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A positive feedback loop involving the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 axis defines a highly tumorigenic cell subpopulation in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:120. [PMID: 27821172 PMCID: PMC5100098 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously described the existence of two phenotypically distinct cell subsets in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK + ALCL) based on their differential responsiveness to a Sox2 reporter (SRR2), with reporter-responsive (RR) cells being more tumorigenic and chemoresistant than reporter-unresponsive (RU) cells. However, the regulator(s) of RU/RR dichotomy are not identified. In this study, we aim to delineate the key regulator(s) of RU/RR dichotomy. METHODS JASPER motif match analysis was used to identify the putative factors binding to SRR2 sequence. SRR2 probe pull-down assay and quantitate real-time PCR were performed to analyze the regulation of Sox2 transcriptional activity by MYC. Methylcellulose colony formation assay, chemoresistance to doxorubicin and mouse xenograft study were performed to investigate the biological functions of MYC. PCR array and western blotting were executed to study related signaling pathways that regulate MYC expression. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assay were initiated to evaluate the expression of MYC and its correlation with its regulator by chi-square test analysis in human primary tumor cells. RESULTS We identified MYC as a potential regulator of RU/RR dichotomy. In support of its role, MYC was highly expressed in RR cells compared to RU cells, and inhibition of MYC substantially decreased the Sox2/SRR2 binding, Sox2 transcriptional activity, chemoresistance, and methylcellulose colony formation. In contrast, enforced expression of MYC in RU cells conferred the RR phenotype. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway, a positive regulator of MYC, was highly active in RR but not RU cells. While inhibition of this pathway in RR cells substantially decreased MYC expression and SRR2 reporter activity, experimental activation of this pathway led to the opposite effects in RU cells. Collectively, our results support a model in which a positive feedback loop involving Wnt/β-catenin/MYC and Sox2 contributes to the RR phenotype. In a mouse xenograft model, RU cells stably transfected with MYC showed upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 axis and increased tumorigenecity. Correlating with these findings, there was a significant correlation between the expression of active β-catenin and MYC in ALK + ALCL primary tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS A positive feedback loop involving the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 axis defines a highly tumorigenic cell subset in ALK + ALCL.
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Triple negative breast cancers comprise a highly tumorigenic cell subpopulation detectable by its high responsiveness to a Sox2 regulatory region 2 (SRR2) reporter. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10366-73. [PMID: 25868977 PMCID: PMC4496361 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently described a novel phenotypic dichotomy within estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells; the cell subset responsive to a Sox2 regulatory region (SRR2) reporter (RR cells) are significantly more tumorigenic than the reporter unresponsive (RU) cells. Here, we report that a similar phenomenon also exists in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), with RR cells more tumorigenic than RU cells. First, examination of all 3 TNBC cell lines stably infected with the SRR2 reporter revealed the presence of a cell subset exhibiting reporter activity. Second, RU and RR cells purified by flow cytometry showed that RR cells expressed higher levels of CD44, generated more spheres in a limiting dilution mammosphere formation assay, and formed larger and more complex structures in Matrigel. Third, within the CD44High/CD24− tumor-initiating cell population derived from MDA-MB-231, RR cells were significantly more tumorigenic than RU cells in an in vivo SCID/Beige xenograft mouse model. Examination of 4 TNBC tumors from patients also revealed the presence of a RR cell subset, ranging from 1.1-3.8%. To conclude, we described a novel phenotypic heterogeneity within TNBC, and the SRR2 reporter responsiveness is a useful marker for identifying a highly tumorigenic cell subset within the CD44High/CD24−tumor-initiating cell population.
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Oxidative Stress Attenuates Lipid Synthesis and Increases Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation in Hepatoma Cells Infected with Hepatitis C Virus. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1974-1990. [PMID: 26627833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.674861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytopathic effects are currently believed to contribute to hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced liver injury and are readily observed in Huh7.5 cells infected with the JFH-1 HCV strain, manifesting as apoptosis highly correlated with growth arrest. Reactive oxygen species, which are induced by HCV infection, have recently emerged as activators of AMP-activated protein kinase. The net effect is ATP conservation via on/off switching of metabolic pathways that produce/consume ATP. Depending on the scenario, this can have either pro-survival or pro-apoptotic effects. We demonstrate reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of AMP-activated kinase in Huh7.5 cells during HCV (JFH-1)-induced growth arrest. Metabolic labeling experiments provided direct evidence that lipid synthesis is attenuated, and β-oxidation is enhanced in these cells. A striking increase in nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, which plays a dominant role in the expression of β-oxidation genes after ligand-induced activation, was also observed, and we provide evidence that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is constitutively activated in these cells. The combination of attenuated lipid synthesis and enhanced β-oxidation is not conducive to lipid accumulation, yet cellular lipids still accumulated during this stage of infection. Notably, the serum in the culture media was the only available source for polyunsaturated fatty acids, which were elevated (2-fold) in the infected cells, implicating altered lipid import/export pathways in these cells. This study also provided the first in vivo evidence for enhanced β-oxidation during HCV infection because HCV-infected SCID/Alb-uPA mice accumulated higher plasma ketones while fasting than did control mice. Overall, this study highlights the reprogramming of hepatocellular lipid metabolism and bioenergetics during HCV infection, which are predicted to impact both the HCV life cycle and pathogenesis.
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STAT1 is phosphorylated and downregulated by the oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK in ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 2015; 126:336-45. [PMID: 25921060 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-603738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumorigenicity of most cases of ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) is driven by the oncogenic fusion protein NPM-ALK in a STAT3-dependent manner. Because it has been shown that STAT3 can be inhibited by STAT1 in some experimental models, we hypothesized that the STAT1 signaling pathway is defective in ALK+ ALCL, thereby leaving the STAT3 signaling unchecked. Compared with normal T cells, ALK+ ALCL tumors consistently expressed a low level of STAT1. Inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway appreciably increased STAT1 expression in ALK+ ALCL cells. Furthermore, we found evidence that NPM-ALK binds to and phosphorylates STAT1, thereby promoting its proteasomal degradation in a STAT3-dependent manner. If restored, STAT1 is functionally intact in ALK+ ALCL cells, because it effectively upregulated interferon-γ, induced apoptosis/cell-cycle arrest, potentiated the inhibitory effects of doxorubicin, and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. STAT1 interfered with the STAT3 signaling by decreasing STAT3 transcriptional activity/DNA binding and its homodimerization. The importance of the STAT1/STAT3 functional interaction was further highlighted by the observation that short interfering RNA knockdown of STAT1 significantly decreased apoptosis induced by STAT3 inhibition. Thus, STAT1 is a tumor suppressor in ALK+ ALCL. Phosphorylation and downregulation of STAT1 by NPM-ALK represent other mechanisms by which this oncogenic tyrosine kinase promotes tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Interferon-gamma
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Phosphorylation
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Ubiquitin/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Additive effect of sirolimus and anti-death receptor 5 agonistic antibody against hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2013; 33:1441-8. [PMID: 23895107 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Despite careful patient selection, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurs in 10-20% of cases after liver transplantation, and the use of potent adjuvant anticancer drugs would be welcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a combined therapy of rapamycin (sirolimus) and anti-death receptor (DR)5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on HCC. METHODS We first assessed the side effects of anti-DR5 mAb administration in vivo by giving various doses of anti-DR5 mAb. Cell proliferation assays were then performed using mouse Hepa1-6 cells or human Huh7 cells to quantify the relative cell viability under various concentrations of sirolimus, anti-DR5 mAb or a combination. Next, one million Hepa1-6 cells were transplanted into C.B17-SCID-beige mice subcutaneously, and four groups were created: (1) untreated, (2) anti-DR5 mAb alone, (3) sirolimus alone and (4) anti-DR5 mAb + sirolimus. RESULTS Anti-DR5 mAb (200 and 300 μg/day) induced liver dysfunction with partial necrosis of the liver, but 100 μg/day was well tolerated with transaminitis, but normal bilirubin and only minor histological liver damage. In vitro, anti-DR5 mAb lysed Hepa1-6 and Huh7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and combinations of sirolimus and anti-DR5 mAb demonstrated an additive effect. In vivo studies demonstrated that tumour sizes were significantly smaller in the combined therapy group than in the monotherapy groups. CONCLUSIONS Combining sirolimus and low-dose anti-DR5 mAb has a significant effect against HCC. This strategy represents a potential novel approach for the management of HCC.
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Human cytomegalovirus infection in humanized liver chimeric mice. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:679-84. [PMID: 23442000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cytomegalovirus is a common viral pathogen that influences the outcome of organ transplantation. To date, there is no established method to evaluate the effects of human CMV (HCMV) treatments in vivo except for human clinical trials. In the current study, we describe the development of a mouse model that supports the in vivo propagation of HCMV. METHODS One million viable human hepatocytes, purified from human livers, were injected into the spleens of severe combined immunodeficient/albumin linked-urokinase type plasminogen activator transgenic mice. A clinical strain of HCMV was inoculated in mice with confirmed human hepatocyte engraftment or in non-chimeric controls. Infection was monitored through HCMV titers in the plasma. Mice were administrated ganciclovir (50 mg/kg per day, i.p.) beginning at 2 days post-HCMV inoculation, or human liver natural killer (NK) cells (20 × 10(6) cells/mouse, i.v.) 1 day prior to HCMV inoculation. RESULTS Chimeric mice that received HCMV showed high plasma titers of HCMV DNA on days 1 and 6 that became undetectable by day 11 post-inoculation. In contrast, non-transplanted mice had only residual plasma inoculum detection at day 1 and no detectable viremia thereafter. The levels of HCMV DNA were reduced by ganciclovir treatment or by human liver NK cell adoptive transfer, while HCMV-infected chimeric mice that were not treated sustained viremia during the follow up. CONCLUSION Human liver chimeric mice provide an in vivo model for the study of acute HCMV infection of hepatocytes.
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Abstract
Human hepatocyte transplantation is an alternative treatment for acute liver failure and liver diseases involving enzyme deficiencies. Although it has been successfully applied in selected recipients, both isolation and transplantation outcomes have the potential to be improved by better donor selection. This study assessed the impact of various donor variables on isolation outcomes (yield and viability) and posttransplant engraftment, using the SCID/Alb-uPA (severe combined immunodeficient/urokinase type plasminogen activator under the control of an albumin promoter) human liver chimeric mouse model. Human hepatocytes were obtained from 90 human liver donor specimens and were transplanted into 3942 mice. Multivariate analysis revealed improved viability with younger donors (P = 0.038) as well as with shorter warm ischemic time (P = 0.012). Hepatocyte engraftment, assessed by the posttransplant level of serum human alpha1-antitrypsin, was improved with shorter warm ischemia time. Hepatocytes isolated from older donors (>or=60 years) had lower viability and posttransplant engraftment (P <or= 0.01). In conclusion, the selection of young donors (<60 years) and rapid liver specimen retrieval, allowing for shorter warm ischemia time, are key determinants for the success of both the isolation of high viability human hepatocytes and their subsequent posttransplantation capacity for engraftment and expansion.
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Abstract
Obesity is typically associated with resistance to leptin, yet the mechanism by which leptin signaling becomes impaired is poorly understood. Here we sought to determine if the development of obesity and leptin resistance correlates with increased expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in peripheral tissues and whether over-expression of this phosphatase, specifically in liver, could alter the leptin-mediated effects on feeding and glucose metabolism. Obesity was induced in mice through a high-fat diet that resulted in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. Resistance to leptin was confirmed as exogenous leptin administration reduced food intake in animals on low-fat, but not high-fat diets. Diet-induced resistance to leptin and insulin was associated with increased hepatic levels of PTP1B. Intriguingly, hepatic adenoviral over-expression of PTP1B in ob/ob mice attenuated the ability of exogenous leptin to reduce both plasma glucose levels and food intake. These findings suggest that leptin reduces both plasma glucose and food intake in part through actions on the liver, and hepatic leptin resistance resulting from over-expression of PTP1B may contribute to the development of both diabetes and obesity.
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Leptin Increases Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Expression. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18:1333-45. [PMID: 14976221 DOI: 10.1210/me.2002-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in obese diabetic ob/ob mice, yet the mechanisms remain poorly defined. We found that 2 d of leptin treatment improved fasting but not postprandial glucose homeostasis, suggesting enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity. Consistent with this hypothesis, leptin improved in vivo insulin receptor (IR) activation in liver, but not in skeletal muscle or fat. To explore the cellular mechanism by which leptin up-regulates hepatic IR activation, we examined the expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B, recently implicated as an important negative regulator of insulin signaling. Unexpectedly, liver PTP1B protein abundance was increased by leptin to levels similar to lean controls, whereas levels in muscle and fat remained unchanged. The ability of leptin to augment liver IR activation and PTP1B expression was also observed in vitro in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). However, overexpression of PTP1B in HepG2 cells led to diminished insulin-induced IR phosphorylation, supporting the role of PTP1B as a negative regulator of IR activation in hepatocytes. Collectively, our results suggest that leptin acutely improves hepatic insulin sensitivity in vivo with concomitant increases in PTP1B expression possibly serving to counterregulate insulin action and to maintain insulin signaling in proper balance.
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The Representation of Long Range Forces by Series Expansions I: The Divergence of the Series II: The Complete Perturbation Calculation of Long Range Forces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1298/69/1/307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Properties of the Hydrogen Molecular Ion V: Transitions Connecting the Lowest Even and Lowest Odd -States with Higher -States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1298/68/7/303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Inelastic Heavy Particle Collisions Involving the Crossing of Potential Energy Curves III: Charge Transfer from Negative Ions of Atomic Hydrogen to Protons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1298/68/3/306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Genetic engineering of non-beta cells to release insulin upon feeding could be a therapeutic modality for patients with diabetes. A tumor-derived K-cell line was induced to produce human insulin by providing the cells with the human insulin gene linked to the 5'-regulatory region of the gene encoding glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Mice expressing this transgene produced human insulin specifically in gut K cells. This insulin protected the mice from developing diabetes and maintained glucose tolerance after destruction of the native insulin-producing beta cells.
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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide confers early phase insulin release to oral glucose in rats: demonstration by a receptor antagonist. Endocrinology 2000; 141:3710-6. [PMID: 11014226 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.10.7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel GIP receptor antagonist was developed to evaluate the acute role of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in the insulin response to oral glucose in rats. Antisera to an extracellular epitope of the GIP receptor (GIPR) detected immunoreactive GIPR on rat pancreatic beta-cells. Purified GIPR antibody (GIPR Ab) specifically displaced GIP binding to the receptor and blocked GIP-mediated increases in intracellular cAMP. When delivered to rats by ip injection, GIPR Ab had a half-life of approximately 4 days. Treatment with GIPR Ab (1 microg/g BW) blocked the potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by GIP (60 pmol) but not glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1, 60 pmol) in anesthetized rats. The insulin response to oral glucose was delayed in conscious unrestrained rats that were pretreated with GIPR Ab. Plasma insulin levels were approximately 35% lower at 10 min in GIPR Ab treated animals compared with controls. As a result, the glucose excursion was greater in the GIPR Ab treated group. Fasting plasma glucose levels were not altered by GIPR Ab. We conclude that release of GIP following oral glucose may act as an anticipatory signal to pancreatic beta-cells to promote rapid release of insulin for glucose disposal.
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An ultrasonic approach to localization of fiducial markers for interactive, image-guided neurosurgery--Part I: Principles. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1998; 45:620-30. [PMID: 9581061 DOI: 10.1109/10.668753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fiducial markers are reference points used in the registration of image space(s) with physical (patient) space. As applied to interactive, image-guided surgery, the registration of image space with physical space allows the current location of a surgical tool to be indicated on a computer display of patient-specific preoperative images. This intrasurgical guidance information is particularly valuable in surgery within the brain, where visual feedback is limited. The accuracy of the mapping between physical and image space depends upon the accuracy with which the fiducial markers were located in each coordinate system. To effect accurate space registration for interactive, image-guided neurosurgery, the use of permanent fiducial markers implanted into the surface of the skull is proposed in this paper. These small cylindrical markers are composed of materials that make them visible in the image sets. The challenge lies in locating the subcutaneous markers in physical space. This paper presents an ultrasonic technique for transcutaneously detecting the location of these markers. The technique incorporates an algorithm based on detection of characteristic properties of the reflected A-mode ultrasonic waveform. The results demonstrate that ultrasound is an appropriate technique for accurate transcutaneous marker localization. The companion paper to this article describes an automatic, enhanced implementation of the marker-localization theory described in this article.
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An ultrasonic approach to localization of fiducial markers for interactive, image-guided neurosurgery--Part II: Implementation and automation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1998; 45:631-41. [PMID: 9581062 DOI: 10.1109/10.668754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Registration of image space and physical space lies at the heart of any interactive, image-guided neurosurgery system. This paper, in conjunction with the previous companion paper [1], describes a localization technique that enables bone-implanted fiducial markers to be used for the registration of these spaces. The nature of these subcutaneous markers allows for their long-term use for registration which is desirable for surgical follow-up, monitoring of therapy efficacy, and performing fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. The major challenge to using implanted markers is determining the location of the markers in physical space after implantation. The A-mode ultrasonic technique described here is capable of determining the three-dimensional (3-D) location of small implanted cylindrical markers. Accuracy tests were conducted on a phantom representing a human head. The accuracy of the system was characterized by comparing the location of a marker analogue as determined with an optically tracked pointer and the location as determined with the ultrasonic localization. Analyzing the phantom in several orientations revealed a mean system accuracy of 0.5 mm with a +/- 0.1-mm 95% confidence interval. These tests indicate that transcutaneous localization of implanted fiducial markers is possible with a high degree of accuracy.
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Abstract
We characterized insulin sensitivity in islet transplanted rats receiving from 500 to 3000 islets. Male Wistar Furth rats made previously diabetic with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) were infused intraportally with islets of Langerhans (500 islets: n = 8; 1000: n = 6; 2000: n = 6; 3000: n = 5) from syngeneic donors and compared with sham-operated controls (n = 7). At four weeks after islet transplantation, fasting blood glucose was not significantly different between groups (500: 5.1 +/- 0.3; 1000: 4.8 +/- 0.3; 2000: 5.1 +/- 0.3; 3000: 4.6 +/- 0.1; control: 4.7 +/- 0.2 mM; P = 0.6146), and fasting plasma insulin was also not different (P = 0.28). The acute insulin response to glucose (0.3 g/kg i.v.) was correlated with islet equivalent mass (r = 0.63, P = 0.004; transplant rats only); islet transplant animals presented a range of acute insulin secretion from 3 to 90% of control values. Insulin action was measured in vivo in fasted, conscious animals during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamp with insulin infused at 29 and 72 nmol/kg/min. Despite a wide range of islet mass and insulin secretory capacity, there was no significant difference in the glucose infusion rate between islet groups at either insulin level (P = 0.8211, P = 0.8021). There was also no difference in the glucose infusion rate normalized to the prevailing insulin level (P = 0.1638, P = 0.2302). Thus, our results demonstrate that the islet transplanted rat is consistent with other animal studies and human studies illustrating that a diminished insulin secretion does not necessarily precipitate insulin resistance.
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Abstract
In vivo insulin secretion was quantified as the AIRg or AIRa in islet-transplanted rats. Male Wistar-Furth rats previously made diabetic by STZ administration (55 mg/kg) were transplanted with 500, 1000, 2000, or 3000 islets infused into the portal vein (n = 12-14 per group) and were compared with sham-treated controls (CN, n = 16). At 4-5 wk posttransplantation, no significant differences were noted in the FPG or fasting plasma insulin of the experimental groups (P > 0.05). Body weight, however, was 10% less (P < 0.05) in rats receiving 500 islets than in controls, indicating an effect of beta-cell deficiency on growth rates. To determine the relationship between islet mass and insulin secretion, we measured AIRg after a 0.3 g/kg glucose bolus in fasted conscious animals. A significant correlation was observed between the AIRg and islet number (r = 0.61, P = 0.0001), and both 500- and 1000-islet groups could be differentiated from controls by ANOVA (500: 8%; 1000: 12% of controls; P < 0.05). During a glycemic potentiation protocol, AIRa was measured at basal and elevated blood glucose (approximately 16 mM). At neither basal nor elevated blood glucose was AIRa correlated with islet number (basal r = 0.0622, P = 0.7834; elevated r = 0.3133, P = 0.1667). None of the groups could be differentiated by ANOVA (elevated 500: 37%; 1000, 68% of controls; P > 0.05). Although this study illustrates that AIRa may be better preserved in islet-transplanted rats, AIRg is the better correlate of islet number.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
Autotransplantation of islets of Langerhans has resulted in long-term normoglycemia in pancreatectomized dogs. This canine model is useful in evaluating both the progress of islet transplantation and the effect of a reduced islet mass upon the determinants of glucose tolerance: i.e., insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and glucose effectiveness. To determine the effect of a reduced islet mass on these factors, we measured the acute insulin response to arginine (AIRa) and glucose (AIRg), the slope of glycemic potentiation of AIRa (SP), insulin sensitivity (Sl), and glucose effectiveness (SG) in control (CN), diabetic (DM), and pancreatectomized dogs rendered normoglycemic with transplanted autografts of islets of Langerhans (TX). Normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (TX 4.7 +/- 0.2 mM; CN 4.9 +/- 0.1 mM; P greater than 0.05) was maintained despite a markedly reduced insulin secretion in TX (AIRa 24%, AIRg 15%, and SP 11% of CN). All measures of insulin secretion were significantly correlated (SP vs. AIRg, r = 0.80, P less than 0.0001; AIRa vs. AIRg, r = 0.92, P less than 0.0001) across all animals, but none of the measures of secretion were significantly correlated with either the number of islets transplanted or time posttransplant (P greater than 0.10). Insulin sensitivity was normal in islet autografted dogs (TX: 136 +/- 12 min-1/(nmol/ml); CN: 101 +/- 11 min-1/(nmol/ml), P greater than 0.05) but SG was reduced (TX: 1.93 +/- 0.28 x 100 min-1; CN: 3.53 +/- 0.35 x 100 min-1, P less than 0.05), as determined by the minimal-model method. In diabetic animals (FPG = 16.1 +/- 1.3 mM), insulin secretion was negligible by all measures (P greater than 0.05), and was associated with insulin resistance (Sl = 28 +/- 8 min-1/(nmol/ml)) and reduced SG (1.72 +/- 0.11 x 100 min-1). These studies indicate that across a range of insulin secretion in dogs, the secretagogues arginine and glucose provide similar estimates of beta-cell function. This markedly reduced beta-cell function does not result in insulin resistance when fasting normoglycemia is maintained, but is associated with a decrease in glucose action at basal insulin.
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Dynamics of glycemic normalization following transplantation of incremental islet masses in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Transplantation 1992; 53:1033-7. [PMID: 1585465 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199205000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the dynamics of glycemic normalization following intraportal infusion of an incremental number of islets of Langerhans in male Wistar-Furth rats. Non-fasted plasma glucose, 24-hr urine volume, and body weight were determined weekly during three weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and for 5 weeks following transplantation of 250-3000 freshly isolated islets. At one week following transplantation, urine volume was inversely proportional to the mass of islets transplanted, but by 5 weeks posttransplantation urine volume was near-normal except in rats receiving only 250 islets. On the basis of the mean data, the nonfasted plasma glucose fell linearly at a rate of 66 mg/dl per week in rats receiving 500-1000 islets, with normoglycemia (147 +/- 9 mg/dl) being obtained 5 weeks posttransplantation. Examination of the individual time courses for nonfasted plasma glucose revealed a different pattern of glycemic normalization, which consisted of sustained hyperglycemia followed by a rapid fall in the plasma glucose level. During the week prior to normalization glucose fell at a rate of 170 mg/dl per week and normoglycemia was obtained from 1 to 5 weeks following transplantation. Examination of the frequency distribution of nonfasted glucose levels suggested a threshold of 300 mg/dl for glycemic normalization. We conclude that the dynamics of glycemic normalization following transplantation of a suboptimal islet mass include sustained hyperglycemia of variable duration, followed by a rapid fall in the nonfasted plasma glucose level. The contributions of changes in insulin secretion and insulin action underlying this dynamic behavior remain to be determined.
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Comment on "Quantum oscillator in a non-self-interacting radiation field: Exact calculation of the partition function". PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1988; 37:3609-3610. [PMID: 9900117 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.37.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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32
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Memory effects in transport theory: An exact model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1987; 36:1466-1468. [PMID: 9899011 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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33
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Thermodynamic perturbation theory for an atom interacting with blackbody radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1986; 34:2001-2006. [PMID: 9897485 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.34.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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34
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35
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Medical problems at Belsen Concentration Camp (1945). THE ULSTER MEDICAL JOURNAL 1985; 54:122-6. [PMID: 3913088 PMCID: PMC2448128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Fusion and biochemical expression of membrane receptors in foreign living cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 731:121-6. [PMID: 6303412 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(83)90405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Successful transplantation of cell surface molecules from the membranes of one cell type to recipient cells of a different type is described. Plasma membranes purified from donor cells were fluoresceinated and fused to recipient cells using poly(ethylene glycol) and the fate of the transplanted membrane components was followed by fluorescence microscopy. In approximately 100 min the 'foreign' membrane components were seen to cluster and internalise. During this time, judged by the criteria of hormonal stimulation and immune cytotoxic killing, the cell surface of the recipient cell mimicked the cell surface phenotype of the donor cell.
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37
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Triggering of the macrophage and neutrophil respiratory burst by antibody bound to a spin-label phospholipid hapten in model lipid bilayer membranes. Biochemistry 1980; 19:5387-94. [PMID: 6893805 DOI: 10.1021/bi00564a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The specific antibody-dependent stimulation of the respiratory burst (cyanide-insensitive oxygen consumption, 1-C-glucose oxidation) of RAW264 macrophage cell line by haptenated lipid vesicles depends strongly on the physical properties of the lipid membrane, as well as the surface density of antibodies on the vesicles. Lipid membranes that are "solid" at 37 degrees C (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DPPC) are much more effective, per vesicle bound, than are "fluid" membranes (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, DMPC). Vesicle membranes that have both fluid and solid regions (DPPC containing < 20 mol % cholesterol) show both enhanced binding rates (due to the fluid regions) and enhanced respiratory rates (due to the solid regions). In contrast to these results, the specific antibody-dependent respiratory burst of neutrophils due to haptenated vesicles parallels the antibody-dependent vesicle binding and shows no significant difference between fluid and solid target membranes.
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38
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Kinetics of antibody-dependent binding of haptenated phospholipid vesicles to a macrophage-related cell line. Biochemistry 1980; 19:5376-86. [PMID: 7448176 DOI: 10.1021/bi00564a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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39
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Freeze-fracture of reconstituted model membranes used as targets for cell-mediated cytotoxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 600:590-4. [PMID: 6967736 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In a recent communication (Hollander, N., Mehdi, S.Q., Weissmann, I.L., McConnell, H.M. and Kriss, J.P. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 4042-4045) we reported that reconstituted model membranes containing murine tumor cell membrane proteins can be substituted for living cells as targets for cell-mediated cytolysis by allosensitized T-lymphocytes. The specificity of the lytic process was governed by the appropriate histocompatibility antigen (H-2). It was stressed, however, that although a standard protocol was faithfully followed for the reconstitution of the target membrane vesicle, the system was not uniformly reproducible. Some experiments showed high levels of specific vesicle killing while no lysis was observed in others. This work extends our description of the structural requirements of reconstituted membrane vesicles.
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Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that there is air streaming through the upper airways to the ipsilateral lung, and that reflex hypoventilation of the ipsilateral lung may occur in unilateral nasal obstruction, 11 volunteers and three patients were examined for these phenomena, employing Xenon-133 (133Xe) and a special mask permitting inhalation of the gas through one nostril at a time. Patients with deviated nasal septa were also examined, one of these before and after surgery. There was no difference in 133Xe distribution between right and left lungs when gas was inhaled through either normal nostril as compared to inhalation through the mouth, in patients with deviated septa or with cotton obstruction of the contralateral nostril. Furthermore, there was no evidence of delayed washout of 133Xe from either lung or any segment thereof under conditions of nasal obstruction. Thus acute or chronic nasal obstruction does not alter the distribution of inpired gas to the lungs. Neither air streaming nor reflex bronchoconstriction occurs with nasal obstruction.
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41
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Collimator evaluation for Tl-201 myocardial imaging. J Nucl Med 1978; 19:1067-73. [PMID: 690709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three collimators--high-resolutions, converging, and pinhole--were evaluated for Tl-201 myocardial imaging. Line spread function, sensitivity measurements, and phantom and animal studies were used. Features common to all the collimators were: a) better resolution at a closer distance with higher count density, and b) higher infarct detection rate in the tangenital projection than in the en face view relative to the lesion. Furthermore, an infarct in the epicardial location was better visualized than one in the endocardial location. In terms of resolution and sensitivity, the high-resolution collimator was found to be satisfactory in most clinical imagings, but for visualization of an infarct, its size by weight must be over 10--12 g. The pinhole collimator could resolve an infarct as small as 7 g, and use of the pinhole yielded a diagnostic accuracy of over 90%, compared with 75-80% for the high-resolution collimator. Although the low sensitivity of the pinhole collimator precludes its routine clinical use, the selected view would increase diagnostic accuracy. The converging collimator performed poorly in terms of lesion detectability, and its routine clinical use is not encouraged. The conclusion drawn here is valid in the system we have studied, but the variety of converging collimators must be evaluated further for their specific purposes.
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42
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Model lipid bilayer membranes as tragets for antibody-dependent, cellular- and complement-mediated immune attack. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1978; 308:124-38. [PMID: 279285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb22018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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The effect of photon energy on tests of field uniformity in scintillation cameras: concise communication. J Nucl Med 1978; 19:553-6. [PMID: 641580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Co-57 is generally used for testing the field uniformity of scintillation cameras, the various photon energies of other radionuclides require uniform response throughout the entire range of energies to which a scintillation camera can respond. The use of Co-57, however, may not adequately demonstrate the field response, which may be uniform at 122 keV but not at other energies. Two scintillation camera systems were investigated in this regard by storing field-flood images, obtained at several photon energies, in a minicomputer. The stored data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, revealing that field uniformity may change with photon energy. One of the scintillation cameras showed a variation in field response with photon energy, whereas the other camera did not. These results, however, should not be extrapolated to other cameras of the same type. If a particular scintillation camera is to be used routinely with several energies, its performance should be tested with each one to provide assurance that valid information is being obtained. The effects of dynamic uniformity field correction remain to be evaluated.
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The use of radioactive cesium chloride for imaging of malignant and benign pulmonary lesions. SURGERY, GYNECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS 1976; 143:575-80. [PMID: 183297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
129CsCl was investigated as an agent for imaging tumors of the lung, and based on the results of 56 patients studied, it has proved to be highly sensitive in detecting primary malignant tumors of the lung. The differentiation between pulmonary malignant lesions and tuberculosis appears to be feasible. However, false-positive images in patients with benign conditions are inevitable.
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Intercomparison of myocardial imaging agents: 201Ti, 129Cs, 43K, and 81Rb. J Nucl Med 1976; 17:880-9. [PMID: 966055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thallium-201, 129Cs, 43K, and 81Rb were evaluated as "static" myocardial-imaging agents. Optimal settings of the scintillation camera were determined for each agent. Accumulation for good-quality images can be started as early as 5 min after the dose with 43K, 10 min with 201T1, and 30 min with 129Cs. Imaging times were comparable for 43K, 129Cs, and 201T1 (using the 80-keV x-rays). High-energy photons from the 81Rb preparation, largely from 82mRb contaminant, made it impossible to obtain an interpretable image without the addition of more shielding. Absorbed radiation dose from 81Rb is lower than that from 43K, 129Cs, and 201T1. The highest background activity was observed with 81Rb, followed by 43K, 129Cs, and 201T1 in that order. Overall, 201T1 was best suited for imaging acute myocardial infarction with currently available equipment, and 129Cs was next best. However, because of instrument setting and commercially obtained preparations, 81Rb could not be properly compared with the other radionuclides in our study.
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Lack of specificity for detection of breast lesions with radioactive cesium chloride. SURGERY, GYNECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS 1976; 143:229-32. [PMID: 181857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of breast disease at an early stage was evaluated with 131CsCl. The tissue distribution study showed that malignant tumors could be distinguished from both benign and normal tissue by the degree of 131Cs concentration. However, the external counting method was not sensitive enough to warrant general application to patients with a suspected malignant tumor of the breast. False-positive breast study findings using radionuclides, such as 131CsCl, require close follow-up study in view of possible malignant changes in benign disease of the breast.
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Interpretation of radionuclide liver images: do training and experience make a difference? J Nucl Med 1975; 16:11-6. [PMID: 1110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual observers interpreted images in order to assess their accuracy and sources of error. Seventy-six liver images were presented to nine readers for interpretation. Readers of differing experience participated in the study: four radiology residents, three fellows in nuclear medicine, and two full-time nuclear medicine physicians. A higher incidence of false-positive reading was more common in inexperienced observers (11-50%) and the most correct readings were obtained by staff physicians (88% overall percentage accuracy). Heterogeneity in radionuclide uptake was the most frequently ill-defined nature was the most common false-positive finding in normal cases. Early stages of cirrhosis, mild hepatitis, and rare diseases such as hepatic sarcoidosis were difficult to detect. Skill of interpretation improved with experience, especially in judging heterogeneity of an ill-defined nature, and the rate of accurate readings was proportional to the level of training of the observer.
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A new lung scanning agent: 99mTc(Sn) MAA. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES 1973; 24:481-3. [PMID: 4723009 DOI: 10.1016/0020-708x(73)90036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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49
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Smallpox in Wandsworth 1967. Public Health 1969; 83:97-106. [PMID: 5799308 DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(69)80008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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50
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HARVEY: THE SCENE OF HIS LAST YEARS AND HOURS. MEDICAL HISTORY 1960; 4:18-31. [PMID: 16562203 PMCID: PMC1034526 DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300025023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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