Chemically-defined and scalable culture system for intestinal stem cells derived from human intestinal organoids

Three-dimensional human intestinal organoids (hIO) are widely used as a platform for biological and biomedical research. However, reproducibility and challenges for large-scale expansion limit their applicability. Here, we establish a human intestinal stem cell (ISC) culture method expanded under feeder-free and fully defined conditions through selective enrichment of ISC populations (ISC3D-hIO) within hIO derived from human pluripotent stem cells. The intrinsic self-organisation property of ISC3D-hIO, combined with air-liquid interface culture in a minimally defined medium, forces ISC3D-hIO to differentiate into the intestinal epithelium with cellular diversity, villus-like structure, and barrier integrity. Notably, ISC3D-hIO is an ideal cell source for gene editing to study ISC biology and transplantation for intestinal diseases. We demonstrate the intestinal epithelium differentiated from ISC3D-hIO as a model system to study severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral infection. ISC3D-hIO culture technology provides a biological tool for use in regenerative medicine and disease modelling.

Novel Dihydrocoumarins Induced by Radiolysis as Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors

A representative naturally occurring coumarin, 4-methylumbelliferone (5), was exposed to 50 kGy of gamma ray, resulting in four newly generated dihydrocoumarin products 1-4 induced by the gamma irradiation. The structures of these new products were elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data (NMR, MS, [α]D, and UV). The unusual bisdihydrocoumarin 4 exhibited improved tyrosinase inhibitory capacity toward mushroom tyrosinase with IC50 values of 19.8 ± 0.5 μM as compared to the original 4-methylumbelliferone (5). A kinetic analysis also exhibited that the potent metabolite 4 had non-competitive modes of action. Linkage of the hydroxymethyl group in the C-3 and C-4 positions on the lactone ring probably enhances the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of 4-methylumbelliferone (5). Thus, the novel coumarin analog 4 is an interesting new class of tyrosinase inhibitory candidates that requires further examination.

Particulate matter-mediated oxidative stress induces airway inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction through TXNIP/NF-κB and modulation of the SIRT1-mediated p53 and TGF-β/Smad3 pathways in mice

Exposure to particulate matter is currently recognized as a serious aggravating factor of respiratory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of particulate matter (PM) on the respiratory system in BALB/c mice and NCI-H292 cells. PM (0, 2.5, 5 and 20 mg/kg) was administered to mice by intra-tracheal instillation for 7 days. After a 7 day-repeated treatment of PM, we evaluated inflammatory cytokines/cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and conducted pulmonary histology and functional test. We also investigated the role of TXNIP/NF-κB and SIRT1-mediated p53 and TGF-β/Smad3 pathways in PM-induced airway inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction. PM caused a significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. PM-mediated oxidative stress down-regulated thioredoxin-1 and up-regulated thioredoxin-interacting protein and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in the lung tissue and PM-treated NCI-H292 cells. PM suppressed sirtuin1 protein levels and increased p53 acetylation in PM-exposed mice and PM-treated NCI-H292 cells. In addition, PM caused inflammatory cell infiltration and the thickening of alveolar walls by exacerbating the inflammatory response in the lung tissue. PM increased levels of transforming growth factor-β, phosphorylation of Smad3 and activation of α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen type1A2 in PM-exposed mice and PM-treated NCI-H292 cells. In pulmonary function tests, PM exposure impaired pulmonary function resembling pulmonary fibrosis, characterized by increased resistance and elastance of the respiratory system, and resistance, elastance, and damping of lung tissues, whereas decreased compliance of the respiratory system, forced expired volume and forced vital capacity. Overall, PM-mediated oxidative stress caused airway inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction with pulmonary fibrosis via TXNIP pathway/NF-κB activation and modulation of the SIRT1-mediated TGF-β/Smad3 pathways. The results of this study can provide fundamental data on the potential adverse effects and underlying mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis caused by PM exposure as a public health concern. Due to the potential toxicity of PM, people with respiratory disease must be careful with PM exposure.

WGA-M001, a Mixture of Total Extracts of Tagetes erecta and Ocimum basilicum, Synergistically Alleviates Cartilage Destruction by Inhibiting ERK and NF-κB Signaling

Tagetes erecta and Ocimum basilicum are medicinal plants that exhibit anti-inflammatory effects against various diseases. However, their individual and combined effects on osteoarthritis (OA) are unknown. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of T. erecta, O. basilicum, and their mixture, WGA-M001, on OA pathogenesis. The administration of total extracts of T. erecta and O. basilicum reduced cartilage degradation and inflammation without causing cytotoxicity. Although WGA-M001 contained lower concentrations of the individual extracts, it strongly inhibited the expression of pathogenic factors. In vivo OA studies also supported that WGA-M001 had protective effects against cartilage destruction at lower doses than those of T. erecta and O. basilicum. Moreover, its effects were stronger than those observed using Boswellia and Perna canaliculus. WGA-M001 effectively inhibited the interleukin (IL)-1β-induced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of the activated B cell (NF-κB) pathway and ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, RNA-sequence analysis also showed that WGA-M001 decreased the expression of genes related to the IL-1β-induced NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways. Therefore, WGA-M001 is more effective than the single total extracts of T. erecta and O. basilicum in attenuating OA progression by regulating ERK and NF-κB signaling. Our results open new possibilities for WGA-M001 as a potential therapeutic agent for OA treatment.

The effects of fucoidan-rich polysaccharides extracted from Sargassum horneri on enhancing collagen-related skin barrier function as a potential cosmetic product

BACKGROUND

Sargassum horneri came ashore after flowing from the South China Sea to Jeju Island a few years ago. This caused a significant environmental impact on coastal areas where S. horneri has accumulated because of decomposition and the release of toxic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide.

AIMS

In this study, we evaluated a biological ingredient prepared from fucoidan-rich S. horneri and demonstrated its antiwrinkle effects on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced fibroblast cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fucoidan samples from S. horneri were prepared according to a previously published process with modifications. The compositional analysis of S. horneri fucoidan extract (SHFE) as well as its effects on antiaging were examined to determine its utility as a functional material.

RESULTS

SHFE exhibited antioxidant properties using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Treatment of UVB-induced fibroblasts with SHFE significantly increased the synthesis of procollagen compared with adenosine treatment and inhibited MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression. In a clinical study, SHFE lotion improved skin barrier effects in forearms and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values were reduced after 3 weeks of use compared with a placebo.

CONCLUSION

SHFE has utility as an additive with functional antiaging effects for a range of cosmetic products as it restores skin hydration in the epidermal barrier.

Effects of melamine and cyanuric acid on placental and fetal development in rats

Melamine or cyanuric acid alone has low toxicity, but combined exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid was reported to cause unexpected toxicological effects. This study investigated the potential effects and toxic mechanism of combined exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid on placental and fetal development in rats. Exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid caused maternal toxicity manifested by increased abnormal symptoms and decreased body weight gain. Developmental toxic effects included a decrease in placental and fetal weights with increased fetal deaths and post-implantation loss. Melamine and cyanuric acid induced oxidative stress in the developing placenta and fetus. The placentas from rats treated with melamine and cyanuric acid showed shortening of the placental layers with histological changes, decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptotic changes, and decreased insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and placental lactogen (PL) expression levels. Fetuses from melamine- and cyanuric acid-treated dams showed increased apoptotic changes and suppressed cellular proliferation in their livers and vertebrae. Consequently, combined exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid resulted in high levels of oxidative stress and impaired placental development associated with impairment of the IGF/IGFBP and PL systems, resulting in increased apoptotic changes and reduced fetal cell proliferation.

Myristica fragrans Extract Inhibits Platelet Desialylation and Activation to Ameliorate Sepsis-Associated Thrombocytopenia in a Murine CLP-Induced Sepsis Model

Sepsis, characterized by an uncontrolled host inflammatory response to infections, remains a leading cause of death in critically ill patients worldwide. Sepsis-associated thrombocytopenia (SAT), a common disease in patients with sepsis, is an indicator of disease severity. Therefore, alleviating SAT is an important aspect of sepsis treatment; however, platelet transfusion is the only available treatment strategy for SAT. The pathogenesis of SAT involves increased platelet desialylation and activation. In this study, we investigated the effects of Myristica fragrans ethanol extract (MF) on sepsis and SAT. Desialylation and activation of platelets treated with sialidase and adenosine diphosphate (platelet agonist) were assessed using flow cytometry. The extract inhibited platelet desialylation and activation via inhibiting bacterial sialidase activity in washed platelets. Moreover, MF improved survival and reduced organ damage and inflammation in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. It also prevented platelet desialylation and activation via inhibiting circulating sialidase activity, while maintaining platelet count. Inhibition of platelet desialylation reduces hepatic Ashwell-Morell receptor-mediated platelet clearance, thereby reducing hepatic JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation and thrombopoietin mRNA expression. This study lays a foundation for the development of plant-derived therapeutics for sepsis and SAT and provides insights into sialidase-inhibition-based sepsis treatment strategies.

Solubilized curcuminoid complex prevents extensive immunosuppression through immune restoration and antioxidant activity: Therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

The therapeutic benefits of curcuminoids in various diseases have been extensively reported. However, little is known regarding their preventive effects on extensive immunosuppression. We investigated the immunoregulatory effects of a curcuminoid complex (CS/M), solubilized with stevioside, using a microwave-assisted method in a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressive mouse model and identified its new pharmacological benefits. CTX-treated mice showed a decreased number of innate cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells, and adaptive immune cells (CD4 and CD8 T cells) in the spleen. In addition, CTX administration decreased T cell activation, especially that of Th1 and CD8 T cells, whereas it increased Th2 and regulatory T (Treg) cell activations. Pre-exposure of CS/M to CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice restored the number of innate cells (DCs, neutrophils, and NK cells) and increased their activity (including the activity of macrophages). Exposure to CS/M also led to the superior restoration of T cell numbers, including Th1, activated CD8 T cells, and multifunctional T cells, suppressed by CTX, along with a decrease in Th2 and Treg cells. Furthermore,CTX-injected mice pre-exposed to CS/M were accompanied by an increase in the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), which play an essential role against oxidative stress. Importantly, CS/M treatment significantly reduced viral loads in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2-infected hamsters and attenuated the gross pathology in the lungs. These results provide new insights into the immunological properties of CS/M in preventing extensive immunosuppression and offer new therapeutic opportunities against various cancers and infectious diseases caused by viruses and intracellular bacteria.

Anti-wrinkle properties of Angelica gigas Nakai root extracts using mineral-rich water

BACKGROUND

Angelica gigas Nakai is used as an herbal pharmaceutical material in Korea.

AIMS

To investigate the anti-wrinkle effects of A. gigas Nakai root extracts (ARE) using mineral-rich water in in vitro and clinical trials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cell viability of ARE was evaluated using a water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay. After evaluating ARE's cytotoxicity, we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit to assess the effects of ARE on type I collagen in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). During a double-blinded in vivo clinical study, participants were randomly assigned to use the sample and placebo formulations for the left and right sides of their face over an 8-week period. We evaluated the anti-wrinkle properties of the formulations using PRIMOS Lite and a global photodamage score.

RESULTS

A. gigas Nakai root extracts cytotoxicity was evaluated in HDFs. We demonstrate that ARE increased type I collagen production by 40% at 50 μg/ml as compared with the control. The use of an ARE lotion significantly reduced the presence of crow's feet wrinkles in comparison with the use of the placebo after 8 weeks. Additionally, use of the ARE lotion led to decreased photodamage scores, indicating anti-wrinkle effects.

CONCLUSION

The use of ARE with mineral-rich water has anti-wrinkle effects in in vitro and clinical trials.

Inhibitory effects of aloin on lipopolysaccharide-induced severe inflammatory responses

Aloin is the main anthraquinone glycoside from Aloe species. Here, the anti-inflammatory functions of aloin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced vascular inflammatory responses were tested in endothelial cells or mice such as permeability, expressions of cell adhesion molecule (CAM), migration of leukocytes and lethality. Aloin was found to inhibit LPS-induced barrier disruption, CAM expression, and neutrophil adhesion/transendothelial migration to endothelial cells. Furthermore, aloin inhibited LPS-induced hyperpermeability, leukocyte migration, lethality in vivo. These results suggest that aloin has anti-inflammatory activities against LPS, thereby supporting its usefulness as a treatment for vascular inflammatory.

Smartphone-Based SARS-CoV-2 and Variants Detection System using Colorimetric DNAzyme Reaction Triggered by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) with Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected people for over two years. Moreover, the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has raised concerns regarding its accurate diagnosis. Here, we report a colorimetric DNAzyme reaction triggered by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), referred to as DAMPR assay for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and variants genes with attomolar sensitivity within an hour. The CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system eliminated false-positive signals of LAMP products, improving the accuracy of DAMPR assay. Further, we fabricated a portable DAMPR assay system using a three-dimensional printing technique and developed a machine learning (ML)-based smartphone application to routinely check diagnostic results of SARS-CoV-2 and variants. Among blind tests of 136 clinical samples, the proposed system successfully diagnosed COVID-19 patients with a clinical sensitivity and specificity of 100% each. More importantly, the D614G (variant-common), T478K (delta-specific), and A67V (omicron-specific) mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 S gene were detected selectively, enabling the diagnosis of 70 SARS-CoV-2 delta or omicron variant patients. The DAMPR assay system is expected to be employed for on-site, rapid, accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants gene and employed in the diagnosis of various infectious diseases.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based immunoassay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected humans worldwide for over a year now. Although various tests have been developed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, advanced sensing methods are required for the diagnosis, screening, and surveillance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we report a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based immunoassay involving an antibody pair, SERS-active hollow Au nanoparticles (NPs), and magnetic beads for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The selected antibody pair against the SARS-CoV-2 antigen, along with the magnetic beads, facilitates the accurate direct detection of the virus. The hollow Au NPs exhibit strong, reproducible SERS signals, allowing sensitive quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2. This assay had detection limits of 2.56 fg/mL for the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and 3.4 plaque-forming units/mL for the SARS-CoV-2 lysates. Furthermore, it facilitated the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in human nasopharyngeal aspirates and diagnosis of COVID-19 within 30 min using a portable Raman device. Thus, this assay can be potentially used for the diagnosis and prevention of COVID-19.

Melatonin Alleviates Silica Nanoparticle-Induced Lung Inflammation via Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Downregulation

Silica dioxide nanoparticles (SiONPs) have been increasingly used in various industries; however, this has raised concerns regarding their potential toxicity. SiONPs are also a major component in the Asian sand dust that causes pulmonary diseases among the general public. Melatonin exerts some inhibitory effects against lung inflammation. In this study, we explored the therapeutic properties of melatonin against lung inflammation using an SiONPs-induced lung inflammation murine model and SiONPs-stimulated H292 cells, human airway epithelial cell line, by focusing on the involvement of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in the modulation of the MAPKs/AP-1 axis. We induced an inflammatory response by exposing mouse lungs and the H292 cells to SiONPs and confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin. Melatonin inhibited the expression of various inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, in SiONPs-exposed mice and SiONPs-stimulated H292 cells; this inhibition contributed to a decline in inflammatory cell accumulation in the lung tissues. Furthermore, melatonin treatment decreased the expression of MAPKs and AP-1 by downregulating TXNIP, eventually decreasing the production of SiONPs-induced inflammatory mediators. Overall, these data suggest that melatonin reduces SiONPs-induced lung inflammation by downregulating the TXNIP/MAPKs/AP-1 signalling pathway, thereby supporting the use of melatonin as an effective approach to control SiONPs-induced lung inflammation.

Four-Week Repeated Intravenous Dose Toxicity of Self-Assembled-Micelle Inhibitory RNA-Targeting Amphiregulin in Mice

The present study investigated the potential subchronic toxicity of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG) in mice. The test reagent was administered once-daily by intravenous injection for 4 weeks at 0, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg/day doses. Additional recovery groups (vehicle control and high dose groups) were observed for a 2-week recovery period. During the test period, mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weight, and histopathology were examined. An increase in the percentages of basophil and large unstained cells was observed in the 200 and 300 mg/kg/day groups of both sexes. In addition, the absolute and relative weights of the spleen were higher in males given 300 mg/kg/day relative to the concurrent controls. However, these findings were considered of no toxicological significance because the changes were minimal, were not accompanied by other relevant results (eg, correlating microscopic changes), and were not observed at the end of the 2-week recovery period indicating recovery of the findings. Based on the results, SAMiRNA-AREG did not cause treatment-related adverse effects at dose levels of up to 300 mg/kg/day in mice after 4-week repeated intravenous doses. Under these conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the SAMiRNA-AREG was ≥300 mg/kg/day in both sexes and no target organs were identified.

Genotoxicity evaluation of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG), a novel siRNA nanoparticle for the treatment of fibrotic disease

The self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG) is a novel small-interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoparticle that is used for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. We investigated the potential genotoxicity of SAMiRNA-AREG based on the guidelines published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), SAMiRNA-AREG did not induce mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA at concentrations of up to 3000 μg/plate with or without metabolic activation. The SAMiRNA-AREG (concentrations up to 500 μg/mL) did not induce chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells with or without metabolic activation. In the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, the SAMiRNA-AREG (concentrations up to 300 mg/kg body weight) did not affect the proportions of polychromatic erythrocytes and total erythrocytes, nor did it increase the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in ICR mice. Collectively, these results suggest that SAMiRNA-AREG is safe with regard to genotoxicity such as mutagenesis or clastogenesis under the present experimental conditions. These results might support the safety of SAMiRNA-AREG as a potential therapeutic agent for pharmaceutical development.

Safety pharmacology of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG), a novel siRNA nanoparticle platform

The present safety pharmacology core battery studies (neurobehavior, respiratory, cardiovascular system, and human ether a-go-go (hERG) channel current) investigated the potential harmful effects of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG). The SAMiRNA-AREG was administered by single intravenous injection at up to 300 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg in mice and monkeys, respectively. The hERG assay was performed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at SAMiRNA-AREG concentrations of up to 200 μg/mL. In the evaluation on neurobehavior, a transient decrease in body temperature was found at 0.5 h (30 min) post-dose at both sexes in mice, with a single 300 mg/kg dose of SAMiRNA-AREG. However, these effects had returned to normal at 1 h post-dose. In the evaluation on hERG channel current, there were statistically significant differences in the inhibition of peak hERG potassium channel current between the 20, 100, and 200 μg/mL SAMiRNA-AREG treatment groups and the vehicle control group. However, these effects were less potent than that of E-4031, a positive control article. For the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, no treatment-related changes were observed in mice or monkeys. Thus, under these experimental conditions, these studies suggest that SAMiRNA-AREG showed no adverse effects on the neurobehavior, respiratory, and cardiovascular function.

Evaluation of 13-week subchronic toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. root extract in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Platycodi radix is widely used in traditional herbal medicine for bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. However, data on safety of Platycodi radix are insufficient.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was performed to evaluate the potential subchronic toxicity of Platycodi radix water extract through a 13-week repeated oral dose experiment in Sprague-Dawley rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty male and 40 female rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: three treatment groups receiving 300, 1000, and 3000 mg/kg/day of Platycodi radix water extract and a vehicle control group receiving sterile distilled water for 13 weeks.

RESULTS

Repeated oral administration of the Platycodi radix water extract to rats resulted in an increased incidence of centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in the liver, diffuse follicular cell hypertrophy in the thyroid gland, and squamous hyperplasia of the limiting ridge in the stomach at dose levels of ≥500 mg/kg/day of both genders. However, these findings are considered be adaptive non-adverse changes because these findings were observed without organ weight change or clinical pathology alterations. No treatment-related effects on clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, and organ weights were observed at any dose tested.

CONCLUSION

Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the Platycodi radix water extract was considered to be ≥ 3000 mg/kg/day in rats, and no target organs were identified.

Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. Attenuates Airway Inflammation and Mucus Overproduction in a Murine Model of Ovalbumin-Challenged Asthma

Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. (AH), a member of the Betulaceae family, is widely used in Eastern Asia of as a source of medicinal compounds for the treatment of hemorrhage, diarrhea, and alcoholism. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of a methanolic extract of AH branches against airway inflammation and mucus production in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated NCI-H292 cells and in an ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged allergic asthma mouse model. Female BALB/c mice were injected with OVA (40 μg) and aluminum hydroxide (2 mg) on days 0 and 14 to induce allergic airway inflammation. The mice were then challenged with 1% OVA from days 21–23. Mice were treated with AH (50 and 100 mg/kg/day; 2% DMSO) or dexamethasone (positive control; 3 mg/kg/day) from days 18–23. AH treatment effectively attenuated airway resistance/hyperresponsiveness and reduced levels of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines, eotaxins, and number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and immunoglobulin E in serums of OVA-challenged mice. In histological analysis, AH treatment significantly inhibited airway inflammation and mucus production in OVA-challenged mice. AH treatment downregulated the phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha, p65 nuclear factor-kappa B (p65NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases with suppression of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in lung tissue. Moreover, AH treatment decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th2 cytokines, as well as MUC5AC expression, and inhibited the phosphorylation of p65NF-κB in TNF-α-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. These results indicate that AH might represent a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic asthma.

Native High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) with Higher Paraoxonase Exerts a Potent Antiviral Effect against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), While Glycated HDL Lost the Antiviral Activity

Human high-density lipoproteins (HDL) show a broad spectrum of antiviral activity in terms of anti-infection. Although many reports have pointed out a correlation between a lower serum HDL-C and a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and progression, the in vitro antiviral activity of HDL against SARS-CoV-2 has not been reported. HDL functionality, such as antioxidant and anti-infection, can be impaired by oxidation and glycation and a change to pro-inflammatory properties. This study compared the antiviral activity of native HDL with glycated HDL via fructosylation and native low-density lipoproteins (LDL). After 72 h of fructosylation, glycated HDL showed a typical multimerized protein pattern with an elevation of yellowish fluorescence. Glycated HDL showed a smaller particle size with an ambiguous shape and a loss of paraoxonase activity up to 51% compared to native HDL. The phagocytosis of acetylated LDL was accelerated 1.3-fold by glycated HDL than native HDL. Native HDL showed 1.7 times higher cell viability and 3.6 times higher cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition activity against SARS-CoV-2 than that of glycated HDL under 60 μg/mL (approximately final 2.2 μM) in a Vero E6 cell. Native HDL showed EC₅₀ = 52.1 ± 1.1 μg/mL (approximately final 1.8 μM) for the CPE and CC₅₀ = 79.4 ± 1.5 μg/mL (around 2.8 μM). The selective index (SI) of native HDL was calculated to be 1.52. In conclusion, native HDL shows potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 without cytotoxicity, while the glycation of HDL impairs its antiviral activity. These results may explain why patients with diabetes mellitus or hypertension are more sensitive to a COVID-19 infection and have a higher risk of mortality.

Inhibitory effects of aloin on TGFBIp-mediated septic responses

Aloin is the major anthraquinone glycoside obtained from the Aloe species. Transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) is an extracellular matrix protein and released by primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and functions as a mediator of experimental sepsis. We hypothesized that aloin could reduce TGFBIp-mediated severe inflammatory responses in HUVECs and mice. Aloin effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of TGFBIp and suppressed TGFBIp-mediated septic responses. Aloin suppressed TGFBIp-induced sepsis lethality and pulmonary injury. Therefore, aloin is a potential therapeutic agent for various severe vascular inflammatory diseases, with inhibition of the TGFBIp signaling pathway as the mechanism of action. [Formula: see text].

Suppressive effects of aloin on polyphosphate-mediated vascular inflammatory responses

Human endothelial cells-derived polyphosphate (PolyP) is one of the pro-inflammatory mediators as suggested by the previous reports. Aloin is the major anthraquinone glycoside obtained from the Aloe species and exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Aloin inhibits PolyP-mediated barrier disruption, the expressions of cell adhesion molecules, and adhesion/migration of leukocyte to HUVEC. PolyP-induced NF-κB activation and the productions of TNF-α and IL-6 were inhibited by aloin in HUVECs. These anti-inflammatory functions of aloin were confirmed in PolyP-injected mice. In conclusion, based on the anti-inflammatory effects of aloin in PolyP-mediated septic response, aloin has therapeutic potential for various systemic inflammatory diseases.

Colorimetric Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Drug-Resistant pH1N1 Using CRISPR/dCas9

Viruses have been a continuous threat to human beings. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a pandemic that is still ongoing worldwide. Previous pandemic influenza A virus (pH1N1) might be re-emerging through a drug-resistant mutation. We report a colorimetric viral detection method based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 endonuclease dead (dCas9) system. In this method, RNA in the viral lysate was directly recognized by the CRISPR/dCas9 system with biotin-protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-presenting oligonucleotide (PAMmer). Streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase then bound to biotin-PAMmer, inducing a color change through the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. Using the developed method, we successfully identified SARS-CoV-2, pH1N1, and pH1N1/H275Y viruses by the naked eye. Moreover, the detection of viruses in human nasopharyngeal aspirates and sputum was demonstrated. Finally, clinical samples from COVID-19 patients led to a successful diagnosis. We anticipate that the current method can be employed for simple and accurate diagnosis of viruses.

Colorimetric Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Drug-Resistant pH1N1 Using CRISPR/dCas9

Viruses have been a continuous threat to human beings. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a pandemic that is still ongoing worldwide. Previous pandemic influenza A virus (pH1N1) might be re-emerging through a drug-resistant mutation. We report a colorimetric viral detection method based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 endonuclease dead (dCas9) system. In this method, RNA in the viral lysate was directly recognized by the CRISPR/dCas9 system with biotin-protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-presenting oligonucleotide (PAMmer). Streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase then bound to biotin-PAMmer, inducing a color change through the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. Using the developed method, we successfully identified SARS-CoV-2, pH1N1, and pH1N1/H275Y viruses by the naked eye. Moreover, the detection of viruses in human nasopharyngeal aspirates and sputum was demonstrated. Finally, clinical samples from COVID-19 patients led to a successful diagnosis. We anticipate that the current method can be employed for simple and accurate diagnosis of viruses.

Oleanolic Acid Acetate Alleviates Symptoms of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice by Regulating Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is expressed by several immune cells in the central nervous system and plays an important role in neuroinflammation. TLR2 upregulation has been reported in multiple sclerosis patients and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. Therefore, modulating TLR2 signaling can be an effective treatment strategy against MS. Oleanolic acid acetate (OAA) has antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Hence, this study aimed to examine the effects of OAA on TLR2 signaling and neuroinflammation in EAE. EAE was induced in C57/BL6 mice using synthesized myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)_35-55 peptide, and OAA was administered daily. Hind limb paralysis and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the spinal cords of EAE mice. Moreover, T-cell proliferation was significantly stimulated in splenic cells from EAE mice. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord was upregulated, and their serum protein levels were increased in EAE mice. Furthermore, upregulation of TLR2 and downstream signaling molecules was observed in the spinal cord. These pathological changes were reversed by OAA treatment. Our results suggest that OAA might have promising therapeutic properties and that the TLR signaling pathway is an effective therapeutic target against multiple sclerosis.

Lindera obtusiloba Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Ovalbumin-Challenged Asthma

Lindera obtusiloba is widespread in northeast Asia and used for treatment of improvement of blood circulation and anti-inflammation. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of the methanolic extract of L. obtusiloba leaves (LOL) in an ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged allergic asthma model and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated NCI-H292 cell. Female BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA by intraperitoneal injection on days 0 and 14, and airway-challenged with OVA from days 21 to 23. Mice were administered 50 and 100 mg/kg of LOL by oral gavage 1 h before the challenge. LOL treatment effectively decreased airway hyper-responsiveness and inhibited inflammatory cell recruitment, Th2 cytokines, mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in OVA-challenged mice, which were accompanied by marked suppression of airway inflammation and mucus production in the lung tissue. LOL pretreatment inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) with suppression of activator protein (AP)-1 and MUC5AC in the lung tissue. LOL also down-regulated expression of inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited the activation of NF-κB in TNF-α-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. LOL elevated the translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf-2) into nucleus concurrent with increase of heme oxyngenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Moreover, LOL treatment exhibited a marked increase in the anti-oxidant enzymes activities, whereas effectively suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, as well as lipid peroxidation in lung tissue of OVA-challenged mice and TNF-α-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. These findings suggest that LOL might serve as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic asthma.

Silibinin Attenuates Silica Dioxide Nanoparticles-Induced Inflammation by Suppressing TXNIP/MAPKs/AP-1 Signaling

Silica dioxide nanoparticles (SiONPs) have been applied to several fields, such as drug delivery and gene therapy. However, SiONPs are a constituent of fine dust and can induce excessive inflammatory responses in the lungs via the airways. Silibinin, a major component of silymarin, has been known for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we explored the protective effects of silibinin against SiONPs-induced airway inflammation and explored its underlying mechanism of action, focusing on thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in vitro and in vivo. In SiONPs-stimulated NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells, silibinin treatment effectively suppressed the elevation of the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, which was accompanied by the reduction in the expression of TXNIP, MAPKs, and activator protein-1 (AP-1). In SiONPs-treated mice, silibinin administration inhibited the increase in inflammatory cell counts and proinflammatory mediators, and it alleviated airway inflammation by SiONPs exposure. In addition, silibinin administration effectively suppressed the elevation of TXNIP/MAPKs/AP-1 signaling by SiONPs exposure. Taken together, silibinin effectively inhibited SiONPs-induced inflammatory responses, and this effect was closely related to the inhibition of TXNIP/MAPK/AP-1 signaling. These results suggested that silibinin might be useful for reducing pulmonary inflammation induced by SiONPs.

Hepatoprotective effects of vicenin-2 and scolymoside through the modulation of inflammatory pathways

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two structurally related flavonoids found in Cyclopia subternata, vicenin-2 (VCN) and scolymoside (SCL) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver failure in mice and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Mice were treated intravenously with VCN or SCL at 12 h after LPS treatment. LPS significantly increased mortality, serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and inflammatory cytokines, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein expression; these effects of LPS were inhibited by VCN or SCL. It also attenuated the LPS-induced activation of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 and TLR-associated activator of interferon-dependent signaling pathways of the TLR system. Our results suggest that VCN or SCL protects against LPS-induced liver damage by inhibiting the TLR-mediated inflammatory pathway, indicating its potential to treat liver diseases.

Melatonin attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats via induction of anti-aging protein, Klotho

This study investigated the protective effects of melatonin (MT) against cisplatin (CP)-induced acute kidney injury in rats as well as its possible mechanism of action associated with anti-aging protein Klotho. The following four experimental groups were evaluated: vehicle control, CP (7 mg/kg), CP&MT20 (20 mg/kg/day), and CP&MT40 (40 mg/kg/day). The concomitant administration of MT significantly ameliorated CP-induced acute kidney injury in rats, as evidenced by increased kidney weight, increased serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and increased incidence of histopathological alterations with renal tubular cell apoptosis. In addition, MT treatment protected kidney tissue against oxidative damages and significantly upregulated the expression level of Klotho decreased by CP treatment, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and forkhead box O (FOXO) as well as reduced expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3. MT not only partially regulated oxidative stress via AKT/FOXO signaling, but also reduced apoptosis caused by CP by inhibiting the Bax/caspase-3 pathway. Our results indicated that MT could prevent acute kidney injury induced by CP in rats, presumably through upregulating the expression of Klotho, resulting in elevated anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

Abstract P1-12-07: Prospective 36-month follow-up to determine changes in body mass index and weight among Chinese breast cancer survivors

Background:Anticancer treatment for breast cancer has been associated with weight gain but such observation has mainly been reported in western patients. More recent data in Asian patients have inconsistent findings. Factors including socio-demographic, clinical and lifestyle may be associated with post-diagnosis weight gain. In this prospective cohort study of women with breast cancer, the objectives were to determine the body mass index (BMI) and weight changes over 36 months after initial diagnosis and the factors associated with such changes.

Methods: Chinese women with newly diagnosed early-stage breast cancer were recruited. Individual woman had her weight measured at breast cancer diagnosis (W0), at study entry (W1) and at 36-month follow-up (W2). Body height was measured at W0. We evaluated change in weight and body mass index (BMI) before and after breast cancer diagnosis.Socio-demographic, clinical and lifestyle factors were assessed to identify potential associated factors with weight changes.

Results: A total of 1133 women with breast cancer had detailed weight measurements at the 3 time-points of assessment. The mean age at diagnosis was 52 years. Fifty-four percent were premenopausal at W1. The proportion of patients with stage 0-I, II and III diseases were 35%, 46% and 19%, respectively.

The proportions of patients who were overweight and obese at the three assessment time-points were 21.2% and 28.5% at W0, 19.7% and 26.6% at W1, and 21.7% and 30.9% at W2 assessment, respectively. When compared to W0, the proportions of women who gained weight within 2-5kg at W1 and W2 were 2.4% and 20.6% respectively, that with weight gain of >5kg at W1 and W2 were 0.5% and 10.0% respectively; 6.1% and 19.6% of women had weight loss >2kg at W1 and W2 respectively.

Compared to W0, the median value of weight change was -0.5 kg (range: -11.4, 18.3) at W1 and 0.6 kg (range: -19.6, 20.5) at W2. On multivariate analysis, only BMI at diagnosis were significantly associated with weight change betweenassessments at diagnosis and W2; the median (range) for weight changes for women who were underweight, normal, overweight and obese were respectively 0.9 (-4.8, 7.6), 0.6 (-13.2, 20.5), 0.5 (-11.5, 13.0) and 0.5 (-19.6, 12.6) kg, p <0.001.

Conclusions: In this prospective study of Chinese women with a history of breast cancer who were followed-up over a 36-months' period, the proportions of women with overweight and obese statuses were relatively stable; weight gain was uncommon among Hong Kong women with breast cancer during the same period. These findings are in contrast with studies conducted in the West, where weight gains were more commonly reported.

Funding: World Cancer Research Fund International (Grant Number WCRF 2010/249 and WCRF 2014/1197)

Citation Format: Yeo W, Lei YY, Cheng AC, Kwok CC, Cheung KL, Lee R, Lee IC, He YQ, Ho S. Prospective 36-month follow-up to determine changes in body mass index and weight among Chinese breast cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-12-07.

S-Allyl cysteine reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation and mucus overproduction on ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma model

S-Allyl cysteine (SAC) is an active component in garlic and has various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activities. In this study, we explored the suppressive effects of SAC on allergic airway inflammation induced in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mouse model. To induce asthma, BALB/c mice were sensitized to OVA on days 0 and 14 by intraperitoneal injection and exposed to OVA from days 21 to 23 using a nebulizer. SAC was administered to mice by oral gavage at a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg from days 18 to 23. SAC significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cell counts, and Th2 type cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid induced by OVA exposure, which was accompanied by reduced serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E. In histological analysis of the lung tissue, administration of SAC reduced inflammatory cell accumulation into lung tissue and mucus production in airway goblet cells induced by OVA exposure. Additionally, SAC significantly decreased MUC5AC expression and nuclear factor-κB phosphorylation induced by OVA exposure. In summary, SAC effectively suppressed allergic airway inflammation and mucus production in OVA-challenged asthmatic mice. Therefore, SAC shows potential for use in treating allergic asthma.

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of curcumin analogues as potential inhibitors of bacterial sialidase

Sialidases are key virulence factors that remove sialic acid from the host cell surface glycan, unmasking receptors that facilitate bacterial adherence and colonisation. In this study, we developed potential agents for treating bacterial infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Nan A that inhibit bacterial sialidase using Turmeric and curcumin analogues. Design, synthesis, and structure analysis relationship (SAR) studies have been also described. Evaluation of the synthesised derivatives demonstrated that compound 5e was the most potent inhibitor of S. pneumoniae sialidase (IC50 = 0.2 ± 0.1 µM). This compound exhibited a 3.0-fold improvement in inhibitory activity over that of curcumin and displayed competitive inhibition. These results warrant further studies confirming the antipneumococcal activity 5e and indicated that curcumin derivatives could be potentially used to treat sepsis by bacterial infections.

Pelargonidin Protects Against Renal Injury in a Mouse Model of Sepsis

Pelargonidin (PEL) is a well-known red pigment found in plants, and it has been reported to have important biological activities that are potentially beneficial for human health. This study was initiated to determine whether PEL could modulate renal functional damage in a mouse model of sepsis, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The potential of PEL treatment to reduce renal damage induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery in mice was measured by assessment of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lipid peroxidation, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, catalase activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Treatment with PEL resulted in elevated plasma levels of BUN and creatinine, and of protein in urine in mice with CLP-induced renal damage. Moreover, PEL inhibited nuclear factor-κB activation and reduced the induction of nitric oxide synthase and excessive production of nitric acid. PEL treatment also reduced the plasma levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α reduced lethality due to CLP-induced sepsis, increased lipid peroxidation, and markedly enhanced the antioxidant defense system by restoring the levels of SOD, GSH-Px, and catalase in kidney tissues. These results suggested that PEL protects mice against sepsis-triggered renal injury.

Lobeglitazone Attenuates Airway Inflammation and Mucus Hypersecretion in a Murine Model of Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma

Lobeglitazone (LB) is a novel agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and γ that was developed as a drug to treat diabetes mellitus. We explored the ameliorative effects of LB on allergic asthma using a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma. To boost the immune response of animals, OVA sensitization was performed on days 0 and 14. LB (250 or 500 μg/kg) was administered by oral gavage on days 18 to 23, and the OVA challenge was performed using an ultrasonic nebulizer on days 21 to 23. Plethysmography showed airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) on day 24. LB treatment effectively decreased inflammatory cell recruitment, T-helper type 2 cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and immunoglobulin (Ig) E in the serum of the animals with OVA-induced asthma, which was accompanied by a marked reduction in AHR. It also decreased airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, phosphorylation of nuclear transcription factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), and expression of activating protein (AP)-1 and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC). Overall, LB effectively attenuated the pathophysiological changes of asthma and its effects appear related to a reduction in the phosphorylation of NF-κB and the expression of AP-1. Thus, our results suggest that LB has a potential to treat allergic asthma.

Inhibitory Effect of Pelargonidin on Secretory Group IIA Phospholipase A2

The expression of secretory group IIA phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) has been shown to be elevated in various inflammatory diseases, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) up-regulates the expression of sPLA2-IIA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Pelargonidin (PEL) is a well-known red pigment found in plants, and has been reported as having important biological activities that are potentially beneficial for human health. Here, PEL was examined for its effects on the expression and activity of sPLA2-IIA in HUVECs and mouse. Post treatment of cells or mouse with PEL inhibited LPS-induced expression and activity of sPLA2-IIA. Therefore, these results suggest that PEL inhibited LPS mediated expression of sPLA2-IIA.

Sulforaphane Suppresses Sepsis-Mediated Renal Functions in Cecal Ligation and Puncture Mouse Model

Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural isothiocyanate present in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage, is effective in preventing carcinogenesis, diabetes, and inflammatory responses. This study was initiated to determine whether SFN could modulate renal functional damage in a mouse model of sepsis and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The potential of SFN treatment to reduce renal damage induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery in mice was measured by assessment of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lipid peroxidation, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity, catalase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity. Treatment with SFN resulted in elevated plasma levels of BUN and creatinine, and of protein in urine in mice with CLP-induced renal damage. SFN treatment also reduced the plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),▢increased lipid peroxidation, and markedly enhanced the antioxidant defense system by restoring the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in kidney tissues. The present results suggested that SFN protects mice against sepsis-triggered renal injury.

Copper nanoparticles induce early fibrotic changes in the liver via TGF-β/Smad signaling and cause immunosuppressive effects in rats

Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) have various uses, including as additives in polymers/plastics, lubricants for metallic coating, and biomedical applications. We investigated the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling in hepatic damage caused by Cu NPs and explored the effects of a 28-day repeated oral administration to Cu NPs on the immune response. The exposure to Cu NPs caused a dose-dependent increase in Cu levels in the liver and spleen. Cu NPs caused hepatic damage and markedly increased oxidative stress in liver tissues. Cu NPs induced activation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling by induction of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Exposure to Cu NPs also induced activation of Smad-independent pathways, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt/FoxO3. Consistent with the activation of TGF-β1/Smad-dependent and -independent pathways, Cu NPs markedly increased the deposition and induction of extracellular matrix components, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagens in liver tissues. In addition, repeated exposure to Cu NPs suppressed the proliferation of mitogenically stimulated T- or B-lymphocytes and decreased CD3⁺ (particularly, CD3⁺CD4⁺CD8^-) and CD45⁺ population, followed by decreased levels of immunoglobulins and Th1/Th2 type cytokines. Collectively, Cu NPs caused hepatic damage and induced pro-fibrotic changes, which were closely related to the activation of oxidative stress-mediated TGF-β1/Smad-dependent and -independent pathways (MAPKs and Akt/FoxO3). We confirmed the immunosuppressive effect of Cu NPs via the inhibition of mitogen-stimulated spleen-derived lymphocyte proliferation and suppression of B- or T-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses.

Osteoglycin, a novel coordinator of bone and glucose homeostasis

Objective

The skeleton, which is strongly controlled by endocrine factors, has recently been shown to also play an active endocrine role itself, specifically influencing energy metabolism. However, much less is known about this role. Therefore, we sought to identify novel endocrine factors involved in the regulation of both bone mass and whole-body glucose homeostasis.

Methods

We used transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Y1 receptor deficient osteoblasts combined with the generation of a novel osteoglycin deficient mouse model and performed comprehensive in vivo phenotype profiling, combined with osteoglycin administration in wildtype mice and human studies.

Results

Here we identify a novel role for osteoglycin, a secreted proteoglycan, in coordinating bone accretion with changes in energy balance. Using an osteoglycin knockout mouse model, we show that at a whole body level, osteoglycin acts to suppress bone formation and modulate whole body energy supplies by altering glucose uptake through changes in insulin secretion and sensitivity, as well as by altering food intake through central signaling. Examining humans following gastric surgery as a model of negative energy balance, we show that osteoglycin is associated with BMI and lean mass as well as changes in weight, BMI, and glucose levels.

Conclusions

Thus, we identify osteoglycin as a novel factor involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and identify a role for it in facilitating the matching of bone acquisition to alterations in energy status.

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Osteoglycin regulates insulin action, bone mass and food intake in mice.

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Osteoglycin is associated with changes in weight, BMI and glucose in obese humans.

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Osteoglycin is a downstream mediator of NPY signaling via osteoblastic Y1 receptors.

Copper oxide nanoparticles induce collagen deposition via TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling in human airway epithelial cells

Use and application of nanoparticles has increased in recent years. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are one of the most common types of nanoparticles, and they are mainly used as catalysts and preservatives. However, limited toxicity data are available on the toxicity of CuONPs to the respiratory system. We investigated fibrotic responses induced by CuONPs in the respiratory tract and elucidated its underlying mechanism of action in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the mouse model, CuONPs exposure markedly increased transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen I expression and Smad3 phosphorylation, combined with elevation of inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These alterations were also observed in histological analysis of lung tissue. CuONPs markedly increased inflammatory responses and collagen deposition, accompanied by the elevation of TGF-β1 and collagen I expression in lung tissue. In addition, CuONPs-treated H292 cells showed significantly increased mRNA and protein production of TGF-β1, collagen I, IL-6, and TNF-α; this response was markedly decreased by treatment of a TGF-β1 inhibitor (SB-431542). Taken together, CuONPs induced fibrotic responses in the respiratory tract, closely related to TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling. Therefore, our results raise the necessity of further investigation for the present state of its risk by providing useful information of the toxicity of CuONPs.

Antiseptic effects of dabrafenib on TGFBIp-induced septic responses

Transforming growth factor-β-induced protein (TGFBIp), an extracellular protein, is expressed on several cell types in response to TGF-β stimulation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)-derived TGFBIp functions as a mediator of sepsis. Screening of bioactive compound libraries is an effective approach for repositioning FDA-approved drugs or discovering new treatments for human diseases (drug repositioning). Dabrafenib (DAB), a B-Raf inhibitor, was initially used for treating metastatic melanoma. The present study determined whether DAB modulated TGFBIp-mediated septic responses in HUVECs and in mice. Antiseptic functions of DAB were examined by measuring permeability, leukocyte adhesion and migration, and proinflammatory protein activation in TGFBIp-stimulated HUVECs and mice. In addition, beneficial effects of DAB on survival rate were examined using a mouse model of sepsis. We found that DAB inhibited TGFBIp-induced vascular barrier disruption, cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression, and neutrophil adhesion/transendothelial migration toward human endothelial cells. DAB also suppressed TGFBIp-induced hyperpermeability and leukocyte migration in vivo. These results suggest that DAB exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting hyperpermeability, CAM expression, and leukocyte adhesion and migration, indicating its utility for treating vascular inflammatory diseases.

Genital Tuberculosis Presenting as Acute Scrotum Mimicking Fournier's Gangrene

Genital tuberculosis usually presents as local symptoms such as lower abdominal pain and a sensation of scrotal bloating. We report a rare case of genital tuberculosis in a 46-year-old man presenting with symptoms that mimic Fournier's gangrene. He had a progressive local symptoms of scrotal tenderness, redness, swelling, and local rise in temperature. The patient underwent emergency open debridement, and pathology confirmed tuberculosis infection. Recovery was uneventful after 6 months of anti-tuberculosis drug treatment. Literature of genital tuberculosis is also reviewed.

Melatonin suppresses fibrotic responses induced by cigarette smoke via downregulation of TGF-β1

Cigarette smoke (CS) is the most important risk factor in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible response and important feature of COPD. In this study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on fibrotic response in development of COPD using a CS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced COPD model and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-stimulated NCI-H292 cells, a human mucoepidermoid cell line. Mice were exposed to CS for 1 h per day (8 cigarettes per day) from day 1 to day 7 and were treated intranasally with LPS on day 4. Melatonin (10 or 20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before CS exposure. Melatonin decreased the inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), with a reduction in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Melatonin inhibited the expression of TGF-β1, collagen I and SMAD3 phosphorylation in lung tissue exposed to CS and LPS. In CSC-stimulated H292 cells, melatonin suppressed the elevated expression of fibrotic mediators induced by CSC treatment. Melatonin reduced the expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, SMAD3 and p38 phosphorylation in CSC-stimulated H292 cells. In addition, cotreatment with melatonin and TGF-β1 inhibitors significantly limited fibrotic mediators, with greater reductions in the expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, SMAD3 and p38 phosphorylation than those of H292 cells treated with TGF-β1 inhibitor alone. Taken together, melatonin effectively inhibited fibrotic responses induced by CS and LPS exposure, which was related to the downregulation of TGF-β1. Therefore, our results suggest that melatonin may suppress the pulmonary fibrotic response induced by CS.

Suppressive Effects of Sulforaphane on TGFBIp-mediated Sepsis

Sulforaphane (SFN) is produced when the enzyme myrosinase transforms glucoraphanin upon damage to the plant such as from chewing and effective in preventing carcinogenesis, diabetes, and inflammatory responses. Transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) is an extracellular matrix protein whose expression in several cell types is greatly increased by TGF-β. TGFBIp is released by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and functions as a mediator of experimental sepsis. We hypothesized that SFN could reduce TGFBIp-mediated severe inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells and mice. Here, we investigated the anti-septic effects and underlying mechanisms of SFN against TGFBIp-mediated septic responses. SFN effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced release of TGFBIp and suppressed TGFBIp-mediated septic responses. In addition, SFN suppressed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis lethality and pulmonary injury. In conclusion, SFN suppressed TGFBIp-mediated and CLP-induced septic responses. Therefore, SFN could be a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of various severe vascular inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the TGFBIp signaling pathway.

Zingerone Suppresses the Shedding of Endothelial Protein C Receptor

Zingerone (ZGR), a phenolic alkanone found in Zingiber officinale, has been reported to have various pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. The endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) plays an important role in the cytoprotective pathway and activation of protein C EPCR can be shed from the cell surface, which is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE). However, little is known about the effects of ZGR on EPCR shedding. We investigated this by monitoring the effects of ZGR on phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and interleukin (IL)-1p-induced EPCR shedding in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated EPCR shedding in mice, as well as by analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Here, ZGR triggered potent inhibition of PMA-, TNF-α-, IL-1β-and CLP-induced EPCR shedding through the inhibition of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, janus kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. ZGR also inhibited PMA-induced TACE expression and activity in HUVECs, suggesting that p38, ERK1/2, and JNK could be molecular targets of ZGR. These results demonstrate the potential of ZGR as an agent against PMA- and CLP-mediated EPCR shedding.

Sulforaphane Reduces HMGB1-Mediated Septic Responses and Improves Survival Rate in Septic Mice

Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural isothiocyanate present in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage, is effective in preventing carcinogenesis, diabetes, and inflammatory responses. Inhibition of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and restoration of endothelial integrity is emerging as an attractive therapeutic strategy in the management of severe sepsis or septic shock. In this study, we examined the effects of SFN on HMGB1-mediated septic responses and survival rate in a mouse sepsis model. The anti-inflammatory activities of SFN were monitored based on its effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated release of HMGB1. The antiseptic activities of SFN were determined by measuring permeability, leukocyte adhesion and migration, and the activation of pro-inflammatory proteins in HMGB1-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mice. SFN inhibited the release of HMGB1 and downregulated HMGB1-dependent inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells. SFN also inhibited HMGB1-mediated hyperpermeability and leukocyte migration in mice. In addition, treatment with SFN reduced CLP-induced release of HMGB1 and sepsis-related mortality and pulmonary injury in vivo. Our results indicate that SFN is a possible therapeutic agent that can be used to treat various severe vascular inflammatory diseases via the inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway.

Silibinin inhibits the fibrotic responses induced by cigarette smoke via suppression of TGF-β1/Smad 2/3 signaling

Cigarette smoke (CS) is generally accepted as a major contributor to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which is characterized by chronic inflammation, fibrotic response, and airway obstruction. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of silibinin, an active constitute of silymarin on CS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure-induced fibrotic response. Mice were exposed to CS for 1 h per day (8 cigarettes per day) for 4 weeks. On day 12 and 26, mice were treated with LPS intranasally. Silibinin (10 or 20 mg/kg) was administered orally 1 h before CS exposure. Silibinin markedly decreased the inflammatory cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and reduced levels of proinflammatory mediators. Silibinin suppressed CS + LPS-induced collagen deposition in lung tissue, as evidenced via immunohistochemistry and Masson's trichrome stain. Additionally, silibinin effectively inhibited CS + LPS-mediated expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Smad 2/3 phosphorylation. Taken together, our data indicate that silibinin effectively inhibits the fibrotic response induced by CS + LPS exposure, possibly via suppression of TGF-β1/Smad 2/3 signaling, which results in reduced collagen deposition. These findings suggest that silibinin has therapeutic potential for the treatment of COPD.

Anti-inflammatory effects of dabrafenib in vitro and in vivo

The screening of bioactive compound libraries can be an effective approach for repositioning FDA-approved drugs or discovering new treatments for human diseases (drug repositioning). Drug repositioning refers to the development of existing drugs for new indications. Dabrafenib (DAB) is a B-Raf inhibitor and initially used for the treatment of metastatic melanoma therapy. Here, we tested the possible use of DAB in the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated vascular inflammatory responses. The anti-inflammatory activities of DAB were determined by measuring permeability, neutrophils adhesion and migration, and activation of pro-inflammatory proteins in LPS-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mice. We found that DAB inhibited LPS-induced barrier disruption, expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and adhesion and transendothelial migration of neutrophils to human endothelial cells. DAB also suppressed LPS-induced hyperpermeability and leukocytes migration in vivo. Furthermore, DAB suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin (IL)-6 and the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) or extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 by LPS. Moreover, treatment with DAB resulted in reduced LPS-induced lethal endotoxemia. These results suggest that DAB possesses anti-inflammatory functions by inhibiting hyperpermeability, expression of CAMs, and adhesion and migration of leukocytes, thereby endorsing its usefulness as a therapy for vascular inflammatory diseases.