1
|
Sharma D, Kohlbach KA, Maples R, Farrar JD. The β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) entrains circadian gene oscillation and diurnal responses to virus infection in CD8 + T cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.12.584692. [PMID: 38559276 PMCID: PMC10980027 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive immune cells are regulated by circadian rhythms (CR) under both steady state conditions and during responses to infection. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells display variable responses to infection depending upon the time of day of exposure. However, the neuronal signals that entrain these cyclic behaviors remain unknown. Immune cells express a variety of neurotransmitter receptors including nicotinic, glucocorticoid, and adrenergic receptors. Here, we demonstrate that the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) regulates the periodic oscillation of select core clock genes, such as Per2 and Bmal1 , and selective loss of the Adrb2 gene dramatically perturbs the normal diurnal oscillation of clock gene expression in CD8 + T cells. Consequently, their circadian-regulated anti-viral response is dysregulated, and the diurnal development of CD8 + T cells into variegated populations of cytolytic T cell (CTL) effectors is dramatically altered in the absence of ADRB2 signaling. Thus, the Adrb2 directly entrains core clock gene oscillation and regulates CR-dependent T cell responses to virus infection as a function of time-of-day of pathogen exposure. One Sentence Summary The β2-adrenergic receptor regulates circadian gene oscillation and downstream daily timing of cytolytic T cell responses to virus infection.
Collapse
|
2
|
Thoppil J, Mehta P, Bartels B, Sharma D, Farrar JD. Impact of norepinephrine on immunity and oxidative metabolism in sepsis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271098. [PMID: 38022663 PMCID: PMC10662053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major health problem in the United States (US), constituting a leading contributor to mortality among critically ill patients. Despite advances in treatment the underlying pathophysiology of sepsis remains elusive. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a significant role in antimicrobial host defense and inflammation and its dysregulation leads to maladaptive responses because of excessive inflammation. There is growing evidence for crosstalk between the central nervous system and the immune system in response to infection. The hypothalamic-pituitary and adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system are the two major pathways that mediate this interaction. Epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE), respectively are the effectors of these interactions. Upon stimulation, NE is released from sympathetic nerve terminals locally within lymphoid organs and activate adrenoreceptors expressed on immune cells. Similarly, epinephrine secreted from the adrenal gland which is released systemically also exerts influence on immune cells. However, understanding the specific impact of neuroimmunity is still in its infancy. In this review, we focus on the sympathetic nervous system, specifically the role the neurotransmitter norepinephrine has on immune cells. Norepinephrine has been shown to modulate immune cell responses leading to increased anti-inflammatory and blunting of pro-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that norepinephrine is involved in regulating oxidative metabolism in immune cells. This review attempts to summarize the known effects of norepinephrine on immune cell response and oxidative metabolism in response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joby Thoppil
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Prayag Mehta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brett Bartels
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Drashya Sharma
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chin Fatt C, Ayvaci ER, Jha MK, Emslie G, Gibson S, Minhajuddin AT, Mayes TL, Farrar JD, Trivedi MH. Characterizing inflammatory profiles of suicidal behavior in adolescents: Rationale and design. J Affect Disord 2023; 325:55-61. [PMID: 36586601 PMCID: PMC10177665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suicide rate in youth and young adults continues to climb - we do not understand why this increase is occurring, nor do we have adequate tools to predict or prevent it. Increased efforts to treat underlying depression and other disorders that are highly associated with suicide have had limited impact, despite considerable financial investments in developing and disseminating available methods. Thus, there is a tremendous need to identify potential markers of suicide behavior for youth during this high-risk period. METHODS Funded by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP), this study aims to map immune dysfunction to suicidal behavior and establish a reliable immune signature of suicide risk that can 1) guide future research into fundamental pathophysiology and 2) identify targets for drug development. The study design is an observational study where blood samples and a comprehensive array of clinical measures are collected from three groups of adolescents (n = 75 each) (1) with suicidal behavior [recent (within 3 months) suicide attempt or suicidal ideation warranting urgent evaluation,] (2) at risk for mood disorders, and (3) who are healthy (no psychiatric history). Participants will complete self-report and clinical assessments, along with a blood draw, at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months, and online self-report assessments once a month. RESULTS The recruitment for this study is ongoing. LIMITATIONS Observational, variability in treatment regimens. CONCLUSIONS This study will help elucidate immune mechanisms that may play a causal role in suicide and serve as targets for future therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherise Chin Fatt
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Emine Rabia Ayvaci
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Manish K Jha
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Graham Emslie
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Gibson
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Abu T Minhajuddin
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Taryn L Mayes
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chin Fatt CR, Farrar JD, Jha MK, Minhajuddin A, Mayes T, Foster JA, Trivedi MH. Immune characterization of suicidal behavior in female adolescents. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 25:100499. [PMID: 36120101 PMCID: PMC9475263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To address the need to identify potential markers of suicide behavior for adolescents (ages 12-18 years), mass cytometry was used to explore the cellular mechanisms that may underpin immune dysregulation in adolescents with recent suicidal behavior. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from 10 female adolescents with a recent suicide attempt and 4 healthy female adolescents were used. A panel of 30 antibodies was analyzed using mass cytometry. We used two complementary approaches to 1) identify the cell types that significantly differed between the two groups, and 2) explore differences in the expression profile of markers on the surface of these cells. Mass cytometry data were investigated using (Center for Disease Control, 2021) Opt-SNE for dimension reduced (Curtin and Heron, 2019), FlowSOM for clustering, and (Bridge et al., 2006) EgdeR and SAM for statistical analyses. Results Opt-SNE (a data driven clustering analysis) identified 15 clusters of distinct cell types. From these 15 clusters, cluster 5 (classical monocytes) had statistically lower abundance in suicidal adolescents as compared to healthy controls, whereas cluster 7 (gamma-delta T cells) had statistically higher abundance in suicidal adolescents compared to healthy control. Furthermore, across the 15 cell types, chemokine receptors, CXCR3 (cluster 5) and CXCR5 (clusters 4, 5, 7, and 9), had an elevated expression profile in those with a recent suicide attempt versus healthy controls. Conclusion This report demonstrates the utility of high dimensional cell phenotyping in psychiatric disorders and provides preliminary evidence for distinct immune dysfunctions in adolescents with recent suicide attempts as compared to healthy controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherise R. Chin Fatt
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Manish K. Jha
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Abu Minhajuddin
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Taryn Mayes
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jane A. Foster
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Madhukar H. Trivedi
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Corresponding author. Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75235-9086, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Estrada LD, Ağaç Çobanoğlu D, Wise A, Maples RW, Çobanoğlu MC, Farrar JD. Adrenergic signaling controls early transcriptional programs during CD8+ T cell responses to viral infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272017. [PMID: 35944008 PMCID: PMC9362915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine is a key sympathetic neurotransmitter, which acts to suppress CD8 + T cell cytokine secretion and lytic activity by signaling through the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2). Although ADRB2 signaling is considered generally immunosuppressive, its role in regulating the differentiation of effector T cells in response to infection has not been investigated. Using an adoptive transfer approach, we compared the expansion and differentiation of wild type (WT) to Adrb2-/- CD8 + T cells throughout the primary response to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection in vivo. We measured the dynamic changes in transcriptome profiles of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells as they responded to VSV. Within the first 7 days of infection, WT cells out-paced the expansion of Adrb2-/- cells, which correlated with reduced expression of IL-2 and the IL-2Rα in the absence of ADRB2. RNASeq analysis identified over 300 differentially expressed genes that were both temporally regulated following infection and selectively regulated in WT vs Adrb2-/- cells. These genes contributed to major transcriptional pathways including cytokine receptor activation, signaling in cancer, immune deficiency, and neurotransmitter pathways. By parsing genes within groups that were either induced or repressed over time in response to infection, we identified three main branches of genes that were differentially regulated by the ADRB2. These gene sets were predicted to be regulated by specific transcription factors involved in effector T cell development, such as Tbx21 and Eomes. Collectively, these data demonstrate a significant role for ADRB2 signaling in regulating key transcriptional pathways during CD8 + T cells responses to infection that may dramatically impact their functional capabilities and downstream memory cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D. Estrada
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Didem Ağaç Çobanoğlu
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Aaron Wise
- Encodia Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Maples
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Murat Can Çobanoğlu
- Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gonugunta AS, von Itzstein MS, Mu-Mosley H, Fattah F, Farrar JD, Mobely A, Rashdan S, Lai S, Bhai SF, Bermas BL, Karp D, Li QZ, Wakeland EK, Gerber DE. Humoral and cellular correlates of a novel immune-related adverse event and its treatment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003585. [PMID: 34880115 PMCID: PMC8655605 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-related adverse events (irAE) may affect almost any organ system and occur at any point during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). We present a patient with advanced lung cancer receiving antiprogrammed death 1 checkpoint inhibitor who developed a delayed-onset visual irAE treated with corticosteroids. Through assessment of longitudinal biospecimens, we analyzed serial autoantibodies, cytokines, and cellular populations. Months after ICI initiation and preceding clinical toxicity, the patient developed broad increases in cytokines (most notably interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFNγ), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17)), autoantibodies (including anti-angiotensin receptor, α-actin, and amyloid), CD8 T cells, and plasmablasts. Such changes were not observed in healthy controls and ICI-treated patients without irAE. Administration of corticosteroids resulted in immediate and profound decreases in cytokines, autoantibodies, and inflammatory cells. This case highlights the potential for late-onset changes in humoral and cellular immunity in patients receiving ICI. It also demonstrates the biologic effects of corticosteroids on these parameters. Application of humoral and cellular immune biomarkers across ICI populations may inform toxicity monitoring and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrit S Gonugunta
- Medical School, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mitchell S von Itzstein
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology and Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Mu-Mosley
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Farjana Fattah
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - J David Farrar
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Immunology (Division of Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Angela Mobely
- Department of Immunology (Division of Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sawsan Rashdan
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology and Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sunny Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology and Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Salman F Bhai
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bonnie L Bermas
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Rheumatology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David Karp
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Rheumatology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology (Division of Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Rheumatology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Department of Immunology (Division of Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David E Gerber
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology and Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Farrar JD. Neuro-immune interactions. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:667-668. [PMID: 33252709 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system integrates the functions of multiple organ systems by regulating their autonomic physiological activities. The immune system is regulated both locally and systemically by the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland and local sympathetic neurons. Immune cells respond by activation of adrenergic receptors, primarily the β2-adrenergic receptor, which signal through heterotrimeric G-proteins. Depending upon the cell type, adrenergic signaling regulates a variety of functions in immune cells ranging from cellular migration to cytokine secretion. Furthermore, due to the diurnal oscillation of systemic norepinephrine levels, various immune functions follow a circadian rhythmic pattern. This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of how the sympathetic nervous system regulates both innate and adaptive immune functions and how this regulation is linked to circadian rhythms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drashya Sharma
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rowe RK, Pyle DM, Farrar JD, Gill MA. IgE-mediated regulation of IL-10 and type I IFN enhances rhinovirus-induced Th2 differentiation by primary human monocytes. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1550-1559. [PMID: 32383224 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections are linked to the development and exacerbation of allergic diseases including allergic asthma. IgE, another contributor to atopic disease pathogenesis, has been shown to regulate DC antiviral functions and influence T cell priming by monocytes. We previously demonstrated that IgE-mediated stimulation of monocytes alters multiple cellular functions including cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, and influenza-induced Th1 development. In this study, we investigate the effects of IgE-mediated stimulation on monocyte-driven, RV-induced T cell development utilizing primary human monocyte-T cell co-cultures. We demonstrate that IgE crosslinking of RV-exposed monocytes enhances monocyte-driven Th2 differentiation. This increase in RV-induced Th2 development was regulated by IgE-mediated inhibition of virus-induced type I IFN and induction of IL-10. These findings suggest an additional mechanism by which two clinically significant risk factors for allergic disease exacerbations-IgE-mediated stimulation and rhinovirus infection-may synergistically promote Th2 differentiation and allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina K Rowe
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - David M Pyle
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - J David Farrar
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen F, Rowe RK, Gill MA, Farrar JD. Type I interferon suppresses memory Th2 cell cytokine secretion from allergic subjects. Allergy 2020; 75:695-698. [PMID: 31541610 DOI: 10.1111/all.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghong Chen
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
- Department of Immunology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Regina K. Rowe
- Pediatrics Division of Infectious Diseases University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Internal Medicine Division of Allergy & Immunology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Michelle A. Gill
- Department of Immunology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Pediatrics Division of Infectious Diseases University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Internal Medicine Division of Allergy & Immunology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ağaç D, Estrada LD, Maples R, Hooper LV, Farrar JD. The β2-adrenergic receptor controls inflammation by driving rapid IL-10 secretion. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 74:176-185. [PMID: 30195028 PMCID: PMC6289674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian nervous system communicates important information about the environment to the immune system, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Secondary lymphoid organs are highly innervated by sympathetic neurons that secrete norepinephrine (NE) as the primary neurotransmitter. Immune cells express adrenergic receptors, enabling the sympathetic nervous system to directly control immune function. NE is a potent immunosuppressive factor and markedly inhibits TNF-α secretion from innate cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we demonstrate that NE blocks the secretion of a variety of proinflammatory cytokines by rapidly inducing IL-10 secretion from innate cells in response to multiple Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals. NE mediated these effects exclusively through the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2). Consequently, Adrb2-/- animals were more susceptible to L. monocytogenes infection and to intestinal inflammation in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of colitis. Further, Adrb2-/- animals rapidly succumbed to endotoxemia in response to a sub-lethal LPS challenge and exhibited elevated serum levels of TNF-α and reduced IL-10. LPS-mediated lethality in WT animals was rescued by administering a β 2-specific agonist and in Adrb2-/- animals by exogenous IL-10. These findings reveal a critical role for ADRB2 signaling in controlling inflammation through the rapid induction of IL-10. Our findings provide a fundamental insight into how the sympathetic nervous system controls a critical facet of immune function through ADRB2 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ağaç
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Robert Maples
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lora V. Hooper
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ağaç D, Gill MA, Farrar JD. Adrenergic Signaling at the Interface of Allergic Asthma and Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:736. [PMID: 29696025 PMCID: PMC5904268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper respiratory viral infections are a major etiologic instigator of allergic asthma, and they drive severe exacerbations of allergic inflammation in the lower airways of asthma sufferers. Rhinovirus (RV), in particular, is the main viral instigator of these pathologies. Asthma exacerbations due to RV infections are the most frequent reasons for hospitalization and account for the majority of morbidity and mortality in asthma patients. In both critical care and disease control, long- and short-acting β2-agonists are the first line of therapeutic intervention, which are used to restore airway function by promoting smooth muscle cell relaxation in bronchioles. While prophylactic use of β2-agonists reduces the frequency and pathology of exacerbations, their role in modulating the inflammatory response is only now being appreciated. Adrenergic signaling is a component of the sympathetic nervous system, and the natural ligands, epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE), regulate a multitude of autonomic functions including regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune response. NE is the primary neurotransmitter released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate most all peripheral tissues including lung and secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, the adrenergic signaling pathways are in direct contact with both the central and peripheral immune compartments. We present a perspective on how the adrenergic signaling pathway controls immune function and how β2-agonists may influence inflammation in the context of virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ağaç
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Estrada LD, Ağaç D, Farrar JD. Sympathetic neural signaling via the β2-adrenergic receptor suppresses T-cell receptor-mediated human and mouse CD8(+) T-cell effector function. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1948-58. [PMID: 27222010 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons innervate secondary lymphoid organs and secrete norepinephrine (NE) as the primary neurotransmitter. NE binds and signals through five distinct members of the adrenergic receptor family. In this study, we show elevated expression of the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) on primary human CD8(+) effector memory T cells. Treatment of both human and murine CD8(+) T cells with NE decreased IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion and suppressed their cytolytic capacity in response to T-cell receptor (TCR) activation. The effects of NE were specifically reversed by β2-specific antagonists. Adrb2(-/-) CD8(+) T cells were completely resistant to the effects of NE. Further, the ADRB2-specific pharmacological ligand, albuterol, significantly suppressed effector functions in both human and mouse CD8(+) T cells. While both TCR activation and stimulation with IL-12 + IL-18 were able to induce inflammatory cytokine secretion, NE failed to suppress IFN-γ secretion in response to IL-12 + IL18. Finally, the long-acting ADRB2-specific agonist, salmeterol, markedly reduced the cytokine secretion capacity of CD8(+) T cells in response to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus. This study reveals a novel intrinsic role for ADRB2 signaling in CD8(+) T-cell function and underscores the novel role this pathway plays in adaptive T-cell responses to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Estrada
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Didem Ağaç
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gonzales-van Horn SR, Estrada LD, van Oers NSC, Farrar JD. STAT4-mediated transcriptional repression of the IL5 gene in human memory Th2 cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1504-10. [PMID: 26990433 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) plays a critical role in suppressing viral replication by driving the transcription of hundreds of interferon-sensitive genes (ISGs). While many ISGs are transcriptionally activated by the ISGF3 complex, the significance of other signaling intermediates in IFN-α/β-mediated gene regulation remains elusive, particularly in rare cases of gene silencing. In human Th2 cells, IFN-α/β signaling suppressed IL5 and IL13 mRNA expression during recall responses to T-cell receptor (TCR) activation. This suppression occurred through a rapid reduction in the rate of nascent transcription, independent of de novo expression of ISGs. Further, IFN-α/β-mediated STAT4 activation was required for repressing the human IL5 gene, and disrupting STAT4 dimerization reversed this effect. This is the first demonstration of STAT4 acting as a transcriptional repressor in response to IFN-α/β signaling and highlights the unique activity of this cytokine to acutely block the expression of an inflammatory cytokine in human T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo D Estrada
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nicolai S C van Oers
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bajwa G, DeBerardinis RJ, Shao B, Hall B, Farrar JD, Gill MA. Cutting Edge: Critical Role of Glycolysis in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Antiviral Responses. J Immunol 2016; 196:2004-9. [PMID: 26826244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are vital to antiviral defense, directing immune responses via secretion of huge concentrations of IFN-α. These cells are critical in protecting the lung against clinically relevant respiratory viruses, particularly influenza (Flu), a virus responsible for substantial worldwide morbidity and mortality. How pDC responses to such viral pathogens are regulated, however, is poorly understood in humans. Using an unbiased approach of gene chip analysis, we discovered that Flu significantly affects metabolism in primary human pDCs. We demonstrate that Flu and RV, another common respiratory virus, induce glycolysis in pDCs and that this metabolic pathway regulates pDC antiviral functions, including IFN-α production and phenotypic maturation. Intranasal vaccination of human volunteers with live influenza virus also increases glycolysis in circulating pDCs, highlighting a previously unrecognized potential role for metabolism in regulating pDC immune responses to viral infections in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Bajwa
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Baomei Shao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
| | | | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leigh ND, Kokolus KM, O'Neill RE, Du W, Eng JWL, Qiu J, Chen GL, McCarthy PL, Farrar JD, Cao X, Repasky EA. Housing Temperature-Induced Stress Is Suppressing Murine Graft-versus-Host Disease through β2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. J Immunol 2015; 195:5045-54. [PMID: 26459348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, a potentially curative therapy for hematologic diseases. It has long been thought that murine bone marrow-derived T cells do not mediate severe GVHD because of their quantity and/or phenotype. During the course of experiments testing the impact of housing temperatures on GVHD, we discovered that this apparent resistance is a function of the relatively cool ambient housing temperature. Murine bone marrow-derived T cells have the ability to mediate severe GVHD in mice housed at a thermoneutral temperature. Specifically, mice housed at Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-mandated, cool standard temperatures (∼ 22°C) are more resistant to developing GVHD than are mice housed at thermoneutral temperatures (∼ 30°C). We learned that the mechanism underlying this housing-dependent immunosuppression is associated with increased norepinephrine production and excessive signaling through β-adrenergic receptor signaling, which is increased when mice are cold stressed. Treatment of mice housed at 22°C with a β2-adrenergic antagonist reverses the norepinephrine-driven suppression of GVHD and yields similar disease to mice housed at 30°C. Conversely, administering a β2-adrenergic agonist decreases GVHD in mice housed at 30°C. In further mechanistic studies using β2-adrenergic receptor-deficient (β2-AR(-/-)) mice, we found that it is host cell β2-AR signaling that is essential for decreasing GVHD. These data reveal how baseline levels of β-adrenergic receptor signaling can influence murine GVHD and point to the feasibility of manipulation of β2-AR signaling to ameliorate GVHD in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Leigh
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Kathleen M Kokolus
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Rachel E O'Neill
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Jason W-L Eng
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Jingxin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - George L Chen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263; and
| | - Philip L McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263; and
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263;
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gonzales-van Horn SR, Farrar JD. Interferon at the crossroads of allergy and viral infections. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:185-94. [PMID: 26026068 PMCID: PMC4501675 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0315-099r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-α/β was first described as a potent inhibitor of viral replication, but it is now appreciated that IFN signaling plays a pleiotropic role in regulating peripheral T cell functions. Recently, IFN-α/β was shown to block human Th2 development by suppressing the transcription factor GATA3. This effect is consistent with the role for IFN-α/β in suppressing allergic inflammatory processes by blocking granulocyte activation and IL-4-mediated B cell isotype switching to IgE. With the consideration of recent studies demonstrating a defect in IFN-α/β secretion in DCs and epithelial cells from individuals with severe atopic diseases, there is an apparent reciprocal negative regulatory loop in atopic individuals, whereby the lack of IFN-α/β secretion by innate cells contributes to the development of allergic Th2 cells. Is it possible to overcome these events by treating with IFN-α/β or by inducing its secretion in vivo? In support of this approach, case studies have documented the therapeutic potential of IFN-α/β in treating steroid-resistant allergic asthma and other atopic diseases. Additionally, individuals with asthma who are infected with HCV and respond to IFN therapy showed a reduction in symptoms and severity of asthma attacks. These findings support a model, whereby allergic and antiviral responses are able to cross-regulate each other, as IgER cross-linking of pDCs prevents IFN-α/β production in response to viral infection. The clinical importance of upper-respiratory viruses in the context of allergic asthma supports the need to understand how these pathways intersect and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
STAT2 is unique among the STAT family of transcription factors in that its activation is driven predominantly by only two classes of cell surface receptors: Type I and III interferon receptors. As such, STAT2 plays a critical role in host defenses against viral infections. Viruses have evolved to target STAT2 by either inhibiting its expression, blocking its activity, or by targeting it for degradation. Consequently, these viral onslaughts have driven remarkable divergence in the STAT2 gene across species that is not observed in other STAT family members. Thus, the evolution of STAT2 may preserve its activity and protect each species in the face of an ever-changing viral community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Z Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Biology; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huber JP, Gonzales-van Horn SR, Roybal KT, Gill MA, Farrar JD. IFN-α suppresses GATA3 transcription from a distal exon and promotes H3K27 trimethylation of the CNS-1 enhancer in human Th2 cells. J Immunol 2014; 192:5687-94. [PMID: 24813204 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) Th2 development is regulated by the zinc finger transcription factor GATA3. Once induced by acute priming signals, such as IL-4, GATA3 poises the Th2 cytokine locus for rapid activation and establishes a positive-feedback loop that maintains elevated GATA3 expression. Type I IFN (IFN-α/β) inhibits Th2 cells by blocking the expression of GATA3 during Th2 development and in fully committed Th2 cells. In this study, we uncovered a unique mechanism by which IFN-α/β signaling represses the GATA3 gene in human Th2 cells. IFN-α/β suppressed expression of GATA3 mRNA that was transcribed from an alternative distal upstream exon (1A). This suppression was not mediated through DNA methylation, but rather by histone modifications localized to a conserved noncoding sequence (CNS-1) upstream of exon 1A. IFN-α/β treatment led to a closed conformation of CNS-1, as assessed by DNase I hypersensitivity, along with enhanced accumulation of H3K27me3 mark at this CNS region, which correlated with increased density of total nucleosomes at this putative enhancer. Consequently, accessibility of CNS-1 to GATA3 DNA binding activity was reduced in response to IFN-α/β signaling, even in the presence of IL-4. Thus, IFN-α/β disrupts the GATA3-autoactivation loop and promotes epigenetic silencing of a Th2-specific regulatory region within the GATA3 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Huber
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
| | | | - Kole T Roybal
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chowdhury FZ, Estrada LD, Murray S, Forman J, Farrar JD. Pharmacological inhibition of TPL2/MAP3K8 blocks human cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92187. [PMID: 24642963 PMCID: PMC3958505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a major role in defense against intracellular pathogens. During development, antigen-presenting cells secrete innate cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-α, which drive CTL differentiation into diverse populations of effector and long-lived memory cells. Using whole transcriptome analyses, the serine/threonine protein kinase Tpl2/MAP3K8 was found to be induced by IL-12 and selectively expressed by effector memory (TEM) CTLs. Tpl2 regulates various inflammatory pathways by activating the ERK mediated MAP kinase pathway in innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. In this study, we found that a specific small molecule Tpl2 inhibitor blocked IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion as well as cytolytic activity of human CTLs. This pathway was specific for human effector CTLs, as the Tpl2 inhibitor did not block IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion from murine effector CTLs. Further, IL-12 failed to induce expression of Tpl2 in murine CTLs, and Tpl2 deficient murine CTLs did not exhibit any functional deficiency either in vitro or in vivo in response to L. monocytogenes infection. In summary, we identified a species-specific role for Tpl2 in effector function of human CTLs, which plays a major role in adaptive immune responses to intracellular pathogens and tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Z. Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leonardo D. Estrada
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sean Murray
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Forman
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pyle DM, Yang VS, Gruchalla RS, Farrar JD, Gill MA. IgE cross-linking critically impairs human monocyte function by blocking phagocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:491-500.e1-5. [PMID: 23374271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE cross-linking triggers many cellular processes that drive allergic disease. While the role of IgE in mediating allergic responses is best described on basophils and mast cells, expression of the high-affinity IgE receptor on other innate immune cells, including monocytes, suggests that it may affect the function of these cells in allergic environments. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of IgE cross-linking on the function of human monocytes. METHODS Monocytes purified from healthy donor blood samples were cultured for 4 to 96 hours with media alone, a cross-linking anti-IgE antibody or control IgG. Surface CD14 and CD64 expression and secreted cytokine concentrations were determined. Monocyte function was determined by assessing (1) phagocytosis of Escherichia coli or apoptotic HEp2 cells and (2) killing of intracellular E coli. Select experiments were performed on monocytes obtained from participants with elevated versus normal serum IgE concentrations. RESULTS IgE cross-linking on monocytes increased CD14 expression and induced secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and autoregulatory IL-10. These effects were greatest in individuals with elevated serum IgE concentrations. In contrast, IgE cross-linking reduced CD64 expression and significantly impaired phagocytic function without disrupting the capacity of monocytes to kill bacteria. CONCLUSIONS IgE cross-linking drives monocyte proinflammatory processes and autoregulatory IL-10 in a serum IgE-dependent manner. In contrast, monocyte phagocytic function is critically impaired by IgE cross-linking. Our findings suggest that IgE cross-linking on monocytes may contribute to allergic disease by both enhancing detrimental inflammatory responses and concomitantly crippling phagocytosis, a primary mechanism used by these cells to resolve inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Pyle
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Becker AM, Dao KH, Han BK, Kornu R, Lakhanpal S, Mobley AB, Li QZ, Lian Y, Wu T, Reimold AM, Olsen NJ, Karp DR, Chowdhury FZ, Farrar JD, Satterthwaite AB, Mohan C, Lipsky PE, Wakeland EK, Davis LS. SLE peripheral blood B cell, T cell and myeloid cell transcriptomes display unique profiles and each subset contributes to the interferon signature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67003. [PMID: 23826184 PMCID: PMC3691135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by defective immune tolerance combined with immune cell hyperactivity resulting in the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Previous gene expression studies employing whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have demonstrated that a majority of patients with active disease have increased expression of type I interferon (IFN) inducible transcripts known as the IFN signature. The goal of the current study was to assess the gene expression profiles of isolated leukocyte subsets obtained from SLE patients. Subsets including CD19+ B lymphocytes, CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD33+ myeloid cells were simultaneously sorted from PBMC. The SLE transcriptomes were assessed for differentially expressed genes as compared to healthy controls. SLE CD33+ myeloid cells exhibited the greatest number of differentially expressed genes at 208 transcripts, SLE B cells expressed 174 transcripts and SLE CD3+CD4+ T cells expressed 92 transcripts. Only 4.4% (21) of the 474 total transcripts, many associated with the IFN signature, were shared by all three subsets. Transcriptional profiles translated into increased protein expression for CD38, CD63, CD107a and CD169. Moreover, these studies demonstrated that both SLE lymphoid and myeloid subsets expressed elevated transcripts for cytosolic RNA and DNA sensors and downstream effectors mediating IFN and cytokine production. Prolonged upregulation of nucleic acid sensing pathways could modulate immune effector functions and initiate or contribute to the systemic inflammation observed in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Becker
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn H. Dao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bobby Kwanghoon Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roger Kornu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuchi Lakhanpal
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angela B. Mobley
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yun Lian
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tianfu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andreas M. Reimold
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Olsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - David R. Karp
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fatema Z. Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter E. Lipsky
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laurie S. Davis
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gonzales S, Huber J, Farrar JD. Type I interferon inhibits acute IL-5 and IL-13 expression in human memory CD4+ T cells (125.12). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.125.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type I Interferon (IFN-α/β) is an innate cytokine important for fighting infections and is used to treat hepatitis C infection and multiple sclerosis, among other diseases. Although the innate role of this cytokine has been studied extensively, our group has shown that IFN-α/β plays a role in shaping the adaptive immune response in humans. Recently, we demonstrated that IFN-α/β inhibits Th2 development by regulating mRNA and protein levels of GATA3. Regulation of GATA3 in turn suppresses Th2 cytokine production, without effecting IFN-γ production. In addition to blocking Th2 development, we now demonstrate an acute inhibition of human memory T cell function upon treatment with IFN-α/β. Human memory CD4+ T cells acutely activated with anti-CD3 in the presence of IFN-α/β resulted in reduced mRNA levels of Th2 cytokine genes, IL5 and IL13, but did not effect IL4 expression. GATA3 levels were not affected, suggesting a GATA3-independent mechanism. Further experiments have determined that this regulatory mechanism does not require new protein synthesis. This mechanism seems to be specific to IFN-α/β, as neither IFN-γ nor IFN-λ treatment were able to repress Th2 cytokine mRNA expression to the extent of IFN-α/β. This study has uncovered an additional level of regulation that blocks early TCR signaling events that affect Th2 function. This novel pathway suggests that treatment of atopic asthmatic individuals with IFN-α/β can regulate both Th2 development and memory Th2 function.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) is comprised of a family of highly related molecules that exert potent antiviral activity by interfering with virus replication and spread. IFN-α/β secretion is tightly regulated through pathogen sensing pathways that are operative in most somatic cells. However, specialized antigen-presenting plasmacytoid dendritic cells are uniquely equipped with the capacity to secrete extremely high levels of IFN-α/β, suggesting a key role for this cytokine in priming adaptive T-cell responses. Recent studies in both mice and humans have demonstrated a role for IFN-α/β in directly influencing the fate of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during the initial phases of antigen recognition. As such, IFN-α/β, among other innate cytokines, is considered an important 'third signal' that shapes the effector and memory T-cell pool. Moreover, IFN-α/β also serves as a counter-regulator of T helper type 2 and type 17 responses, which may be important in the treatment of atopy and autoimmunity, and in the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Huber
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hagan KA, Davis A, Cummings M, Farrar JD. PS1-17 Investigating the role of Interferon alpha receptor in CD4+ T cell receptor induced IL-2 expression. Cytokine 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
26
|
Huber JP, Ramos HJ, Gill MA, Farrar JD. Cutting edge: Type I IFN reverses human Th2 commitment and stability by suppressing GATA3. J Immunol 2010; 185:813-7. [PMID: 20554961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
T helper 2 cells regulate inflammatory responses to helminth infections while also mediating pathological processes of asthma and allergy. IL-4 promotes Th2 development by inducing the expression of the GATA3 transcription factor, and the Th2 phenotype is stabilized by a GATA3-dependent autoregulatory loop. In this study, we found that type I IFN (IFN-alpha/beta) blocked human Th2 development and inhibited cytokine secretion from committed Th2 cells. This negative regulatory pathway was operative in human but not mouse CD4(+) T cells and was selective to type I IFN, as neither IFN-gamma nor IL-12 mediated such inhibition. IFN-alpha/beta blocked Th2 cytokine secretion through the inhibition of GATA3 during Th2 development and in fully committed Th2 cells. Ectopic expression of GATA3 via retrovirus did not overcome IFN-alpha/beta-mediated inhibition of Th2 commitment. Thus, we demonstrate a novel role for IFN-alpha/beta in blocking Th2 cells, suggesting its potential as a promising therapy for atopy and asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Huber
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9093, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ramos HJ, Davis AM, Cole AG, Farrar JD. Acquistion of Effector and Memory Responses is Reciprocally Regulated by IL-12 and IFN-α/β in Human CD8+ T Cells (96.8). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.96.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The innate cytokines IL-12 and IFN-α/β act in concert to facilitate clearance of intracellular pathogens. However their precise role in promoting human T cell responses is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that these cytokines regulate distinct aspects of effector and memory human CD8+ T cell differentiation. We found that IL-12 programs the development of TEM cells which secrete high levels of IFN-γand TNF-α and attain strong cytolytic activity. Programming of TEM cells by IL-12 correlated to the induction of the IL-12 receptor β 2 (IL-2Rβ2) and was associated with cells which had undergone rapid division. Alternatively, IFN- α/β enhanced a population of TCM cells which expressed high levels of the lymph node homing receptor CCR7. This population did not display immediate effector activity however, upon secondary activation, were capable of rapid proliferation and acquisition of both memory and effector phenotypes. TCM development was regulated by IFN-αand proceeded by slowing the progression of cell division in a subpopulation of cells that selectively expressed elevated IFN- α/βreceptor-2 (IFNAR2). We further examined the effects of the strength of TCR signal on TEM and TCM development. In the presence of both IL-12 and IFN- α/β, these cytokine signals were amplified as the strength of the TCR signal was increased, promoting the simultaneous development of both TCM and TEM. Together, our results support a novel model in which IL-12 and IFN- α/βact in a non-redundant manner to regulate the co-linear generation of both effector and memory cells.
This study is supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (AI56222) and by a predoctoral fellowship from the National Instititue of Health/Nation Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (AI68622).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilario J Ramos
- 1Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ann M Davis
- 1Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Alexander G Cole
- 1Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - J. David Farrar
- 1Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huber JP, Chowdhury FZ, Gill MA, Gruchalla RS, Farrar JD. Negative Regulation of Human Th2 cells by Type I Interferon (140.15). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.140.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) is a potent anti-viral cytokine that regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive responses to viral infections. As some respiratory viral infections have been linked to the etiology and exacerbation of asthma, we wished to determine the effects of IFN-α/β on driving the development of human Th2 cells. In these studies, we found that IFNα/β inhibited the ability of IL-4 to promote Th2 differentiation and significantly de-stablized cytokine expression from fully polarized Th2 cells. Further, this effect was specific to IFNα/β as neither IL-12 nor IFNγ inhibited IL-4-regulated Th2 development or stability. IFNα/β inhibited Th2 development by blocking the induction of GATA-3, and this effect was found to bypass the induction of GATA3 via IL-4-mediated STAT6 activation. Finally, IFNα/β also potently inhibited Th2 cytokine secretion from fully committed CRTH2+ cells isolated directly from peripheral blood. Thus, we have found a novel function of IFNα/β in the inhibition of Th2 responses that may be useful as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle A Gill
- 2Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Davis AM, Ramos HJ, Davis LS, Farrar JD. Cutting edge: a T-bet-independent role for IFN-alpha/beta in regulating IL-2 secretion in human CD4+ central memory T cells. J Immunol 2009; 181:8204-8. [PMID: 19050236 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 is a hallmark cytokine secreted by central memory CD4(+) T cells (T(CM)). Although naive cells rapidly secrete IL-2 in response to Ag stimulation, IL-12 inhibits IL-2 secretion in daughter cells as they differentiate into Th1 cells. In this study, we uncover a unique role for IFN-alpha in regulating IL-2 secretion by human T(CM) cells. IFN-alpha synergized with IL-12 to enhance a subset of cells that secreted high and sustained levels of IL-2. These IL-2-secreting cells displayed phenotypic and functional characteristics of T(CM) and were capable of generating IFN-gamma-secreting effectors upon secondary activation. T-bet has been implicated in negatively regulating IL-2 secretion in murine T cells; however, T-bet expression did not inhibit IFN-alpha-dependent IL-2 secretion in human T(CM) cells. Thus, our results highlight a unique role for IFN-alpha in regulating the development of IL-2-secreting human T(CM) cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Davis
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Young JA, Becker AM, Medeiros JJ, Shapiro VS, Wang A, Farrar JD, Quill TA, van Huijsduijnen RH, van Oers NS. The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN4/PTP-MEG1, an enzyme capable of dephosphorylating the TCR ITAMs and regulating NF-kappaB, is dispensable for T cell development and/or T cell effector functions. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3756-66. [PMID: 18614237 PMCID: PMC2596642 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor signaling processes are controlled by the integrated actions of families of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). Several distinct cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatases have been described that are able to negatively regulate TCR signaling pathways, including SHP-1, SHP-2, PTPH1, and PEP. Using PTPase substrate-trapping mutants and wild type enzymes, we determined that PTPN4/PTP-MEG1, a PTPH1-family member, could complex and dephosphorylate the ITAMs of the TCR zeta subunit. In addition, the substrate-trapping derivative augmented basal and TCR-induced activation of NF-kappaB in T cells. To characterize the contribution of this PTPase in T cells, we developed PTPN4-deficient mice. T cell development and TCR signaling events were comparable between wild type and PTPN4-deficient animals. The magnitude and duration of TCR-regulated ITAM phosphorylation, as well as overall protein phosphorylation, was unaltered in the absence of PTPN4. Finally, Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines and in vivo immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes were equivalent between wild type and PTPN4-deficient mice. These findings suggest that additional PTPases are involved in controlling ITAM phosphorylations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Young
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Amy M. Becker
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jennifer J. Medeiros
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Virginia S. Shapiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Timothy A. Quill
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Nicolai S.C. van Oers
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Davis AM, Hagan KA, Matthews LA, Bajwa G, Gill MA, Gale M, Farrar JD. Blockade of virus infection by human CD4+ T cells via a cytokine relay network. J Immunol 2008; 180:6923-32. [PMID: 18453613 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells directly participate in bacterial clearance through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Although viral clearance relies heavily on CD8(+) T cell functions, we sought to determine whether human CD4(+) T cells could also directly influence viral clearance through cytokine secretion. We found that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, secreted by IL-12-polarized Th1 cells, displayed potent antiviral effects against a variety of viruses. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha acted directly to inhibit hepatitis C virus replication in an in vitro replicon system, and neutralization of both cytokines was required to block the antiviral activity that was secreted by Th1 cells. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha also exerted antiviral effects against vesicular stomatitis virus infection, but in this case, functional type I IFN receptor activity was required. Thus, in cases of vesicular stomatitis virus infection, the combination of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secreted by human Th1 cells acted indirectly through the IFN-alpha/beta receptor. These results highlight the importance of CD4(+) T cells in directly regulating antiviral responses through proinflammatory cytokines acting in both a direct and indirect manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Davis
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Davis AM, Ramos H, Matthews LA, Farrar JD. Variegation of CD4
+
T cell phenotypes is regulated by IL‐12 and IFNα. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.846.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Davis
- ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Hilario Ramos
- ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | | | - J. David Farrar
- ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ramos HJ, Farrar JD. IL‐12 and IFNα/β regulate non‐redundant functions in human CD8+ T cells. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1070.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilario J Ramos
- Department of ImmunologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of ImmunologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Huber J, Farrar JD. Interferon‐alpha negatively regulates Th2 development. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.670.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Huber
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
During inflammatory immune responses, the innate cytokine IL-12 promotes CD4+ Th-1 development through the activation of the second messenger STAT4 and the subsequent expression of T-bet. In addition, type I IFN (IFN-alphabeta), secreted primarily during viral and intracellular bacterial infections, can promote STAT4 activation in human CD4+ T cells. However, the role of IFN-alphabeta in regulating Th1 development is controversial, and previous studies have suggested a species-specific pathway leading to Th1 development in human but not mouse CD4+ T cells. In this study, we found that although both IFN-alpha and IL-12 can promote STAT4 activation, IFN-alpha failed to promote Th1 commitment in human CD4+ T cells. The difference between these innate signaling pathways lies with the ability of IL-12 to promote sustained STAT4 tyrosine phosphorylation, which correlated with stable T-bet expression in committed Th1 cells. IFN-alpha did not promote Th1 development in human CD4+ T cells because of attenuated STAT4 phosphorylation, which was insufficient to induce stable expression of T-bet. Further, the defect in IFN-alpha-driven Th1 development was corrected by ectopic expression of T-bet within primary naive human CD4+ T cells. These results indicate that IL-12 remains unique in its ability to drive Th1 development in human CD4+ T cells and that IFN-alpha lacks this activity due to its inability to promote sustained T-bet expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilario J. Ramos
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ann M. Davis
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. J. David Farrar, Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9093. Ph: (214) 648-7315, Fax: (214) 648-7331.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ramos HJ, Farrar JD. Distinct Effects of IL-12 and IFN-a/b on CD8 T cell Effector Functions (95.18). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.95.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
During viral infections, CD8 T cells act to promote immunity by eliminating virally infected cells. To accomplish this they employ immediate effector functions and promote the generation of memory populations with the capacity to respond to secondary challenge. The innate cytokines IL-12 and type I interferon (IFNa/b) have been shown to participate in both the effector and memory CD8 T cell response. However, the independent and direct pathways they activate have not been well characterized. We have recently examined the direct and independent roles of these cytokines on naïve human CD45RA+ CD27+CD8+ T cells developing in vitro. In these studies, we observed that IL-12 but not IFNa/b promote the generation of CD8 T cells capable of secreting IFN-g upon secondary challenge. Further, this correlates to enhanced CXCR3 expression, a chemokine receptor which homes cells to the site of primary infection. In contrast IFNa/b enhanced the expression of CCR7 which plays an important role in the trafficking of cells to the secondary lymphoid organs. Both IL-12 and IFNa/b augmented the expression of the cytolytic factors perforin and granzyme, however, polarization with both IL-12 and IFNa/b promoted enhanced cytolytic killing than polarization by either cytokine alone. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IL-12 and IFNa/b participate in both overlapping as well as unique pathways in human CD8 T cell development which may function to promote diverse immune responses dependent on the pathogen or cytokine milieu encountered during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilario Jose Ramos
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas, 75390-9093
| | - J. David Farrar
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas, 75390-9093
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
George T, Harmon I, Peterson EJ, Burbach BJ, Shimizu Y, Matsuda JL, Gapin L, Connors M, Dowdell KC, Farrar JD, Hall BE, Morrissey PJ. Measurement of nuclear translocation in primary cells using correlation analysis of images obtained on the ImageStream imaging flow cytometer (87.13). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.87.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways regulate T cell activation and differentiation and have a critical influence on the outcome of adaptive immune responses. It has recently been shown that nuclear translocation events within non-adherent tumor cells can be quantified by correlating transnscription factor and nuclear images collected on the ImageStream multispectral imaging flow cytometer. Here we extend the quantitative technique to the study of nuclear localization within primary human or murine T cells in the following systems:
translocation of T-bet in CD4 cells derived from murine spleen and lymph node cellstranslocation of NFAT in tetramer positive CD8 cells from human peripheral blood,translocation of NFκB in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes involved in conjugates with APC presenting cognate peptide, andlocalization of phosphorylated STAT4 in human CD4 cells following cytokine stimulation.
These data demonstrate image-based nuclear localzation within primary cells with large nuclear to cytoplasmic area ratios using ImageStream technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Harmon
- 2Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, BSBE 6-122, 312 Church St, Minneapolis, MN, 55455,
| | - Erik J Peterson
- 2Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, BSBE 6-122, 312 Church St, Minneapolis, MN, 55455,
| | - Brandon J Burbach
- 2Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, BSBE 6-122, 312 Church St, Minneapolis, MN, 55455,
| | - Yoji Shimizu
- 2Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, BSBE 6-122, 312 Church St, Minneapolis, MN, 55455,
| | - Jennifer L Matsuda
- 3Integrated Dept of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Ctr, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO, 80206,
| | - Laurent Gapin
- 3Integrated Dept of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Ctr, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO, 80206,
| | - Mark Connors
- 4Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892,
| | - Kennichi C Dowdell
- 4Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892,
| | - J David Farrar
- 5Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Brian E Hall
- 1Amnis Corp, 2505 Third Ave, Ste 210, Seattle, WA, 98121,
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Davis AM, Matthews LA, Ramos HJ, Farrar JD. Type I interferon and IL-12 induce phenotypic variegation of human CD4+ T cells (43.7). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.43.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells secrete distinct patterns of innate cytokines upon activation via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These innate cytokines shape adaptive immune responses to pathogens. For example, interleukin 12 (IL-12) is produced in response to bacterial recognition via TLRs 2, 4, 5, and 6. IL-12 induces CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cell development through the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4), leading to the secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Conversely, during viral infection, signaling through TLRs 3, 7, and 9 results in the secretion of both IL-12 and type I interferon (IFN-α/β). The effects of combined IL-12 and IFN-α/β stimulation on T helper development are not well-studied. We have demonstrated that activation of naïve CD4+ T cells in the presence of IFN-α/β alone fails to induce Th1 development. However, a combination of IL-12 and IFN-α/β induces phenotypic variegation to generate two populations of T helper cells. An effector population secretes both IFN-γ and IFN-α/β, and these cells are efficient in eliminating viral infections in vitro. A second subset displays memory properties and may be involved in long-term viral immunity. Furthermore, these two subsets can be distinguished by expression of chemokine receptors. These data have important implications for the understanding of viral infections as well as for the development of novel vaccines and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Davis
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard MC 9093, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Loderick A Matthews
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard MC 9093, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Hilario J Ramos
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard MC 9093, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - J David Farrar
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard MC 9093, Dallas, TX, 75390
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Berenson LS, Gavrieli M, Farrar JD, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Distinct characteristics of murine STAT4 activation in response to IL-12 and IFN-alpha. J Immunol 2007; 177:5195-203. [PMID: 17015705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of type I IFN in Th1 development, STAT4 activation, and IFN-gamma production in murine T cells has remained unresolved despite extensive examination. Initial studies indicated that IFN-alpha induced Th1 development and IFN-gamma production in human, but not murine, T cells, suggesting species-specific differences in signaling. Later studies suggested that IFN-alpha also induced Th1 development in mice, similar to IL-12. More recent studies have questioned whether IFN-alpha actually induces Th1 development even in the human system. In the present study, we compared the capacity of IL-12 and IFN-alpha to induce Th1 differentiation, STAT4 phosphorylation, and IFN-gamma production in murine T cells. First, we show that IFN-alpha, in contrast to IL-12, cannot induce Th1 development. However, in differentiated Th1 cells, IFN-alpha can induce transient, but not sustained, STAT4 phosphorylation and, in synergy with IL-18, can induce transient, but not sustained, IFN-gamma production in Th1 cells, in contrast to the sustained actions of IL-12. Furthermore, loss of STAT1 increases IFN-alpha-induced STAT4 phosphorylation, but does not generate levels of STAT4 activation or IFN-gamma production achieved by IL-12 or convert transient STAT4 activation into a sustained response. Our findings agree with recent observations in human T cells that IFN-alpha-induced STAT4 activation is transient and unable to induce Th1 development, and indicate that IFN-alpha may act similarly in human and murine T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Berenson
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Washington University of School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tyler DR, Persky ME, Matthews LA, Chan S, Farrar JD. Pre-assembly of STAT4 with the human IFN-alpha/beta receptor-2 subunit is mediated by the STAT4 N-domain. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1864-72. [PMID: 17095088 PMCID: PMC2700023 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells regulate adaptive responses to pathogens by secreting unique subsets of cytokines that mediate inflammatory processes. The innate cytokines IL-12 and IFN-alpha/beta regulate type I responses and promote acute IFN-gamma secretion through the activation of the STAT4 transcription factor. Although IL-12-induced STAT4 activation is a conserved pathway across species, IFN-alpha/beta-dependent STAT4 phosphorylation does not occur as efficiently in mice as it does in human T cells. In order to understand this species-specific pathway for IFN-alpha/beta-dependent STAT4 activation, we have examined the molecular basis of STAT4 recruitment by the human IFNAR. In this report, we demonstrate that the N-domain of STAT4 interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of the human, but not the murine IFNAR2 subunit. This interaction mapped to a membrane-proximal segment of the hIFNAR2 spanning amino acids 299-333. Deletion of this region within the hIFNAR2 completely abolishes IFN-alpha/beta-dependent STAT4 tyrosine phosphorylation when expressed in human IFNAR2-deficient fibroblasts. Thus, the human IFNAR2 cytoplasmic domain serves to link STAT4 to the IFNAR as a pre-assembled complex that facilitates cytokine-driven STAT4 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R. Tyler
- Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Meredith E. Persky
- Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Loderick A. Matthews
- Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sheuwen Chan
- Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - J. David Farrar
- Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Persky ME, Murphy KM, Farrar JD. IL-12, but not IFN-alpha, promotes STAT4 activation and Th1 development in murine CD4+ T cells expressing a chimeric murine/human Stat2 gene. J Immunol 2005; 174:294-301. [PMID: 15611252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans and mice have evolved distinct pathways for Th1 cell development. Although IL-12 promotes CD4(+) Th1 development in both murine and human T cells, IFN-alphabeta drives Th1 development only in human cells. This IFN-alphabeta-dependent pathway is not conserved in the mouse species due in part to a specific mutation within murine Stat2. Restoration of this pathway in murine T cells would provide the opportunity to more closely model specific human disease states that rely on CD4(+) T cell responses to IFN-alphabeta. To this end, the C terminus of murine Stat2, harboring the mutation, was replaced with the corresponding human Stat2 sequence by a knockin targeting strategy within murine embryonic stem cells. Chimeric m/h Stat2 knockin mice were healthy, bred normally, and exhibited a normal lymphoid compartment. Furthermore, the murine/human STAT2 protein was expressed in murine CD4(+) T cells and was activated by murine IFN-alpha signaling. However, the murine/human STAT2 protein was insufficient to restore full IFN-alpha-driven Th1 development as defined by IFN-gamma expression. Furthermore, IL-12, but not IFN-alpha, promoted acute IFN-gamma secretion in collaboration with IL-18 stimulation in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The inability of T cells to commit to Th1 development correlated with the lack of STAT4 phosphorylation in response to IFN-alpha. This finding suggests that, although the C terminus of human STAT2 is required for STAT4 recruitment and activation by the human type I IFNAR (IFN-alphabetaR), it is not sufficient to restore this process through the murine IFNAR complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Persky
- Center for Immunology and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Berenson LS, Farrar JD, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Frontline: absence of functional STAT4 activation despite detectable tyrosine phosphorylation induced by murine IFN-alpha. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:2365-74. [PMID: 15307169 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200324829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that IL-12, but not IFN-alphaA/D, induces T helper type (Th) 1 development and STAT4 phosphorylation in murine CD4+ T cells. However, a recent study reported that IFN-alphaA/D and recombinant murine IFN-alphaA can induce STAT4 phosphorylation, although more weakly than IL-12, largely in CD8+ rather than CD4+ T cells. That report did not examine Th1 development or directly demonstrate induction of IFN-gamma by IFN-alpha. To address these differences, we compared IFN-alphaA/D, murine IFN-alphaA, and IL-12 for STAT4 phosphorylation, formation of active nuclear DNA binding complexes, induction of Th1 development, and production of IFN-gamma in murine CD4+ T cells. IFN-alphaA induced detectable STAT4 phosphorylation, although at significantly lower levels than induced by IL-12. Furthermore, in contrast to IL-12, IFN-alphaA failed to induce Th1 development or the formation of DNA binding complexes or to synergize with IL-18 for induction of IFN-gamma production. STAT1-deficient CD4+ T cells showed increased IFN-alphaA-induced STAT4 phosphorylation but still exhibited significantly lower amounts of cytokine-induced IFN-gamma compared to IL-12. In summary, these results suggest that in contrast to IL-12, IFN-alphaA does not play a functionally significant role in meditating the STAT4-dependent induction of Th1 development or IFN-gamma production in CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Berenson
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- J David Farrar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Lotufo GR, Farrar JD, Duke BM, Bridges TS. DDT toxicity and critical body residue in the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus in exposures to spiked sediment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2001; 41:142-150. [PMID: 11462137 DOI: 10.1007/s002440010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2000] [Accepted: 03/19/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The lethal and sublethal toxicity of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus was determined using sediment spiked with (14)C-labeled compound. Juvenile amphipods were exposed to concentrations up to 9.9 nmol/g dry weight (3.5 microg/g). Acute effects on survival were determined in a 10-day experiment. Chronic effects on survival, growth, and reproduction were assessed in a 28-day experiment. The DDT in the sediments transformed to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and polar metabolites during the 14-day sediment storage prior to exposing the amphipods. The mixture of DDT and its breakdown products (tDDT) was comprised mostly of DDT at the beginning of the exposures. DDD was the prevalent compound at termination of the 28-day exposure. Complete mortality occurred at sediment concentrations of tDDT as low as 7 nmol/g (2.3 microg/g) in both acute and chronic experiments. Most of the mortality appeared to have occurred within the first 4 days of exposure. No sublethal reductions in growth or reproduction were observed in the 28-day experiment. In the 10-day experiment, where amphipods did not receive supplemental food, growth was significantly increased in DDT treatments where survival was not affected. The concentration of tDDT in amphipod tissues was determined at exposure termination. In the 10-day experiment, a mean body residue of 14 nmol/g wet weight was associated with significant mortality (30%). Lower critical body residues were observed in the 28-day experiment, where the median lethal tissue residue (LR(50)) was 7.6 (6.8--8.4, 95% confidence interval) nmol/g wet weight. Based on previous studies, the lethal critical body residue for L. plumulosus is similar to those determined for freshwater amphipods and substantially lower than those determined for cladocerans and polychaetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Lotufo
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Waterways Experiment Station, CEERD-EP-R, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lotufo GR, Farrar JD, Inouye LS, Bridges TS, Ringelberg DB. Toxicity of sediment-associated nitroaromatic and cyclonitramine compounds to benthic invertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2001; 20:1762-1771. [PMID: 11491560 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5620200820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of nitroaromatic (2,4-diaminonitrotoluene [2,4-DANT] and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene [TNB]) and 14C-labeled cyclonitramine compounds (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine [RDX] and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine [HMX]) to the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata and the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus following 10- or 28-d exposures to spiked sediments was investigated. Organismal-level effects on survival, growth, and reproduction and cellular-level effects on apoptosis (programmed cell death) were evaluated. Because cyclonitramines have low affinity for sediment, overlying water was not exchanged in the RDX and HMX exposures. Nitroaromatics sorbed strongly to sediment, resulting in near complete resistance to solvent extraction. Cyclonitramines sorbed weakly to sediment, as more 14C-activity was found in the overlying water than in the sediment at exposure termination. No significant decrease in survival or growth was observed with cyclonitramines at initial sediment concentrations as high as 1,000 microg/g. Survival was significantly affected by nitroaromatics at nominal sediment concentrations as low as 200 microg/g, with L. plumulosus being more sensitive than N. arenaceodentata. Growth was significantly decreased at sublethal concentrations of 2,4-DANT for N. arenaceodentata. Reproduction, measured only with L. plumulosus, was significantly decreased only in the highest RDX treatment and also in the lower TNB treatment. However, no decrease was observed in higher concentrations of TNB. Body burden at exposure termination was below detection limit (1 microg/kg) for all compounds. Significant inhibition of apoptosis was not accompanied by significant decreases in growth or reproduction. Because of its critical function in many biological processes. alterations in this endpoint may result in adverse effects on the organism and could be used as an early indicator of toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Lotufo
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Farrar JD, Ouyang W, Löhning M, Assenmacher M, Radbruch A, Kanagawa O, Murphy KM. An instructive component in T helper cell type 2 (Th2) development mediated by GATA-3. J Exp Med 2001; 193:643-50. [PMID: 11238595 PMCID: PMC2193395 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.5.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4 polarize naive CD4(+) T cells toward T helper cell type 1 (Th1) or Th2 phenotypes, it is not known whether cytokines instruct the developmental fate in uncommitted progenitors or select for outgrowth of cells that have stochastically committed to a particular fate. To distinguish these instructive and selective models, we used surface affinity matrix technology to isolate committed progenitors based on cytokine secretion phenotype and developed retroviral-based tagging approaches to directly monitor individual progenitor fate decisions at the clonal and population levels. We observe IL-4-dependent redirection of phenotype in cells that have already committed to a non-IL-4-producing fate, inconsistent with predictions of the selective model. Further, retroviral tagging of naive progenitors with the Th2-specific transcription factor GATA-3 provided direct evidence for instructive differentiation, and no evidence for the selective outgrowth of cells committed to either the Th1 or Th2 fate. These data would seem to exclude selection as an exclusive mechanism in Th1/Th2 differentiation, and support an instructive model of cytokine-driven transcriptional programming of cell fate decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. David Farrar
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Max Löhning
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Charite, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Osami Kanagawa
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Stat4 is activated by the cytokines interleukin 12 and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and plays a significant role in directing development of naïve CD4(+) T cells to the Th1 phenotype. Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins undergo phosphorylation on a conserved tyrosine residue, resulting in homo- and heterodimerization, nuclear translocation, and DNA binding. Stat4 can bind to single IFN-gamma-activated sites (GASs) as a dimer or bind two tandem GASs as a pair of STAT dimers, or tetramer, stabilized through N-terminal domain (N domain) interactions between dimers. We uncovered an unexpected effect of the Stat4 N domain in controlling the proximal activation of Stat4 by tyrosine phosphorylation at activated receptor complexes. Mutation of the N domain at tryptophan residue W37, predicted to interrupt N domain dimer formation, unexpectedly prevented IFN-alpha-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the Stat4 monomer, blocking dimer formation and nuclear translocation. Furthermore, N domains appear to exert private STAT functions, since interchanging the N domains between Stat1 and Stat4 prevented receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation in one case and interrupted STAT-specific gene activation in another. Finally, replacement of the N domain of Stat1 with that of Stat4 abrogated the normal Stat2 dependence of Stat1 phosphorylation, again suggesting the domains are not equivalent. Thus, in addition to its role in STAT tetramerization, the conserved STAT N domain appears to participate in very proximal steps of receptor-mediated ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dimerization
- Humans
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Phosphotyrosine/biosynthesis
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
- Receptors, Interferon/drug effects
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- STAT4 Transcription Factor
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/chemistry
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tyrosine/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- J D Farrar
- Dept of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The recognition of polarized T cell subsets defined by cytokine production was followed by a search to define the factors controlling this phenomenon. Suitable in vitro systems allowed the development of cytokine "recipes" that induced rapid polarization of naïve T cells into Th1 or Th2 populations. The next phase of work over the past several years has begun to define the intracellular processes set into motion during Th1/Th2 development, particularly by the strongly polarizing cytokines IL-12 and IL-4. Although somewhat incomplete, what has emerged is a richly detailed tapestry of signaling and transcription, controlling an important T cell developmental switch. In addition several new mediators of control have emerged, including IL-18, the intriguing Th2-selective T1/ST2 product, and heterogeneity in dendritic cells capable of directing cytokine-independent Th development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Murphy
- Department of Pathology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|