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Vijayakrishnan J, Kumar R, Henrion MYR, Moorman AV, Rachakonda PS, Hosen I, da Silva Filho MI, Holroyd A, Dobbins SE, Koehler R, Thomsen H, Irving JA, Allan JM, Lightfoot T, Roman E, Kinsey SE, Sheridan E, Thompson PD, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Jöckel KH, Greaves M, Harrison CJ, Bartram CR, Schrappe M, Stanulla M, Hemminki K, Houlston RS. A genome-wide association study identifies risk loci for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at 10q26.13 and 12q23.1. Leukemia 2017; 31:573-579. [PMID: 27694927 PMCID: PMC5336191 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that common genetic variation contributes to the heritable risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To identify new susceptibility loci for the largest subtype of ALL, B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL), we conducted a meta-analysis of two GWASs with imputation using 1000 Genomes and UK10K Project data as reference (totaling 1658 cases and 7224 controls). After genotyping an additional 2525 cases and 3575 controls, we identify new susceptibility loci for BCP-ALL mapping to 10q26.13 (rs35837782, LHPP, P=1.38 × 10-11) and 12q23.1 (rs4762284, ELK3, P=8.41 × 10-9). We also provide confirmatory evidence for the existence of independent risk loci at 9p21.3, but show that the association marked by rs77728904 can be accounted for by linkage disequilibrium with the rare high-impact CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr variant rs3731249. Our data provide further insights into genetic susceptibility to ALL and its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vijayakrishnan
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - R Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Y R Henrion
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - A V Moorman
- Leukemia Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P S Rachakonda
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I Hosen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M I da Silva Filho
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - S E Dobbins
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - R Koehler
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Thomsen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J A Irving
- Leukemia Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J M Allan
- Leukemia Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T Lightfoot
- Department of Health Sciences, Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, University of York, York, UK
| | - E Roman
- Department of Health Sciences, Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, University of York, York, UK
| | - S E Kinsey
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - E Sheridan
- Medical Genetics Research Group, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - P D Thompson
- Paediatric and Familial Cancer Research Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - P Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Human Genomics Research Group, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - K H Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Greaves
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - C J Harrison
- Leukemia Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C R Bartram
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schrappe
- General Paediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Stanulla
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - R S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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Forster VJ, Nahari MH, Martinez-Soria N, Bradburn AK, Ptasinska A, Assi SA, Fordham SE, McNeil H, Bonifer C, Heidenreich O, Allan JM. The leukemia-associated RUNX1/ETO oncoprotein confers a mutator phenotype. Leukemia 2015; 30:250-3. [PMID: 26050648 PMCID: PMC4705432 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V J Forster
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - M H Nahari
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - N Martinez-Soria
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A K Bradburn
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A Ptasinska
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S A Assi
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S E Fordham
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - H McNeil
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - C Bonifer
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - O Heidenreich
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - J M Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Sava GP, Speedy HE, Di Bernardo MC, Dyer MJS, Holroyd A, Sunter NJ, Marr H, Mansouri L, Deaglio S, Karabon L, Frydecka I, Jamroziak K, Woszczyk D, Juliusson G, Smedby KE, Jayne S, Majid A, Wang Y, Dearden C, Hall AG, Mainou-Fowler T, Jackson GH, Summerfield G, Harris RJ, Pettitt AR, Allsup DJ, Bailey JR, Pratt G, Pepper C, Fegan C, Rosenquist R, Catovsky D, Allan JM, Houlston RS. Common variation at 12q24.13 (OAS3) influences chronic lymphocytic leukemia risk. Leukemia 2015; 29:748-51. [PMID: 25363670 PMCID: PMC4360210 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
MESH Headings
- 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/genetics
- Alleles
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/chemistry
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Loci
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Introns
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Odds Ratio
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Risk
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Sava
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - H E Speedy
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - M C Di Bernardo
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - M J S Dyer
- The Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - A Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - N J Sunter
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - H Marr
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences and Human Genetics Foundation, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - L Karabon
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department and Clinic of Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - I Frydecka
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K Jamroziak
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Woszczyk
- Department of Haematology, State Hospital, Opole, Poland
| | - G Juliusson
- Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Hematology and Transplantation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K E Smedby
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Jayne
- The Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - A Majid
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - Y Wang
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - C Dearden
- Haemato-Oncology, Division of Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - A G Hall
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T Mainou-Fowler
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G H Jackson
- Department of Haematology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G Summerfield
- Department of Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R J Harris
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A R Pettitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D J Allsup
- Department of Haematology, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - J R Bailey
- Hull York Medical School and University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - G Pratt
- Department of Haematology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Pepper
- Department of Haematology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C Fegan
- Cardiff and Vale National Health Service Trust, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - R Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Catovsky
- Haemato-Oncology, Division of Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - J M Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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Wade MA, Sunter NJ, Fordham SE, Long A, Masic D, Russell LJ, Harrison CJ, Rand V, Elstob C, Bown N, Rowe D, Lowe C, Cuthbert G, Bennett S, Crosier S, Bacon CM, Onel K, Scott K, Scott D, Travis LB, May FEB, Allan JM. c-MYC is a radiosensitive locus in human breast cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:4985-94. [PMID: 25531321 PMCID: PMC4391966 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ionising radiation is a potent human carcinogen. Epidemiological studies have shown that adolescent and young women are at increased risk of developing breast cancer following exposure to ionising radiation compared with older women, and that risk is dose-dependent. Although it is well understood which individuals are at risk of radiation-induced breast carcinogenesis, the molecular genetic mechanisms that underlie cell transformation are less clear. To identify genetic alterations potentially responsible for driving radiogenic breast transformation, we exposed the human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A to fractionated doses of X-rays and examined the copy number and cytogenetic alterations. We identified numerous alterations of c-MYC that included high-level focal amplification associated with increased protein expression. c-MYC amplification was also observed in primary human mammary epithelial cells following exposure to radiation. We also demonstrate that the frequency and magnitude of c-MYC amplification and c-MYC protein expression is significantly higher in breast cancer with antecedent radiation exposure compared with breast cancer without a radiation aetiology. Our data also demonstrate extensive intratumor heterogeneity with respect to c-MYC copy number in radiogenic breast cancer, suggesting continuous evolution at this locus during disease development and progression. Taken together, these data identify c-MYC as a radiosensitive locus, implicating this oncogenic transcription factor in the aetiology of radiogenic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Wade
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N J Sunter
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S E Fordham
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Long
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Masic
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L J Russell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C J Harrison
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - V Rand
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C Elstob
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N Bown
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Rowe
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C Lowe
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G Cuthbert
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Bennett
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Crosier
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C M Bacon
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - K Onel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Scott
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - D Scott
- Department of Histopathology, Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust, Harrogate District Hospital, Yorkshire, UK
| | - L B Travis
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Rubin Center for Cancer Survivorship, James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - F E B May
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J M Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Enciso-Mora V, Hosking FJ, Sheridan E, Kinsey SE, Lightfoot T, Roman E, Irving JAE, Tomlinson IPM, Allan JM, Taylor M, Greaves M, Houlston RS. Common genetic variation contributes significantly to the risk of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 26:2212-5. [PMID: 22456626 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided the first unambiguous evidence that common genetic variation influences the risk of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), identifying risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) localizing to 7p12.2, 9p21.3, 10q21.2 and 14q11.2. The testing of SNPs individually for an association in GWA studies necessitates the imposition of a very stringent P-value to address the issue of multiple testing. While this reduces false positives, real associations may be missed and therefore any estimate of the total heritability will be negatively biased. Using GWAS data on 823 BCP-ALL cases by considering all typed SNPs simultaneously, we have calculated that 24% of the total variation in BCP-ALL risk is accounted for common genetic variation (95% confidence interval 6-42%). Our findings provide support for a polygenic basis for susceptibility to BCP-ALL and have wider implications for future searches for novel disease-causing risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Enciso-Mora
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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Pelzer ES, Allan JA, Allan JM, Launchbury T, Knox CL. 150. IN VITRO CHARACTERISATION OF BIOFILM FORMATION IN HUMAN FOLLICULAR FLUID. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/srb10abs150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have detected bacteria in follicular fluid collected at the time of trans-vaginal oocyte retrieval but this was not shown to adversely affect ART outcomes. The antimicrobial properties of follicular fluid have also been investigated, and follicular fluid was reported to be inhibitory to Gram positive bacteria after four days, but supported the growth of Gram negative bacteria. In this study 36 follicular fluid specimens collected from assisted reproductive technology (ART) patients were tested for the presence of bacteria by culture and 16S rRNA PCR assays. Follicular fluid aliquots (24) were incubated and subcultured for 28 weeks and the ability of these follicular fluids to form biofilms in vitro was assessed. A further 12 follicular fluid specimens were inoculated into broth media with and without the addition of estradiol and progesterone at concentrations reported in follicular fluid of hyperstimulated women. Bacteria in polymicrobial (22%) or singles species populations (78%) were detected in the 24 follicular fluid specimens tested. The most prevalent bacteria detected were Lactobacillus species (18/35 total bacterial isolates, 51%) and Propionibacterium spp. (5/35, 14%). All follicular fluids supported the growth of bacteria in vitro for up to 28 weeks. Bacteria in 18/24 (75%) of follicular fluid specimens, formed biofilms in vitro. The majority of biofilms formed were grade IV 7/18 (39%) or grade III biofilms 7/18 (39%). Lactobacilli were also the most prevalent cultivable species within mature biofilms (51% of total isolates). Whilst high levels of steroid hormones were required for the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in vitro, the growth of both Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli was inhibited by these hormones. Follicular fluid is not sterile and is an excellent growth media for bacteria, capable of supporting survival for long periods of time. Bacteria which can survive within follicular fluid over time can form mature biofilms, which enables persistence. Women undergoing ART cycles have elevated concentrations of steroid hormones within their follicular fluid and this can modulate the ability of some bacterial species to proliferate. The impact of these bacteria on the developing oocyte and ART pregnancy outcomes requires further investigation.
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Worrillow LJ, Smith AG, Scott K, Andersson M, Ashcroft AJ, Dores GM, Glimelius B, Holowaty E, Jackson GH, Jones GL, Lynch CF, Morgan G, Pukkala E, Scott D, Storm HH, Taylor PR, Vyberg M, Willett E, Travis LB, Allan JM. Polymorphic MLH1 and risk of cancer after methylating chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma. J Med Genet 2007; 45:142-6. [PMID: 17959715 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.053850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Methylating agents are effective chemotherapy agents for Hodgkin lymphoma, but are associated with the development of second primary cancers. Cytotoxicity of methylating agents is mediated primarily by the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system. Loss of MLH1, a major component of DNA MMR, results in tolerance to the cytotoxic effects of methylating agents and persistence of mutagenised cells at high risk of malignant transformation. We hypothesised that a common substitution in the basal promoter of MLH1 (position -93, rs1800734) modifies the risk of cancer after methylating chemotherapy. METHODS 133 patients who developed cancer following chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (n = 133), 420 patients diagnosed with de novo myeloid leukaemia, 242 patients diagnosed with primary Hodgkin lymphoma, and 1177 healthy controls were genotyped for the MLH1 -93 polymorphism by allelic discrimination polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for cancer risk by MLH1 -93 polymorphism status, and stratified by previous exposure to methylating chemotherapy, were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Carrier frequency of the MLH1 -93 variant was higher in patients who developed therapy related acute myeloid leukaemia (t-AML) (75.0%, n = 12) or breast cancer (53.3%. n = 15) after methylating chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma compared to patients without previous methylating exposure (t-AML, 30.4%, n = 69; breast cancer patients, 27.2%, n = 22). The MLH1 -93 variant allele was also over-represented in t-AML cases when compared to de novo AML cases (36.9%, n = 420) and healthy controls (36.3%, n = 952), and was associated with a significantly increased risk of developing t-AML (odds ratio 5.31, 95% confidence interval 1.40 to 20.15), but only in patients previously treated with a methylating agent. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that the common polymorphism at position -93 in the core promoter of MLH1 defines a risk allele for the development of cancer after methylating chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma. However, replication of this finding in larger studies is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Worrillow
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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Seymour MT, Braun MS, Richman SD, Daly C, Thompson LC, Meade A, Parmar M, Allan JM, Selby P, Quirke P. Association of molecular markers with toxicity outcomes in a randomized trial of chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer (FOCUS). J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2022 Background: We present data on putative markers of chemotherapy toxicity from patients randomized to receive fluorouracil alone (FU), or FU+irinotecan (Ir), or FU+oxaliplatin (Ox). Methods: 1188 patients randomized to the FOCUS trial (ASCO 05 #3518) were analyzed. First-line therapy was FU in two thirds of patients, and FU+ either Ir or Ox in one third. Second-line Ir and Ox were administered to 29% and 14% of patients respectively. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks. Assessed DNA polymorphisms included TSER, TS1494, DPD IVS14 + 1G>A, MTHFR C667T, MLH1 -93, UGT1A1*28, ABCB1 C3435T, GSTP1 105Val, XRCC1 Q399R and ERCC2 K751Q. The primary endpoint was chemotherapy delay or dose-reduction due to toxicity during the first 12 weeks of treatment. The secondary endpoint was incidence of CTC toxicity. The Chi-squared test was used to assess for associations. Results: In this exploratory analysis no molecular factors were observed to be associated with the primary endpoint (all p values >0.1). Furthermore, no polymorphism predicted severe CTC toxicity in patients receiving FU alone (all p values >0.1). XRCC1 variant allele carriers were at increased risk of severe CTC toxicity from Ir. Combined analysis of patients treated with first and second-line Ir appeared to show a significant association between toxicity and the presence of the variant XRCC1 allele across genotypes (57% versus 52% versus 38%; p=0.006). The UGT1A1*28 was not associated with Ir toxicity. No oxaliplatin markers predicted CTC toxicity. Conclusions: None of the assessed polymorphisms were significantly associated with the primary endpoint. Our results do not support the use of pharmacogenomics in routine clinical practice. In contrast to other studies the UGT1A1*28 VNTR was not associated with irinotecan toxicity . However, the XRCC1 Q399R polymorphism was associated with increased toxicity in patients receiving irinotecan, and these data may warrant further investigation, and independent confirmation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Seymour
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - M. S. Braun
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - S. D. Richman
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - C. Daly
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - L. C. Thompson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - A. Meade
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - M. Parmar
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - J. M. Allan
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - P. Selby
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - P. Quirke
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Worrillow LJ, Allan JM. Deregulation of homologous recombination DNA repair in alkylating agent-treated stem cell clones: a possible role in the aetiology of chemotherapy-induced leukaemia. Oncogene 2006; 25:1709-20. [PMID: 16278672 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic regimes involving alkylating agents, such as methylators and crosslinking nitrogen mustards, represent a major risk factor for acute myeloid leukaemia. A high frequency of microsatellite instability and evidence of MSH2 loss in alkylating chemotherapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia (t-AML) suggests that DNA mismatch repair (MMR) dysfunction may be an initiating event in disease evolution. Subsequent accumulation of secondary genetic changes as a result of DNA MMR loss may ultimately lead to the gross chromosomal abnormalities seen in t-AML. Homologous recombination repair (HRR) maintains chromosomal stability by the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, and is therefore a possible target for deregulation in MMR dysfunctional t-AML. In order to test this hypothesis Msh2- proficient and -deficient murine embryonic stem (ES) cells were used to examine the effects of MMR status and methylating agent treatment on cellular expression of DNA double-strand break repair genes. HRR gene expression was significantly deregulated in Msh2 null ES cell clones compared to wild-type clones. Furthermore, some Msh2 null clones expressed high levels of Rad51 specifically, a critical component of HRR. Such Rad51 superexpressing clones were also observed when expression was determined in monocytic myeloid cells differentiated from ES cells. A deregulated HRR phenotype could be partially recapitulated in MMR-competent wild-type cells by treatment with the methylating agent, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Furthermore, treatment with melphalan, a leukaemogenic DNA crosslinking chemotherapy nitrogen mustard predicted to elicit HRR, selected against cells with deregulated HRR. These data suggest a t-AML mechanism whereby DNA MMR loss promotes the emergence of HRR gene superexpressing clones, with concomitant chromosomal instability. However, melphalan selection against clones with deregulated HRR suggests that persistence and expansion of unstable clones may require additional genetic alterations that promote cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Worrillow
- Department of Biology, Epidemiology and Genetics Unit, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, UK
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Adlard JW, Richman SD, Royston P, Allan JM, Meade A, Parmar M, Selby P, Quirke P, Seymour MT. Assessment of multiple markers for association with response rate (RR) and failure-free survival (FFS) in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) treated with chemotherapy in the MRC CR08 (FOCUS) randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.9506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Adlard
- Cancer Research UK, Leeds, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - S. D. Richman
- Cancer Research UK, Leeds, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - P. Royston
- Cancer Research UK, Leeds, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J. M. Allan
- Cancer Research UK, Leeds, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - A. Meade
- Cancer Research UK, Leeds, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M. Parmar
- Cancer Research UK, Leeds, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - P. Selby
- Cancer Research UK, Leeds, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - P. Quirke
- Cancer Research UK, Leeds, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M. T. Seymour
- Cancer Research UK, Leeds, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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11
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Allan JM, Wild CP, Rollinson S, Willett EV, Moorman AV, Dovey GJ, Roddam PL, Roman E, Cartwright RA, Morgan GJ. Polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase P1 is associated with susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:11592-7. [PMID: 11553769 PMCID: PMC58774 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.191211198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2001] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) detoxify potentially mutagenic and toxic DNA-reactive electrophiles, including metabolites of several chemotherapeutic agents, some of which are suspected human carcinogens. Functional polymorphisms exist in at least three genes that encode GSTs, including GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1. We hypothesize, therefore, that polymorphisms in genes that encode GSTs alter susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced carcinogenesis, specifically to therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML), a devastating complication of long-term cancer survival. Elucidation of genetic determinants may help to identify individuals at increased risk of developing t-AML. To this end, we have examined 89 cases of t-AML, 420 cases of de novo AML, and 1,022 controls for polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1. Gene deletion of GSTM1 or GSTT1 was not specifically associated with susceptibility to t-AML. Individuals with at least one GSTP1 codon 105 Val allele were significantly over-represented in t-AML cases compared with de novo AML cases [odds ratio (OR), 1.81; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-2.94]. Moreover, relative to de novo AML, the GSTP1 codon 105 Val allele occurred more often among t-AML patients with prior exposure to chemotherapy (OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.39-5.09), particularly among those with prior exposure to known GSTP1 substrates (OR, 4.34; 95% CI, 1.43-13.20), and not among those t-AML patients with prior exposure to radiotherapy alone (OR,1.01; 95% CI, 0.50-2.07). These data suggest that inheritance of at least one Val allele at GSTP1 codon 105 confers a significantly increased risk of developing t-AML after cytotoxic chemotherapy, but not after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Allan
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Academic Unit of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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12
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Abstract
Through the use of two animal models, the present study demonstrates the ability of phosphonylated surfaces to bind bone. In one model, surface-treated polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were implanted in the medial cortex of the goat tibia. In the second model, surface-treated poly(ether-ether ketone) (PEEK) and carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (CFR-PEEK) were implanted through both cortices of the goat mandible. Selected rods of all material types were microtextured using crystallization induced microphase separation, a method for the formation of continuous, open-cell microporous surfaces in thermoplastic polymers. Microtextured and smooth rods were phosphonylated, and calcium was subsequently introduced to the phosphonylated surface by incubating the samples in a saturated solution of calcium oxide. For all substrate materials tested, phosphonylation and calcium posttreatment resulted in an increased propensity for bone binding and apposition, as measured by push out test. Microtextured PP, PE, and CFR-PEEK surfaces that were further phosphonylated and calcium treated resulted in test samples with an increased interfacial strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Allan
- Poly-Med, Inc., Pendleton, SC 29670, USA
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Allan JM, Hardie LJ, Briggs JA, Davidson LA, Watson JP, Pearson SB, Muers MF, Wild CP. Genetic alterations in bronchial mucosa and plasma DNA from individuals at high risk of lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:359-65. [PMID: 11169960 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1058>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the majority of lung cancer patients have tumour-derived genetic alterations in circulating plasma DNA, and that this may be developed as a diagnostic tool. To this end, we have studied 60 individuals attending bronchoscopy clinic, with symptoms suspicious of lung cancer, for genetic alterations in bronchial mucosa biopsy (n = 47) and plasma (n = 40) DNA. Thirteen of 47 individuals from whom biopsies were taken displayed allelic loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in biopsy DNA for at least 1 of 4 markers. All 13 of these individuals had neoplastic tumour cells in their biopsies and were subsequently diagnosed with cancer. Thirteen of 40 individuals from whom plasma was taken displayed a plasma DNA LOH, and 12 of these 13 individuals were subsequently diagnosed with cancer. LOH in plasma was generally representative of LOH in the corresponding biopsy. In terms of sensitivity, using just 4 markers, biopsy LOH and plasma LOH were found in 13 of 44 (30%) and 12 of 29 (41%), respectively, of those patients subsequently diagnosed with cancer. Two patients were positive for LOH in plasma samples that pre-dated a diagnosis of cancer by several months. These data suggest that assay of genetic alterations in circulating plasma DNA may be developed as a useful addition to conventional techniques for the diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Allan
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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14
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Hardie LJ, Briggs JA, Davidson LA, Allan JM, King RF, Williams GI, Wild CP. The effect of hOGG1 and glutathione peroxidase I genotypes and 3p chromosomal loss on 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21:167-72. [PMID: 10657953 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic genes for the peroxide scavenger glutathione peroxidase I (GPX1) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) DNA glycosylase/apurinic (AP) lyase (hOGG1) map to loci on chromosome 3p which are subject to frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in lung tumours. Levels of the pro-mutagenic, oxidative DNA lesion 8-OHdG, were measured in 37 paired normal and tumorous lung specimens using HPLC with electrochemical detection. Lung tumours were also analysed for 3p LOH by fluorescent PCR with Genescan analysis. No significant difference was observed between 8-OHdG levels in tumour [7.7 +/- 6.7 (mean +/- SE) 8-OHdG/10(6) 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG)] and normal (8.1 +/- 8.8 8-OHdG/10(6) dG) lung tissue. Adduct levels in normal lung tissue DNA were not associated with constitutive hOGG1 genotype although there was a trend towards lower 8-OHdG levels in individuals possessing the ALA6 GPX1 polymorphism. Lung tumours exhibiting 3p LOH (40%) contained higher levels of 8-OHdG adducts (10.9 +/- 2.6 8-OHdG/10(6) dG) (P = 0.05) and lower GPX1 enzyme activity [45.5 nmol glutathione (GSH)/min/mg] (P = 0.09) when compared with tumours without LOH at these sites (5.55 +/- 0.87 8-OHdG/10(6) dG and 63.6 nmol GSH/min/mg, respectively). In conclusion, tumours with 3p LOH at loci associated with hOGG1 and GPX1 appear to have compromised oxidative defence mechanisms as measured by reduced GPX1 enzyme activity and elevated 8-OHdG levels and this may affect the prognosis of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Hardie
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Leeds and Institute of Pathology, Algernon Firth Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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15
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Abstract
The genome continuously suffers damage due to its reactivity with chemical and physical agents. Finding such damage in genomes (that can be several million to several billion nucleotide base pairs in size) is a seemingly daunting task. 3-Methyladenine DNA glycosylases can initiate the base excision repair (BER) of an extraordinarily wide range of substrate bases. The advantage of such broad substrate recognition is that these enzymes provide resistance to a wide variety of DNA damaging agents; however, under certain circumstances, the eclectic nature of these enzymes can confer some biological disadvantages. Solving the X-ray crystal structures of two 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylases, and creating cells and animals altered for this activity, contributes to our understanding of their enzyme mechanism and how such enzymes influence the biological response of organisms to several different types of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Wyatt
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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16
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Abstract
The genome continuously suffers damage due to its reactivity with chemical and physical agents. Finding such damage in genomes (that can be several million to several billion nucleotide base pairs in size) is a seemingly daunting task. 3-Methyladenine DNA glycosylases can initiate the base excision repair (BER) of an extraordinarily wide range of substrate bases. The advantage of such broad substrate recognition is that these enzymes provide resistance to a wide variety of DNA damaging agents; however, under certain circumstances, the eclectic nature of these enzymes can confer some biological disadvantages. Solving the X-ray crystal structures of two 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylases, and creating cells and animals altered for this activity, contributes to our understanding of their enzyme mechanism and how such enzymes influence the biological response of organisms to several different types of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Wyatt
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Glassner BJ, Weeda G, Allan JM, Broekhof JL, Carls NH, Donker I, Engelward BP, Hampson RJ, Hersmus R, Hickman MJ, Roth RB, Warren HB, Wu MM, Hoeijmakers JH, Samson LD. DNA repair methyltransferase (Mgmt) knockout mice are sensitive to the lethal effects of chemotherapeutic alkylating agents. Mutagenesis 1999; 14:339-47. [PMID: 10375003 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/14.3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated mice deficient in O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase activity encoded by the murine Mgmt gene using homologous recombination to delete the region encoding the Mgmt active site cysteine. Tissues from Mgmt null mice displayed very low O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase activity, suggesting that Mgmt constitutes the major, if not the only, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase. Primary mouse embryo fibroblasts and bone marrow cells from Mgmt -/- mice were significantly more sensitive to the toxic effects of the chemotherapeutic alkylating agents 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, streptozotocin and temozolomide than those from Mgmt wild-type mice. As expected, Mgmt-deficient fibroblasts and bone marrow cells were not sensitive to UV light or to the crosslinking agent mitomycin C. In addition, the 50% lethal doses for Mgmt -/- mice were 2- to 10-fold lower than those for Mgmt +/+ mice for 1,3-bis(2chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and streptozotocin; similar 50% lethal doses were observed for mitomycin C. Necropsies of both wild-type and Mgmt -/mice following drug treatment revealed histological evidence of significant ablation of hematopoietic tissues, but such ablation occurred at much lower doses for the Mgmt -/- mice. These results demonstrate the critical importance of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase in protecting cells and animals against the toxic effects of alkylating agents used for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Glassner
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Allan JM, Engelward BP, Dreslin AJ, Wyatt MD, Tomasz M, Samson LD. Mammalian 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase protects against the toxicity and clastogenicity of certain chemotherapeutic DNA cross-linking agents. Cancer Res 1998; 58:3965-73. [PMID: 9731510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA repair status is recognized as an important determinant of the clinical efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. To assess the role that a mammalian DNA glycosylase plays in modulating the toxicity and clastogenicity of the chemotherapeutic DNA cross-linking alkylating agents, we compared the sensitivity of wild-type murine cells to that of isogenic cells bearing homozygous null mutations in the 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase gene (Aag). We show that Aag protects against the toxic and clastogenic effects of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and mitomycin C (MMC), as measured by cell killing, sister chromatid exchange, and chromosome aberrations. This protection is accompanied by suppression of apoptosis and a slightly reduced p53 response. Our results identify 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase-initiated base excision repair as a potentially important determinant of the clinical efficacy and, possibly, the carcinogenicity of these widely used chemotherapeutic agents. However, Aag does not contribute significantly to protection against the toxic and clastogenic effects of several chemotherapeutic nitrogen mustards (namely, mechlorethamine, melphalan, and chlorambucil), at least in the mouse embryonic stem cells used here. We also compare the Aag null phenotype with the Fanconi anemia phenotype, a human disorder characterized by cellular hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, including MMC. Although Aag null cells are sensitive to MMC-induced growth delay and cell cycle arrest, their sensitivity is modest compared to that of Fanconi anemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Allan
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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19
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Engelward BP, Allan JM, Dreslin AJ, Kelly JD, Wu MM, Gold B, Samson LD. A chemical and genetic approach together define the biological consequences of 3-methyladenine lesions in the mammalian genome. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:5412-8. [PMID: 9479003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.9.5412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-damaging agents produce a plethora of cellular responses that include p53 induction, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. It is generally assumed that it is the DNA damage produced by these agents that triggers such responses, but there is limited direct evidence to support this assumption. Here, we used DNA alkylation repair proficient and deficient isogenic mouse cell lines to demonstrate that the signal to trigger p53 induction, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in response to alkylating agents does emanate from DNA damage. Moreover, we established that 3-methyladenine, a relatively minor DNA lesion produced by most methylating agents (which form mainly 7-methylguanine), can specifically induce sister chromatid exchange, chromatid and chromosome gaps and breaks, S phase arrest, the accumulation of p53, and apoptosis. This study was made possible by the generation of 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase null mutant cells by targeted homologous recombination and by the chemical synthesis of a methylating agent that almost exclusively produces 3-methyladenine DNA lesions. The combined use of these two experimental tools has defined the biological consequences of 3-methyladenine, a DNA lesion produced by endogenous cellular metabolites, environmental carcinogens, and chemotherapeutic alkylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Engelward
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Bryant DP, Erin J, Lock R, Allan JM, Resta PE. Infusing a teacher preparation program in learning disabilities with assistive technology. J Learn Disabil 1998; 31:55-66. [PMID: 9455177 DOI: 10.1177/002221949803100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A recent trend in the fields of special education, rehabilitation, and technology is the development and implementation of assistive technology (AT) devices and services to assist individuals in compensating for disabilities and/or utilizing functional capabilities to meet environmental demands. AT devices and services have major implications for individuals with learning disabilities (LD) regarding life span issues, environmental and curricular accessibility, and compensatory strategies. Faculty members in higher education who are responsible for designing teacher preparation programs in LD must explore ways to structure curricula, methodologies, and practica to better prepare teachers to work with students who use AT devices to compensate for their specific learning disabilities. The purpose of this article is to describe curriculum design steps and barriers to and solutions for infusing LD teacher preparation programs with assistive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Bryant
- University of Texas, Department of Special Education, College of Education, Austin 78712, USA
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21
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Abstract
The surface and bulk modulation of polymeric biomedical devices allows the full range of material properties to be exercised as demanded by custom applications. Polymeric biomaterials are finding greater use as relatively inert and even transient options and so therefore will require thorough processing analyses and the transfer of technology from nonbiomedical applications to the biomedical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Burg
- Department of General Surgery Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232-2861, USA.
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22
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Engelward BP, Weeda G, Wyatt MD, Broekhof JL, de Wit J, Donker I, Allan JM, Gold B, Hoeijmakers JH, Samson LD. Base excision repair deficient mice lacking the Aag alkyladenine DNA glycosylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:13087-92. [PMID: 9371804 PMCID: PMC24267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.24.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3-methyladenine (3MeA) DNA glycosylases remove 3MeAs from alkylated DNA to initiate the base excision repair pathway. Here we report the generation of mice deficient in the 3MeA DNA glycosylase encoded by the Aag (Mpg) gene. Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase turns out to be the major DNA glycosylase not only for the cytotoxic 3MeA DNA lesion, but also for the mutagenic 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilonA) and hypoxanthine lesions. Aag appears to be the only 3MeA and hypoxanthine DNA glycosylase in liver, testes, kidney, and lung, and the only epsilonA DNA glycosylase in liver, testes, and kidney; another epsilonA DNA glycosylase may be expressed in lung. Although alkyladenine DNA glycosylase has the capacity to remove 8-oxoguanine DNA lesions, it does not appear to be the major glycosylase for 8-oxoguanine repair. Fibroblasts derived from Aag -/- mice are alkylation sensitive, indicating that Aag -/- mice may be similarly sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Engelward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Routledge MN, Allan JM, Garner RC. Detection of DNA damage by Escherichia coli UvrB-binding competition assay is limited by the stability of the UvrB-DNA complex. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18:1407-13. [PMID: 9230288 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/18.7.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the use of UvrB-binding to detect DNA damage, mobility shift gel electrophoresis was used to detect binding of UvrB protein to a 136 bp DNA fragment that was randomly adducted with aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide and end-labelled with 32P. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the shifted band that contained DNA bound by UvrB was quantified as a percentage of total radioactive substrate DNA. This method was applied to analyse plasmid DNA that was adducted with various DNA modifying agents in vitro. These adducts competed for UvrB-binding to the labelled substrate. By competing for UvrB-binding with 10 ng of plasmid DNA that was adducted with known levels of aflatoxin B1, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, or benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide, UvrB competition could be quantified for DNA adducted with between one adduct in 10(2) and one adduct in 10(5) normal nucleotides. However, plasmid DNA exposed to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or methylene blue + visible light, did not compete for UvrB-binding, even though the presence of UvrABC sensitive sites were confirmed on this DNA by a UvrABC incision assay. Mono-adducted 96-bp DNA substrates, which contained an internal 32P-label and either a single apurinic site, aflatoxin B1-guanine adduct, O6-methylguanine, 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine or non-adducted guanine, were also used as substrates for UvrA- and UvrB-binding to examine the stability of UvrB-DNA complexes with specific adducts. Under similar conditions used for the competition assay, significant UvrB-binding was seen only for the aflatoxin adducted substrate. These results suggest that stability of UvrB-binding varies greatly between bulky and non-bulky adducts. It was also found that rat liver DNA from untreated rats inhibited UvrB-binding to the substrate DNA in the competition assay, to a degree that was equivalent to competition with plasmid adducted at one adduct in 10(3) normal nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Routledge
- Biology Department, University of York, Heslington, UK
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24
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Abstract
The UvrA and UvrB proteins form part of the UvrABc endonuclease, which is responsible for nucleotide excision repair in Escherichia coli. Using a mobility shift gel assay we have studied the binding of UvrA dimer, UvrB monomer and UvA(2)B trimer complexes with 40, 50 and 136 bp (32)P-end-labelled DNA fragments adducted with aflatoxin B(1). UvrA was shown to re-associate with adduct specific UvrB: DNA complexes, a phenomenon which could be reversed by the addition of 500 mM potassium chloride or anti-UvrA anti-sera. Re-association was shown to be UvrA concentration dependent. Re-association of UvrA(2)B to the UvrB:DNA complex was not seen. We have also shown that the UvrB:DNA complex, in the case of aflatoxin B(1), is extremely stable with a half-life excess of 400 min and that fragment termini are not a specific substrate for UvrA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Allan
- The Jack Birch Unit for Environmental Carcinogenesis, Biology Department, University of York, Heslington, UK
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Allan
- Jack Birch Unit for Environmental Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, UK
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Abstract
The spread of rotavirus infection was studied over four weeks in a sample of 28 families exposed to a child with rotavirus infection. The results showed a high incidence of intrafamilial infection, with 46% of members of these families developing rotavirus infections compared with none in another series of 18 families. Children in the families with an index case were more frequently affected than adults: 75% of the children developed rotavirus infection but only 33% of the adults. Children tended to suffer the infection in a more severe form. Intrafamily contact is clearly important in transmitting rotavirus infection, and preventive measures should aim at reducing the likelihood of such cross infection.
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