indices. METHODS Twenty-one patients were recruited and randomly allocated to receive tiaprofenic acid, indomethacin or naproxen. Total collagenase, TIMP-1, collagenase approximately TIMP-1 complex and GAG were measured in 80 osteoarthritic synovial fluids taken over a period of six months. RESULTS The majority of fluids contained a molar excess of TIMP-1 over collagenase, although in seven fluids collagenase was present in excess; six of these samples were from a single patient. GAG levels were relatively unchanged over the six months studied. CONCLUSION The levels of collagenase and TIMP-1 varied between patients and over time in individual patients. No collagenase approximately TIMP-1 complex was found in any fluid. There was no significant difference in the median levels of collagenase, TIMP-1 or GAG in the different treatment groups. High levels of collagenase were found in one patient with a crystal related disease. These immunoassays give valuable information on the levels of collagenase and TIMP-1 in individual patients with time and may help to determine the mechanisms controlling the turnover of cartilage collagen in different arthritides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Cawston
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Li J, Brick P, O'Hare MC, Skarzynski T, Lloyd LF, Curry VA, Clark IM, Bigg HF, Hazleman BL, Cawston TE. Structure of full-length porcine synovial collagenase reveals a C-terminal domain containing a calcium-linked, four-bladed beta-propeller. Structure 1995; 3:541-9. [PMID: 8590015 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The collagenases are members of the family of zinc-dependent enzymes known as the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). They are the only proteinases that specifically cleave the collagen triple helix, and are important in a large number of physiological and pathological processes. Structures are known for the N-terminal catalytic' domain of collagenases MMP-1 and MMP-8 and of stromelysin (MMP-3). This catalytic domain alone, which comprises about 150 amino acids, has no activity against collagen. A second domain, of 200 amino acids, is homologous to haemopexin, a haem-binding glycoprotein. RESULTS The crystal structure of full-length MMP-1 at 2.5 A resolution gives an R-factor of 21.7%. Two domains are connected by an exposed proline-rich linker of 17 amino acids, which is probably flexible and has no secondary structure. The catalytic domain resembles those previously observed, and contains three calcium-binding sites. The haemopexin-like domain contains four units of four-stranded antiparallel beta sheet stabilized on its fourfold axis by a cation, which is probably calcium. The domain constitutes a four-bladed beta-propeller structure in which the blades are scarcely twisted. CONCLUSIONS The exposed linker accounts for the difficulty in purifying full-length collagenase. The C-terminal domain provides a structural model for haemopexin and its homologues. It controls the specificity of MMPs, affecting both substrate and inhibitor binding, although its role remains obscure. These structural results should aid the design of site-specific mutants which will reveal further details of the specificity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Blackert Laboratory, Imperial College, London, UK
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Agrez MV, Meldrum CJ, Sim AT, Aebersold RH, Clark IM, Cawston TE, Burns GF. A fibroblast elongation factor purified from colon carcinoma cells shares sequence identity with TIMP-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 206:590-600. [PMID: 7826376 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that human colon cancer cells secrete a factor(s) which induces elongation of colon fibroblasts in vitro. Isolation of this factor led to the identification of a 55kD protein with fibroblast stretching activity. Two internal amino acid sequences identified in this protein (YEI; GFQALGDAADI) share complete homology with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Agrez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia
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Abstract
Collagenase is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family whose members are all capable of degrading extracellular matrix components. The mature form of porcine collagenase has been expressed in Escherichia coli using the pAX5 expression vector. The fusion protein consists of beta-galactosidase at the N-terminus joined to a collagen hinge region and a blood-coagulation factor Xa cleavage site linked to an active form of collagenase. Recombinant collagenase was biologically active in the form of a fusion protein; this was cleaved with factor Xa to yield collagenase with the authentic N terminus (phenylalanine) found in vivo and purified in a single step on a peptide hydroxamic acid affinity column. On purification the recombinant porcine collagenase undergoes autolysis at a number of different bonds in the region connecting the active site domain with the C-terminal hemopexin-like domain. This may represent a loop region of poor secondary structure, making it susceptible to relatively nonspecific cleavage. The N-terminal fragment retains a reduced level of collagenolytic activity, along with that against casein and gelatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Cawston TE, Clark IM, Hazleman BL. High free and latent collagenase activity in psoriatic arthritis synovial fluid. Br J Rheumatol 1995; 34:83-4. [PMID: 7881846 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/34.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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37
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Bigg HF, Clark IM, Cawston TE. Fragments of human fibroblast collagenase: interaction with metalloproteinase inhibitors and substrates. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1208:157-65. [PMID: 8086430 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
On purification, active human fibroblast collagenase breaks down by an autolytic mechanism into two major forms (M(r) 22,000 and M(r) 27,000) and one minor form (M(r) 25,000). The ability of human collagenase to bind to the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and to TIMP-2 resides mainly in the active site area of the 22,000 M(r) N-terminal domain of the molecule, but the 27,000 M(r) C-terminal domain also has a role in stabilizing these interactions. The 22,000 M(r) fragment is able to form a complex with TIMP and TIMP-2 which is stable to gel filtration in a similar manner to the whole molecule, but no such complexes are formed by the 27,000 M(r) fragment. Complex formation with the whole molecule is prevented by EDTA and by 1,10-phenanthroline demonstrating the importance of the active site; additionally TIMP and TIMP-2 will compete with a reversibly bound peptide hydroxamic acid inhibitor for the active site. The inhibition of enzyme activity by TIMP and TIMP-2 is less pronounced in the 22,000 M(r) fragment when compared to the whole molecule and a similar effect is seen with the peptide hydroxamic acid inhibitor and also with alpha 2-macroglobulin, suggesting a role for the C-terminal domain in interacting with these inhibitors. Whole molecule collagenase and the 27,000 M(r) fragment bind to type 1 collagen-Sepharose while the 22,000 M(r) fragment exhibits no such binding, suggesting that the C-terminal domain has an important role in the binding of enzyme to substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Bigg
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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38
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Clark IM, Powell LK, Cawston TE. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) stimulates the secretion of collagenase from human skin fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 203:874-80. [PMID: 8093070 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate possible feedback mechanisms in the control of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1). Procollagenase, active collagenase, TIMP-1 and collagenase-TIMP complex were applied to human skin and synovial fibroblasts for 48 hours, the cells were washed and the resulting collagenase and TIMP-1 secretion was measured over the following 72 hours using ELISAs. Of the additions, only TIMP-1 showed any measurable effect, stimulating collagenase secretion over a range of 1-8 micrograms/ml. Endotoxin contamination was ruled out as an explanation and the active conformation of the TIMP-1 molecule was shown to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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39
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Abstract
Collagenase and stromelysin have a premier role in the irreversible degradation of the extracellular matrix seen in rheumatic disease. It is therefore no surprise that considerable attention has been devoted to developing strategies to reduce their levels in diseased joints. Most efforts have focused on inhibiting the activity of the enzymes, either by increasing the concentration of natural inhibitors such as the TIMPs or by introducing into the joint synthetic compounds that will complex with the enzymes and inactivate them. There have also been studies directed at inhibiting enzyme synthesis. These preclinical studies have been carried out in cell-free and/or cell culture systems and in animal models. Despite promising preclinical data, there have been no stunning successes in the clinical arena. The reasons for this are several. In part, they are rooted in the technical difficulties associated with designing inhibitors of enzyme activity that are of high affinity, and then delivering them to the affected joints while still maintaining specificity and efficacy. The complicated structure of the proteoglycan and collagen that comprise articular cartilage, along with the biochemistry of inflamed synovial tissue, only compound the difficulties. In addition to these technical problems, the lack of fundamental knowledge about the biochemistry and molecular biology of the enzymes has handicapped our efforts. We are just resolving the crystal structure of the metalloproteinases (108) and beginning to understand the mechanisms controlling gene expression (67, 68, 70-72). These advances represent significant achievements in metalloproteinase enzymology and biology and should form the scientific basis for a new generation of effective therapies. For example, knowledge of the active site as derived from the crystal structure of the enzymes may facilitate the development of tightly-binding specific inhibitors which function well in vivo. Similarly, based on our current understanding of mechanisms controlling the regulation of both the TIMP genes and the MMP genes, we are beginning to elucidate how to turn these genes on or off, and hopefully, to modulate disease accordingly. Indeed, although some studies are still at a preclinical level, these possible approaches are becoming a reality (109). Arthritic diseases in general, and rheumatoid arthritis in particular, represent a complicated multifaceted set of clinical disorders. The clinical symptoms and pathologic features result from a cascade of biologic pathways that involve acute and chronic inflammation, the immune response, and metalloproteinase biochemistry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Vincenti
- Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire
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40
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Clark IM, Morrison JJ, Hackett GA, Powell EK, Cawston TE, Smith SK. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases: serum levels during pregnancy and labor, term and preterm. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83:532-7. [PMID: 8134062 DOI: 10.1097/00006250-199404000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the levels in serum of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in pregnancy and to examine the possibility of a time course in relation to parturition, both term and preterm. METHODS Serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 333 women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period and in 27 nonpregnant volunteers. Longitudinal data were obtained from 22 women who provided a sample at term, during labor, and in the postpartum period. RESULTS In uncomplicated pregnancies, serum TIMP levels were low from the onset of pregnancy until 37 weeks' gestation, in comparison to levels in nonpregnant women (P < .001). During the final weeks of pregnancy, levels rose and at 37-42 weeks were similar to nonpregnant levels. The levels did not change with the onset of labor. Serum concentrations of TIMP obtained during preterm labor were elevated compared to a control group of patients at a similar gestation who subsequently delivered at term (P < .01). Serum TIMP levels were significantly higher during the postpartum period than at all other times (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Changes in serum TIMP levels during and after pregnancy may parallel the remodeling of the extracellular matrix that takes place throughout this period. Further work is necessary to evaluate the prognostic value of TIMP for preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Department of Rheumatology Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, England
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41
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Morrison JJ, Clark IM, Powell EK, Cawston TE, Hackett GA, Smith SK. Tissue collagenase: serum levels during pregnancy and parturition. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1994; 54:71-5. [PMID: 8045336 DOI: 10.1016/0028-2243(94)90083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Serum levels of tissue collagenase, matrix metalloproteinase-1, were measured in both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, in 332 pregnant women and 27 non-pregnant volunteers. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used is the first described to measure collagenase in serum directly, is specific, and is rapid and reproducible. Levels were determined throughout pregnancy, during term and preterm labour, and in the post-partum period. Serum tissue collagenase levels were elevated in pregnancy (P < 0.001). There was no difference between levels of serum collagenase prior to labour at term and those observed during labour. Similarly, there was no significant difference in levels obtained during preterm labour and those at a similar gestation in women who subsequently delivered at term. No significant decrease in levels had occurred by the 4th post-partum day. In view of these findings of unaltered matrix metalloproteinase-1 levels in association with labour, previous reports of raised serum collagenase activity in association with the onset of spontaneous labour, at term and preterm gestation periods, may be due to increased neutrophil collagenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Morrison
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Rosie Maternity Hospital, UK
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42
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Cawston TE, Bigg HF, Clark IM, Hazleman BL. Identification of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2)-progelatinase complex as the third metalloproteinase inhibitor peak in rheumatoid synovial fluid. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 52:177-81. [PMID: 8484669 PMCID: PMC1005013 DOI: 10.1136/ard.52.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The metalloproteinases are a family of enzymes that can degrade all the components of the extracellular matrix. These potent enzymes are often found in proenzyme forms and require activation before the substrate can be digested. To prevent unlimited connective tissue destruction a number of inhibitors exist to limit their activity. In a previous study it was found that metalloproteinases in proenzyme form and metalloproteinase inhibitors were often present in rheumatoid synovial fluids. Two of these inhibitors were identified in rheumatoid synovial fluid as alpha 2 macroglobulin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), the specific metalloproteinase inhibitor. A third inhibitory peak was unidentified. In the study reported here it was shown that this third inhibitor can be purified using gelatin-Sepharose chromatography and consists of TIMP-2 bound to progelatinase (relative molecular weight 72,000) in a similar way to that found in concentrated connective tissue culture medium. The importance of these proteinase inhibitors in synovial fluid is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Cawston
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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43
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Clark IM, Powell LK, Ramsey S, Hazleman BL, Cawston TE. The measurement of collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), and collagenase-TIMP complex in synovial fluids from patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36:372-9. [PMID: 8452582 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780360313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the levels of collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), and collagenase-TIMP complex in synovial fluid (SF) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and patients with osteoarthritis (OA). This study aims to clarify existing data from previously used enzyme or inhibitor activity assays performed following separation by gel filtration, by using a 1-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for each component. METHODS Total collagenase, free TIMP, and collagenase-TIMP complex were measured using a newly developed, specific double-antibody sandwich ELISA: RESULTS Levels of both collagenase and TIMP were significantly higher in RA patients (collagenase 1,560 +/- 150 ng/ml [mean +/- SEM], TIMP 1,610 +/- 130 ng/ml; n = 80) than OA patients (collagenase 420 +/- 90 ng/ml, TIMP 1,050 +/- 60 ng/ml; n = 80), with the difference being especially striking for collagenase. Sixteen RA fluids had detectable levels of collagenase-TIMP complex, compared with only 3 OA fluids. CONCLUSION The level of total collagenase in SF is greater in RA than OA, while levels of free TIMP show more overlap between the 2 diseases; this may simply reflect the increased inflammation seen in RA, or it may reflect a different disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Clark IM, Powell LK, Wright JK, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. Monoclonal antibodies against human fibroblast collagenase and the design of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure total collagenase. Matrix 1992; 12:475-80. [PMID: 1287416 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against purified human fibroblast collagenase and characterised. One of these antibodies has been used in combination with a polyclonal anticollagenase antibody in a double antibody sandwich ELISA to measure collagenase. The assay range was 2-50 ng/ml collagenase. The assay measures total collagenase, i.e. pro- and active enzyme as well as collagenase in complex with TIMP. The level of collagenase has been measured in sera samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and compared with age- and sex-matched controls. The levels measured were: rheumatoid arthritis, 69 +/- 29 ng/ml; normal, 49 +/- 14 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Curry VA, Clark IM, Bigg H, Cawston TE. Large inhibitor of metalloproteinases (LIMP) contains tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 bound to 72,000-M(r) progelatinase. Biochem J 1992; 285 ( Pt 1):143-7. [PMID: 1637293 PMCID: PMC1132757 DOI: 10.1042/bj2850143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Connective-tissue cells in culture produce a family of metalloproteinases which, once activated, can degrade all the components of the extracellular matrix. These potent enzymes are all inhibited by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), and it was thought that this inhibitor was solely responsible for the inhibition of these enzymes within connective tissue. However, other inhibitors have recently been described, including large inhibitor of metalloproteinases (LIMP) present in the culture medium of human foetal lung fibroblasts. Here we show that a large proportion of the inhibitory activity of LIMP consists of 72,000-M(r)-progelatinase bound to TIMP-2, a recently discovered low-M(r) metalloproteinase inhibitor closely related to TIMP. The physiological implications of the secretion of a complex of 72,000-M(r) progelatinase and TIMP-2 are discussed, and the separation of the complex in 6 M-urea is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Curry
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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46
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Clark IM, Wright JK, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. Polyclonal antibodies against human fibroblast collagenase and the design of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure TIMP-collagenase complex. Matrix 1992; 12:108-15. [PMID: 1318493 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A polyclonal antibody has been raised against purified human fibroblast collagenase and characterised. This antibody has been used in combination with a monoclonal anti-TIMP antibody in a double antibody sandwich ELISA to measure TIMP-collagenase complex. The assay range was 5-50 ng/ml complex, quantitated in terms of the TIMP component. The assay can measure complex even in the presence of at least a 40-fold excess of free TIMP. The level of TIMP-collagenase complex has been measured in serial samples of synovial fluid from two patients with septic arthritis; high levels of complex are found in some samples, and the level of complex shows an inverse relationship with the level of free TIMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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47
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Wright JK, Clark IM, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. The secretion of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) by human synovial fibroblasts is modulated by all-trans-retinoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1133:25-30. [PMID: 1661164 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90237-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases are a family of enzymes involved in the turnover of the connective tissues. The regulation of these enzymes is complex, involving the control of synthesis, the activation of proenzyme forms and the presence of specific inhibitors. Retinoids have been reported to inhibit the production of metalloproteinases by human and rabbit synovial fibroblasts and by human skin fibroblasts. The production of the highly specific tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) by connective tissue cells may be crucial in the regulation of connective tissue breakdown and this present study was undertaken to determine if retinoic acid (RA) could modulate TIMP and collagenase production by synovial fibroblasts. The results show that RA at concentrations from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M significantly stimulated the secretion of TIMP by two of three human synovial cell lines. The effect of mononuclear cell factor (MCF) on TIMP and collagenase levels was also investigated. The apparent reduction of collagenase levels in the presence of RA, could result from a failure to accurately measure this enzyme in the presence of increased levels of TIMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Wright
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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48
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Hewitt RE, Leach IH, Powe DG, Clark IM, Cawston TE, Turner DR. Distribution of collagenase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in colorectal tumours. Int J Cancer 1991; 49:666-72. [PMID: 1657796 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910490507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased collagenase activity in colorectal carcinomas has recently been shown to be associated with increased malignant potential. To determine the tissue distribution of collagenase and its specific inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), we carried out an immunohistochemical study on colorectal carcinomas (n = 20), adenomas (n = 7) and normal mucosa (n = 6). We found increased staining for collagenase in the connective tissue stroma of carcinomas, as compared with adenomas and normal mucosa. Little evidence of epithelial cell staining for collagenase was seen in any tissue. In carcinomas, both stromal fibroblasts and collagen fibres stained strongly and stromal staining was strongest close to neoplastic glands. Vascular staining was more prominent in neoplastic than normal tissues, perhaps reflecting the increased proteolytic activity during tumour angiogenesis. The pattern of TIMP immunostaining was similar to that of collagenase, although basement membrane staining for TIMP was generally more intense. Another difference was that, unlike TIMP, staining for collagenase was often increased at the invasive edge of carcinomas, perhaps reflecting increased collagenase activity at this location.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hewitt
- Department of Histopathology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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50
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Clark IM, Powell LK, Wright JK, Cawston TE. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and the design of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure TIMP. Matrix 1991; 11:76-85. [PMID: 1649376 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been raised against purified human fibroblast tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and characterised. Combinations of antibodies were tested for their suitability in a double antibody sandwich ELISA to measure TIMP. Two combinations were applicable to the immunoassay: (i) a monoclonal capture antibody with a polyclonal detecting antibody; (ii) two monoclonal antibodies. The assay range was (i) 2-50 ng/ml and (ii) 5-50 ng/ml of human TIMP. The levels of TIMP in several human body fluids were measured using assay (ii), and values in ng/ml with standard deviations (n-1) obtained as follows: serum, 299 +/- 62; plasma, 109 +/- 35; amniotic fluid, 724 +/- 62; cerebrospinal fluid, 144 +/- 156; saliva, 209 +/- 103.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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